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BACHELOR IN ENGINEERING
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
(AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING)
Internship training in Addis Ababa International airport
FROM 28/02/2017 to /06/2017
SUBMITTED BY: -
1) BERNABAS SOLOMON
SUBMITTED To:
SUBMITTED date:
PREFACE
I personally feel proud and happy in writing this training report that I have completed
my training in such a good organization which taught me so many useful things.
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project work entitled: 1. design of hydraulic is an authentic
record of my own work carried out at Addis Ababa international airport enterprise as
requirements of four-month project from a period of March 22, 2017 to June 30 2017 under
the guidance of MR. (Academic Advisor) and engineer ALELGN (company advisors).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Above all I would like to thank the Almighty God for he is the base of all the successful
progress of my life as a whole and this study as a particular. I feel immense pleasure in
completing this training and submitting this final report. The whole internship period with
Ethiopian airport has been full of learning and a sense of contribution towards increasing
the practical knowledge. A successful training can never be completed by the efforts of a
single person, but it also demands the help and guardianship of some conversant person who
helped the undersigned actively or passively in completion of successful training. During the
actual training i would like to express my special thanks and heartfelt appreciation to my
internship supervisors Ato. Habetom ,Asegedech and Ato Fikermaryam for their supporting
and valuable advising during the course of the internship and for their support by sharing
their understand that help me to safe completion of my internship.
My next gratitude goes to the staffs in AASTU as they provided me with all services needed
for the achievement of my goal in the last 4 years stay. The Department of Mechanical
Engineering takes great thanks for the unforgettable contributions it made in developing our
professional knowledge and skills we need in the real world which in turn is useful to our
country.
At the end but not the least, we strongly thank our parents and others who helped us either
financially, technically or morally from a very beginning up to this stage.
Bernabas Solomon
ABSTRACT
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES iv
LIST OF TABLES ix
Chapter1: introduction 6
1.1 History of Ethiopian Airport Enterprise 6
1.2 Main services given by Ethiopian Airport Enterprise 8
1.3 End users of Ethiopian Airport Enterprise 8
1.4 The overall organization of the enterprise 9
Chapter 2: Literature Review 11
Project: Underground Cable Earthed Fault Detection 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Problem statement and justification 12
2.3 Objectives of the project 12
2.4 Used Materials 12
2.5 Methodology 12
2.5.1 Selecting VDC 15
2.5.2 Selecting multi-meters 16
2.5.3 Final generalized circuit 16
2.6 Conclusion
Chapter 4: Result and Discussion
4.1 Total cooling load of the building
Chapter 5 21
Overall Internship Experience and our specific Work 21
Chapter Six : Duct Design
Chapter 3
3.1 Objective 21
3.2 Why we are select this company 21
3.3 Our Working Sections 21
3.3.1Security communication and automation 21
3.3.2Airfield and Ground lighting 30
3.4 What we are doing? 34
3.5 Challenges we have been facing and measures we have been tacking 35
Chapter 4 36
4.1The overall Benefits that we gained from our internship program 36
In terms of improve our practical skill 36
In terms of understanding about work ethics issues, industrial psychology and related issue 36
In terms of interpersonal communication skills 37
Chapter 5 38
Conclusion and Overall Recommendation 38
LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Chapter1
1.1 History of Ethiopian Airport Enterprise
Ethiopian airports enterprise (EAE) is an enterprise which is found in Addis Ababa city. It is
located around bole. The airport is formerly known as Haile Selassie I international airport. This
enterprise was established as a public enterprise in 2003 in European calendar to meet
international aviation standards by restricting Ethiopian civil aviation authority (ECAA).The
enterprises authorized capital is about 2,635,704,386 Ethiopian birr(two billion six hundred
thirty five million seven hundred four thousands and three hundred eighty six birr). It is
established as a public enterprise for different purposes like developing and maintaining standard
airports throughout the country, delivering safe and secure plus reliable airport services to
passengers and other users of the airport like cargo and aircraft.
The enterprise manages all the airports in Ethiopia. Including Addis Ababa bole international
airport (AABIA) the enterprise administers seventeen regional Airports .Within this seventeen
regional airports four of them are international airports; Mekelle Alula Abanega international
airport, Addis Ababa bole international airport, Dire Dawa international airport and
BahirdarGinbot 20 international airport. In Addis Ababa bole international airport, the airport
accommodates 150 flights per day.
In 2005 there was an expansion plan to do in Addis Ababa bole international airport like as
adding a new run way, constructing new control tower which has a thirty eight meters height and
a new terminal with shopping centers, bank service, free Wi-Fi service and restaurants with in it.
Currently the airport can provide those services but it also starts other brand new expansion
program for four years. This brand new expansion program is planned to be completed in
2018.the main aim of the new expansion program is to triple the number of passengers it handles
from seven million to 20 million per a year. China Communication Construction Company
(CCCC) is carrying out this work at a cost of $300 million, set for completion by 2018.
It was established as a public enterprise entrusted with the mandate of executing quality airport
infrastructure and service to its customers, having its own distinct mission, vision, and core
values.
Vision
Mission
Core Values
Security
Quality service
Team Work
Continuous improvement
Integrity
Under its nation-wide responsibility, the Ethiopian Airports Enterprise administers
seventeen airports throughout Ethiopia, out of which, four of them are international.
These are; Mekelle Alula Abanega international airport, Addis Ababa bole international
airport, Dire Dawa international airport and BahirdarGinbot 20 international airport.
- NonAeronautical services
Aeronautical Services
This are services provided for essential operations that are required for airlines operations
(runway, runway light, taxiway, taxiway light, apron, apron light /flood light, aerobridge are few
to mention).
Cafe and Restaurant: - several restaurants and lounges are available, serving both local
and international fare.
Shopping:-Various shops can be found at the airport, including gift retailers and duty-
free outlets.
Medical Service:- Emergency medical services are available.
Telecommunications, Internet, postal service,Bank and parking.
Strategic planning team; which is organized under the umbrella of strategic planning
and finance directorate. The team carries out activities of preparation and implementation
of the enterprise long and medium term strategic plan. The major activities of strategic
planning team are like preparation of long and medium term strategic plan, preparation of
the enterprises annual plan and performance evaluation report and conducting impact
assessment and different researches which will have vital role for the successful
implementation of the strategic plan.
The safety management office; which is established as a core process responsible to the
chief executive officer. Its major objective is to change the traditional days of safety
management activities to standard and organized system supported by standard safety
manuals by doing major activities like making safety audits of each airport ,general
assessment of each airport with regard to facility and trained operation personnel,
preparing standard safety manuals and certify airports and preparing standard safety
management system manuals.
