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ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT


INDUSTRIAL TRINING PROGRAME

BACHELOR IN ENGINEERING
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
(AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING)
Internship training in Addis Ababa International airport
FROM 28/02/2017 to /06/2017

SUBMITTED BY: -

1) BERNABAS SOLOMON

SUBMITTED To:
SUBMITTED date:
PREFACE

The importance of industrial training needs no emphasis. One of the characteristics of


modern scenario is the increasing rapidity of change. This intensifies the need for
study, adaptation and training. For an engineering student, the practical training is as
important as the theoretical knowledge and sometimes more than the theory part. The
practical training not only makes a student familiar with the atmosphere and conditions
of industry but sufficiently increases his/her knowledge by providing a sense of
confidence and motivation. The main object of all industrial trainings is to prepare an
individual so that he/she can accomplish his/her task efficiently and effectively and can
take up and handle jobs of higher responsibility. Training is an act of increasing the
knowledge and skills of an employee for doing a particular job. The major outcome of
training is learning. A trainee learns new habits, refined skills and useful knowledge
during the training that helps him/her as improved performance. Training enables an
individual to do his/her present job more efficiently and be prepared for higher level
job. Training is a planned programme designed to improve performances and bring
about measurable changes in knowledge, skill, attitude and social behavior of an
individual.

I personally feel proud and happy in writing this training report that I have completed
my training in such a good organization which taught me so many useful things.
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project work entitled: 1. design of hydraulic is an authentic
record of my own work carried out at Addis Ababa international airport enterprise as
requirements of four-month project from a period of March 22, 2017 to June 30 2017 under
the guidance of MR. (Academic Advisor) and engineer ALELGN (company advisors).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Above all I would like to thank the Almighty God for he is the base of all the successful
progress of my life as a whole and this study as a particular. I feel immense pleasure in
completing this training and submitting this final report. The whole internship period with
Ethiopian airport has been full of learning and a sense of contribution towards increasing
the practical knowledge. A successful training can never be completed by the efforts of a
single person, but it also demands the help and guardianship of some conversant person who
helped the undersigned actively or passively in completion of successful training. During the
actual training i would like to express my special thanks and heartfelt appreciation to my
internship supervisors Ato. Habetom ,Asegedech and Ato Fikermaryam for their supporting
and valuable advising during the course of the internship and for their support by sharing
their understand that help me to safe completion of my internship.
My next gratitude goes to the staffs in AASTU as they provided me with all services needed
for the achievement of my goal in the last 4 years stay. The Department of Mechanical
Engineering takes great thanks for the unforgettable contributions it made in developing our
professional knowledge and skills we need in the real world which in turn is useful to our
country.
At the end but not the least, we strongly thank our parents and others who helped us either
financially, technically or morally from a very beginning up to this stage.

Bernabas Solomon
ABSTRACT
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES iv
LIST OF TABLES ix
Chapter1: introduction 6
1.1 History of Ethiopian Airport Enterprise 6
1.2 Main services given by Ethiopian Airport Enterprise 8
1.3 End users of Ethiopian Airport Enterprise 8
1.4 The overall organization of the enterprise 9
Chapter 2: Literature Review 11
Project: Underground Cable Earthed Fault Detection 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Problem statement and justification 12
2.3 Objectives of the project 12
2.4 Used Materials 12
2.5 Methodology 12
2.5.1 Selecting VDC 15
2.5.2 Selecting multi-meters 16
2.5.3 Final generalized circuit 16
2.6 Conclusion
Chapter 4: Result and Discussion
4.1 Total cooling load of the building
Chapter 5 21
Overall Internship Experience and our specific Work 21
Chapter Six : Duct Design

Chapter 3
3.1 Objective 21
3.2 Why we are select this company 21
3.3 Our Working Sections 21
3.3.1Security communication and automation 21
3.3.2Airfield and Ground lighting 30
3.4 What we are doing? 34
3.5 Challenges we have been facing and measures we have been tacking 35
Chapter 4 36
4.1The overall Benefits that we gained from our internship program 36
In terms of improve our practical skill 36
In terms of understanding about work ethics issues, industrial psychology and related issue 36
In terms of interpersonal communication skills 37
Chapter 5 38
Conclusion and Overall Recommendation 38
LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Chapter1
1.1 History of Ethiopian Airport Enterprise
Ethiopian airports enterprise (EAE) is an enterprise which is found in Addis Ababa city. It is
located around bole. The airport is formerly known as Haile Selassie I international airport. This
enterprise was established as a public enterprise in 2003 in European calendar to meet
international aviation standards by restricting Ethiopian civil aviation authority (ECAA).The
enterprises authorized capital is about 2,635,704,386 Ethiopian birr(two billion six hundred

thirty five million seven hundred four thousands and three hundred eighty six birr). It is
established as a public enterprise for different purposes like developing and maintaining standard
airports throughout the country, delivering safe and secure plus reliable airport services to
passengers and other users of the airport like cargo and aircraft.

The enterprise manages all the airports in Ethiopia. Including Addis Ababa bole international
airport (AABIA) the enterprise administers seventeen regional Airports .Within this seventeen
regional airports four of them are international airports; Mekelle Alula Abanega international
airport, Addis Ababa bole international airport, Dire Dawa international airport and
BahirdarGinbot 20 international airport. In Addis Ababa bole international airport, the airport
accommodates 150 flights per day.

In 2005 there was an expansion plan to do in Addis Ababa bole international airport like as
adding a new run way, constructing new control tower which has a thirty eight meters height and
a new terminal with shopping centers, bank service, free Wi-Fi service and restaurants with in it.
Currently the airport can provide those services but it also starts other brand new expansion
program for four years. This brand new expansion program is planned to be completed in
2018.the main aim of the new expansion program is to triple the number of passengers it handles
from seven million to 20 million per a year. China Communication Construction Company
(CCCC) is carrying out this work at a cost of $300 million, set for completion by 2018.
It was established as a public enterprise entrusted with the mandate of executing quality airport
infrastructure and service to its customers, having its own distinct mission, vision, and core
values.

Vision

To be the leading airport service provider in Africa.

Mission

To provide quality airport infrastructure and service to customers.

Core Values

Security
Quality service
Team Work
Continuous improvement
Integrity
Under its nation-wide responsibility, the Ethiopian Airports Enterprise administers
seventeen airports throughout Ethiopia, out of which, four of them are international.
These are; Mekelle Alula Abanega international airport, Addis Ababa bole international
airport, Dire Dawa international airport and BahirdarGinbot 20 international airport.

1.2 Main services given by Ethiopian Airport Enterprise


Service provided by EAEs are categorized in to two.

These are: - Aeronautical services and

- NonAeronautical services

Aeronautical Services

This are services provided for essential operations that are required for airlines operations
(runway, runway light, taxiway, taxiway light, apron, apron light /flood light, aerobridge are few
to mention).

- Non Aeronautical services

These are customer services such as:-


Baggage service: - Baggage wrapping services are available at terminal 1 check-in
counter. Baggage weighting and packing are also available at terminal 2 check-in
counters.
Hotel Reservation counter:- Visitors can make hotel reservation at any Addis Ababa
Airport booth (a small compartment or boxlike room) or Hotel Reservation Counter at the
arrivals level.

Cafe and Restaurant: - several restaurants and lounges are available, serving both local
and international fare.
Shopping:-Various shops can be found at the airport, including gift retailers and duty-
free outlets.
Medical Service:- Emergency medical services are available.
Telecommunications, Internet, postal service,Bank and parking.

1.3 End users of Ethiopian Airport Enterprise


Airlines
Passengers
Governmental authorities(airport immigration, airport customs, ministry of foreign
affairs, ministry of health)
Airport affiliated service providers
Tenants and concessionaries
General aviation operators
Employees
Airport communities
Airport Contractors
Major hub and international airports
Air navigation service providers
Airside concessionaires
Fixed based operators
Security providers
Ground handlers
Aircraft re-fullers

1.4 The overall organization of the enterprise


To make easy the work of flow, the enterprise has different sections like;

Strategic planning team; which is organized under the umbrella of strategic planning
and finance directorate. The team carries out activities of preparation and implementation
of the enterprise long and medium term strategic plan. The major activities of strategic
planning team are like preparation of long and medium term strategic plan, preparation of
the enterprises annual plan and performance evaluation report and conducting impact
assessment and different researches which will have vital role for the successful
implementation of the strategic plan.
The safety management office; which is established as a core process responsible to the
chief executive officer. Its major objective is to change the traditional days of safety
management activities to standard and organized system supported by standard safety
manuals by doing major activities like making safety audits of each airport ,general
assessment of each airport with regard to facility and trained operation personnel,
preparing standard safety manuals and certify airports and preparing standard safety
management system manuals.
Human resource development and management directorate; which has a mission to
establish an efficient, effective and transparent human resource development and
management practice which support the enterprise in order to achieve its strategic goal by
managing staff grievance, ensuring industrial peace, administer terminal activities and
administer personal records.
The information and IT management directorate; which is one of the vital sections of
EAE under the new structure which was proposed after the recent business process
reengineering scheme. It has major activities like enhancing the development of IT within
the enterprise, providing support and advice to EAEs work units and providing effective
service mechanisms for back office users.
Airport infrastructure development directorate; which is one of the economic sectors.
At present the directorate is coordinating the construction of the major projects.
Airport facilities management and maintenance directorate; which are used for the
purpose of achieving success in all airports service provision. The directorate has the
major duties like developing appropriate facilities usage and operational procedure or
manual, developing and implementing appropriate and standard maintenance
management system and analyzing facilities performance efficiency and developing
professional or sound recommendation to enable EAE to make an informed decision.
Main executive

Vice main Vice main Vice main executive


executive executive airport airport infrastructure
corporate service operation and facility
management

Airport facilities
Human resource AABIA and maintenance
development and directorate
management
directorate
directorate

Market Airport
Strategic infrastructure
planning and development
finance directorate development
directorate

Customer
Common service
service directorate
directorate

Information Safety management


Safety management
and regional airports
and regional airports
technology coordination office
coordination office
directorate
Chapter 2
2.0 Introduction
2.1. DUCT (FLOW)
Ducts are conduits or passages used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) to deliver and
remove air. The needed airflows include, for example, supply air, return air, and exhaust air. Ducts
commonly also deliver ventilation air as part of the supply air. As such, air ducts are one method of
ensuring acceptable indoor air quality as well as thermal comfort. Air ducts are associated with your
heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system and are the pathways for heated or cooled air to
travel throughout a home. Air duct cleaning is the process of removing dust and other contaminants that
accumulate over time from your air ductwork. Air ducts are like the circulatory system of your home.
ductwork is often located out of sight behind walls or above ceilings, maintenance. The ductwork that
goes so unnoticed above our heads performs an incredible act of engineering every day, and fully shows
our control over the environment. A duct system is also called ductwork. Planning (laying out), sizing,
optimizing, detailing, and finding the pressure losses through a duct system is called duct design.

