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Population
(Exercise 57, p. 992)
Iterated Integrals
In Chapters 14 and 15, you will study several applications of integration involving functions
of several variables. Chapter 14 is like Chapter 7 in that it surveys the use of integration
to find plane areas, volumes, surface areas, moments, and centers of mass.
In Chapter 13, you saw that it is meaningful to differentiate functions of several
variables with respect to one variable while holding the other variables constant. You can
integrate functions of several variables by a similar procedure. For example, consider
the partial derivative fx#x, y$ ! 2xy. By considering y constant, you can integrate with
respect to x to obtain
! y#x 2$ # C# y$ Antiderivative of 2x is x 2.
! x 2 y # C# y$. C# y$ is a function of y.
! 1
2y
2xy dx ! x 2y "
2y
1
! #2y$2 y " #1$2y ! 4y 3 " y.
Similarly, you can integrate with respect to y by holding x fixed. Both procedures are
summarized as follows.
! h 2# y$
h1# y$
fx#x, y$ dx ! f #x, y$ "
h2# y$
h1# y$
! f #h2# y$, y$ " f #h1# y$, y$ With respect to x
!
g #x$ g #x$
"
2 2
fy#x, y$ dy ! f #x, y$ ! f #x, g2#x$$ " f #x, g1#x$$ With respect to y
g1#x$ g1#x$
Note that the variable of integration cannot appear in either limit of integration. For
instance, it makes no sense to write
! 0
x
y dx.
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14.1 Iterated Integrals and Area in the Plane 967
Evaluate ! 1
x
#2x 2y"2 # 2y$ dy.
! x x
% "2xy "
2
#2x 2y"2 # 2y$ dy ! # y2 Integrate with respect to y.
1 1
! 3x 2 " 2x " 1.
Notice in Example 1 that the integral defines a function of x and can itself be
integrated, as shown in the next example.
Evaluate ! %!
1
2
1
x
#2x 2y"2 # 2y$ dy dx. "
Solution Using the result of Example 1, you have
! %!
1
2
1
x
#2x 2y"2 # 2y$ dy dx ! " ! 1
2
#3x 2 " 2x " 1$ dx
% "
2
! x3 " x 2 " x Integrate with respect to x.
1
! 2 " #"1$
! 3.
!! a
b g2#x$
g1(x$
f #x, y$ dy dx and !! c
d h2# y$
h1# y$
f #x, y$ dx dy.
!!
in the interval 1 $ y $ x. Together, these two intervals 2 x
determine the region of integration R of the iterated f (x, y) dy dx
integral, as shown in Figure 14.1. 1 1
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968 Chapter 14 Multiple Integration
!
g2 b
* g2#x$ " g1#x$+ dx. Area of R
a
R Using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, you can rewrite the integrand
g1 g2#x$ " g1#x$ as a definite integral. Specifically, consider x to be fixed and let y vary
from g1#x$ to g2#x$, and you can write
a
x
b
x
! g2#x$
g1#x$
dy ! y "
g2#x$
g1#x$
! g2#x$ " g1#x$.
b g (x)
2 Combining these two integrals, you can write the area of the region R as an iterated integral
Area = dy dx
!! g2#x$
! !
a g (x) b b g2#x$ b
"
1
x!a c
and
x
x ! b. h1 h2
g1#x$
dy dx. Figure 14.2 (vertically simple)
simple region, and the order 2. If R is defined by c $ y $ d and h1# y$ $ x $ h2# y$, where h1 and h2 are
dx dy corresponds to a continuous on *c, d+, then the area of R is
!!
horizontally simple region. d h2#y$
A! dx dy. Figure 14.3 (horizontally simple)
c h1#y$
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14.1 Iterated Integrals and Area in the Plane 969
If all four limits of integration happen to be constants, then the region of integration is
rectangular, as shown in Example 3.
dc R
!! a
b
c
d
dy dx ! ! a
b
y" dx
d
c
Integrate with respect to y.
c
! ! a
b
#d " c$ dx
b
a b
x %
! #d " c$x " a
Integrate with respect to x.
and
g#x$ ! cos x Cosine curve forms lower boundary.
R:
x
5 Solution Because f and g are given as functions of x, a vertical representative
y 4 4 rectangle is convenient, and you can choose dy dx as the order of integration, as shown
cos x y sin x
in Figure 14.5. The outside limits of integration are
y = cos x
% 5%
$x $ .
x 4 4
3
4 2
x 2 Moreover, because the rectangle is bounded above by f #x$ ! sin x and below by
1 g#x$ ! cos x, you have
! !
y = sin x 5%-4 sin x
5 /4 sin x Area of R ! dy dx
Area = dy dx %-4 cos x
! "
/4 cos x
5%-4 sin x
Figure 14.5 ! y dx Integrate with respect to y.