Human resource development and management directorate; which has a mission to
establish an efficient, effective and transparent human resource development and
management practice which support the enterprise in order to achieve its strategic goal by
managing staff grievance, ensuring industrial peace, administer terminal activities and
administer personal records.
The information and IT management directorate; which is one of the vital sections of
EAE under the new structure which was proposed after the recent business process
reengineering scheme. It has major activities like enhancing the development of IT within
the enterprise, providing support and advice to EAEs work units and providing effective
service mechanisms for back office users.
Airport infrastructure development directorate; which is one of the economic sectors.
At present the directorate is coordinating the construction of the major projects.
Airport facilities management and maintenance directorate; which are used for the
purpose of achieving success in all airports service provision. The directorate has the
major duties like developing appropriate facilities usage and operational procedure or
manual, developing and implementing appropriate and standard maintenance
management system and analyzing facilities performance efficiency and developing
professional or sound recommendation to enable EAE to make an informed decision.
Main executive
Airport facilities
Human resource AABIA and maintenance
development and directorate
management
directorate
directorate
Market Airport
Strategic infrastructure
planning and development
finance directorate development
directorate
Customer
Common service
service directorate
directorate
Where did these air ducts come from and when did people start using them?
The modern ductwork we use began as the creation of flues and chimneys used by the Chinese and Greek
in the 7th century. These helped to keep a building warm without filling it with smoke, but the first
recorded central heating came from the Romans. Around 300 B.C. the Romans. Around 300 B.C. the
Romans used a series of vertical tubes underneath a tile floor to heat a room. The vertical tubes were
connected to a central wood furnace, and the warm air was then sent through ducts into the room being
warmed.
During the renaissance, the idea to send steam or hot water through pipes was developed to provide heat
for a building, which is the early of a modern radiator. The concept was used all the way through the 19 th
century as the primary way to heat buildings.
People in warm areas wanted a way cool off inside though. In ancient Egypt people hung wet reeds in
their windows which cooled the air that blew over them. In 1758 Benjamin franklin found that the
evaporation of alcohol can cool something down enough to freeze water; around the same time Michael
faraday found the same results using compressed and liquefied ammonia.
In 1902 a device was developed for her a publishing company to blow air over cold coils to keep the
temperature and humidity at levels that kept paper from wrinkling-this became the carrier air conditioning
company that is still around. In 1906 the invention of the atomized sprayer, which is a group of water
filled ducts that spray a mist that subsequently cools the air through evaporation, was developed to cool
the air inside textile manufacturing plants. This lowered the temperature during the hot summer months
and made the yarn easier to spin, and gave birth to the name air air conditioning.
In 1930 Feron was developed and began produced, where it was used in air conditioners to evaporate and
condense, drawing the heat and moisture out of the air and cool air back into the building.
2.1.1 Materials
Ducts can be made out of the following materials:
A. Galvanized steel
Galvanized mild steel is the standard and most common material used in fabricating ductwork because the
zinc coating of this metal prevents rusting and avoids cost of painting. For insulation purposes, metal
ducts are typically lined with faced fiberglass blankets (duct liner) or wrapped externally with fiberglass
blankets (duct wrap). When called for, a double walled duct is used. This will usually have an inner
perforated liner, then a 12" layer of fiberglass insulation contained inside an outer solid pipe.
Rectangular ductwork commonly is fabricated to suit by specialized metal shops. For ease of handling, it
most often comes in 4' sections (or joints). Round duct is made using a continuous spiral forming machine
which can make round duct in nearly any diameter when using the right forming die and to any length to
suite, but the most common stock sizes range evenly from 4" to 24" with 6"-12" being most commonly
used. Stock pipe is usually sold in 10' joints. There are also 5' joints of non-spiral type pipe available,
which is commonly used in residential applications.
B. Aluminum
Aluminum ductwork is lightweight and quick to install. Also, custom or special shapes of ducts can be
easily fabricated in the shop or on site.
The ductwork construction starts with the tracing of the duct outline onto the aluminum preinsulated
panel. The parts are then typically cut at 45, bent if required to obtain the different fittings (i.e. elbows,
tapers) and finally assembled with glue. Aluminum tape is applied to all seams where the external surface
of the aluminum foil has been cut. A variety of flanges are available to suit various installation
requirements. All internal joints are sealed with sealant.
Aluminum is also used to make round spiral duct, but it is much less common than galvanized steel.
C. Polyurethane and phenolic insulation panels (pre-insulated air ducts)
Traditionally, air ductwork is made of sheet metal which was installed first and then lagged with
insulation. Today, a sheet metal fabrication shop would commonly fabricate the galvanized steel duct and
insulate with duct wrap prior to installation. However, ductwork manufactured from rigid insulation
panels does not need any further insulation and can be installed in a single step.
Both polyurethane and phenolic foam panels are manufactured with factory applied aluminum facings on
both sides. The thickness of the aluminum foil can vary from 25 micrometers for indoor use to 200
micrometers for external use or for higher mechanical characteristics. There are various types of rigid
polyurethane foam panels available, including a water formulated panel for which the foaming process is
obtained through the use of water and CO2 instead of CFC, HCFC, HFC and HC gasses. Most
manufacturers of rigid polyurethane or phenolic foam panels use pentane as foaming agent instead of the
aforementioned gasses.
A rigid phenolic insulation ductwork system is listed as a class 1 air duct to UL 181 Standard for Safety.
D. Fiberglass duct board (preinsulated non-metallic ductwork)
Fiberglass duct board panels provide built-in thermal insulation and the interior surface absorbs sound,
helping to provide quiet operation of the HVAC system.
The duct board is formed by sliding a specially-designed knife along the board using a straightedge as a
guide. The knife automatically trims out a groove with 45 sides which does not quite penetrate the entire
depth of the duct board, thus providing a thin section acting as a hinge. The duct board can then be folded
along the groove to produce 90 folds, making the rectangular duct shape in the fabricator's desired size.
The duct is then closed with outward-clinching staples and special aluminum or similar metal-backed
tape.
E. Flexible ducting
Flexible ducts (also known as flex) are typically made of flexible plastic over a metal wire coil to shape a
tube. They have a variety of configurations. In the United States, the insulation is usually glass wool, but
other markets such as Australia, use both polyester fiber and glass wool for thermal insulation. A
protective layer surrounds the insulation, and is usually composed of polyethylene or metalized PET. It is
commonly sold boxes containing 25' of duct compressed into a 5' length. It is available in diameters
ranging from as small as 4" to as big as 18", but the most commonly used are even sizes ranging from 6"
to 12".