Where did these air ducts come from and when did people start using them?
The modern ductwork we use began as the creation of flues and chimneys used by the Chinese and Greek
in the 7th century. These helped to keep a building warm without filling it with smoke, but the first
recorded central heating came from the Romans. Around 300 B.C. the Romans. Around 300 B.C. the
Romans used a series of vertical tubes underneath a tile floor to heat a room. The vertical tubes were
connected to a central wood furnace, and the warm air was then sent through ducts into the room being
warmed.
During the renaissance, the idea to send steam or hot water through pipes was developed to provide heat
for a building, which is the early of a modern radiator. The concept was used all the way through the 19 th
century as the primary way to heat buildings.
People in warm areas wanted a way cool off inside though. In ancient Egypt people hung wet reeds in
their windows which cooled the air that blew over them. In 1758 Benjamin franklin found that the
evaporation of alcohol can cool something down enough to freeze water; around the same time Michael
faraday found the same results using compressed and liquefied ammonia.
In 1902 a device was developed for her a publishing company to blow air over cold coils to keep the
temperature and humidity at levels that kept paper from wrinkling-this became the carrier air conditioning
company that is still around. In 1906 the invention of the atomized sprayer, which is a group of water
filled ducts that spray a mist that subsequently cools the air through evaporation, was developed to cool
the air inside textile manufacturing plants. This lowered the temperature during the hot summer months
and made the yarn easier to spin, and gave birth to the name air air conditioning.
In 1930 Feron was developed and began produced, where it was used in air conditioners to evaporate and
condense, drawing the heat and moisture out of the air and cool air back into the building.
2.1.1 Materials
Ducts can be made out of the following materials:
A. Galvanized steel
Galvanized mild steel is the standard and most common material used in fabricating ductwork because the
zinc coating of this metal prevents rusting and avoids cost of painting. For insulation purposes, metal
ducts are typically lined with faced fiberglass blankets (duct liner) or wrapped externally with fiberglass
blankets (duct wrap). When called for, a double walled duct is used. This will usually have an inner
perforated liner, then a 12" layer of fiberglass insulation contained inside an outer solid pipe.
Rectangular ductwork commonly is fabricated to suit by specialized metal shops. For ease of handling, it
most often comes in 4' sections (or joints). Round duct is made using a continuous spiral forming machine
which can make round duct in nearly any diameter when using the right forming die and to any length to
suite, but the most common stock sizes range evenly from 4" to 24" with 6"-12" being most commonly
used. Stock pipe is usually sold in 10' joints. There are also 5' joints of non-spiral type pipe available,
which is commonly used in residential applications.
B. Aluminum
Aluminum ductwork is lightweight and quick to install. Also, custom or special shapes of ducts can be
easily fabricated in the shop or on site.
The ductwork construction starts with the tracing of the duct outline onto the aluminum preinsulated
panel. The parts are then typically cut at 45, bent if required to obtain the different fittings (i.e. elbows,
tapers) and finally assembled with glue. Aluminum tape is applied to all seams where the external surface
of the aluminum foil has been cut. A variety of flanges are available to suit various installation
requirements. All internal joints are sealed with sealant.
Aluminum is also used to make round spiral duct, but it is much less common than galvanized steel.
C. Polyurethane and phenolic insulation panels (pre-insulated air ducts)
Traditionally, air ductwork is made of sheet metal which was installed first and then lagged with
insulation. Today, a sheet metal fabrication shop would commonly fabricate the galvanized steel duct and
insulate with duct wrap prior to installation. However, ductwork manufactured from rigid insulation
panels does not need any further insulation and can be installed in a single step.
Both polyurethane and phenolic foam panels are manufactured with factory applied aluminum facings on
both sides. The thickness of the aluminum foil can vary from 25 micrometers for indoor use to 200
micrometers for external use or for higher mechanical characteristics. There are various types of rigid
polyurethane foam panels available, including a water formulated panel for which the foaming process is
obtained through the use of water and CO2 instead of CFC, HCFC, HFC and HC gasses. Most
manufacturers of rigid polyurethane or phenolic foam panels use pentane as foaming agent instead of the
aforementioned gasses.
A rigid phenolic insulation ductwork system is listed as a class 1 air duct to UL 181 Standard for Safety.
D. Fiberglass duct board (preinsulated non-metallic ductwork)
Fiberglass duct board panels provide built-in thermal insulation and the interior surface absorbs sound,
helping to provide quiet operation of the HVAC system.
The duct board is formed by sliding a specially-designed knife along the board using a straightedge as a
guide. The knife automatically trims out a groove with 45 sides which does not quite penetrate the entire
depth of the duct board, thus providing a thin section acting as a hinge. The duct board can then be folded
along the groove to produce 90 folds, making the rectangular duct shape in the fabricator's desired size.
The duct is then closed with outward-clinching staples and special aluminum or similar metal-backed
tape.
E. Flexible ducting
Flexible ducts (also known as flex) are typically made of flexible plastic over a metal wire coil to shape a
tube. They have a variety of configurations. In the United States, the insulation is usually glass wool, but
other markets such as Australia, use both polyester fiber and glass wool for thermal insulation. A
protective layer surrounds the insulation, and is usually composed of polyethylene or metalized PET. It is
commonly sold boxes containing 25' of duct compressed into a 5' length. It is available in diameters
ranging from as small as 4" to as big as 18", but the most commonly used are even sizes ranging from 6"
to 12".
Flexible duct is very convenient for attaching supply air outlets to the rigid ductwork. It is commonly
attached with long zip ties or metal band claps. However, the pressure loss is higher than for most other
types of ducts. As such, designers and installers attempt to keep their installed lengths (runs) short, e.g.
less than 15 feet or so, and try to minimize turns. Kinks in flexible ducting must be avoided. Some
flexible duct markets prefer to avoid using flexible duct on the return air portions of HVAC systems,
however flexible duct can tolerate moderate negative pressures. The UL181 test requires a negative
pressure of 200 Pa.
F. Fabric ducting
This is actually an air distribution device and is not intended as a conduit for conditioned air. The term
fabric duct is therefore somehow misleading; fabric air dispersion system would be the more definitive
name. However, as it often replaces hard ductwork, it is easy to perceive it simply as a duct. Usually made
of polyester material, fabric ducts can provide a more even distribution and blending of the conditioned
air in a given space than a conventional duct system. They may also be manufactured with vents or
orifices.
Fabric ducts are available in various colours, with options for silk screening or other forms of decoration,
or in porous (air-permeable) and non-porous fabric. The determination which fabric is appropriate (i.e.
air-permeable or not) can be made by considering if the application would require an insulated metal duct.
If so, an air-permeable fabric is recommended because it will not commonly create condensation on its
surface and can therefore be used where air is supplied below the dew point. Material that eliminates
moisture may be healthier for the occupants. It can also be treated with an anti-microbial agent to inhibit
bacterial growth. Porous material also tends to require less maintenance as it repels dust and other
airborne contaminants.
Fabric made of more than 50% recycled material is also available, allowing it to be certified as green
product. The material can also be fire retardant, which means that the fabric can still burn, but will
extinguish when the heat source is removed.
Fabric ducts are not rated for use in ceilings or concealed attic spaces. However, products for use in raised
floor applications are available. Fabric ducting usually weighs less than other conventional ducting and
will therefore put less stress on the building's structure. The lower weight allows for easier installation.
Fabric ducts requires a minimum of certain range of airflow and static pressure in order for it to work.
G. Waterproofing
The finish for external ductwork exposed to the weather can be sheet steel coated with aluminum or an
aluminum/zinc alloy, a multilayer laminate, a fiber reinforced polymer or other waterproof coating.
2.1.3 Duct system components
Besides the ducts themselves, complete ducting systems contain many other components.
Vibration isolators

An air handling unit with vibration isolator


A duct system often begins at an air handler. The blowers in the air handler can create
substantial vibration, and the large area of the duct system would transmit this noise and vibration to the
inhabitants of the building. To avoid this, vibration isolators (flexible sections) are normally inserted into
the duct immediately before and after the air handler. The rubberized canvas-like material of these
sections allows the air handler to vibrate without transmitting much vibration to the attached ducts. The
same flexible section can reduce the noise that can occur when the blower engages and positive air
pressure is introduced to the ductwork.
a. Take-offs
Downstream of the air handler, the supply air trunk duct will commonly fork, providing air to many
individual air outlets such as diffuser, grilles, and registers. When the system is designed with a main duct
branching into many subsidiary branch ducts, fittings called take-off sallow a small portion of the flow in
the main duct to be diverted into each branch duct. Take-offs may be fitted into round or rectangular
openings cut into the wall of the main duct. The take-off commonly has many small metal tabs that are
then bent to attach the take-off to the main duct. Round versions are called spin-in fittings. Other take-off
designs use a snap-in attachment method, sometimes coupled with an adhesive foam gasket for improved
sealing. The outlet of the take-off then connects to the rectangular, oval, or round branch duct.
b. Stack boots and heads
Ducts, especially in homes, must often allow air to travel vertically within relatively thin walls. These
vertical ducts are called stacks and are formed with either very wide and relatively thin rectangular
sections or oval sections. At the bottom of the stack, a stack boot provides a transition from an ordinary
large round or rectangular duct to the thin wall-mounted duct. At the top, a stack head can provide a
transition back to ordinary ducting while a register head allows the transition to a wall-mounted air
register.
c. Volume control dampers
An opposed-blade, motor-operated zone damper, shown in the "open" position.
Ducting systems must often provide a method of adjusting the volume of air flow to various parts of the
system. Volume control dampers (VCDs; not to be confused with smoke/fire dampers) provide this
function. Besides the regulation provided at the registers or diffusers that spread air into individual
rooms, dampers can be fitted within the ducts themselves. These dampers may be manual or
automatic. Zone dampers provide automatic control in simple systems while variable air volume (VAV)
allows control in sophisticated systems.
d. Smoke and fire dampers
Smoke and fire dampers are found in ductwork where the duct passes through a firewall or fire curtain.
Smoke dampers are driven by a motor, referred to as an actuator. A probe connected to the motor is
installed in the run of the duct and detects smoke, either in the air which has been extracted from or is
being supplied to a room, or elsewhere within the run of the duct. Once smoke is detected, the actuator
will automatically close the smoke damper until it is manually re-opened.
Fire dampers can be found in the same places as smoke dampers, depending on the application of the area
after the firewall. Unlike smoke dampers, they are not triggered by any electrical system (which is an
advantage in case of an electrical failure where the smoke dampers would fail to close). Vertically
mounted fire dampers are gravity operated, while horizontal fire dampers are spring powered. A fire
damper's most important feature is a mechanical fusible link which is a piece of metal that will melt or
break at a specified temperature. This allows the damper to close (either from gravity or spring power),
effectively sealing the duct, containing the fire, and blocking the necessary air to burn.
Turning vanes

Turning vanes inside of large fire-resistance rated Ducastel pressurization ductwork


e. Turning vane close-up.
Turning vanes are installed inside of ductwork at changes of direction (e.g. at 90 turns) in order to
minimize turbulence and resistance to the air flow. The vanes guide the air so it can follow the change of
direction more easily.
f. Plenums
Plenums are the central distribution and collection units for an HVAC system. The return plenum carries
the air from several large return grilles (vents) or bell mouths to a central air handler. The supply plenum
directs air from the central unit to the rooms which the system is designed to heat or cool. They must be
carefully planned in ventilation design.
g. Terminal units
While single-zone constant air volume systems typically do not have these, multi-zone systems often have
terminal units in the branch ducts. Usually there is one terminal unit per thermal zone. Some types of
terminal units are VAV boxes (single or dual duct), fan-powered mixing boxes (in parallel or series
arrangement), and induction terminal units. Terminal units may also include a heating or cooling coil.
h. Air terminal
Air terminals are the supply air outlets and return or exhaust air inlets. For supply, diffusers are most
common, but grilles, and for very small HVAC systems (such as in residences) registers are also used
widely. Return or exhaust grilles are used primarily for appearance reasons, but some also incorporate an
air filter and are known as filter returns

2.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT


When I was at airport Terminal 2 working in electro-mechanical maintenance office, Ive seen a
big class for the central type of air conditioner supplying a conditioned air through the duct for
the terminal and for some appliance that is in EMEs office. On my way to the Air Field, there is
a baggage handling systems class and offices where you can find no conditioned air being
supplied by the central AC. So, Ive considered that if I design the duct needed for the room and
connect it to the Central AC room, then I can supply a conditioned air to the BHS room and its
office. By designing the ducts, I can solve the circulation of air to BHS rooms & offices and
provide productivity and comfort for the workers.
2.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
2.3.1. General objective
The main objectives of the project is to design a central air conditionings
ducts system for the room of Baggage handling system

2.3.2 specific objective


To control temperature of the room.
To control humidity
Air movement and circulation
To avoid carbon dioxide
2.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

Generally, in this comfort is a very subjective matter. As part of the air conditional
equipment ducts play a crucial role in conditioning the room by circulating the air.

Ducts offers a number of benefits:

1 The low temperature that air conditions create can help reduce the dehydration as
they lessen the likelihood of excessive sweating
2 Extreme conditions such as heat &humidity can impact on our overall physical
intellectual activity. Having a proper air condition system in place helps reduce
heat & humidity, thus reducing the impact on our ability to perform and complete
work tasks.

2.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY


In this project, I am emphasizing on basic procedures of the duct design for the convenient
system. Over all layout and design analysis are done in this project.