%-4 cos x
! ! 5%-4
%-4
#sin x " cos x$ dx
5%-4
%
! "cos x " sin x "
%-4
Integrate with respect to x.
! 2,2.
The region of integration of an iterated integral need not have any straight lines as
boundaries. For instance, the region of integration shown in Figure 14.5 is vertically
simple even though it has no vertical lines as left and right boundaries. The quality that
makes the region vertically simple is that it is bounded above and below by the graphs
of functions of x.
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970 Chapter 14 Multiple Integration
One order of integration will often produce a simpler integration problem than the
other order. For instance, try reworking Example 4 with the order dx dyyou may be
surprised to see that the task is formidable. However, if you succeed, you will see that
the answer is the same. In other words, the order of integration affects the ease of
integration, but not the value of the integral.
!!0
2
y2
4
dx dy.
Then find another iterated integral using the order dy dx to represent the same area and
show that both integrals yield the same value.
y
R: 0 y 2 Solution From the given limits of integration, you know that
y2 x 4
3 y2 $x $4 Inner limits of integration
x = y2 (4, 2) which means that the region R is bounded on the left by the parabola x ! y 2 and on the
2
right by the line x ! 4. Furthermore, because
1 y 0 $ y $ 2 Outer limits of integration
x
you know that R is bounded below by the x-axis, as shown in Figure 14.6(a). The value
1 2 3 4 of this integral is
1
Area =
2 4
0 y2
dx dy
!!0
2
y2
4
dx dy ! ! 0
2
x "
4
y2
dy Integrate with respect to x.
!
(a) 2
! #4 " y 2$ dy
0
y
R: 0 x 4
% y3
"
2
0y x ! 4y " Integrate with respect to y.
3 3 0
(4, 2) 16
2
y= x ! .
3
1 To change the order of integration to dy dx, place a vertical rectangle in the region, as
shown in Figure 14.6(b). From this, you can see that the constant bounds 0 $ x $ 4
x serve as the outer limits of integration. By solving for y in the equation x ! y 2, you can
1 2 x 3 4 conclude that the inner bounds are 0 $ y $ ,x. So, the area of the region can also be
1 4 x represented by
Area = dy dx
!!
0 0 4 ,x
(b) dy dx.
0 0
Figure 14.6
By evaluating this integral, you can see that it has the same value as the original
integral.
!! !
4 ,x 4
"
,x
dy dx ! y dx Integrate with respect to y.
0 0 0 0
! ! 0
4
,x dx
"
2 3-2 4
! x Integrate with respect to x.
3 0
16
!
3
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14.1 Iterated Integrals and Area in the Plane 971
Sometimes it is not possible to calculate the area of a region with a single iterated
integral. In these cases, you can divide the region into subregions such that the area of
each subregion can be calculated by an iterated integral. The total area is then the sum
of the iterated integrals.
software, use it to evaluate the above the x-axis, and above the line
integrals in the exercises and
examples given in this section. y ! "3x # 6. Line and x-axis form lower boundary.
Solution Begin by dividing R into the two subregions R1 and R2 shown in Figure 14.7.
y
y = 3x + 6
4
y = 4x x 2
3 (1, 3)
R1
REMARK In Examples 3 2 R2
x
through 6, be sure you see the
benefit of sketching the region 1
of integration. You should
develop the habit of making x
x
sketches to help you determine 1 2 4
2 4x x 2 4 4x x 2
the limits of integration for all Area = dy dx + dy dx
iterated integrals in this chapter. 1 3x + 6 2 0
Figure 14.7
Area ! !! 1
2 4x"x 2
"3x#6
dy dx # !! 4
2 0
4x"x 2
dy dx
! ! 1
2
#4x " x 2 # 3x " 6$ dx # !
4
2
#4x " x 2$ dx
2
x3 4
% " % "
7x 2 x 3
! " " 6x # 2x 2 "
2 3 1 3 2
&8 7 1
! 14 " " 12 " # # 6 # 32 "
3 2 3
64
3
"8#
8
3 ' & '
15
! .
2
The area of the region is 15-2 square units. Try checking this using the procedure for
finding the area between two curves, as presented in Section 7.1.
At this point, you may be wondering why you would need iterated integrals. After
all, you already know how to use conventional integration to find the area of a region
in the plane. (For instance, compare the solution of Example 4 in this section with that
given in Example 3 in Section 7.1.) The need for iterated integrals will become clear in
the next section. In this section, primary attention is given to procedures for finding the
limits of integration of the region of an iterated integral, and the following exercise set
is designed to develop skill in this important procedure.