Flexible duct is very convenient for attaching supply air outlets to the rigid ductwork. It is commonly
attached with long zip ties or metal band claps. However, the pressure loss is higher than for most other
types of ducts. As such, designers and installers attempt to keep their installed lengths (runs) short, e.g.
less than 15 feet or so, and try to minimize turns. Kinks in flexible ducting must be avoided. Some
flexible duct markets prefer to avoid using flexible duct on the return air portions of HVAC systems,
however flexible duct can tolerate moderate negative pressures. The UL181 test requires a negative
pressure of 200 Pa.
F. Fabric ducting
This is actually an air distribution device and is not intended as a conduit for conditioned air. The term
fabric duct is therefore somehow misleading; fabric air dispersion system would be the more definitive
name. However, as it often replaces hard ductwork, it is easy to perceive it simply as a duct. Usually made
of polyester material, fabric ducts can provide a more even distribution and blending of the conditioned
air in a given space than a conventional duct system. They may also be manufactured with vents or
orifices.
Fabric ducts are available in various colours, with options for silk screening or other forms of decoration,
or in porous (air-permeable) and non-porous fabric. The determination which fabric is appropriate (i.e.
air-permeable or not) can be made by considering if the application would require an insulated metal duct.
If so, an air-permeable fabric is recommended because it will not commonly create condensation on its
surface and can therefore be used where air is supplied below the dew point. Material that eliminates
moisture may be healthier for the occupants. It can also be treated with an anti-microbial agent to inhibit
bacterial growth. Porous material also tends to require less maintenance as it repels dust and other
airborne contaminants.
Fabric made of more than 50% recycled material is also available, allowing it to be certified as green
product. The material can also be fire retardant, which means that the fabric can still burn, but will
extinguish when the heat source is removed.
Fabric ducts are not rated for use in ceilings or concealed attic spaces. However, products for use in raised
floor applications are available. Fabric ducting usually weighs less than other conventional ducting and
will therefore put less stress on the building's structure. The lower weight allows for easier installation.
Fabric ducts requires a minimum of certain range of airflow and static pressure in order for it to work.
G. Waterproofing
The finish for external ductwork exposed to the weather can be sheet steel coated with aluminum or an
aluminum/zinc alloy, a multilayer laminate, a fiber reinforced polymer or other waterproof coating.
2.1.3 Duct system components
Besides the ducts themselves, complete ducting systems contain many other components.
Vibration isolators
Generally, in this comfort is a very subjective matter. As part of the air conditional
equipment ducts play a crucial role in conditioning the room by circulating the air.
1 The low temperature that air conditions create can help reduce the dehydration as
they lessen the likelihood of excessive sweating
2 Extreme conditions such as heat &humidity can impact on our overall physical
intellectual activity. Having a proper air condition system in place helps reduce
heat & humidity, thus reducing the impact on our ability to perform and complete
work tasks.
There are several items in duct layout that should be considered before
sizing the ductwork. These include
Duct transformations
Elbows
Fittings
Duct take-offs and
Pa
Pressure drop per meter = 1.0 m
0.567 m2
w= =1.134
0.5 m
Q 6.66 m3
Velocity; V= = =11.74 m/s
C . S . A 0.567
1 2 1( ) m 2
Velocity pressure(Pa), Vp= 2 2 (
v = 1.2 11.74
s )
= 82.7Pa
0.83m 2
C.S.A = ( ) =0.541m2
2
0.541
C.S. A= L x w; w= =1.082 m
0.5
1
Velocity pressure; Vp= ( 1.2 )( 12.27 )2=90.33 P
2
0
Fitting pressure loss, 90 swept branch
0.63 2
C.S. A= r2 = ( ) =0.312 m2
2
0.312
= Lx w; w= =0.623
0.5
Velocity pressure
1 2 1 2
Vp= V = (1.2 )( 10.66 ) =68.2 Pa
2 2
m3
Flow rate = 1.11 s
0.42 2
C.S.A = r
2
= ( )
2
=0.138 m2
C.S.A = L X W;
0.138
W= =0.277 0.3 m
0.5
m3
1.11
Velocity ; V= Q s = 8m/s
=
C . S . A (0.5 x 0.277)m 2
1 1
Velocity pressure; Vp= V 2= (1.2 )( 8 )2 =38.4 Pa
2 2
m3
Flow Rate = 2.21 s
0.53 2
C.S.A= r
2
= ( ) 2
=0.22 m2
C.S.A = LX W;
W= C.S.A/L= 0.22/0.5= 0.44 m
Duct size = 440 x 500 m
Velocity; V= Q/C.S. A = 2.21/0.22= 10.05 m/s
1 1
Velocity pressure; Vp = V 2= (1.2 )( 10.05 )2=60.6 Pa
2 2
Fitting pressure loss for branch
Total pressure loss= 18.6
pressure loss= 60.6Pa x 18.6=1127Pa
Straight duct(Pa)= 1.0pa/m x 33.6 m= 33.6pa
Section F; Length 9.3 m
m3
Flow rate = 3.32 s
0 .63 2
= 2( )
=0 . 312m 2
C.S.A = L X W;
1 2 1 2
Velocity pressure , Vp= V = (1.2 )( 10.64 ) =67.9 Pa
2 2
0 . 46 2
2
C.S.A = r = ( ) 2
=0. 166 m2
C.S.A = L X W.