2.5. METHODOLOGY OF THE PROJECT

The methodology I followed is the following: -

Data collection: - I get relevant information from different source.

Compute engineering analysis: - to analysis duct system

Compute result & discussion which elaborate overall design analysis


Conclusion & recommendation

2.6 DESIGN AND CALCULATION OF DUCT SYSTEM

2.6.1. DUCT DESIGN PROCEDURE


First step is to determine the air quantity required by each room for cooling, secondly
study the plan of the building and arrange the positions of the supply outlets to provide
proper distribution of air within each space. select outlet sizes from manufacturers
catalogue data. The next step is sketch of the most convenient duct system,
connecting the supply and return intakes with the central station apparatus. Finally,
calculation of the sizes of all main and branch ducts by one of the methods follows

2.6.2. DUCT LAY OUT CONSIDERATIONS

There are several items in duct layout that should be considered before
sizing the ductwork. These include
Duct transformations
Elbows
Fittings
Duct take-offs and

2.6.3. SOME GENERAL RULES TO FOLLOW IN DUCT DESIGN.

Main ducts should be as straight as possible


Transition should be streamlined
should have an inside radius of at least one-third duct
width. If this inside is not possible, turning vanes should
be used.
Ducts should be tight and properly sealed to limit air less.
Ducts should be well insulated and/or lined where
necessary to conserve energy and limit noise
Branch duct take-offs should be located at least four feet
downstream from a fan or transition if possible.
Flexible connectors should isolate the air n\moving
equipment (fan)from the duct system for noise isolation.
2.6.4. DUCT SIZING USING EQUAL PRESSURE DROP METHOD

The following is a step by step approach to duct sizing by keeping the


pressure drop the same in straight lengths.
1 Choose a rate of pressure drop and keep this constant for the whole system
e.g. 1.0 Pa per meter run.
2 Size ductwork using Figure 1 (Duct Sizing Chart) if the volume flow rate of
air is known. This will give the duct diameter.
3 Determine the equivalent size of rectangular duct if required by calculation or
by using CIBSE guide C (2007) Table 4.16.
4 Calculate the actual air velocity from:
Air velocity (m/s) = Volume flow rate (m3/s) / CSA
5 Determine the velocity pressure factors (zeta zeta) for the fitting(s) in each
section of ductwork from CIBSE Guide C (2007) Section 4.10.
6 Determine the velocity pressure (V.P.) by calculation or by using CIBSE
Guide C (2007) Table 4.19. The actual air velocity will be that obtained from
section 4 above. V.P. =0.5 x zeta factor x v2
7 Multiply zeta factors x V.P. to give total pressure loss for fittings.
Pressure loss for fittings (Pa) = zeta factors x V.P.
8 Pressure loss in straight duct (Pa) = Rate of pressure drop (1.0 Pa per meter
run) x length of section (m).
9 Total Pressure drop in Section (Pa) = Pressure loss for fittings (Pa) +
Pressure loss in straight duct (Pa)
2. 6.4.1 SUPPLY DUCT DESIGN (EQUAL PRESSURE DROP CALCULATION
METHOD)
Rectangular main duct (keep one side= 500 mm)

Section A, Length = 14.9m


3
m
Flow rate = 6.66 s

Pa
Pressure drop per meter = 1.0 m

Duct diameter = 0.85 m


2
2 0.85 2
C.S.A = r = ( 2 ) =0.567 m

For equivalent rectangular duct C.S.A = L X W,

0.567 m2
w= =1.134
0.5 m

So, duct size = 1,134x500 mm

Q 6.66 m3
Velocity; V= = =11.74 m/s
C . S . A 0.567

1 2 1( ) m 2
Velocity pressure(Pa), Vp= 2 2 (
v = 1.2 11.74
s )
= 82.7Pa

Fitting pressure loss


Zeta factor for intake louvre pressure loss or factor=6.7, fire dumper pressure loss=5.7
Total=5.7+6.7=12.4
Fittings loss= 82.7 x12.4= 1025.5Pa
Straight duct loss = 1.0 pa/m x 14.9m= 14.9 pa
Section B, length = 18.8 m
3
Flow rate = 6.64 m /s .

Pressure drop = 1.0 Pa


Duct sizing = 0.83 m

0.83m 2
C.S.A = ( ) =0.541m2
2

0.541
C.S. A= L x w; w= =1.082 m
0.5

Duct size, 1082 x 500 mm


6.64
Velocity; V = Q/C.S. A = =12.27 m/ s
(0.50.541)

1
Velocity pressure; Vp= ( 1.2 )( 12.27 )2=90.33 P
2
0
Fitting pressure loss, 90 swept branch

Tee branch = 0.06 and tapered reduction=0.2


0.06+0.2=0.26
Fitting(Pa) = 90.33 x0.26 = 23.48pa
Straight duct(Pa)= 1.0pa/m x 18.8m = 18.8 Pa
Section C, length= 4.2m
3
Flow rate = 3.32 m /s

Pressure drop per meter = 1.0 Pa/m


Duct size = 0.63m diameter

0.63 2
C.S. A= r2 = ( ) =0.312 m2
2

0.312
= Lx w; w= =0.623
0.5

Duct size; 623 x 500.


2
Q 3.32 m
Velocity; V= = =10.66
C . S . A (0.5 X 0.623) s

Velocity pressure
1 2 1 2
Vp= V = (1.2 )( 10.66 ) =68.2 Pa
2 2

Fitting pressure loss; bend and symmetrical


= 0.67 + 0.3 =0.97
Fitting(Pa)= 68.2 Pa x 0.97= 66.2Pa
Straight duct(Pa) = 1.0 x 4.2 = 4.2Pa

Section D, Length = 13.1m

m3
Flow rate = 1.11 s

Pressure drop per meter = 1.0 Pa/m


Duct size, 0.42 m diameter

0.42 2
C.S.A = r
2
= ( )
2
=0.138 m2

C.S.A = L X W;
0.138
W= =0.277 0.3 m
0.5

Duct size = 300 x 500

m3
1.11
Velocity ; V= Q s = 8m/s
=
C . S . A (0.5 x 0.277)m 2

1 1
Velocity pressure; Vp= V 2= (1.2 )( 8 )2 =38.4 Pa
2 2

Fittings pressure loss for branch


Total pressure loss= 8.43
pressure loss= 38.4Pa x 8.43=323Pa
Straight duct(Pa); 1.0 x 13.1m = 13.1 Pa
Section E; length 33.6m

m3
Flow Rate = 2.21 s

Pressure drop per meter= 1.0 Pa/m


Duct size = 0.53 m diameter

0.53 2
C.S.A= r
2
= ( ) 2
=0.22 m2

C.S.A = LX W;
W= C.S.A/L= 0.22/0.5= 0.44 m
Duct size = 440 x 500 m
Velocity; V= Q/C.S. A = 2.21/0.22= 10.05 m/s
1 1
Velocity pressure; Vp = V 2= (1.2 )( 10.05 )2=60.6 Pa
2 2
Fitting pressure loss for branch
Total pressure loss= 18.6
pressure loss= 60.6Pa x 18.6=1127Pa
Straight duct(Pa)= 1.0pa/m x 33.6 m= 33.6pa
Section F; Length 9.3 m

m3
Flow rate = 3.32 s

Pressure drop per meter = 1.0 Pa/m


Duct diameter = 0.63 m
2
C.S.A = r

0 .63 2
= 2( )
=0 . 312m 2

C.S.A = L X W;

W= C.S.A/L= 0.312/0.5= 0.624 m

Duct size, 624 x 500mm


3
m
3.32
Velocity ; V = Q/CSA= s m
=10.64
( 0.5 x 0.624 ) s

1 2 1 2
Velocity pressure , Vp= V = (1.2 )( 10.64 ) =67.9 Pa
2 2

Fitting pressure loss- 0.05+1= 1.05


Pressure loss,
Fitting (Pa) = 67.9 x 1.05 = 71.29Pa
Straight duct(Pa)= 1.0 pa/m x 9.3m = 9.3 Pa

Section G, Length = 22.9 m


3
m
Flow rate = 1.66 s
Pressure drop per meter = 1.0 pa/m
Duct diameter = 0.46 m.

0 . 46 2
2
C.S.A = r = ( ) 2
=0. 166 m2

C.S.A = L X W.
W = 0.166/0.5 = 0.332 m
Duct size 332x 500 m
Velocity, V= Q/CSA = 1.66 / (0.5 X 0.332)
V= 10m/s
1 1
Velocity pressure Vp= V 2= (1.2 )( 10 )2=60 Pa
2 2

Pressure loss for Fitting pressure loss for branch (from table-15)
Total pressure loss= 11.92
pressure loss= 60Pa x10.36=621.6Pa
Straight duct loss = 25 m x 1.0 pa/m= 25 Pa
Section H, Length = 28.3m
3
m
Flow rate = 1.66 s

Pressure drop per meter = 1.0 pa/m


Duct diameter=0.46m

0.46 2
2
CSA= r = ( )2
=0.166 m2

CSA = L X W
W= CSA/L= 0.166/0.5= 0.322
Duct size = 322 x 500
Velocity, V= Q/CSA= 1.66/0.166 = 10m/s
1 1
Velocity pressure , Vp= V 2= (1.2 )( 10 )2=60 Pa
2 2

Pressure loss for Fitting pressure loss for branch (from table 15)
Total pressure loss= 11.92
pressure loss= 60Pa x10.36=621.6Pa
Straight duct = 25 m x 1.0 pa/m = 25 Pa
Section G-G1, SD5-9 Tee, length = 5 m
3
m
Flow rate = 0.28 s

pressure drop per meter= 1.00 pa/m


Duct size=0.26 m

0 .26 2
2
CSA= r = ( 2 )
=0 . 053 m2

Velocity, V= Q/CSA = 0.28/0.053= 5.28m/s


1 1
Velocity pressure , Vp= Vp 2= (1.2 )( 5.28 )2=16.7 Pa
2 2

Pressure loss, tapper both sides= 0.04


0.04+2.7+0.15= 2.93
Fittings = 16.7 x 2.93 = 48.9pa
Straight duct = 5m x 1.0 pa/m = 5 Pa

Section G G6 length 5m SD5-24


3
m
Flow rate = 0.28 s

Pressure drop= 1.0 pa


Duct size= 0.26 diameter
0.26
2 2
C.S.A = = 0.053 m

3
m
Q 0.28
Velocity, V= s = 5.28 m/s
C .S. A =
0.053m2
1
Velocity pressure, Vp= V 2
2

1
= (1.2)(5.28)2 = 16.7pa
2

Pressure loss, for tapered both side- 0.04


0.04+7.64= 7.68
10.7 x 7.68= 82.2 pa
Straight duct = 5 m x 1.0 pa/m = 5Pa
G-G2, G-G3, G-G4, G-G5 the same as G-G1
Section H-H1, Length = 5 m, SDS-9 Tee

m3
Flow rate = 0.28 s

Pressure drop= 1 Pa
Duct size = 0.26 m diameter

0.26 2
C.S.A= ( ) = 0.053 m2
2

Q
Velocity, V= = 0.28/0.053 5.28 m/s
C .S. A

1 2 1
Velocity pressure, Vp= Vp = ( 1.2 )( 5.28 )2=16.76 Pa
2 2

Pressure loss, tapered both side- 0.04


0.04 + 2.7= 2.74
Fitting = 16.76 x 2.74= 45.8 Pa
Straight duct = 5m x 1.0 pa/m = 5 Pa
Section H-H2, length 5m, SDS-24

m3
Flow rate = 0.28 s

Pressure drop= 1.0 pa


Duct size= 0.26 diameter
2
0.26
C.S.A= ( )
2 = 0.053 m
2

Q 0.28
Velocity = = =5.28 m/s
C . S . A 0.053

1 2 1
Velocity pressure Vp= V = ( 1.2 )( 5.28 )2=16.72 Pa
2 2

Pressure loss, tapered both side, 0.04 +0.5= 0.54


Fitting= 16.72 x 0.54= 9 Pa
Straight duct = 5 m x 1.0 pa/m = 5 Pa
H-H3, H-H6 the same with H-H2 and H-H4, H-H5 the same with H-H1
Section D-D1, 5m, SDS-9

m3
Flow rate = 0.28 s

Pressure drop= 1 pa
Duct size= 0.26 m
2
0.26
C.S.A= ( )
2
=0.053m2

Q
Velocity, V= C . S . A = 0.28/0.053= 5.28m/s

1 2 1
Velocity pressure, Vp= V = ( 1.2 )( 5.28 )2=16.72 Pa
2 2

Pressure loss, tapered both sides-0.04, 0.04+2.7= 2.74


Fitting loss = 16.72 x 2.74= 1.54pa
Straight duct = 5 m x 1.0 pa/m = 5 Pa
Section D-D2 length 5m, SDS-24

m3
Flow rate = 0.28 s
Pressure drop= 1 pa
Duct size= 0.26 m

0.26 2
C.S.A= ( )
2
=0.053m2

Q
Velocity, V= C . S . A = 0.28/0.053= 5.28m/s

1 1
Velocity pressure, Vp= V 2 = ( 1.2 )( 5.28 )2=16.72 Pa
2 2

Pressure loss, tapered both sides-0.04, 0.04+7.4= 7.44


Fitting loss = 16.72 x 7.44= 124.3pa
Straight duct = 5 m x 1.0 pa/m = 5 Pa
D-D3 the same with D-D1 and D-D4 the same with D-D2
Section E-E1, Length = 5m, SDS-9 Tee (Ashare 2001 page 839)
3
m
Flow rate = 0.28 s

