14 Multiple Integration

14.1 Iterated Integrals and Area in the Plane

14.2 Double Integrals and Volume
14.3 Change of Variables: Polar Coordinates
14.4 Center of Mass and Moments of Inertia
14.5 Surface Area
14.6 Triple Integrals and Applications
14.7 Triple Integrals in Other Coordinates
14.8 Change of Variables: Jacobians

Modeling Data (Exercise 34, p. 1008)

Center of Pressure on a Sail

(Section Project, p. 1001)

Glacier (Exercise 60, p. 993)

Population
(Exercise 57, p. 992)

Average Production (Exercise 57, p. 984)

965
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966 Chapter 14 Multiple Integration

14.1 Iterated Integrals and Area in the Plane

Evaluate an iterated integral.
Use an iterated integral to find the area of a plane region.

Iterated Integrals
In Chapters 14 and 15, you will study several applications of integration involving functions
of several variables. Chapter 14 is like Chapter 7 in that it surveys the use of integration
to find plane areas, volumes, surface areas, moments, and centers of mass.
In Chapter 13, you saw that it is meaningful to differentiate functions of several
variables with respect to one variable while holding the other variables constant. You can
integrate functions of several variables by a similar procedure. For example, consider
the partial derivative fx#x, y$ ! 2xy. By considering y constant, you can integrate with
respect to x to obtain

f #x, y$ ! ! fx#x, y$ dx Integrate with respect to x.

! ! 2xy dx Hold y constant.

!y ! 2x dx Factor out constant y.

! y#x 2$ # C# y$ Antiderivative of 2x is x 2.
! x 2 y # C# y$. C# y$ is a function of y.

The constant of integration, C# y$, is a function of y. In other words, by integrating

with respect to x, you are able to recover f #x, y$ only partially. The total recovery of a
function of x and y from its partial derivatives is a topic you will study in Chapter 15.
For now, you will focus on extending definite integrals to functions of several variables.
For instance, by considering y constant, you can apply the Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus to evaluate

! 1
2y
2xy dx ! x 2y "
2y

1
! #2y$2 y " #1$2y ! 4y 3 " y.

x is the variable Replace x by The result is

of integration the limits of a function
and y is fixed. integration. of y.

Similarly, you can integrate with respect to y by holding x fixed. Both procedures are
summarized as follows.

! h 2# y$

h1# y$
fx#x, y$ dx ! f #x, y$ "
h2# y$

h1# y$
! f #h2# y$, y$ " f #h1# y$, y$ With respect to x

!
g #x$ g #x$

"
2 2
fy#x, y$ dy ! f #x, y$ ! f #x, g2#x$$ " f #x, g1#x$$ With respect to y
g1#x$ g1#x$

Note that the variable of integration cannot appear in either limit of integration. For
instance, it makes no sense to write

! 0
x
y dx.

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 14.1 Iterated Integrals and Area in the Plane 967

Integrating with Respect to y

Evaluate ! 1
x
#2x 2y"2 # 2y$ dy.

Solution Considering x to be constant and integrating with respect to y produces

! x x

% "2xy "
2
#2x 2y"2 # 2y$ dy ! # y2 Integrate with respect to y.
1 1

&"2xx ' &"2x1 '

2 2
! # x2 " #1

! 3x 2 " 2x " 1.

Notice in Example 1 that the integral defines a function of x and can itself be
integrated, as shown in the next example.

The Integral of an Integral

Evaluate ! %!
1
2

1
x
#2x 2y"2 # 2y$ dy dx. "
Solution Using the result of Example 1, you have

! %!
1
2

1
x
#2x 2y"2 # 2y$ dy dx ! " ! 1
2
#3x 2 " 2x " 1$ dx

% "
2
! x3 " x 2 " x Integrate with respect to x.
1

! 2 " #"1$
! 3.

The integral in Example 2 is an iterated integral. The brackets used in Example 2

are normally not written. Instead, iterated integrals are usually written simply as

!! a
b g2#x$

g1(x$
f #x, y$ dy dx and !! c
d h2# y$

h1# y$
f #x, y$ dx dy.

The inside limits of integration can be variable with y y=x

respect to the outer variable of integration. However, R: 1 x 2
the outside limits of integration must be constant 1yx
with respect to both variables of integration. After 2
performing the inside integration, you obtain a
standard definite integral, and the second integration
produces a real number. The limits of integration for 1
an iterated integral identify two sets of boundary
intervals for the variables. For instance, in Example 2,
x
the outside limits indicate that x lies in the interval 1 2
1 $ x $ 2 and the inside limits indicate that y lies
The region of integration for

!!
in the interval 1 $ y $ x. Together, these two intervals 2 x
determine the region of integration R of the iterated f (x, y) dy dx
integral, as shown in Figure 14.1. 1 1

Because an iterated integral is just a special type Figure 14.1

of definite integralone in which the integrand is also
an integralyou can use the properties of definite
integrals to evaluate iterated integrals.