W = 0.166/0.5 = 0.332 m
Duct size 332x 500 m
Velocity, V= Q/CSA = 1.66 / (0.5 X 0.332)
V= 10m/s
1 1
Velocity pressure Vp= V 2= (1.2 )( 10 )2=60 Pa
2 2
Pressure loss for Fitting pressure loss for branch (from table-15)
Total pressure loss= 11.92
pressure loss= 60Pa x10.36=621.6Pa
Straight duct loss = 25 m x 1.0 pa/m= 25 Pa
Section H, Length = 28.3m
3
m
Flow rate = 1.66 s
0.46 2
2
CSA= r = ( )2
=0.166 m2
CSA = L X W
W= CSA/L= 0.166/0.5= 0.322
Duct size = 322 x 500
Velocity, V= Q/CSA= 1.66/0.166 = 10m/s
1 1
Velocity pressure , Vp= V 2= (1.2 )( 10 )2=60 Pa
2 2
Pressure loss for Fitting pressure loss for branch (from table 15)
Total pressure loss= 11.92
pressure loss= 60Pa x10.36=621.6Pa
Straight duct = 25 m x 1.0 pa/m = 25 Pa
Section G-G1, SD5-9 Tee, length = 5 m
3
m
Flow rate = 0.28 s
0 .26 2
2
CSA= r = ( 2 )
=0 . 053 m2
3
m
Q 0.28
Velocity, V= s = 5.28 m/s
C .S. A =
0.053m2
1
Velocity pressure, Vp= V 2
2
1
= (1.2)(5.28)2 = 16.7pa
2
m3
Flow rate = 0.28 s
Pressure drop= 1 Pa
Duct size = 0.26 m diameter
0.26 2
C.S.A= ( ) = 0.053 m2
2
Q
Velocity, V= = 0.28/0.053 5.28 m/s
C .S. A
1 2 1
Velocity pressure, Vp= Vp = ( 1.2 )( 5.28 )2=16.76 Pa
2 2
m3
Flow rate = 0.28 s
Q 0.28
Velocity = = =5.28 m/s
C . S . A 0.053
1 2 1
Velocity pressure Vp= V = ( 1.2 )( 5.28 )2=16.72 Pa
2 2
m3
Flow rate = 0.28 s
Pressure drop= 1 pa
Duct size= 0.26 m
2
0.26
C.S.A= ( )
2
=0.053m2
Q
Velocity, V= C . S . A = 0.28/0.053= 5.28m/s
1 2 1
Velocity pressure, Vp= V = ( 1.2 )( 5.28 )2=16.72 Pa
2 2
m3
Flow rate = 0.28 s
Pressure drop= 1 pa
Duct size= 0.26 m
0.26 2
C.S.A= ( )
2
=0.053m2
Q
Velocity, V= C . S . A = 0.28/0.053= 5.28m/s
1 1
Velocity pressure, Vp= V 2 = ( 1.2 )( 5.28 )2=16.72 Pa
2 2
Pressure drop= 1 Pa
Duct size = 0.26 m diameter
0.26 2
C.S.A= ( 2 ) = 0.053 m2
Q
Velocity, V= = 0.28/0.053 5.28m/s
C .S. A
1 1
Velocity pressure, Vp= Vp 2 = ( 1.2 )( 5.28 )2=16.72 Pa
2 2
m3
Flow rate = 0.28 s
Q 0.28
Velocity = = =5.28 m/s
C . S . A 0.053
1 1
Velocity pressure Vp= V 2 = ( 1.2 )( 5.28 )2=16.72 Pa
2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Press Pressure Total Cum
secti Len Flow ure Veloc Velocity Zeta loss press ulati
on gth Rate( Drop ity Pressur fact Fitti Strai ure ve
m3/s) per e or ngs ght Loss press Duct size
(m) meter (m/s) (pa) ( ) (Pa) duct (Pa) ure (mm)
(Pa/m (pa) loss
) (pa)
A 14. 6.66 1.0 1.74 82.7 102 14.9 1039 1039 1134x500
9 12.4 5
B 13. 6.64 1.0 90.33 0.26 23.4 13.8 37.28 1076 1082x500
8 12.2 8
7
C 4.2 3.32 1.0 68.2 0.92 66.2 4.2 70.4 1146 624x500
10.6
6
D 13. 1.11 1.0 8 38.4 8.43 32.3 13.1 45.4 1191 440x500
1
D- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 2.74 1.54 5 6.54 1197 260
D1 circular
D- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 7.44 124. 5 129.3 1326 260
D2 3 circular
D- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 2.74 1.54 5 6.54 1332 260
D3 circular
D- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 7.44 124. 5 129.3 1461 260
D4 3 circular
E 33. 2.21 1.0 10.5 60.6 18.6 112 33.6 1160 2621 440x500
6 7
E-E1 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 2.74 45.8 5 50.8 2671 260
circular
E-E2 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 0.54 9 5 14 2685 260
circular
E-E3 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 2.74 45.8 5 50.8 2735 260
circular
E-E4 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 2.74 45.8 5 50.8 2785 260
circular
E-E5 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 2.74 45.8 5 50.8 2835 260
circular
E-E6 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 2.74 45.8 5 50.8 2885 260
circular
E-E7 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 2.74 45.8 5 50.8 2935 260
circular
E-E8 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 2.74 45.8 5 50.8 2985 260
circular
F 9.3 3.32 1.0 67.9 1.05 71.2 9.3 80.59 3065 624x500
10.6 9
4
G 22. 1.66 1.0 10 60 11.9 621. 22.9 644.5 3709 332x500
9 2 6
G- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.7 2.93 48.9 5 53.9 3763 260
G1 circular
G- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.7 2.93 48.9 5 53.9 3817 260
G2 circular
G- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.7 2.93 48.9 5 53.9 3870 260
G3 circular
G- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.7 2.93 48.9 5 53.9 3924 260
G4 circular
G- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.7 2.93 48.9 5 53.9 3977 260
G5 circular
G- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.7 7.68 82.2 5 87.2 4065 260
G6 circular
H 28. 1.66 1.0 10 60 11.9 621. 28.3 649.9 4715 332x500
3 2 6
H- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.76 2.74 45.8 5 50.8 4765 260
H1 circular
H- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 0.54 9 5 14 4779 260
H2 circular
H- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 0.54 9 5 14 4793 260
H3 circular
H- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.76 2.74 45.8 5 50.8 4844 260
H4 circular
H- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.76 2.74 45.8 5 50.8 4895 260
H5 circular
H- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 0.54 9 5 14 4909 260
H6 circular
Table 1 supply duct size table
m3
Flow rate = 4.99 s
Pa
Pressure drop per meter = 1.0 m
Q 4.99 m3
Velocity; V= = =10.46 m/ s
C . S . A 0.477
1 2 1( ) m 2
Velocity pressure(Pa), Vp= 2 2 (
v = 1.2 10.46
s )
= 65.6Pa
Fitting pressure loss
Zeta factor for intake louvre pressure loss or factor=4.8 (from table-11)
Zeta factor for bend= 0.67
Total loss, 4.8+0.67=5.47
Pressure loss,
Fittings loss= 65.6 x5.47 = 358.8Pa
Straight duct loss = 1.0 pa/m x 19.2= 19.2pa
Section B, length = 8.8m
3
Flow rate = 4.98 m /s .