Pressure drop= 1 Pa
Duct size = 0.26 m diameter

0.26 2
C.S.A= ( 2 ) = 0.053 m2

Q
Velocity, V= = 0.28/0.053 5.28m/s
C .S. A

1 1
Velocity pressure, Vp= Vp 2 = ( 1.2 )( 5.28 )2=16.72 Pa
2 2

Pressure loss , tapered both side- 0.04


0.04 + 2.7= 2.74
Fitting = 16.72 x 2.74 = 45.8 Pa
Straight duct = 5 m x 1.0 pa/m =5 Pa
Section E-E2, length 5m, SDS-24

m3
Flow rate = 0.28 s

Pressure drop= 1.0 pa


Duct size= 0.26 diameter
2
0.26
C.S.A= ( )
2 = 0.053 m
2

Q 0.28
Velocity = = =5.28 m/s
C . S . A 0.053

1 1
Velocity pressure Vp= V 2 = ( 1.2 )( 5.28 )2=16.72 Pa
2 2

Pressure loss, tapered both side, 0.04 +0.5= 0.54


Fitting= 16.72 x 0.54= 9 Pa
Straight duct = 5 m x 1.0 pa/m = 5Pa
E-E3, E-E4, E-E6, E-E8 the same with E-E1
E-E5, E-E7 the same with E-E2

SUPPLY DUCT SIZING TABLE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Press Pressure Total Cum
secti Len Flow ure Veloc Velocity Zeta loss press ulati
on gth Rate( Drop ity Pressur fact Fitti Strai ure ve
m3/s) per e or ngs ght Loss press Duct size
(m) meter (m/s) (pa) ( ) (Pa) duct (Pa) ure (mm)
(Pa/m (pa) loss
) (pa)

A 14. 6.66 1.0 1.74 82.7 102 14.9 1039 1039 1134x500
9 12.4 5
B 13. 6.64 1.0 90.33 0.26 23.4 13.8 37.28 1076 1082x500
8 12.2 8
7
C 4.2 3.32 1.0 68.2 0.92 66.2 4.2 70.4 1146 624x500
10.6
6
D 13. 1.11 1.0 8 38.4 8.43 32.3 13.1 45.4 1191 440x500
1
D- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 2.74 1.54 5 6.54 1197 260
D1 circular
D- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 7.44 124. 5 129.3 1326 260
D2 3 circular
D- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 2.74 1.54 5 6.54 1332 260
D3 circular
D- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 7.44 124. 5 129.3 1461 260
D4 3 circular
E 33. 2.21 1.0 10.5 60.6 18.6 112 33.6 1160 2621 440x500
6 7
E-E1 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 2.74 45.8 5 50.8 2671 260
circular
E-E2 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 0.54 9 5 14 2685 260
circular
E-E3 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 2.74 45.8 5 50.8 2735 260
circular
E-E4 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 2.74 45.8 5 50.8 2785 260
circular
E-E5 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 2.74 45.8 5 50.8 2835 260
circular
E-E6 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 2.74 45.8 5 50.8 2885 260
circular
E-E7 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 2.74 45.8 5 50.8 2935 260
circular
E-E8 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 2.74 45.8 5 50.8 2985 260
circular
F 9.3 3.32 1.0 67.9 1.05 71.2 9.3 80.59 3065 624x500
10.6 9
4
G 22. 1.66 1.0 10 60 11.9 621. 22.9 644.5 3709 332x500
9 2 6
G- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.7 2.93 48.9 5 53.9 3763 260
G1 circular
G- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.7 2.93 48.9 5 53.9 3817 260
G2 circular
G- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.7 2.93 48.9 5 53.9 3870 260
G3 circular
G- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.7 2.93 48.9 5 53.9 3924 260
G4 circular
G- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.7 2.93 48.9 5 53.9 3977 260
G5 circular
G- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.7 7.68 82.2 5 87.2 4065 260
G6 circular
H 28. 1.66 1.0 10 60 11.9 621. 28.3 649.9 4715 332x500
3 2 6
H- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.76 2.74 45.8 5 50.8 4765 260
H1 circular
H- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 0.54 9 5 14 4779 260
H2 circular
H- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 0.54 9 5 14 4793 260
H3 circular
H- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.76 2.74 45.8 5 50.8 4844 260
H4 circular
H- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.76 2.74 45.8 5 50.8 4895 260
H5 circular
H- 5 0.28 1.0 5.28 16.72 0.54 9 5 14 4909 260
H6 circular
Table 1 supply duct size table

2.6.4.2 RETURN DUCT DESIGN (EQUAL PRESSURE DROP CALCULATION


METHOD)
Rectangular main duct (keep one side= 500 mm)
Section A, Length = 19.2 m

m3
Flow rate = 4.99 s

Pa
Pressure drop per meter = 1.0 m

Duct diameter = 0.78 m


2
2 0.78 2
C.S.A = r = ( 2 ) =0.477 m

For equivalent rectangular duct C.S.A = L X W,


0.477
w= =0.954 m
0.5 m

So duct size = 954x500 mm

Q 4.99 m3
Velocity; V= = =10.46 m/ s
C . S . A 0.477

1 2 1( ) m 2
Velocity pressure(Pa), Vp= 2 2 (
v = 1.2 10.46
s )
= 65.6Pa
Fitting pressure loss
Zeta factor for intake louvre pressure loss or factor=4.8 (from table-11)
Zeta factor for bend= 0.67
Total loss, 4.8+0.67=5.47
Pressure loss,
Fittings loss= 65.6 x5.47 = 358.8Pa
Straight duct loss = 1.0 pa/m x 19.2= 19.2pa
Section B, length = 8.8m
3
Flow rate = 4.98 m /s .

Pressure drop = 1.0 Pa


Duct diameter= 0.76 m

0.76 m 2
C.S.A = = ( ) =0.453 m2
2

0.453
C.S.A= L x w; w= =0.906 m
0.5

Duct size, 906x 500 mm


4.98
Velocity; V = Q/C.S.A = =10.9 m/ s
(0.50.453)

1
Velocity pressure; Vp= ( 1.2 )( 10.9 )2=71.3 Pa
2

0
Fitting pressure loss, 90 swept branch

Tee branch = 0.05 and tapered reduction=0.2 (from table -12)


0.2+0.05=0.25
Fitting(Pa) = 71.3 x0.25 = 17.8Pa
Straight duct(Pa)= 1.0pa/m x 8.8m= 8.8 Pa
Section C, length 5.8m
3
Flow rate = 2.49 m /s
Pressure drop per meter = 1.0 Pa/m
Duct size = 0.55m diameter

0.55 2
C.S.A= r2 = ( ) =0.237 m2
2

= Lx w;
0.237
W= =0.474 m
0.5

Duct size; 474 x 500mm.

Q 2.49 m2
Velocity; V= = =10.5
C . S . A (0.5 X 0.474) s

Velocity pressure
1 1
Vp= V 2= (1.2 )( 10.5 )2=68.15 Pa
2 2

Fitting pressure loss; 900 swept branch tee and symmetrical


= 0.05 + 0.65=0.7
Fitting(Pa)= 68.15 Pa x 0.7=47.7 Pa
Straight duct(Pa) = 1 x 5.8 = 5.8 Pa

Section D, Length = 24.3m

m3
Flow rate = 0.99 s

Pressure drop per meter = 1.0 Pa/m


Duct diameter= 0.42 m

0.42 2
C.S.A = r
2
= ( )
2
=0.138 m2

C.S.A = L X W;
0.138
W= =0.276 m
0.5
Duct size = 276 x 500

m3
0.99
Velocity; V= Q s = 7.17m/s
=
C . S . A (0.5 x 0.276)m2

1 2 1 2
Velocity pressure; Vp= V = (1.2 )( 7.17 ) =30.8 Pa
2 2

Fittings pressure loss for branch


Total pressure loss= 2.73
pressure loss= 30.8Pa x 2.73=84pa
Straight duct(Pa); 1.0 x 24.3 m = 24.3Pa
Section E; length 27 m

m3
Flow Rate = 1.5 s

Pressure drop per meter= 1.0 Pa/


Duct diameter = 0.46 m
2
0.46
C.S.A= r
2
( )
= 2 =0.166 m
2

C.S.A = LX W;
W= C.S.A/L= 0.166/0.5= 0.332 m
Duct size = 332 x 500 m
Velocity; V= Q/C.S. A = 1.5/0.166= 9.04 m/s
1 2 1 2
Velocity pressure ; Vp = V = (1.2 )( 9.04 ) =49 Pa
2 2

Fitting pressure loss for branch


Total pressure loss= -10.83
pressure loss= 49Pa x -10.83=-530Pa
Straight duct(Pa)= 1.0pa/m x 27 m= 27 pa
Section F; Length 4.5m
3
m
Flow rate = 2.49 s

Pressure drop per meter = 1.0 Pa/m


Duct diameter = 0.55 m
2
C.S.A = r

0 .55 2
= ( 2 ) =0 . 237 m2

C.S.A = L X W;

W= C.S.A/L= 0.237/0.5= 0.474 m

Duct diameter, 474x 500mm

m3
2.49
Velocity ; V = Q/CSA= s m
=10.5
( 0.5 x 0.474 ) s

1 1
Velocity pressure , Vp= V 2= (1.2 )( 10.5 )2=66.15 Pa
2 2

Fitting pressure loss- bend and symmetrical


0.67+0.36=1.03
Pressure loss,
Fitting (Pa) = 66.15 x 1.03 = 68.13Pa
Straight duct(Pa)= 1.0 pa/m x 4.5 m = 4.5Pa
Section G; Length = 18.3m

m3
Flow rate = 0.99 s

Pressure drop per meter = 1.0 pa/m


Duct diameter = 0.42 m.
2
0 . 42
2
C.S.A = r = ( ) 2
=0 . 138 m2

C.S.A = L X W.
W = 0.138/0.5 = 0.276 m
Duct size 276x 500 m
Velocity, V= Q/CSA = 0.99/ (0.5 X 0.276)
V= 7.17m/s
1 1
Velocity pressure Vp= V 2= (1.2 )( 7.17 )2=30.8 Pa
2 2

Pressure loss
Fitting pressure loss for branch
Total pressure loss= 0.78
pressure loss= 30.8Pa x0.78=24.024Pa
Straight duct loss = 18.3 m x 1.0 pa/m= 18.3Pa

Section H, Length = 28.6 m


3
m
Flow rate = 1.5 s

Pressure drop per meter = 1.0 pa/m


Duct diameter=0.45m

0.45 2
2
CSA= r = ( )2
=0.159 m2

CSA = L X W
W= CSA/L= 0.159/0.5= 0.318 m
Duct size = 318 x 500
Velocity, V= Q/CSA= 1.5/0.159 = 9.4m/s
1 1
Velocity pressure, Vp= V 2= (1.2 )( 9.4 )2=53 Pa
2 2