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972 Chapter 14 Multiple Integration
14.1 Exercises See CalcChat.com for tutorial help and worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.
Evaluating an Integral In Exercises 110, evaluate the Finding the Area of a Region In Exercises 3538, use an
integral. iterated integral to find the area of the region.
1. !
x
0
#x # 2y$ dy 2. ! x
x2
y
x
dy
35.
8
y 36.
3
y
(1, 3) (2, 3)
3. !
2y
1
y
x
dx, y > 0 4. ! 0
cos y
y dx
6
4 (8, 3)
2
! !
1
,4"x2 ,x 2 (1, 1) (2, 1)
5. x 2y dy 6. #x 2 # 3y 2$ dy x x
0 x3 1 2 3
! !
2 4 6 8
y ,1"y2
y ln x
7. dx, y > 0 8. #x 2 # y 2$ dx 37. y 38. y
ey x ",1"y2 y= 1
y = 4 x2
! !
x3 %-2 5 x1
9. ye"y-x dy 10. sin3 x cos y dx 3
4
0 y 3
2 2x5
2
Evaluating an Iterated Integral In Exercises 1130, 1 1
evaluate the iterated integral. x x
!! !!
1 2 1 2 1 3 4 1 2 3 4 5
11. #x # y$ dy dx 12. #x 2 " y 2$ dy dx
0 0 "1 "2 Finding the Area of a Region In Exercises 39 44, use an
13. !!
2
1 0
4
#x 2 " 2y 2$ dx dy 14. !! 2
"1 1
3
#x # y2$ dx dy
iterated integral to find the area of the region bounded by the
graphs of the equations.
15. ! !
%-2
0
1
0
y cos x dy dx 16. !!0
ln 4 ln 3
0
e x#y dy dx
39. ,x # ,y ! 2,
40. y ! x3-2, y ! 2x
x ! 0, y!0
!!
% sin x
!! 4 x
41. 2x " 3y ! 0,
,
x # y ! 5, y ! 0
17. #1 # cos x$ dy dx 18. 2ye"x dy dx
0 0 1 1 x2 y 2
42. 2 # 2 ! 1
19. !!
1
0 0
x
,1 " x 2 dy dx 20. !! 4
"4 0
x2
,64 " x 3 dy dx
a b
43. y ! 4 " x2, y!x#2
21. !!&
5
"1 0
3y
1
3 # x2 # y2 dx dy
4 '
44. y ! x, y ! 2x, x!2
0 y
2y
#10 # 2x 2 # 2y 2$ dx dy
sketch the region R of integration and switch the order of
integration.
23. !!
1
0 0
,1"y2
#x # y$ dx dy 24. !!0
2 2y"y 2
3y 2"6y
3y dx dy 45. !! 0
4 y
0
f #x, y$ dx dy 46. !! 0
4 2
,y
f #x, y$ dx dy
25. !!
2
0 0
,4"y2
2
,4 " y 2
dx dy 26. !!1
3 y
4
0 x # y
2
dx dy
2 47. !! "2
2
0
,4"x2
f #x, y$ dy dx 48. !! 0
2 4"x 2
0
f #x, y$ dy dx
! !
%-2
! !%-4
!! !!
2 cos ' ,3 cos ' 10 ln y 2 e"x
27. r dr d' 28. r dr d' 49. f #x, y$ dx dy 50. f #x, y$ dy dx
0 0 0 ,3 1 0 "1 0
29. ! !
%-2
0
sin '
0
'r dr d' 30. ! !
0
%-4
0
cos '
3r 2 sin ' dr d' 51. !! 1
"1 x 2
1
f #x, y$ dy dx 52. ! ! %-2
"%-2 0
cos x
f #x, y$ dy dx
Evaluating an Improper Iterated Integral In Exercises Switching the Order of Integration In Exercises 5362,
3134, evaluate the improper iterated integral. sketch the region R whose area is given by the iterated integral.
!! !!
& 1-x 3 & Then switch the order of integration and show that both orders
x2 yield the same area.
31. y dy dx 32. dy dx
1 # y2
!! !!
1 0 0 0
!! !!
1 2 2 4
& & 1 & &
2 2 53. dy dx 54. dx dy
33. dx dy 34. xye"#x #y $ dx dy 0 0 1 2
xy
!! !!
1 1 0 0 1 ,1"y2 2 ,4"x2
55. dx dy 56. dy dx
0 ",1"y2 "2 ",4"x2
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
14.1 Iterated Integrals and Area in the Plane 973
57. !!0
2
0
x
dy dx # !! 2
4 4"x
0
dy dx
Evaluating an Iterated Integral Using Technology In
Exercises 7178, use a computer algebra system to evaluate the
iterated integral.
58. !!0
4
0
x-2
dy dx # !! 6
4
6"x
0
dy dx
71. !! 2 2x
#x3 # 3y 2$ dy dx
!! !!