0.76 m 2
C.S.A = = ( ) =0.453 m2
2
0.453
C.S.A= L x w; w= =0.906 m
0.5
1
Velocity pressure; Vp= ( 1.2 )( 10.9 )2=71.3 Pa
2
0
Fitting pressure loss, 90 swept branch
0.55 2
C.S.A= r2 = ( ) =0.237 m2
2
= Lx w;
0.237
W= =0.474 m
0.5
Q 2.49 m2
Velocity; V= = =10.5
C . S . A (0.5 X 0.474) s
Velocity pressure
1 1
Vp= V 2= (1.2 )( 10.5 )2=68.15 Pa
2 2
m3
Flow rate = 0.99 s
0.42 2
C.S.A = r
2
= ( )
2
=0.138 m2
C.S.A = L X W;
0.138
W= =0.276 m
0.5
Duct size = 276 x 500
m3
0.99
Velocity; V= Q s = 7.17m/s
=
C . S . A (0.5 x 0.276)m2
1 2 1 2
Velocity pressure; Vp= V = (1.2 )( 7.17 ) =30.8 Pa
2 2
m3
Flow Rate = 1.5 s
C.S.A = LX W;
W= C.S.A/L= 0.166/0.5= 0.332 m
Duct size = 332 x 500 m
Velocity; V= Q/C.S. A = 1.5/0.166= 9.04 m/s
1 2 1 2
Velocity pressure ; Vp = V = (1.2 )( 9.04 ) =49 Pa
2 2
0 .55 2
= ( 2 ) =0 . 237 m2
C.S.A = L X W;
m3
2.49
Velocity ; V = Q/CSA= s m
=10.5
( 0.5 x 0.474 ) s
1 1
Velocity pressure , Vp= V 2= (1.2 )( 10.5 )2=66.15 Pa
2 2
m3
Flow rate = 0.99 s
C.S.A = L X W.
W = 0.138/0.5 = 0.276 m
Duct size 276x 500 m
Velocity, V= Q/CSA = 0.99/ (0.5 X 0.276)
V= 7.17m/s
1 1
Velocity pressure Vp= V 2= (1.2 )( 7.17 )2=30.8 Pa
2 2
Pressure loss
Fitting pressure loss for branch
Total pressure loss= 0.78
pressure loss= 30.8Pa x0.78=24.024Pa
Straight duct loss = 18.3 m x 1.0 pa/m= 18.3Pa
0.45 2
2
CSA= r = ( )2
=0.159 m2
CSA = L X W
W= CSA/L= 0.159/0.5= 0.318 m
Duct size = 318 x 500
Velocity, V= Q/CSA= 1.5/0.159 = 9.4m/s
1 1
Velocity pressure, Vp= V 2= (1.2 )( 9.4 )2=53 Pa
2 2
Pressure loss
Fitting pressure loss for branch
Total pressure loss= 0.78
pressure loss= 53Pa x0.78=41.34Pa
Straight duct = 28.6 m x 1.0 pa/m = 28.6 Pa
Section G-G1, SD5-9 Tee, length = 4 m
m3
Flow rate = 0.25 s
m3
Flow rate = 0.25 s
3
m
Q 0.25
Velocity , V= s = 5.56 m/s
C .S. A = 2
0.045m
1
Velocity pressure , Vp= V 2
2
1
= (1.2)(5.56)2 = 18.54pa
2
m3
Flow rate = 0.25 s
Pressure drop= 1 Pa
Duct size = 0.24 m diameter
2
0.24
C.S.A= ( 2 ) = 0.045 m2
Q
Velocity, V= = 0.25/0.045 5.56 m/s
C .S. A
1 2 1
Velocity pressure, Vp= Vp = ( 1.2 )( 5.56 )2=18.54 Pa
2 2
m3
Flow rate = 0.25 s
Q 0.25
Velocity = = =5.56 m/s
C . S . A 0.045
1 1
Velocity pressure Vp= V 2 = ( 1.2 )( 5.56 )2=18.54 Pa
2 2
m3
Flow rate = 0.25 s
Pressure drop= 1 pa
Duct size= 0.24 m
2
0.24
C.S.A= ( )
2
=0.045 m2
Q
Velocity, V= C . S . A = 0.25/0.045= 5.56m/s
1 1
Velocity pressure, Vp= V 2 = ( 1.2 )( 5.56 )2=18.5 Pa
2 2
{ }
Section DD 2
Section DD 3 same with D-D1
section DD 4
Pressure drop= 1 Pa
Duct size = 0.26 m diameter
0.26 2
C.S.A= ( ) = 0.053 m2
2
Q
Velocity, V= = 0.28/0.053 5.28m/s
C .S. A
1 1
Velocity pressure, Vp= Vp 2 = ( 1.2 )( 5.28 )2=16.72 Pa
2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Press Pressure Total Cumulati
secti Len Flow ure Veloc Velocit Zet loss press ve
on gth Rate( Drop ity y a Fitti Strai ure pressure Duct size
m3/s) per Pressur fact ngs ght Loss loss (mm)
(m) meter (m/s) e or (Pa) duct (Pa) (pa)
(Pa/m (pa) ( ) (pa)
)
A 19. 4.99 1.0 10.4 65.6 5.47 358. 19.2 378 378 354x500
2 6 8
B 8.8 4.98 1.0 10.9 71.3 0.25 17.8 8.8 26.6 404.6 906x500
C 5.8 2.49 1.0 10.5 68.15 0.7 47.7 5.8 53.5 458.1 474x500
D 24. 0.99 1.0 7.17 30.8 2.73 84 24.3 108.3 566.4 276x500
3
D- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 603 0.24 circula
D1
D- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 639 0.24 circula
D2
D- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 675.6 0.24 circula
D3
D- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 712.2 0.24 circula
D4
D- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 748.8 0.24 circula
D5
E 27 1.5 1.0 9.04 49 10.8 -530 27 -503 245.8 332x500
3
E-E1 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 282.4 0.24 circula
E-E2 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 319 0.24 circula
E-E3 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 355.6 0.24 circula
E-E4 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 392.2 0.24 circula
E-E5 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 428.8 0.24 circula
E-E6 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 465.4 0.24 circula
E-E7 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 502 0.24 circula
F 4.5 2.49 1.0 10.5 66.15 1.03 68.1 4.5 72.63 574.63 474x500
3
G 18. 0.99 1.0 7.17 30.8 0.78 24.6 18.3 42.92 617.55 276x500
3 2 4
G- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 654.15 0.24 circula
g1
G- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 690.7 0.24 circula
g2
G- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 727.3 0.24 circula
g3
G- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 763.9 0.24 circula
g4
H 28. 1.5 1.0 9.4 53 0.78 41.3 28.6 69.9 833.8 318x500
6
H- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 870.4 0.24 circula
h1
H- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 907 0.24 circula
h2
H- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 943 0.24 circula
h3
H- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 980 0.24 circula
h4
H- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 1016 0.24 circula
h5
First o, powering up the system is required. To do this first turn the control current switch to the
one position & that light up the control current lamp. After that push start up button situated in
control panel and this makes the system ready for operation. Then go to touch display unit and
enter password to gate menu screen that:
Pass word Enter Aircraft type screen pulling aircraft.