Pressure loss
Fitting pressure loss for branch
Total pressure loss= 0.78
pressure loss= 53Pa x0.78=41.34Pa
Straight duct = 28.6 m x 1.0 pa/m = 28.6 Pa
Section G-G1, SD5-9 Tee, length = 4 m

m3
Flow rate = 0.25 s

pressure drop per meter= 1.00 pa/m


Duct size=0.24 m
2
0 .24
2
CSA= r = 2 ( )
=0 . 045 m2

Velocity, V= Q/CSA = 0.25/0.045= 5.56m/s


1 2 1 2
Velocity pressure, Vp= Vp = (1.2 )( 5.56 ) =18.54 Pa
2 2

Pressure loss, tapper both sides= 0.04


0.04+1.72= 1.76
Fittings = 18.54x 1.76= 32.6pa
Straight duct = 4 m x 1.0 pa/m = 4 P

Section G G2 length 4 m ED5 -3 tee

m3
Flow rate = 0.25 s

Pressure drop= 1.0 pa


Duct size= 0.24diameter
0.24
2 2
C.S.A = = 0.045 m

3
m
Q 0.25
Velocity , V= s = 5.56 m/s
C .S. A = 2
0.045m

1
Velocity pressure , Vp= V 2
2
1
= (1.2)(5.56)2 = 18.54pa
2

Pressure loss, for tapered both side- 0.04


0.04+1.72= 1.76
Fittings= 18.54 x 1.76=32.6 pa
Straight duct =4m x 1.0 pa/m = 4Pa

Section G G3 ,The same procedure for GG1

Section G G 4 , The same procedure for GG2

Section H-H1, Length = 4 m,

m3
Flow rate = 0.25 s

Pressure drop= 1 Pa
Duct size = 0.24 m diameter
2
0.24
C.S.A= ( 2 ) = 0.045 m2

Q
Velocity, V= = 0.25/0.045 5.56 m/s
C .S. A

1 2 1
Velocity pressure, Vp= Vp = ( 1.2 )( 5.56 )2=18.54 Pa
2 2

Pressure loss , tapered both side- 0.04


0.04 +1.72=1.76
Fitting = 18.54 x 1.76= 32.6 Pa
Straight duct = 4m x 1.0 pa/m = 4 Pa
Section H-H2, length 4 m, ED5 -3 tee

m3
Flow rate = 0.25 s

Pressure drop= 1.0 pa


Duct size= 0.24 diameter
2
0.24
C.S.A= ( )
2 = 0.045 m
2

Q 0.25
Velocity = = =5.56 m/s
C . S . A 0.045

1 1
Velocity pressure Vp= V 2 = ( 1.2 )( 5.56 )2=18.54 Pa
2 2

Pressure loss, tapered both side, 0.04 +1.72= 1.76


Fitting= 18.54 x 1.76= 32.6Pa
Straight duct = 4 m x 1.0 pa/m = 4 Pa
H-H3, H-H4,H-H6 the same with H-H1 and H-H5 the same with H-H2
Section D-D1, 4 m,

m3
Flow rate = 0.25 s

Pressure drop= 1 pa
Duct size= 0.24 m
2
0.24
C.S.A= ( )
2
=0.045 m2

Q
Velocity, V= C . S . A = 0.25/0.045= 5.56m/s

1 1
Velocity pressure, Vp= V 2 = ( 1.2 )( 5.56 )2=18.5 Pa
2 2

Pressure loss, tapered both sides-0.04, 0.04+1.72= 1.76


Fitting loss = 18.5 x 1.76= 32.56pa.

{ }
Section DD 2
Section DD 3 same with D-D1
section DD 4

Section E-E1, Length = 4 m,


3
m
Flow rate = 0.28 s

Pressure drop= 1 Pa
Duct size = 0.26 m diameter

0.26 2
C.S.A= ( ) = 0.053 m2
2

Q
Velocity, V= = 0.28/0.053 5.28m/s
C .S. A

1 1
Velocity pressure, Vp= Vp 2 = ( 1.2 )( 5.28 )2=16.72 Pa
2 2

Pressure loss, tapered both side- 0.04 =0.04 + 1.74= 1.76


Fitting = 16.72 x 1.76= 32.56 Pa
Straight duct = 4 m x 1.0 pa/m = 4 Pa

E-E2, E-E3, E-E4, E-E5 the same with E-E1


RETURN DUCT SIZING TABLE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Press Pressure Total Cumulati
secti Len Flow ure Veloc Velocit Zet loss press ve
on gth Rate( Drop ity y a Fitti Strai ure pressure Duct size
m3/s) per Pressur fact ngs ght Loss loss (mm)
(m) meter (m/s) e or (Pa) duct (Pa) (pa)
(Pa/m (pa) ( ) (pa)
)
A 19. 4.99 1.0 10.4 65.6 5.47 358. 19.2 378 378 354x500
2 6 8
B 8.8 4.98 1.0 10.9 71.3 0.25 17.8 8.8 26.6 404.6 906x500
C 5.8 2.49 1.0 10.5 68.15 0.7 47.7 5.8 53.5 458.1 474x500
D 24. 0.99 1.0 7.17 30.8 2.73 84 24.3 108.3 566.4 276x500
3
D- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 603 0.24 circula
D1
D- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 639 0.24 circula
D2
D- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 675.6 0.24 circula
D3
D- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 712.2 0.24 circula
D4
D- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 748.8 0.24 circula
D5
E 27 1.5 1.0 9.04 49 10.8 -530 27 -503 245.8 332x500
3
E-E1 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 282.4 0.24 circula
E-E2 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 319 0.24 circula
E-E3 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 355.6 0.24 circula
E-E4 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 392.2 0.24 circula
E-E5 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 428.8 0.24 circula
E-E6 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 465.4 0.24 circula
E-E7 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 502 0.24 circula
F 4.5 2.49 1.0 10.5 66.15 1.03 68.1 4.5 72.63 574.63 474x500
3
G 18. 0.99 1.0 7.17 30.8 0.78 24.6 18.3 42.92 617.55 276x500
3 2 4
G- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 654.15 0.24 circula
g1
G- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 690.7 0.24 circula
g2
G- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 727.3 0.24 circula
g3
G- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 763.9 0.24 circula
g4
H 28. 1.5 1.0 9.4 53 0.78 41.3 28.6 69.9 833.8 318x500
6
H- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 870.4 0.24 circula
h1
H- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 907 0.24 circula
h2
H- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 943 0.24 circula
h3
H- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 980 0.24 circula
h4
H- 4 0.25 1.0 5.56 18.54 1.76 32.6 4 36.6 1016 0.24 circula
h5

Table 2 return duct size table


Chapter 3
Overall Internship Experience and our specific Work
3.1 Objective
General Objective
The general objective of internship is to improve my theoretical and practical understanding that is
gained from through continuous work in team with students of different universities and the employees of
the company. With the internship program I ve developed the important thing listed in the specific
objectives.
Specific Objectives
To develop my practical and theoretical understanding from real world applications
and systems
To improve social and working area communication and group playing skills
To train my hand to the real-world processes and activities
To upgrade problem observation skill and solution finding capabilities for industrial
and commercial applications.
3.2 Why i select this company ?
I have an information about Ethiopian airport that it has a great level of competence in the worlds
flight market in quality and security/safety to fly with it. So, I understand that behind this success there
should be a high level of technology applying in this area and also a high level of infrastructure should be
built in high definition and high quality. So, I decided to have an internship at this area of success to face
with the worlds highest technologies built here.
3.3 Our Working Sections
My supervisor ENGINEER ALEHGN MINALU has divided the four months to work in EME,
SECURITY AND COMMUNICATION and AIRPORT GROUND LIGHTING department During the
first month staying, I got the chance to work on the departments of electro-mechanical maintenance. It got
me interesting to work on EME because this section deals with air conditioner, passenger boarding bridge,
Water pumping station and escalator.
3.3.2. Electromechanical Maintenance
In EME office, I ve learned and upgrade my theoretical knowledge in several ways. These include-:
How the passenger boarding bridge works
How the fluid works with hydraulic system
How the air conditioners condition a space
How the water pump works and distribute it to the 2 terminals
Work flow in this section (department)
This department basically service the machines typically escalators every 2 weeks and maintain them
whenever there is problem, they fix it. And for the water pump stations every 6 moths they cleaned out
the containers . This section contains five sub sections which describes five different objects that
use electromechanical systems. These are
Passenger boarding bridge system,
Water pump station
Escalators,
Elevators and
Air conditioners
3.3.2.1 PASSENGER BORDING BRIDGE
Passenger Bridge is a telescopic apron drive bridge with two extension tunnels. It is a telescoping
passage way that can be driven from a parked position beside the terminal to the aircraft itself.
These apron drive bridges come in a variety of lengths and options, depending on the needs of
the airport. It is driven using PLC controls mounted on a console in a cab that is separated from
the passenger walk way. A jet way systems truss passenger boarding bridge is a convenient way
to board and leave an aircraft and keeps passengers safe from rain, snow, jet blast, noise, and
dust. It also separates the passengers from the aircrafts ground crews.
The passenger boarding bridge contain different component: - Hydraulic, Electrical, Mechanical.
The bridge that we see were made on FILLAND more they are working in hydraulic and
mechanical. Operation system of passenger boarding bridge is controlled from operator control
console which is located in the left side of the cab. It has all the controls needed to operate the
passenger bridge.

First o, powering up the system is required. To do this first turn the control current switch to the
one position & that light up the control current lamp. After that push start up button situated in
control panel and this makes the system ready for operation. Then go to touch display unit and
enter password to gate menu screen that:
Pass word Enter Aircraft type screen pulling aircraft.

After that the hidden push button on the left side of control panel must be pushed. Now the
system is ready for operation that we can move the bridge.
TO MOVE THE BRIDGE THE FOLLOWING REQUIREMENT MUST BE FULFILLED
The emergency stop must be inactivated.
Protective cable must be attached.
Manual/auto leveling switch must be in the manual position.
There must be no obstacle within one meter of the drive unit.
Startup light must be ON.
Hydraulic pressure must be OK.
Key lock must be inactive.
Aircraft stopped lamp must be ON or pulling aircraft button has been pushed on the touch
display unit.

After all the above conditions are fulfilled, we can drive to predetermine position by using
buttons situated in control panel. By using the controller for forward-back ward and the control
wheel for steer left-steer right, the bridge can be loaded to pre-determined basic position on the
apron. With help of the rotate left and rotate right buttons, rotate the cabin so that there is
approximately 90-degree angle between the cabin door opening and aircraft center line in the
apron. By using raise and lower buttons, the height of the cabin can be fine-tuned manually.
To docking to passenger to aircraft first roll up door from roll up button for better visibility and
then drive the bridge to predetermined position by using control panel. By using bellows out
button, the canopy (bellows) is extended and the protective cable must be removed. Then open
the aircraft door and set door shoe below opened aircraft door. Then after, manual/auto leveling
switch has been turn to auto leveling position and auto leveler automatically moves out and
connects to aircraft. So, the docking is completed and the passengers can be start boarding to or
leave from the aircraft. After boarding to or leave from aircraft completed, it has been go back to
its privies position and by pressing log off buttons, and the power can be removed from the
bridge.

Basic components of passengers boarding bridge are the following.


Cabin
Canopy
Roll up door
Control panel
Door shoe
Auto leveler
Protective cable
Stairs
Drive unit
Telescopic tunnels and so on.

Cabin: Cabin is the component that connects to aircrafts fuselage operation. It can rotate around
its Centre point, in order to secure proper alignment with different aircrafts. It contains canopy,
roll up door, control panels, protective cable, protective edge, and door shoe and auto leveler.