2 1 9 3 0 x2
59.
0 x-2
dy dx 60.
0 ,x
dy dx
72. !! 1 2y
sin#x # y$ dx dy
!! !!
0 y
1
!!
,
3
y 2 4"y 2
4 y
61. dx dy 62. dx dy 2
73. dx dy
0 y2 "2 0
0 0 #x # 1$# y # 1$
63. Think About It Give a geometric argument for the equality.
Verify the equality analytically.
74. !!0
a a"x
0
#x 2 # y 2$ dy dx
!!0
5
x
,50"x2
x 2y 2 dy dx ! 75. !!0
2 4"x 2
0
xy
e dy dx
!! ! ! !!
5 y 5,2 ,50"y2
2 2
x 2y 2 dx dy # x 2 y 2 dx dy 76. ,16 " x3 " y3 dy dx
0 0 5 0 0 x
(0, 5 2)
y
y= 50 x 2 77. !!0
2%
0
1#cos '
6r 2 cos ' dr d'
y=x
(5, 5)
78. ! !
0
%-2
0
1#sin '
15'r dr d'
!! !!
0 y3
,4"x2
xy
x2 # y 2 # 1
dy dx
65. !!0
2
x
2
x,1 # y3 dy dx 66. !!
4
0 ,x
2
3
2 # y3
dy dx True or False? In Exercises 85 and 86, determine whether
the statement is true or false. If it is false, explain why or give
!! 1 2
!!
2 2 an example that shows it is false.
!! !!
67. y2
4e dy dx 68. e"y 2
dy dx b d d b
0 2x 0 x
85. f #x, y$ dy dx ! f #x, y$ dx dy
!! 1 1
!!
2 4
a c c a
!! !!
69. 2
sin x dx dy 70. ,x sin x dx dy 1 x 1 y
0 y 0 y2
86. f #x, y$ dy dx ! f #x, y$ dx dy
0 0 0 0
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
974 Chapter 14 Multiple Integration
and the xy-plane, as shown in Figure 14.8. You can begin by superimposing a rectangular
y
grid over the region, as shown in Figure 14.9. The rectangles lying entirely within R
x R form an inner partition ", whose norm $"$ is defined as the length of the longest
diagonal of the n rectangles. Next, choose a point "xi, yi# in each rectangle and form the
Figure 14.8 rectangular prism whose height is
f "xi, yi # Height of ith prism
and you can approximate the volume of the solid region by the Riemann sum of the volumes
of all n prisms,
n
! f "x , y # "A
i!1
i i i Riemann sum
as shown in Figure 14.11. This approximation can be improved by tightening the mesh
of the grid to form smaller and smaller rectangles, as shown in Example 1.
Surface: z z z
z = f(x, y)
f(xi , yi )
(xi , yi)
y y y
x R x x
The rectangles lying within R form an Rectangular prism whose base has an Volume approximated by rectangular
inner partition of R. area of "Ai and whose height is f "xi, yi# prisms
Figure 14.9 Figure 14.10 Figure 14.11
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
14.2 Double Integrals and Volume 975
z
TECHNOLOGY Some three-dimensional
graphing utilities are capable of graphing
figures such as that shown in Figure 14.12.
For instance, the graph shown at the right was
drawn with a computer program. In this graph,
note that each of the rectangular prisms lies
within the solid region.
y
x
In Example 1, note that by using finer partitions, you obtain better approximations
of the volume. This observation suggests that you could obtain the exact volume by
taking a limit. That is,
n
Volume ! lim
$"$0 i!1 ! f "x , y # "A .
i i i
The precise meaning of this limit is that the limit is equal to L if for every & > 0, there
exists a $ > 0 such that
% %
n
L% ! f "x , y # "A
i!1
i i i < &
for all partitions " of the plane region R (that satisfy $"$ < $) and for all possible
choices of xi and yi in the ith region.
Using the limit of a Riemann sum to define volume is a special case of using the
limit to define a double integral. The general case, however, does not require that the
function be positive or continuous.
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
976 Chapter 14 Multiple Integration
! f "x , y # "A
i i i
y provided the limit exists. If the limit exists, then f is integrable over R.
1 2 3
x
1 10 9 7
y
Having defined a double integral, you will see
2 7 7 4
that a definite integral is occasionally referred to R = R1 R2
3 5 5 4 as a single integral.
Sufficient conditions for the double integral
4 4 5 3 of f on the region R to exist are that R can be written
as a union of a finite number of nonoverlapping R1 R2
z
subregions (see figure at the right) that are vertically
or horizontally simple and that f is continuous on
20
the region R. This means that the intersection of
two nonoverlapping regions is a set that has an
x
area of 0. In Figure 14.13, the area of the line
30 segment common to R1 and R2 is 0.
y The two regions R1 and R2 are
A double integral can be used to find the nonoverlapping.