After that the hidden push button on the left side of control panel must be pushed. Now the
system is ready for operation that we can move the bridge.
TO MOVE THE BRIDGE THE FOLLOWING REQUIREMENT MUST BE FULFILLED
The emergency stop must be inactivated.
Protective cable must be attached.
Manual/auto leveling switch must be in the manual position.
There must be no obstacle within one meter of the drive unit.
Startup light must be ON.
Hydraulic pressure must be OK.
Key lock must be inactive.
Aircraft stopped lamp must be ON or pulling aircraft button has been pushed on the touch
display unit.
After all the above conditions are fulfilled, we can drive to predetermine position by using
buttons situated in control panel. By using the controller for forward-back ward and the control
wheel for steer left-steer right, the bridge can be loaded to pre-determined basic position on the
apron. With help of the rotate left and rotate right buttons, rotate the cabin so that there is
approximately 90-degree angle between the cabin door opening and aircraft center line in the
apron. By using raise and lower buttons, the height of the cabin can be fine-tuned manually.
To docking to passenger to aircraft first roll up door from roll up button for better visibility and
then drive the bridge to predetermined position by using control panel. By using bellows out
button, the canopy (bellows) is extended and the protective cable must be removed. Then open
the aircraft door and set door shoe below opened aircraft door. Then after, manual/auto leveling
switch has been turn to auto leveling position and auto leveler automatically moves out and
connects to aircraft. So, the docking is completed and the passengers can be start boarding to or
leave from the aircraft. After boarding to or leave from aircraft completed, it has been go back to
its privies position and by pressing log off buttons, and the power can be removed from the
bridge.
Cabin: Cabin is the component that connects to aircrafts fuselage operation. It can rotate around
its Centre point, in order to secure proper alignment with different aircrafts. It contains canopy,
roll up door, control panels, protective cable, protective edge, and door shoe and auto leveler.
Canopy: Cover of the passenger bridge that prevents the bridge and the aircraft from sun and
rain.
Fig 7. Passenger boarding
FLUID RECOMMENDETION
*Viscosity in normal operating temperature (30-55C) (20-55Cst)
*Min viscosity 13CSt
*Max viscosity 320CSt
*Viscosity index (vl) >150
HYDRSULIC SYSTEM IN GENERAL
Clean lines more than 90% of faults are caused by contaminated oil
The filter element must be replaced with new ones as soon as filter indicators indicts
Prior to start up the case of piston pump must be filled with hydraulic fluid
All pressure adjusted to the proper level
The max pressure of the system (=compensating pressure of main pump) must always be lower
than the cracking pressure of pressure relief valve of the same circuit.
Power unit are equipped with certain alarm and gauges.
All kind of tube fitting will loosen over the first month of use and the special attention paid for to
avoid leakage and check all connection regularly
Lowering the bridge when the power unit is not running.
Near the right hosting cylinder in the drive column is needle valve carefully the bridge can be
lowered.
REMEMBER to close the valve after lowering
The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The
outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses components like the compressor, condenser and
expansion valve. The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan.
For this unit, you dont have to make any slot in the wall of the room. Further, present day split
units have aesthetic appeal and do not take up as much space as a window unit. A split air
conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms.
The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit.
The outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses components like the compressor,
condenser and expansion valve.
The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan. For this
unit, you dont have to make any slot in the wall of the room.
Further, the present day split units have aesthetic looks and add to the beauty of the
room. The split air conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms
The Split Air Conditioner divided in two parts: --
1 First part:-Include the evaporator, filter, evaporator fan and grill. They placed inside the
room.
2 Second part:-Include Condenser, fan, and compressor. This placed outside the room.
Diameter tubes. Therefore, small hole required in wall of installation of split air condition.
The split air conditioning units are available in capacity range of 1 to 3 tons.
WORKING OF SPLIT AC CONDITIONER
The fans blow air over the coils to improve their ability to dissipate heat (to the outside air) and
cold (to the room being cooled). When you get into larger air-conditioning applications, its time
to start looking at split-system units. A split-system air conditioner splits the hot side from the
cold side of the system, as in the diagram below. The cold side, consisting of the expansion valve
and the cold coil, is generally placed into a furnace or some other air handler. The air handler
blows air through the coil and routes the air throughout the building using a series of ducts. The
hot side, known as the condensing unit, lives outside the building. The unit consists of a long,
spiral coil shaped like a cylinder. Inside the coil is a fan, to blow air through the coil, along with
a weather-resistant compressor and some control logic.
This approach has evolved over the years because it's low-cost, and also because it normally
results in reduced noise inside the house (at the expense of increased noise outside the house).
Other than the fact that the hot and cold sides are split apart and the capacity is higher (making
the coils and compressor larger), there's no difference between a split-system and a window air
conditioner.
Fig 10: split air conditioner
3.3.2.3 ESCALATOR
An escalator is a moving staircase conveyor transport device for carrying people between
floors of a building. The device consists of a motor-driven chain of individual, linked steps that
move up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal.
Escalators are used around the world to move pedestrian traffic in places where elevators
would be impractical. Principal areas of usage include department stores, shopping malls,
airports, transit systems, convention centers, hotels, and public buildings.
The benefits of escalators are many. They have the capacity to move large numbers of people,
and they can be placed in the same physical space as one might install a staircase. They have no
waiting interval (except during very heavy traffic), they can be used to guide people toward main
exits or special exhibits, and they may be weatherproofed for outdoor use.
Escalators are one of the largest, most expensive machines people use on a regular basis, but
they're also one of the simplest.
At its most basic level, an escalator is just a simple variation on the conveyer belt. A pair of
rotating chain loops pull a series of stairs in a constant cycle, moving a lot of people a short
distance at a good speed.