Canopy: Cover of the passenger bridge that prevents the bridge and the aircraft from sun and
rain.
Fig 7. Passenger boarding

HYDRAULIC FOR PASSENGER BORDING BRIDGE


This hydraulic passenger boarding bridge are made on Finland.
ELEMENT OF HYDRAULIC PASSEGER BORDING BRIDGE
*Power unit
*Valve assemble for cabin operation
*Hydraulic motor for driving
*Hosting cylinders
*Hydraulic motor cabin rotation
*Hydraulic cylinder for auto leveling
DEVICE MOVEMENTS
IQAN control system
PEPFORMANCE CHARACTERSTIC
Hosting lowering speed 0-25mm/sec
Horizontal moving speed 0-0.25m/s
Cabin rotating speed 0-20 deg/sec
POWER UNIT
*Power unit around axial
*Reservoir part terminal side of axial
*Pump /el motor located plan side of axial
*Oil volume of reservoir 220L
*Total volume of the system 300L include oil in the cylinder
Filing of the system performed by the pump connected to the filing valve located
in the return filter

MAIN COMPONENT OF POWER UNIT


Q max =84 l/min
P max =240 bar
P max =15KW
Electric motor =15KW =1500rpm
There are three types of filter
Pressure filter
Return filter
Air filter
Low oil level alarm device
High oil temperature device
Contain oil heating element
Hand pump for brick release in emergency situations
Pressure measuring point where ever are needed
Control valve for hosting and driving
Control valve for cabin rotation and for probe cylinder
Electrical cabin
MAIN COMPONENT OF CONTROL SYSTEM
* Steering wheel (located in main control panel)
* Joy stick for motor speed (located in main control panel)
* IQAN MDM-Master unit (located in main control panel)
* IQAN XS expansion unit (located inside the control panel)
* IQAN XP- expansion unit (located on power unit)
* Feedback transducer for that axial angel FB-P6
* Feedback transducer for the cabin angel FB-P3
* Feedback transducer for cabin height FB-(B124)
* Auto level transducer
* Plc. system supplied by ABB/AIR-1X
* Various limit switches for safety and control purpose
TYPE PLATE OF POWER UNIT
There is type plate in the power unit like (identification card for power unit)
Give necessary information wherever spare part is needed.
There are 17PCS for measuring coupling in the system
Every power unit has two pressure measuring assemblies
They can be connected/ disconnected even if the pressure is on.
MAIN PART OF PUMP UNIT
*Pressure filter
*Pressure switch
*Pilot pressure control valve
*Piston pump
*Shut off valve
pump must be filled with clean oil before starting at the first time
ADJUSTMENT OF PUMP
*P max=240bar
*Control pressure=20-25bar
The purpose of pressure switch to give a signal when the pump is running therefor adjust is not
critical
*In order to adjust switch, temporarily decrees the pilot pressure of pump around 10-15bar
Contact open when 10-15bar
Restore the proper pilot pressure seating 20-25bar
valve for cabin rotation are located under cabin
Valve for probe movement are located in cabin
SOLENOID VALVES
The valve is used for brake release
The valve are used for cabin movement control
SPER PART
Coil
Seal kit
PLANENTARY GEAR
The reduction gear is supplied without lubricant and must be filled up with lubricant by the user
before start up.
First oil change must be made after 50/100 houses of operation subsequently every 1000hours or
at least every 6 months.
INTEGRAL BRAKE MOTOR FOR CABIN ROTATION
Max torque -1250Nm
Braking torque -1000Nm
Release pressure min -19-21 bar
Tightening torque -75Nm
AIR FILTER
Replace air filter with a new one once in a year
OIL LEVEL SWITCH
Normal oil volume 220L
Normal use oil level fluctuating 20L
Oil level decrees to 120L (oil level is 340mmfor top of reservoir
Low level indicate that there is 184L oil in the reservoir
Whenever an oil level alarm occur the reason low oil level must be checked out
immediately

FLUID RECOMMENDETION
*Viscosity in normal operating temperature (30-55C) (20-55Cst)
*Min viscosity 13CSt
*Max viscosity 320CSt
*Viscosity index (vl) >150
HYDRSULIC SYSTEM IN GENERAL
Clean lines more than 90% of faults are caused by contaminated oil
The filter element must be replaced with new ones as soon as filter indicators indicts
Prior to start up the case of piston pump must be filled with hydraulic fluid
All pressure adjusted to the proper level
The max pressure of the system (=compensating pressure of main pump) must always be lower
than the cracking pressure of pressure relief valve of the same circuit.
Power unit are equipped with certain alarm and gauges.
All kind of tube fitting will loosen over the first month of use and the special attention paid for to
avoid leakage and check all connection regularly
Lowering the bridge when the power unit is not running.
Near the right hosting cylinder in the drive column is needle valve carefully the bridge can be
lowered.
REMEMBER to close the valve after lowering

3.3.2.2 AIR CONDITIONING (A.C)


Air quality is essential considerations in maintaining the productivity, comfort and health of the
occupants. If air quality and temperature are not maintained, occupants comfort in the work place
can suffer directly affecting productivity. Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties
of air (primarily temperature and humidity) to more favorable conditions. The control of these
conditions may be desirable to maintain the health and comfort of the occupants, or to meet the
requirements of industrial processes irrespective of the external climatic conditions. It is used to
cool products or a building environment. An air conditioning system is an assembly of different
part of the system used produce a specified condition of air within a require space or building.
Refrigeration systems are also used for providing cooling and dehumidification in summer for
personal comfort (air conditioning). The first air conditioning systems were used for industrial as
well as comfort air conditioning. Eastman Kodak installed the first air conditioning system in
1891 in Rochester, New York for the storage of photographic films. An air conditioning system
was installed in a printing press in 1902 and in a telephone exchange in Hamburg in 1904. Many
systems were installed in tobacco and textile factories around 1900. The first domestic air
conditioning system was installed in a house in Frankfurt in 1894. A private library in St Louis,
USA was air conditioned in 1895, and a casino was air conditioned in Monte Carlo in 1901.
Efforts have also been made to air condition passenger rail coaches using ice. The widespread
development of air conditioning is attributed to the American scientist and industrialist Willis
Carrier. Carrier studied the control of humidity in 1902 and designed a central air conditioning
plant using air washer in 1904. Due to the pioneering efforts of Carrier and also due to
simultaneous development of different components and controls, air conditioning quickly
became very popular, especially after 1923. At present comfort air conditioning is widely used in
residences, offices, commercial buildings, air ports, hospitals and in mobile applications such as
rail coaches, automobiles, aircrafts etc. Industrial air conditioning is largely responsible for the
growth of modern electronic, pharmaceutical, chemical industries etc. Most of the present-day
air conditioning systems use either a vapor compression system or a vapor absorption system.
Principle of working cycle (how does it work?)
The goal is to keep it more comfortable inside the house than it is outside.

Fig 8: cycles of refrigeration


Principles of Refrigeration
Liquids absorb heat when changed from liquid to gas

Gases give off heat when changed from gas to liquid.


For an air conditioning system to operate with economy, the refrigerant must be used repeatedly.
For this reason, all air conditioners use the same cycle of compression, condensation, expansion,
and evaporation in a closed circuit. The same refrigerant is used to move the heat from one area,
to cool this area, and to expel this heat in another area.
The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low-pressure gas, it is compressed and
then moves out of the compressor as a high-pressure gas.
The gas then flows to the condenser. Here the gas condenses to a liquid, and gives off its
heat to the outside air.
The liquid then moves to the expansion valve under high pressure. This valve restricts the
flow of the fluid, and lowers its pressure as it leaves the expansion valve.
The low-pressure liquid then moves to the evaporator, where heat from the inside air is
absorbed and changes it from a liquid to a gas.
As a hot low-pressure gas, the refrigerant moves to the compressor where the entire cycle
is repeated.
Note that the four-part cycle is divided at the center into a high side and a low side This refers to
the pressures of the refrigerant in each side of the system
A.C. works on the mechanism of refrigerant liquid. This liquid change to gas and evaporates as it
extracts heat from the air around it and in low pressure conditions it again gets converted to
liquid and after entering into the normal pressure region this again changes into gas. Any A.C.
will comprise of 4 parts i.e. a compressor, a condenser, expansion valve and an evaporator.
Compressor and condenser are usually kept outside the house where as an evaporator is kept
inside the house. Compressor is the most important part of all the three as it pumps the vapor
refrigerant through the system.
In the evaporator, the fluid leaves as low pressure cool gas to reach compressor. The compressor
will compress the gas to liquid. As the gas becomes liquid, the molecules are together and their
energy is high resulting in high temperature. The working fluid leaves compressor and flows into
condenser as hot air which will convert this hot air to low pressurized liquid. One can observe
the temperature around outside unit, which is high due to heat dissipated from compressor.
The temperature in condenser is very low and this converts the high temperature gas into low
pressurized liquid. Through a small hole (expansion valve) this pressurized liquid will flow to
into evaporator. In this process, the pressure drops and the liquid is converted into low pressure
cool air to start the cycle once again. In the process of changing liquid to gas it extracts heat from
the air around it. Evaporator has fins and it will blow that cool air into the room. The hot air is
lighter than cool air, so it is in the upper part of the room whose heat is used to convert high
pressurized liquid into low pressurized gas.
This process continues till the room attains the temperature you set. The thermostat present in the
A.C. will temporarily stop A.C. for some time; if the room temperature raises again, the
thermostat will automatically on the A.C. to set the temperature of your room to your desired
level.
The basic elements of air conditioning system: --
Fans: For circulation of air
Filters: For cleaning air
Grill: It adjust the direction of the conditioned air to the room.
Tray: It collects condensed water.
Refrigerating Plant: provide cooling. It consists of compressor/generator and absorber,
evaporator, condenser, expansion device (capillary tube).
TYPE OF AIR-CONDITIONING
The choice of which air conditioner system to use depends upon a number of factors including
how large the area is to be cooled, the total heat generated inside the enclosed area, etc. An
HVAC designer would consider all the related parameters and suggest the system most suitable
for your space.
Window air-conditioning system
Split air-conditioning system
Centralized air-conditioning system
Package air-conditioning system

1 Windows Air-conditioning System


Window air conditioner is the most commonly used air conditioner for single rooms. In this air
conditioner all the components, namely the compressor, condenser, expansion valve or coil,
evaporator and cooling coil are enclosed in a single box. This unit is fitted in a slot made in the
wall of the room, or more commonly a window sill.
Window air conditioners are one of the most commonly used and cheapest type of air
conditioners.
To install one of these units, you need the space to make a slot in the wall, and there
should also be some open space behind the wall.
Window air-conditioner units are reliable and simple-to-install solution to keep a
room cool while avoiding the costly construction of a central air system.
Better yet, when the summer heat dies down, these units can be easily removed for storage, and
you can use the window sill for other purpose

Fig 9: window air conditioner

2 Split Air-Conditioning System

The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The
outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses components like the compressor, condenser and
expansion valve. The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan.
For this unit, you dont have to make any slot in the wall of the room. Further, present day split
units have aesthetic appeal and do not take up as much space as a window unit. A split air
conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms.