40 volume of a solid region that lies between the Figure 14.13
x xy-plane and the surface given by z ! f "x, y#.
))
Ridgewood High School,
Ridgewood, NJ.) V! f "x, y# d A.
R
1. ))R
cf "x, y# dA ! c ))
R
f "x, y# dA
2. ))R
* f "x, y# g"x, y#+ dA ! ))R
f "x, y# d A ))R
g"x, y# dA
3. ))R
f "x, y# d A # 0, if f "x, y# # 0
4. ))R
f "x, y# dA # )) R
g"x, y# d A, if f "x, y# # g"x, y#
5. ))R
f "x, y# d A ! )) R1
f "x, y# dA ( ))R2
f "x, y# dA, where R is the union
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
14.2 Double Integrals and Volume 977
Base: y = 2 x
Triangular 2
cross section
y
1
A"x# ! "base#"height# !
2
1 2%x
2 2
"2 % x# !
4
. & '
2
) 2 By the formula for the volume of a solid with known cross sections (Section 7.2), the
Volume: A"x# dx volume of the solid is
)
0
b
Figure 14.14
Volume ! A"x# dx
a
! ) 0
2
"2 % x#2
4
dx
"2 % x#3 2
!%
12 . 0
2
! .
3
This procedure works no matter how A"x# is obtained. In particular, you can find A"x#
by integration, as shown in Figure 14.15. That is, you consider x to be constant, and
integrate z ! 2 % x % 2y from 0 to "2 % x#,2 to obtain
z = 2 x 2y
A"x# ! ) 0
"2%x#,2
"2 % x % 2y# dy
"2%x#,2
-
! "2 % x#y % y2 . 0
2x
y=0 y=
2 "2 % x#2
! .
Triangular cross section
4
Figure 14.15 Combining these results, you have the iterated integral
Volume ! ))R
f "x, y# d A ! )) 0
2
0
"2%x#,2
"2 % x % 2y# dy dx.
To understand this procedure better, it helps to imagine the integration as two sweeping
motions. For the inner integration, a vertical line sweeps out the area of a cross section.
For the outer integration, the triangular cross section sweeps out the volume, as shown
in Figure 14.16.
z z z z
y y y y
x x x x
Integrate with respect to y to obtain the area of the cross section. Integrate with respect to x to obtain the volume of the solid.
Figure 14.16
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978 Chapter 14 Multiple Integration
The next theorem was proved by the Italian mathematician Guido Fubini
(18791943). The theorem states that if R is a vertically or horizontally simple region
and f is continuous on R, then the double integral of f on R is equal to an iterated integral.
))R
f "x, y# d A ! ))a
b g "x#
2
g1"x#
f "x, y# dy dx.
2. If R is defined by c ' y ' d and h 1" y# ' x ' h 2" y#, where h 1 and h 2 are
continuous on *c, d+, then
))R
f "x, y# d A ! )) c
d h2" y#
h1" y#
f "x, y# dx dy.
) )&
R: 0 x 1
R
1 1
1 % x2 % y 2 d A
2 2 ' 0y1
1
where R is the region given by
0 ' x ' 1, 0 ' y ' 1.
Solution Because the region R is a square,
it is both vertically and horizontally simple,
x
and you can use either order of integration. x 1
Choose dy dx by placing a vertical representative
rectangle in the region (see the figure at the
right). This produces the following. f(x, y) dA =
1 1
f (x, y) dy dx
R 0 0
) )&
R
1 1
1 % x2 % y 2 d A !
2 2 ' )) &1
0 0
1
1
2
1
1 % x2 % y 2 dy dx
2 '
! ) -&0
1
1
1 % x2 y %
2 6'
y3
.
1
0
dx
! )& 0
1
5 1 2
% x dx
6 2 '
- 6 x % x6 .
5 3 1
!
0
2
!
3
The double integral evaluated in Example 2 represents the volume of the solid
region approximated in Example 1. Note that the approximation obtained in Example 1
is quite good "0.672 vs. 23 #, even though you used a partition consisting of only
16 squares. The error resulted because the centers of the square subregions were
used as the points in the approximation. This is comparable to the Midpoint Rule
approximation of a single integral.
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
14.2 Double Integrals and Volume 979
b
The difficulty of evaluating a single integral 0a f "x# dx usually depends on the
Exploration function f, not on the interval *a, b+. This is a major difference between single and
Volume of a Paraboloid double integrals. In the next example, you will integrate a function similar to the one
Sector The solid in in Examples 1 and 2. Notice that a change in the region R produces a much more difficult
Example 3 has an elliptical integration problem.
(not a circular) base.