In this article, we'll look inside an escalator to find out exactly how these elements fit
together. While it is exceedingly simple, the system that keeps all the steps moving in perfect
synchrony is really quite brilliant.
An escalator is a mechanized moving stairway, common in places with a lot of foot traffic or
where a conventional staircase would be very long and tiring to climb. Escalators can often be
seen in shopping malls, museums, multi-story parking garages, and subway stations, for
example. Escalators are often installed in pairs, with an up escalator and a down escalator
adjacent to each other, while a single escalator may be changed to go up or down according to
the direction of heavier traffic at different times of the day.
An escalator is similar to a conveyor belt, but differs in that it is on an incline and has a
surface of stairs rather than a flat belt. Most escalators also include a handrail that moves in
conjunction with the stairs. To move from one end of an escalator to the other, a person may
simply stand on one step until one reaches the end, or one may climb or descend the escalator
like conventional stairs. Many escalators in busy areas are wide enough to accommodate two
columns of people, and those who wish to stand conventionally remain on one side of the
escalator.
Modern escalators are usually inclined at 30, limited in rise to about 60 feet (18 m), with
floor-to-floor rise of about 12 feet (3.5 m). They are electrically powered, driven by chain and
sprocket, and held in the proper plane by two tracks. As the treads approach the landing, they
pass through a comb device; a deflection switch is actuated to cut off power if an object becomes
jammed between the tread and the comb.
Escalators move at a rate of up to 120 feet (36 m) per minute; larger types have a capacity of
6,000 passengers per hour. If a chain breaks, the release of tension stops the escalator, a safety
switch also halts the device if a handrail is broken or comes loose or if a side panel is deflected.
Moving ramps or sidewalks, sometimes called revelators, are specialized forms of escalators
developed to carry people and materials horizontally or along slight inclines. Ramps may have
either
Solid or jointed treads or a continuous belt. Ramps can move at any angle of up to 15; beyond
this incline the slope becomes too steep and escalators are favored. Escalator as shown in
fig.14& fig.15
Fig.-14. ESCALATOR
Fig-15 INTERNAL VIEW OF ESCALATOR
An escalator is a moving staircase conveyor transport device for carrying people between floors
of a building. The device consists of a motor-driven chain of individual, linked steps that move
up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal.
Escalators are used around the world to move pedestrian traffic in places where elevators
would be impractical. Principal areas of usage include department stores, shopping malls,
airports, transit systems, convention centers, hotels, and public buildings.as shown in fig.16
HISTORY
There are many claims to the invention of the escalators, but it is like that it was known, at
least in some place .in ancient times. Here some of thermals stones in the history of the device
Inventors and manufacturers
Nathan Ames, a patent solicitor from Saugus, Massachusetts, is credited with patenting the
first "escalator" in 1859, despite the fact that no working model of his design was ever built. His
invention, the "revolving stairs", is largely speculative and the patent specifications indicate that
he had no preference for materials or potential use (he noted that steps could be upholstered or
made of wood, and suggested that the units might benefit the infirm within a household use),
though the mechanization was suggested to run either by manual or hydraulic power.
Leamon Souder
In 1889, Leamon Souder successfully patented the "stairway", an escalator-type device that
featured a "series of steps and links jointed to each other". No model was ever built. This was the
first of at least four escalator-style patents issued to Souder, including two for spiral designs
In 1892, Jesse W. Reno, son of American Civil War notable Jesse L. Reno, and an 1883
engineering graduate of Lehigh University, patented the "Endless Conveyor or Elevator." A few
months after Reno's patent was approved, George A. Wheeler patented his ideas for a more
recognizable moving staircase, though it was never built. Wheelers patents were bought by
Charles Seeberger; some features of Wheelers designs were incorporated in Seebergers
prototype built by the Otis Elevator Company in 1899.
Reno produced the first working escalator (he actually called it the "inclined elevator") and
installed it alongside the Old Iron Pier at Coney Island, New York in 1896. This particular device
was little more than an inclined belt with cast-iron slats or cleats on the surface for traction, and
traveled along a 25 incline. A few months later, the same prototype was used for a month-long
trial period on the Manhattan side of the Brooklyn Bridge. Reno eventually joined forces with
Otis Elevator Company, and retired once his patents were purchased outright. Some Reno-type
escalators were still being used in the Boston subway until construction for the Big Dig
precipitated their removal. The Smithsonian Institution considered re-assembling one of these
historic units from 1914 in their collection of Americana, but "logistics and reassembly costs
won out over nostalgia", and the project was discarded.
Around May 1895, Charles Seeberger began drawings on a form of escalator similar to those
patented by Wheeler in 1892. This device actually consisted of flat, moving stairs, not unlike the
escalators of today, except for one important detail: the step surface was smooth, with no comb
effect to safely guide the rider's feet off at the ends. Instead, the passenger had to step off
sideways. To facilitate this, at the top or bottom of the escalator the steps continued moving
horizontally beyond the end of the handrail (like a miniature moving sidewalk) until they
disappeared under a triangular "divider" which guided the passenger to either side. Seeberger
teamed with Otis Elevator Company in 1899, and together they produced the first commercial
escalator which won the first prize at the Paris 1900 Exposition Universally in France. Also on
display at the Exposition were Reno's inclined elevator, a similar model by James M. Dodge and
the Link Belt Machinery Co., and two different devices by French manufacturers Hall and Piat.
There is various type of escalator given below:
Escalators, like moving walkways, are powered by constant-speed alternating current motors
and move at approximately 12 feet (0.300.61 m) per second. The maximum angle of
inclination of an escalator to the horizontal floor level is 30 degrees with a standard rise up to
about 60 feet (18 m). Modern escalators have single piece aluminum or steel steps that move on
a system of tracks in a continuous loop.
Layout as shown in fig.4
"Crisscross"
"Multiple parallel" "Parallel"
Fig.16 Types of escalator
Escalators have three typical configuration options: parallel (up and down escalators "side by
side or separated by a distance", seen often in multilevel motion picture theatres), crisscross
(minimizes structural space requirements by "stacking" escalators hat go in one direction,
frequently used in department stores or shopping centers), and multiple parallel (two or more
escalators together that travel in one direction next to one or two escalators in the same bank that
travel in the other direction).
Escalators are required to have moving handrails that keep pace with the movement of the
steps. The direction of movement (up or down) can be permanently the same, or be controlled by
personnel according to the time of day, or automatically be controlled by whoever arrives first,
whether at the bottom or at the top (the system is programmed so that the direction is not
reversed while a passenger is on the escalator).