The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit.
The outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses components like the compressor,
condenser and expansion valve.
The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan. For this
unit, you dont have to make any slot in the wall of the room.
Further, the present day split units have aesthetic looks and add to the beauty of the
room. The split air conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms
The Split Air Conditioner divided in two parts: --
1 First part:-Include the evaporator, filter, evaporator fan and grill. They placed inside the
room.
2 Second part:-Include Condenser, fan, and compressor. This placed outside the room.
Diameter tubes. Therefore, small hole required in wall of installation of split air condition.
The split air conditioning units are available in capacity range of 1 to 3 tons.
WORKING OF SPLIT AC CONDITIONER
The fans blow air over the coils to improve their ability to dissipate heat (to the outside air) and
cold (to the room being cooled). When you get into larger air-conditioning applications, its time
to start looking at split-system units. A split-system air conditioner splits the hot side from the
cold side of the system, as in the diagram below. The cold side, consisting of the expansion valve
and the cold coil, is generally placed into a furnace or some other air handler. The air handler
blows air through the coil and routes the air throughout the building using a series of ducts. The
hot side, known as the condensing unit, lives outside the building. The unit consists of a long,
spiral coil shaped like a cylinder. Inside the coil is a fan, to blow air through the coil, along with
a weather-resistant compressor and some control logic.
This approach has evolved over the years because it's low-cost, and also because it normally
results in reduced noise inside the house (at the expense of increased noise outside the house).
Other than the fact that the hot and cold sides are split apart and the capacity is higher (making
the coils and compressor larger), there's no difference between a split-system and a window air
conditioner.
Fig 10: split air conditioner

How is a Split Air Conditioner Different from


Other AC Units?
A split air conditioner does not require major
installation work because it does not require ductwork.
Rather, the indoor and outdoor units are connected
with a set of electrical wires and tubing. This is good
for your wallet and the environment. The ductwork
required for many traditional A/C units generally
increases energy expenditures, as many centralized
A/C units lose a lot of energy due to heat exchange in
the air duct system. So, without a duct system, there is
very little opportunity for heat or energy loss in a split
air conditioner system.
Benefits of a Split Air Conditioning System
This kind of air conditioner system has many advantages over traditional air conditioners.
Perhaps the most obvious benefit is the quiet performance of a split air conditioner system. The
parts of an air conditioner that make the most noise is the compressor and the fan that cools the
condenser. In a split system, the compressor and fan for the condenser are located outside of the
room being cooled and therefore the major sources of noise are removed - unlike with window
units.
Another benefit of a split air conditioner system is that you can opt for a multi-split system,
where you can have more than one indoor unit connected to a single outdoor unit. This makes it
easy to cool multiple rooms or maintain the temperature throughout a large room through the use
of two indoor cooling units.
A split air conditioner is an efficient and cost-effective way to cool your home. It should be noted
that the initial cost of this kind of air conditioning unit is significantly higher than a window unit
and it does require professional installation. However, the amount of money you will save on
your energy bills as well as the longevity of the unit will make it worth your while in the end.
3 Centralized Air-Conditioning System
The central air conditioning plants or the systems are used when large buildings, hotels,
theaters, airports, shopping malls etc. are to be air conditioned completely.
The window and split air conditioners are used for single rooms or small office spaces.
If the whole building is to be cooled it is not economically viable to put window or split
air conditioner in each and every room.
Further, these small units cannot satisfactorily cool the large halls, auditoriums,
receptions areas etc.
The central air conditioning plants or the systems are used when large buildings, hotels, theaters,
airports, shopping malls etc. are to be air conditioned completely. The window and split air
conditioners are used for single rooms or small office spaces. If the whole building is to be
cooled it is not economically viable to put window or split air conditioner in each and every
room. Further, these small units cannot satisfactorily cool the large halls, auditoriums, receptions
areas etc.
In the central air conditioning systems, there is a plant room where large compressor, condenser,
thermostatic expansion valve and the evaporator are kept in the large plant room. They perform
all the functions as usual similar to a typical refrigeration system. However, all these parts are
larger in size and have higher capacities. The compressor is of open reciprocating type with
multiple cylinders and is cooled by the water just like the automobile engine. The compressor
and the condenser are of shell and tube type. While in the small air conditioning system capillary
is used as the expansion valve, in the central air conditioning systems thermostatic expansion
valve is used.
The chilled is passed via the ducts to all the rooms, halls and other spaces that are to be air
conditioned. Thus, in all the rooms there is only the duct passing the chilled air and there are no
individual cooling coils, and other parts of the refrigeration system in the rooms. What is we get
in each room is the completely silent and highly effective air conditions system in the room.
Further, the amount of chilled air that is needed in the room can be controlled by the openings
depending on the total heat load inside the room.
The central air conditioning systems are highly sophisticated applications of the air conditioning
systems and many a times they tend to be complicated. It is due to this reason that there are very
few companies in the world that specialize in these systems. In the modern era of
computerization, a number of additional electronic utilities have been added to the central
conditioning systems.
WORKING OF CENTRAL AC CONDITIONER
The central AC type that Addis Ababa bole airport uses consists of an evaporator, compressor,
condenser & expansion valve. The compressor is of open type and can be driven by the motor
directly or by the belt via pulley arrangement connected to the motor. The refrigerant fluid enters
the compressor inhaling the refrigerant from the suction channel compressing to the discharge
channel. There is a silencer device which is used to keep the noise level low or keep it silent.
In the condenser heat is removed by cooled water, with water flowing along the shell side and
refrigerant along the tube side. In the condenser, Refrigerant vapor turn to liquid.
To complete the cycle, the high-pressure liquid is made to flow through an expansion valve
(venturi-valve). The thermostatic expansion valve is operated automatically by the solenoid
valve. In the expansion valve, Low the temperature and pressure of liquid is obtained.it controls
Control the flow rate in to the evaporator.
The refrigeration effect is obtained in the cold region as heat is extracted by vaporization of
refrigerant in the evaporator. The evaporator is also called as the chiller, because it chills the
water. If the water flows along the shell side and refrigerant on the tube side, it is called as the
dry expansion type of chiller. Then evaporator liquid turns to vapor and cold air flows out room.

Fig 11: central air-conditioner


With blower distributing the chilled is passed via the ducts to all the rooms, halls and other
spaces that are to be air conditioned
1) Compressor: - is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its
volume.
2) Condenser: - In the condenser heat is removed from the refrigerant by providing a
condensing fluid at a lower temperature to which the heat can flow and be dissipated.
3) Expansion Valve: - when liquid refrigerant flows from the higher pressure of the condenser to
the lower pressure of the vapor some type of metering device must control its rate of flow. The
airport uses a venture meter as a metering device. The liquid refrigerant goes through the
expansion valve (also called a throttle valve) where its pressure abruptly decreases. That results
in a mixture of liquid and vapor at a lower temperature and pressure.
4) Evaporator: - It is a heat exchanger used to evaporate a refrigerant and in doing so it absorbs
heat from the substance being refrigerated. Thereafter a fan blows on the evaporator coil to guide
the cold air into a certain direction.
The cold air blown by the fan reaches its destination through air holes on the ground. The
activation and deactivation of the system is determined by timing motors. In addition asbestos
insulation on evaporator and condenser coils prevents unwanted heat and works as a sound
buffer.
There are two types of central air conditioning plants or systems:
Direct expansion or DX central air conditioning plant: In this system the huge
compressor and the condenser are housed in the plant room, while the expansion valve
and the evaporator or the cooling coil and the air handling unit are housed in separate
room. The cooling coil is fixed in the air handling unit, which also has large blower
housed in it. The blower sucks the hot return air from the room via ducts and blows it
over the cooling coil. The cooled air is then supplied through various ducts and into the
spaces which are to be cooled. This type of system is useful for small buildings.
Chilled water central air conditioning plant: This type of system is more useful for
large buildings comprising of a number of floors. It has the plant room where all the
important units like the compressor, condenser, throttling valve and the evaporator are
housed. The evaporator is a shell and tube. On the tube side the Freon fluid passes at
extremely low temperature, while on the shell side the brine solution is passed. After
passing through the evaporator, the brine solution gets chilled and is pumped to the
various air handling units installed at different floors of the building. The air handling
units comprise the cooling coil through which the chilled brine flows, and the blower.
The blower sucks hot return air from the room via ducts and blows it over the cooling
coil. The cool air is then supplied to the space to be cooled through the ducts. The brine
solution which has absorbed the room heat comes back to the evaporator, gets chilled and
is again pumped back to the air handling unit. To operate and maintain central air
conditioning systems you need to have good operators, technicians and engineers. Proper
preventative and breakdown maintenance of these plants is vital.
4) Packaged Air-Conditioning System
The window and split air conditioners are usually used for the small air conditioning
capacities up to 5 tons.
The central air conditioning systems are used for where the cooling loads extend beyond
20 tons.
The packaged air conditioners are used for the cooling capacities in between these two
extremes.
The packaged air conditioners are available in the fixed rated capacities of 3,5, 7, 10 and
15 tons.
These units are used commonly in places like restaurants, telephone exchanges, homes,
small halls, etc.
Fig 13. Packaged air conditioner

3.3.2.3 ESCALATOR
An escalator is a moving staircase conveyor transport device for carrying people between
floors of a building. The device consists of a motor-driven chain of individual, linked steps that
move up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal.
Escalators are used around the world to move pedestrian traffic in places where elevators
would be impractical. Principal areas of usage include department stores, shopping malls,
airports, transit systems, convention centers, hotels, and public buildings.
The benefits of escalators are many. They have the capacity to move large numbers of people,
and they can be placed in the same physical space as one might install a staircase. They have no
waiting interval (except during very heavy traffic), they can be used to guide people toward main
exits or special exhibits, and they may be weatherproofed for outdoor use.
Escalators are one of the largest, most expensive machines people use on a regular basis, but
they're also one of the simplest.
At its most basic level, an escalator is just a simple variation on the conveyer belt. A pair of
rotating chain loops pull a series of stairs in a constant cycle, moving a lot of people a short
distance at a good speed.
In this article, we'll look inside an escalator to find out exactly how these elements fit
together. While it is exceedingly simple, the system that keeps all the steps moving in perfect
synchrony is really quite brilliant.
An escalator is a mechanized moving stairway, common in places with a lot of foot traffic or
where a conventional staircase would be very long and tiring to climb. Escalators can often be
seen in shopping malls, museums, multi-story parking garages, and subway stations, for
example. Escalators are often installed in pairs, with an up escalator and a down escalator
adjacent to each other, while a single escalator may be changed to go up or down according to
the direction of heavier traffic at different times of the day.
An escalator is similar to a conveyor belt, but differs in that it is on an incline and has a
surface of stairs rather than a flat belt. Most escalators also include a handrail that moves in
conjunction with the stairs. To move from one end of an escalator to the other, a person may
simply stand on one step until one reaches the end, or one may climb or descend the escalator
like conventional stairs. Many escalators in busy areas are wide enough to accommodate two
columns of people, and those who wish to stand conventionally remain on one side of the
escalator.
Modern escalators are usually inclined at 30, limited in rise to about 60 feet (18 m), with
floor-to-floor rise of about 12 feet (3.5 m). They are electrically powered, driven by chain and
sprocket, and held in the proper plane by two tracks. As the treads approach the landing, they
pass through a comb device; a deflection switch is actuated to cut off power if an object becomes
jammed between the tread and the comb.
Escalators move at a rate of up to 120 feet (36 m) per minute; larger types have a capacity of
6,000 passengers per hour. If a chain breaks, the release of tension stops the escalator, a safety
switch also halts the device if a handrail is broken or comes loose or if a side panel is deflected.
Moving ramps or sidewalks, sometimes called revelators, are specialized forms of escalators
developed to carry people and materials horizontally or along slight inclines. Ramps may have
either
Solid or jointed treads or a continuous belt. Ramps can move at any angle of up to 15; beyond
this incline the slope becomes too steep and escalators are favored. Escalator as shown in
fig.14& fig.15

Fig.-14. ESCALATOR
Fig-15 INTERNAL VIEW OF ESCALATOR

An escalator is a moving staircase conveyor transport device for carrying people between floors
of a building. The device consists of a motor-driven chain of individual, linked steps that move
up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal.
Escalators are used around the world to move pedestrian traffic in places where elevators
would be impractical. Principal areas of usage include department stores, shopping malls,
airports, transit systems, convention centers, hotels, and public buildings.as shown in fig.16