Consider the region bounded
by the circular paraboloid Finding Volume by a Double Integral
z ! a2 % x2 % y 2, a > 0 Find the volume of the solid region bounded by the paraboloid z ! 4 % x2 % 2y 2 and
the xy-plane, as shown in Figure 14.17(a).
and the xy-plane. How many
ways of finding the volume Solution By letting z ! 0, you can see that the base of the region in the xy-plane is
of this solid do you now the ellipse x2 ( 2y 2 ! 4, as shown in Figure 14.17(b). This plane region is both
know? For instance, you vertically and horizontally simple, so the order dy dx is appropriate.
could use the disk method to
find the volume as a solid of
/"4 %2 x # ' y ' /"4 %2 x #
2 2
revolution. Does each Variable bounds for y: %
method involve integration?
))
a2
2 /"4%x 2#,2
a
y
! )- %2
2
"4 % x 2 #y %
2y 3
3 .
/"4%x 2#,2
%/"4%x 2#,2
dx
)
a
a 2
x 4
! "4 % x2#3,2 dx
3/2 %2
!
3/2
4
) ),2
%),2
16 cos 4 * d* x ! 2 sin *
!
64
3/2
"2# ) ),2
0
cos4 * d*
REMARK In Example 3,
note the usefulness of
Walliss Formula to evaluate
!
128 3)
3/2 16 & ' Walliss Formula
),2 n
00 cos * d*. You may want ! 4/2).
to review this formula in
Section 8.3.
z Surface: Base: 2 x 2
f(x, y) = 4 x 2 2y 2 (4 x 2)/2 y (4 x 2)/2
4 y
x
1 1
1
x
2
2 y Volume:
3
2 (4 x 2)/2
x (4 x 2 2y 2)dy dx
2 (4 x 2)/2
(a) (b)
Figure 14.17
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
980 Chapter 14 Multiple Integration
In Examples 2 and 3, the problems could be solved with either order of integration
because the regions were both vertically and horizontally simple. Moreover, had you
used the order dx dy, you would have obtained integrals of comparable difficulty. There
are, however, some occasions in which one order of integration is much more convenient
than the other. Example 4 shows such a case.
(1, 0) (1, 0)
x x
x 1 1
1 x 2
1 1 2
ex dy dx ex dx dy
0 0 0 y
Figure 14.19
By setting up the corresponding iterated integrals, you can see that the order dx dy
requires the antiderivative
) e%x dx
2
which is not an elementary function. On the other hand, the order dy dx produces
))0
1
0
x
2
e%x dy dx ! ) 0
1
e
%x 2
y dx .
x
! ) 0
1
xe%x dx
2
1
1
! % e%x
2
2
0
.
!%
1 1
2 e
%1& '
e%1
!
2e
( 0.316.
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
14.2 Double Integrals and Volume 981
Paraboloid: z Plane:
z = 1 x2 y2 z=1y
1 y
1
Figure 14.20
y
Solution Equating z-values, you can determine that the intersection of the two
surfaces occurs on the right circular cylinder given by
1 % y ! 1 % x2 % y2 x2 ! y % y2.
So, the region R in the xy-plane is a circle, as shown in Figure 14.21. Because the volume
of the solid region is the difference between the volume under the paraboloid and the
1
2
volume under the plane, you have
Volume ! "volume under paraboloid# % "volume under plane#
)) ))
1 /y%y 2 1 /y%y 2
x ! "1 % x2 % y2 # dx dy % "1 % y# dx dy
1 1
0 %/y%y 2 0 %/y%y 2
2 2
R: 0 y 1
y y2 x y y2
! ))0
1 /y%y 2
%/y%y 2
" y % y 2 % x 2# dx dy
Figure 14.21
! )-0
1
" y % y 2#x %
x3
3 .
/y%y 2
%/y%y 2
dy
! )
4
3 0
1
" y % y2#3,2 dy
!
1
6) ),2
%),2
cos 4 *
2
d* 2y % 1 ! sin *
!
1
6) 0
),2
cos 4 * d*
)
! .
32
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
982 Chapter 14 Multiple Integration
Given a function f in two variables, you can find the average value of f over the plane
region R as shown in the following definition.
Average value !
1
A ))R
f "x, y# dA
))
f (x, y) = 12 xy
1
Average value ! f "x, y# dA 3
A R
!
1
12 )) 0
4
0
3
1
2
xy dy dx
2
) 4 3 1
.
1 1 2
! xy dx y
12 0 4 0
1
'& ')
(0, 0) (0, 3)
4
& 1 9 1
! x dx 2 R
12 4 0
3
4 (4, 3)
- .
3 1 2 4 (4, 0)
! x
16 2 0
x
Figure 14.22
! &163 '"8#
3
! .