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968 Chapter 14 Multiple Integration

Area of a Plane Region

Region is bounded by In the remainder of this section, you will take a new look at an old problemthat of
a x b and finding the area of a plane region. Consider the plane region R bounded by a $ x $ b
y g1(x) y g2(x)
and g1#x$ $ y $ g2#x$, as shown in Figure 14.2. The area of R is

!
g2 b
* g2#x$ " g1#x$+ dx. Area of R
a

R Using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, you can rewrite the integrand
g1 g2#x$ " g1#x$ as a definite integral. Specifically, consider x to be fixed and let y vary
from g1#x$ to g2#x$, and you can write

a
x
b
x
! g2#x$

g1#x$
dy ! y "
g2#x$

g1#x$
! g2#x$ " g1#x$.

b g (x)
2 Combining these two integrals, you can write the area of the region R as an iterated integral
Area = dy dx

!! g2#x$

! !
a g (x) b b g2#x$ b

"
1

Vertically simple region dy dx ! y dx ! *g2#x$ " g1#x$+ dx. Area of R

a g1#x$ a g1#x$ a
Figure 14.2
Placing a representative rectangle in the region R Region is bounded by
c y d and
helps determine both the order and the limits of h1(y) x h2(y)
integration. A vertical rectangle implies the order
y
dy dx, with the inside limits corresponding to the
upper and lower bounds of the rectangle, as shown d
in Figure 14.2. This type of region is vertically
R
simple, because the outside limits of integration
represent the vertical lines y

x!a c

and
x
x ! b. h1 h2

Similarly, a horizontal rectangle implies the order d h (y)

2
Area = dx dy
dx dy, with the inside limits determined by the left c h (y)
1
and right bounds of the rectangle, as shown in
Figure 14.3. This type of region is horizontally Horizontally simple region
simple, because the outside limits represent the Figure 14.3
horizontal lines
y!c
and
y ! d.
The iterated integrals used for these two types of simple regions are summarized as follows.

Area of a Region in the Plane

REMARK Be sure you see 1. If R is defined by a $ x $ b and g1#x$ $ y $ g2#x$, where g1 and g2 are
that the orders of integration continuous on *a, b+, then the area of R is
of these two integrals are
differentthe order dy dx
corresponds to a vertically
A! !! a
b g2#x$

g1#x$
dy dx. Figure 14.2 (vertically simple)

simple region, and the order 2. If R is defined by c $ y $ d and h1# y$ $ x $ h2# y$, where h1 and h2 are
dx dy corresponds to a continuous on *c, d+, then the area of R is

!!
horizontally simple region. d h2#y$
A! dx dy. Figure 14.3 (horizontally simple)
c h1#y$

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 14.1 Iterated Integrals and Area in the Plane 969

If all four limits of integration happen to be constants, then the region of integration is
rectangular, as shown in Example 3.

The Area of a Rectangular Region

Use an iterated integral to represent the area of the rectangle shown in Figure 14.4.
y
Solution The region shown in Figure 14.4 is both vertically simple and horizontally
Rectangular region simple, so you can use either order of integration. By choosing the order dy dx, you
d obtain the following.

dc R
!! a
b

c
d
dy dx ! ! a
b
y" dx
d

c
Integrate with respect to y.

c
! ! a
b
#d " c$ dx
b

a b
x %
! #d " c$x " a
Integrate with respect to x.

ba ! #d " c$#b " a$

Figure 14.4
Notice that this answer is consistent with what you know from geometry.

Finding Area by an Iterated Integral

Use an iterated integral to find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of
f #x$ ! sin x Sine curve forms upper boundary.

and
g#x$ ! cos x Cosine curve forms lower boundary.

between x ! %-4 and x ! 5%-4.

R:

x
5 Solution Because f and g are given as functions of x, a vertical representative
y 4 4 rectangle is convenient, and you can choose dy dx as the order of integration, as shown
cos x y sin x
in Figure 14.5. The outside limits of integration are
y = cos x
% 5%
$x $ .
x 4 4
3
4 2
x 2 Moreover, because the rectangle is bounded above by f #x$ ! sin x and below by
1 g#x$ ! cos x, you have

! !
y = sin x 5%-4 sin x
5 /4 sin x Area of R ! dy dx
Area = dy dx %-4 cos x

! "
/4 cos x
5%-4 sin x
Figure 14.5 ! y dx Integrate with respect to y.
%-4 cos x

! ! 5%-4

%-4
#sin x " cos x$ dx
5%-4

%
! "cos x " sin x "
%-4
Integrate with respect to x.