WORKING PRINCIPLE
Escalators while rather expensive and large, are actually relatively basic machines. The
machinery of an escalator is hidden beneath its steps in what is called a truss. At the top of the
escalator, housed in the truss, is an electric motor which runs the four gears that all escalators
have two drive gears on either side at the top and two return gears on either side at the
bottom. These gears have chains that loop around the gears and run down each side of the
escalator. Connected to each step, these chains help the steps make their way up, or down, the
escalator.
The handrails that riders use for balance and safety on their ride up or down escalators are
powered by the same system that powers the steps. The handrails are essentially long rubber
loops connected to the two drive gears at the top of the escalator and powered by the same
electric motor that powers the steps
Speed is controlled by a governor, similar in general principle to that used on stationary steam
engines. Two heavy metal balls are attached to pivoted levers which are in turn fixed to a vertical
shaft, revolving through gearing. The faster the shaft revolves, the more are the metal balls
swung out by centrifugal force, and should the lift speed exceed a predetermined figure the
governor actuates a brake.
In Addis Ababa bole airport, the escalator work in line mode rather than working in invertor
mode, in inverter mode when the passenger reaches to either of top or bottom of escalator, the
sensor which it is basically the proximity sensors senses and then the escalator allows the
passenger to go in desired direction. But the line mode works as the key is switched to either
clockwise or anti-clockwise & motor is turned on, the shaft, the gear looped with chain start the
motion and the steps movement is limited to the key that is switched which can be clockwise or
anti-clock wise
Components
a Pump house: - is a house where pumps are installed and operated.
b Reservoir: - is a tanker which is used to store water for various supply purpose.
Generally, there are three types of reservoir
Elevated reservoir (service reservoir): - store fully treated potable water which is
close to the point of distribution.
Underground reservoir: - It is found beneath the ground. This type of reservoir is
especially used in more hilly or mountainous country.
Ground reservoir: - is reservoir on the surface
c Valve chamber: - is the chamber in which pump valve operates. It distributes water that
is stored in the reservoir to various locations.
Generally, there are three types of distribution system
Pressurized system: use pumps.
Ground system: use the principle of gravity (from higher level to lower).
Ground + pressure system: use both gravity and pumps, but give the priority for the
gravity.
1. Reservoir
The terminal 2 reservoir is ground type reservoir, which has two compartments named C and
D.The reason for having two compartments in one reservoir is for cleaning (inspection)
purpose.The wall dividing the reservoir into two has an opening at the top which allows the
water to flow through it to the other compartment and helps to fill each other. Each compartment
has its own gate valve (valve which control the flow) and also inlet pipe (150mm diameter). The
total capacity of this reservoir is 4385m3. Generally this reservoir has 2 inlets and 6 outlets. This
means 1 inlet and 3 outlets for each compartment. The inlets are from the source and the outlet
pipes are to the screen (collecting) chamber then to the pump house. Three of the outlet pipes
have different purpose that is the reason why they are different in their colors. Those colors are
standard for their particular purpose. Red colored pipes are used for firefighting whereas the
green coloredand the black onesare for potable water and for overflow respectively. There are
about 8 goose necks on the reservoir which are used for air circulation (venting purpose). There
are also sand and aggregates on the reservoir to keep the water temperature lower.
Main pipe
Side
Inlet
pipe
In order to minimize the number of starts of the water main pump and to prevent unnecessary
starts of these pumps due to low water consumption, the system is provided with jockey pumps
and pressure vessels (required to minimize the number of starts and stops of the water supply
jockey pumps). But if there is high water consumption then one of larger pumps triggers itself.
Those pumps increase the pressure of water to 6bar that is the reason pressure reducing valves
which are used to reduce the inlet pressure of water to 4barat the terminal are needed.
Straine
Flexible connector
(joint)
Problems if both larger pumps are triggered at the same time include the building up of pressure
beyond 6 bars and reduction in pump life.
Chapter 4
The overall Benefits that we gained from our internship program
In terms of improve our practical skill: - for the last four year when we are at school we were
concentrated on theoretical concerts that leads as to know more about general and logical things.
And we also work on laboratory tasks that they can prove our theoretical understanding. Now, we
can see the real world processes that are really working together and we are participating on these
tasks in order to familiarize, adopt and face the practical and technical real time changes. As we
can understand at this program design a system on paper and working on the real hard wears will
have a great difference in terms of the time taken to do that job and in terms of working with the
real time hardware, working on a real time hardware may need a special practical and technical
thinking.
In terms of upgrading our theoretical knowledge: as we attempted to describe above, we have
gained or learn many more generalized theories at school but all these theories that we learn before may
not be clear for all of us. But know the real world applications allows us to focus on them and to search
the theory and the working principal behind them. This allows us to know more new specific and general
theories in addition to improve our existing theoretical knowledge.
In terms of industrial problem solving: now we are exposed to industrial problems on specific
processes that are on our hand. So, we are beginning to undertake and solve these problems as
engineering and technical point of view. We are searching solutions for specific industrial problem on our
kneology bank and training our brain for new and large industrial problems.
In terms of Team laying skills: a specific process which is performed at industry level may not only
have a single system rather it may be an integration of electrical, mechanical, computer and other related
engineering concepts and systems. So, in order to understand the system and then design such a system in
an improved manner, an engineer (designer) should integrated with other engineer who concerns about
the system. Now we are able to work in group in order to work at a system and we will share ideas with
workers and students coming from different universities with different level of knowledge.
In terms of understanding about work ethics issues, industrial psychology and related
issues: at this program we are spending our time as like employed works. So, we will not be
fresh (new) for the coming life of our work periods rather we can act as a person who have a four
month work experience. Wearing a working close or workers reflector, having a pass, attending
and stay at a work place for specific hours and other practices are new for us and we can do these
for the last four month. Punctuality is the one that we have get at this program.
In terms of inter-pruner ship skill: almost all systems that are working on are foreign- made
systems and the only person who can do any change and further maintenance is a supplier. In the other
side, almost all systems are easier and simpler, that we Ethiopian engineers can fabricate. These two
things make us nervous and allows as to think about our previous work status (plane) to work on such a
business. In the other hand we are able to select those industrial systems, problems and solution for other
related jobs.
In terms of interpersonal communication skills: we are working with different persons with
different behavior and background. So we need to understand their behavior and tolerate them to
get something new from them and work in group. We also meet different persons coming from
foreign countries so we also improve our communication (speaking, listening) skills.
Chapter 5
Conclusion and Overall Recommendation