2
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
14.2 Double Integrals and Volume 983
14.2 Exercises See CalcChat.com for tutorial help and worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.
)) ))
19. y 20. z
4 2 4 2 z
1 z=
1. "x ( y# dy dx 2. x 2 y dy dx 2 6 z = 6 2y
0 0 2 0 0 1
3. ))0
4
0
2
"x 2 ( y 2# dy dx 4. ))0
4
0
2
1
"x ( 1#" y ( 1#
dy dx
3
2
1
2 y
4
Evaluating a Double Integral In Exercises 510, sketch x
the region R and evaluate the iterated integral 0R0 f 1x, y2 dA. 0x4
2
y
0y2
)) ))
2 1 ) ),2 4 0x4
x 0y2
5. "1 ( 2x ( 2y# dy dx 6. sin2 x cos2 y dy dx
0 0 0 0
z
)) ))
6 3 4 /y
21. 22. 2x + 3y + 4z = 12
7. "x ( y# dx dy 8. x2 y2 dx dy 4
z
0 y,2 0
1
2y
z=4xy
))
3
a /a2 %x2 3
9. "x ( y# dy dx 2
%a %/a2 %x2
10. ))0
1 0
y%1
e x(y dx dy ( ))0
1
0
1%y
e x(y dx dy
1
1
y 6
4 y
2 2
x
Evaluating a Double Integral In Exercises 1118, set up x
y=x y=2
integrals for both orders of integration. Use the more convenient
order to evaluate the integral over the region R. 23. 24.
11. ))R
xy d A
z
z = 1 xy
4
z
z = 4 y2
R: rectangle with vertices "0, 0#, "0, 5#, "3, 5#, "3, 0#
))
1
3
12. sin x sin y d A
R 2
R: rectangle with vertices "%), 0#, "), 0#, "), ),2#, "%), ),2#
))
1
y 1 y
13. dA 1
R x2 ( y2 y=x y=1 1 y
x 2 2
R: trapezoid bounded by y ! x, y ! 2x, x ! 1, x ! 2 x y=x
))
y=2
14. xe y dA
R 25. Improper integral 26. Improper integral
R: triangle bounded by y ! 4 % x, y ! 0, x ! 0 z
)) z= 1 z = e (x + y)/2
15. %2y dA (x + 1)2(y + 1)2
z 1
R
R: region bounded by y ! 4 % x 2, y ! 4 % x
))
1 0x<
y 0y< y
16. dA 2 2
R 1 ( x2
x
R: region bounded by y ! 0, y ! /x, x ! 4 2
y 0x<
17. ))R
x dA x
2 0y<
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
984 Chapter 14 Multiple Integration
%2 %/4%x2
/4%x2
/4 % y 2 dy dx 48. ))0
3 1
1
1 ( x4
dx dy
))
y,3
graphs of the equations. 1 arccos y
49. sin x/1 ( sin2 x dx dy
27. z ! xy, z ! 0, y ! x, x ! 1, first octant 0 0
28. z ! 0, z ! x2, x ! 0, x ! 2, y ! 0, y ! 4
29. x2 ( z2 ! 1, y2 ( z2 ! 1, first octant
50. )) 0
2 2
"1,2# x 2
/y cos y dy dx
33. z 34. R: square with vertices "0, 0#, "2, 0#, "2, 2#, "0, 2#
z = 4 2x z z = x2 + y2
1
4 4 54. f "x, y# ! , R: triangle with vertices "0, 0#, "1, 0#, "1, 1#
x(y
55. f "x, y# ! e x(y, R: triangle with vertices "0, 0#, "0, 1#, "1, 1#
56. f "x, y# ! sin"x ( y#
R: rectangle with vertices "0, 0#, "), 0#, "), )#, "0, )#
2 2
1 1
57. Average Production
2 y x 2 2 y
2
x The Cobb-Douglas
z = 2x
z = 4 x2 y2 production function
for an automobile
35. z ! x2 ( y2, x2 ( y2 ! 4, z ! 0 manufacturer is
36. z ! sin2 x, z ! 0, 0 ' x ' ), 0 ' y ' 5 f "x, y# ! 100x 0.6 y 0.4
37. z ! x 2 ( 2y 2, z ! 4y where x is the number
38. z ! x2 ( y2, z ! 18 % x2 % y2 of units of labor and y
is the number of units of
Finding Volume Using Technology In Exercises 3942, capital. Estimate the average
use a computer algebra system to find the volume of the solid production level when the number of units of labor x varies
bounded by the graphs of the equations. between 200 and 250 and the number of units of capital y
varies between 300 and 325.