Fig.16 ASSEMBLY OF THE ESCALATOR

HISTORY
There are many claims to the invention of the escalators, but it is like that it was known, at
least in some place .in ancient times. Here some of thermals stones in the history of the device
Inventors and manufacturers
Nathan Ames, a patent solicitor from Saugus, Massachusetts, is credited with patenting the
first "escalator" in 1859, despite the fact that no working model of his design was ever built. His
invention, the "revolving stairs", is largely speculative and the patent specifications indicate that
he had no preference for materials or potential use (he noted that steps could be upholstered or
made of wood, and suggested that the units might benefit the infirm within a household use),
though the mechanization was suggested to run either by manual or hydraulic power.
Leamon Souder
In 1889, Leamon Souder successfully patented the "stairway", an escalator-type device that
featured a "series of steps and links jointed to each other". No model was ever built. This was the
first of at least four escalator-style patents issued to Souder, including two for spiral designs
In 1892, Jesse W. Reno, son of American Civil War notable Jesse L. Reno, and an 1883
engineering graduate of Lehigh University, patented the "Endless Conveyor or Elevator." A few
months after Reno's patent was approved, George A. Wheeler patented his ideas for a more
recognizable moving staircase, though it was never built. Wheelers patents were bought by
Charles Seeberger; some features of Wheelers designs were incorporated in Seebergers
prototype built by the Otis Elevator Company in 1899.
Reno produced the first working escalator (he actually called it the "inclined elevator") and
installed it alongside the Old Iron Pier at Coney Island, New York in 1896. This particular device
was little more than an inclined belt with cast-iron slats or cleats on the surface for traction, and
traveled along a 25 incline. A few months later, the same prototype was used for a month-long
trial period on the Manhattan side of the Brooklyn Bridge. Reno eventually joined forces with
Otis Elevator Company, and retired once his patents were purchased outright. Some Reno-type
escalators were still being used in the Boston subway until construction for the Big Dig
precipitated their removal. The Smithsonian Institution considered re-assembling one of these
historic units from 1914 in their collection of Americana, but "logistics and reassembly costs
won out over nostalgia", and the project was discarded.
Around May 1895, Charles Seeberger began drawings on a form of escalator similar to those
patented by Wheeler in 1892. This device actually consisted of flat, moving stairs, not unlike the
escalators of today, except for one important detail: the step surface was smooth, with no comb
effect to safely guide the rider's feet off at the ends. Instead, the passenger had to step off
sideways. To facilitate this, at the top or bottom of the escalator the steps continued moving
horizontally beyond the end of the handrail (like a miniature moving sidewalk) until they
disappeared under a triangular "divider" which guided the passenger to either side. Seeberger
teamed with Otis Elevator Company in 1899, and together they produced the first commercial
escalator which won the first prize at the Paris 1900 Exposition Universally in France. Also on
display at the Exposition were Reno's inclined elevator, a similar model by James M. Dodge and
the Link Belt Machinery Co., and two different devices by French manufacturers Hall and Piat.
There is various type of escalator given below:
Escalators, like moving walkways, are powered by constant-speed alternating current motors
and move at approximately 12 feet (0.300.61 m) per second. The maximum angle of
inclination of an escalator to the horizontal floor level is 30 degrees with a standard rise up to
about 60 feet (18 m). Modern escalators have single piece aluminum or steel steps that move on
a system of tracks in a continuous loop.
Layout as shown in fig.4

"Crisscross"
"Multiple parallel" "Parallel"
Fig.16 Types of escalator
Escalators have three typical configuration options: parallel (up and down escalators "side by
side or separated by a distance", seen often in multilevel motion picture theatres), crisscross
(minimizes structural space requirements by "stacking" escalators hat go in one direction,
frequently used in department stores or shopping centers), and multiple parallel (two or more
escalators together that travel in one direction next to one or two escalators in the same bank that
travel in the other direction).
Escalators are required to have moving handrails that keep pace with the movement of the
steps. The direction of movement (up or down) can be permanently the same, or be controlled by
personnel according to the time of day, or automatically be controlled by whoever arrives first,
whether at the bottom or at the top (the system is programmed so that the direction is not
reversed while a passenger is on the escalator).
WORKING PRINCIPLE
Escalators while rather expensive and large, are actually relatively basic machines. The
machinery of an escalator is hidden beneath its steps in what is called a truss. At the top of the
escalator, housed in the truss, is an electric motor which runs the four gears that all escalators
have two drive gears on either side at the top and two return gears on either side at the
bottom. These gears have chains that loop around the gears and run down each side of the
escalator. Connected to each step, these chains help the steps make their way up, or down, the
escalator.
The handrails that riders use for balance and safety on their ride up or down escalators are
powered by the same system that powers the steps. The handrails are essentially long rubber
loops connected to the two drive gears at the top of the escalator and powered by the same
electric motor that powers the steps
Speed is controlled by a governor, similar in general principle to that used on stationary steam
engines. Two heavy metal balls are attached to pivoted levers which are in turn fixed to a vertical
shaft, revolving through gearing. The faster the shaft revolves, the more are the metal balls
swung out by centrifugal force, and should the lift speed exceed a predetermined figure the
governor actuates a brake.
In Addis Ababa bole airport, the escalator work in line mode rather than working in invertor
mode, in inverter mode when the passenger reaches to either of top or bottom of escalator, the
sensor which it is basically the proximity sensors senses and then the escalator allows the
passenger to go in desired direction. But the line mode works as the key is switched to either
clockwise or anti-clockwise & motor is turned on, the shaft, the gear looped with chain start the
motion and the steps movement is limited to the key that is switched which can be clockwise or
anti-clock wise

3.3.2.4 Pumping station


Pump stations are facilities including pumps and equipment for pumping fluids from one place to
another. They are used for variety of systems. A pumping station is simply a building with
equipment for pumping large amounts of water from the reservoir.
In ADDIS ABABA BOLE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (AABIA), there are two pump stations
which are used for firefighting, potable and sanitary supply of water to both terminals (terminal
oneand terminal two) and other related buildings. Pump station one is used (for terminal one) and
pump station two (for terminal two). Each and every pump stations consists pump house,
reservoir and valve (collection) chamber.

Components
a Pump house: - is a house where pumps are installed and operated.
b Reservoir: - is a tanker which is used to store water for various supply purpose.
Generally, there are three types of reservoir
Elevated reservoir (service reservoir): - store fully treated potable water which is
close to the point of distribution.
Underground reservoir: - It is found beneath the ground. This type of reservoir is
especially used in more hilly or mountainous country.
Ground reservoir: - is reservoir on the surface
c Valve chamber: - is the chamber in which pump valve operates. It distributes water that
is stored in the reservoir to various locations.
Generally, there are three types of distribution system
Pressurized system: use pumps.
Ground system: use the principle of gravity (from higher level to lower).
Ground + pressure system: use both gravity and pumps, but give the priority for the
gravity.

d) Pump: is used to convert electrical energy in to mechanical energy. Here we use


centrifugal type pump.
e) Screen chamber: which is used to remove big sands and it also used as an out let
when we wash the reservoir.
f) Motor: used to convert electric energy into mechanical energy basically to drive
the pump
g) Ventilation: is used for air conditioning system in order to control over heating of
the pump station. The ventilation system is found on the walls of the pump station.
h) Strainer: it is used to prevent undesirable particles from getting in to the pump's
impeller.
i) Flexible connection: it is used to control pressure.
J) Checked valve: to prevent back flow to through the pump.
k) Compressor: it is used to increase the pressure of the pressure vessels
Pump station of terminal 1
It was built at the time of Emperor Hailesellasie, when the airport was built for the first
time.Terminal one pump station has nothing different from the terminal two but its reservoir is
underground type and its capacity is about 960m3. And also, its system of distribution is pressure
ground. This pump station is almost in fixing. Only the one pump is accomplishing its work
finely. Pump station one's reservoir has a gooseneck on its head which is used to facilitate the
circulation of air. The facilitation of circulation of air is needed when expansion and contraction
of the wall occurs. Purposely for this expansion and contraction the walls used to have a little
gap between them. In this pump station we have two water and two fire pumps.

Pump station of terminal 2

1. Reservoir
The terminal 2 reservoir is ground type reservoir, which has two compartments named C and
D.The reason for having two compartments in one reservoir is for cleaning (inspection)
purpose.The wall dividing the reservoir into two has an opening at the top which allows the
water to flow through it to the other compartment and helps to fill each other. Each compartment
has its own gate valve (valve which control the flow) and also inlet pipe (150mm diameter). The
total capacity of this reservoir is 4385m3. Generally this reservoir has 2 inlets and 6 outlets. This
means 1 inlet and 3 outlets for each compartment. The inlets are from the source and the outlet
pipes are to the screen (collecting) chamber then to the pump house. Three of the outlet pipes
have different purpose that is the reason why they are different in their colors. Those colors are
standard for their particular purpose. Red colored pipes are used for firefighting whereas the
green coloredand the black onesare for potable water and for overflow respectively. There are
about 8 goose necks on the reservoir which are used for air circulation (venting purpose). There
are also sand and aggregates on the reservoir to keep the water temperature lower.

Pipes and pumps


For this station there are 2 inlet pipes with 300mm (fire water supply) and 200mm (potable water
supply). There are 3 pumps particularly for fire water supply and also 4 pumps for water supply.
The pipe that comes from the reservoir is branched into three pipes in the pump house. Each side
pipe is connected to its pump. There is also a line that goes from the continuous pipe to the
jockey pumps. Each side (branched pipes) hasits own check valve to prevent the back flow to the
reservoir. Also, there are strainers to prevent undesirable particles from passing to the pump
impeller. Generally pumps can be controlled automatically (by using electric fire pump
controller) and also manually (by using keys). Electric fire pump controller triggers itself when
there is a fire in the terminal.
On this pump station we do have three types of pumps; fire pump, water pump and jokey
pumps.
Fire pump
The fire pump is assigned by red color. They have three pumps and each motor have 125hp
power and 380 volt. The pump does not work at normal time. If something happen at the
terminal two there are heat sensors. If fire explodesin the terminal, the fire pump will start at the
same time.
Water pump
The water pumps areassigned by blue color. The four pumps operate simultaneously by
synchronization that means the two will operate at once and also the other two at once. The
pump is used for high pressure pump else it works on water jokey pump.
Jockey pump
The jokey pumps are assigned by green color. In the station there are two pumps. They are
used for low pressure but as demand increase the water pump is directly standby.
Generally in both pump stations we have control boards which enable us to control the whole
system of the pump station.

Main pipe

Side

Inlet
pipe

In order to minimize the number of starts of the water main pump and to prevent unnecessary
starts of these pumps due to low water consumption, the system is provided with jockey pumps
and pressure vessels (required to minimize the number of starts and stops of the water supply
jockey pumps). But if there is high water consumption then one of larger pumps triggers itself.
Those pumps increase the pressure of water to 6bar that is the reason pressure reducing valves
which are used to reduce the inlet pressure of water to 4barat the terminal are needed.

Straine
Flexible connector
(joint)
Problems if both larger pumps are triggered at the same time include the building up of pressure
beyond 6 bars and reduction in pump life.
Chapter 4
The overall Benefits that we gained from our internship program

In terms of improve our practical skill: - for the last four year when we are at school we were
concentrated on theoretical concerts that leads as to know more about general and logical things.
And we also work on laboratory tasks that they can prove our theoretical understanding. Now, we
can see the real world processes that are really working together and we are participating on these
tasks in order to familiarize, adopt and face the practical and technical real time changes. As we
can understand at this program design a system on paper and working on the real hard wears will
have a great difference in terms of the time taken to do that job and in terms of working with the
real time hardware, working on a real time hardware may need a special practical and technical
thinking.
In terms of upgrading our theoretical knowledge: as we attempted to describe above, we have
gained or learn many more generalized theories at school but all these theories that we learn before may
not be clear for all of us. But know the real world applications allows us to focus on them and to search
the theory and the working principal behind them. This allows us to know more new specific and general
theories in addition to improve our existing theoretical knowledge.
In terms of industrial problem solving: now we are exposed to industrial problems on specific
processes that are on our hand. So, we are beginning to undertake and solve these problems as
engineering and technical point of view. We are searching solutions for specific industrial problem on our
kneology bank and training our brain for new and large industrial problems.
In terms of Team laying skills: a specific process which is performed at industry level may not only
have a single system rather it may be an integration of electrical, mechanical, computer and other related
engineering concepts and systems. So, in order to understand the system and then design such a system in
an improved manner, an engineer (designer) should integrated with other engineer who concerns about
the system. Now we are able to work in group in order to work at a system and we will share ideas with
workers and students coming from different universities with different level of knowledge.
In terms of understanding about work ethics issues, industrial psychology and related
issues: at this program we are spending our time as like employed works. So, we will not be
fresh (new) for the coming life of our work periods rather we can act as a person who have a four
month work experience. Wearing a working close or workers reflector, having a pass, attending
and stay at a work place for specific hours and other practices are new for us and we can do these
for the last four month. Punctuality is the one that we have get at this program.

In terms of inter-pruner ship skill: almost all systems that are working on are foreign- made
systems and the only person who can do any change and further maintenance is a supplier. In the other
side, almost all systems are easier and simpler, that we Ethiopian engineers can fabricate. These two
things make us nervous and allows as to think about our previous work status (plane) to work on such a
business. In the other hand we are able to select those industrial systems, problems and solution for other
related jobs.
In terms of interpersonal communication skills: we are working with different persons with
different behavior and background. So we need to understand their behavior and tolerate them to
get something new from them and work in group. We also meet different persons coming from
foreign countries so we also improve our communication (speaking, listening) skills.
Chapter 5
Conclusion and Overall Recommendation

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