39. z ! 9 % x2 % y2, z ! 0
40. x2 ! 9 % y, z2 ! 9 % y, first octant
58. Average Temperature The temperature in degrees
2
41. z ! , z ! 0, y ! 0, x ! 0, y ! %0.5x ( 1 Celsius on the surface of a metal plate is
1 ( x2 ( y2
42. z ! ln"1 ( x ( y#, z ! 0, y ! 0, x ! 0, x ! 4 % /y T"x, y# ! 20 % 4x2 % y2
)) ) )
1 1,2 ln 10 10 B. When f "x, y# ! k for every point "x, y# in R, what is the
1
value of 0R0 f "x, y# d A? Explain.
2
45. e%x dx dy 46. dy dx
0 y,2 0 ex ln y
Nataliya Hora/Shutterstock.com
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
14.2 Double Integrals and Volume 985
WRITING ABOUT CONCEPTS ( continued ) 68. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? The figure below
61. Volume Let the plane region R be a unit circle and let shows Erie County, New York. Let f "x, y#
the maximum value of f on R be 6. Is the greatest possible represent the total annual snowfall at the point
value of 0R0 f "x, y# dy dx equal to 6? Why or why not? If "x, y# in the county, where R is the county.
not, what is the greatest possible value? Interpret each of the following.
62. Comparing Iterated Integrals The following iterated
integrals represent the solution to the same problem. (a) )) R
f "x, y# dA
))
Which iterated integral is easier to evaluate? Explain your
reasoning.
f "x, y# dA
)) ))
R
))
4 2 2 2y
(b)
sin y 2 dy dx ! sin y 2 dx dy dA
0 x,2 0 0
R
))
$# $#
0
1
0
/1 % x2 % y2 dx dy.
1
70. If f "x, y# ' g"x, y# for all "x, y# in R, and both f and g are
3 0,
,
0 ' x ' 5, 0 ' y ' 2
63. f "x, y# ! 10
continuous over R, then 0R0 f "x, y# dA ' 0R0 g"x, y# dA.
elsewhere
P"0 ' x ' 2, 1 ' y ' 2# 71. Maximizing a Double Integral Determine the region R
1
64. f "x, y# ! 3
0 ' x ' 2, 0 ' y ' 2
4 xy, in the xy-plane that maximizes the value of
))
0, elsewhere
P"0 ' x ' 1, 1 ' y ' 2# "9 % x2 % y2# dA.
R
1
65. f "x, y# ! 30,
27 "9 % x % y#, 0 ' x ' 3, 3 ' y ' 6
elsewhere
72. Minimizing a Double Integral Determine the region R
in the xy-plane that minimizes the value of
P"0 ' x ' 1, 4 ' y ' 6#
66. f "x, y# !
0, 3
e%x%y, x # 0, y # 0
elsewhere
))R
"x2 ( y2 % 4# dA.
1
2
et dt.
and select "xi, yi # to be the point in the ith square closest to the
origin. Compare this approximation with that obtained by Find the average value of f on the interval *0, 1+.
using the point in the ith square farthest from the origin. 74. Using Geometry Use a geometric argument to show that
))0
4 4
0
f "x, y# dy dx
))0
3
0
/9%y2
/9 % x2 % y2 dx dy !
9)
2
.
y 0 1 2 3 4
x PUTNAM EXAM CHALLENGE
0 32 31 28 23 16 75. Evaluate 00 00 e max4b x , a 5
a b 2 2 2 y2
dy dx, where a and b are
positive.
1 31 30 27 22 15
1
76. Show that if + > 2 there does not exist a real-valued
2 28 27 24 19 12 function u such that for all x in the closed interval
1
3 23 22 19 14 7 0 ' x ' 1, u"x# ! 1 ( +0x u" y#u" y % x# dy.
These problems were composed by the Committee on the Putnam Prize Competition.
4 16 15 12 7 0 The Mathematical Association of America. All rights reserved.
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
986 Chapter 14 Multiple Integration
y y y
2 5
2 4
R
3
R
1 x 2
R 4 2 2 4
1
2 x
4 3 3 4
x 1
1 2
4 2
Solution
a. The region R is a quarter circle of radius 2. It can be described in polar coordinates as
R ! !"r, "#: 0 # r # 2, 0 # " # %%2$.
b. The region R consists of all points between concentric circles of radii 1 and 3. It can
2 be described in polar coordinates as
2
R ! !"r, "#: 1 # r # 3, 0 # " # 2%$.
1 c. The region R is a cardioid with a ! b ! 3. It can be described in polar coordinates as
r
R
R ! !"r, "#: 0 # r # 3 $ 3 sin ", 0 # " # 2%$.
(ri, i)
r2
r1
The regions in Example 1 are special cases of polar sectors
0
R ! !"r, "#: r1 # r # r2, "1 # " # "2$ Polar sector
Polar sector
Figure 14.24 as shown in Figure 14.24.
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.