! 2,2.

The region of integration of an iterated integral need not have any straight lines as
boundaries. For instance, the region of integration shown in Figure 14.5 is vertically
simple even though it has no vertical lines as left and right boundaries. The quality that
makes the region vertically simple is that it is bounded above and below by the graphs
of functions of x.

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970 Chapter 14 Multiple Integration

One order of integration will often produce a simpler integration problem than the
other order. For instance, try reworking Example 4 with the order dx dyyou may be
surprised to see that the task is formidable. However, if you succeed, you will see that
the answer is the same. In other words, the order of integration affects the ease of
integration, but not the value of the integral.

Comparing Different Orders of Integration

See LarsonCalculus.com for an interactive version of this type of example.

Sketch the region whose area is represented by the integral

!!0
2

y2
4
dx dy.

Then find another iterated integral using the order dy dx to represent the same area and
show that both integrals yield the same value.
y
R: 0 y 2 Solution From the given limits of integration, you know that
y2 x 4
3 y2 $x $4 Inner limits of integration

x = y2 (4, 2) which means that the region R is bounded on the left by the parabola x ! y 2 and on the
2
right by the line x ! 4. Furthermore, because
1 y 0 $ y $ 2 Outer limits of integration

x
you know that R is bounded below by the x-axis, as shown in Figure 14.6(a). The value
1 2 3 4 of this integral is
1
Area =
2 4

0 y2
dx dy
!!0
2

y2
4
dx dy ! ! 0
2
x "
4

y2
dy Integrate with respect to x.

!
(a) 2
! #4 " y 2$ dy
0
y
R: 0 x 4
% y3
"
2
0y x ! 4y " Integrate with respect to y.
3 3 0

(4, 2) 16
2
y= x ! .
3
1 To change the order of integration to dy dx, place a vertical rectangle in the region, as
shown in Figure 14.6(b). From this, you can see that the constant bounds 0 $ x $ 4
x serve as the outer limits of integration. By solving for y in the equation x ! y 2, you can
1 2 x 3 4 conclude that the inner bounds are 0 $ y $ ,x. So, the area of the region can also be
1 4 x represented by
Area = dy dx

!!
0 0 4 ,x

(b) dy dx.
0 0
Figure 14.6
By evaluating this integral, you can see that it has the same value as the original
integral.

!! !
4 ,x 4

"
,x
dy dx ! y dx Integrate with respect to y.
0 0 0 0

! ! 0
4
,x dx

"
2 3-2 4
! x Integrate with respect to x.
3 0

16
!
3

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 14.1 Iterated Integrals and Area in the Plane 971

Sometimes it is not possible to calculate the area of a region with a single iterated
integral. In these cases, you can divide the region into subregions such that the area of
each subregion can be calculated by an iterated integral. The total area is then the sum
of the iterated integrals.

TECHNOLOGY Some An Area Represented by Two Iterated Integrals

computer software can perform
symbolic integration for integrals Find the area of the region R that lies below the parabola
such as those in Example 6.
If you have access to such y ! 4x " x 2 Parabola forms upper boundary.

software, use it to evaluate the above the x-axis, and above the line
integrals in the exercises and
examples given in this section. y ! "3x # 6. Line and x-axis form lower boundary.

Solution Begin by dividing R into the two subregions R1 and R2 shown in Figure 14.7.

y
y = 3x + 6

4
y = 4x x 2

3 (1, 3)
R1

REMARK In Examples 3 2 R2
x
through 6, be sure you see the
benefit of sketching the region 1
of integration. You should
develop the habit of making x
x
sketches to help you determine 1 2 4
2 4x x 2 4 4x x 2
the limits of integration for all Area = dy dx + dy dx
iterated integrals in this chapter. 1 3x + 6 2 0

Figure 14.7

In both regions, it is convenient to use vertical rectangles, and you have

Area ! !! 1
2 4x"x 2

"3x#6
dy dx # !! 4

2 0
4x"x 2
dy dx

! ! 1
2
#4x " x 2 # 3x " 6$ dx # !
4

2
#4x " x 2$ dx
2
x3 4
% " % "
7x 2 x 3
! " " 6x # 2x 2 "
2 3 1 3 2

&8 7 1
! 14 " " 12 " # # 6 # 32 "
3 2 3
64
3
"8#
8
3 ' & '
15
! .
2
The area of the region is 15-2 square units. Try checking this using the procedure for
finding the area between two curves, as presented in Section 7.1.

At this point, you may be wondering why you would need iterated integrals. After
all, you already know how to use conventional integration to find the area of a region
in the plane. (For instance, compare the solution of Example 4 in this section with that
given in Example 3 in Section 7.1.) The need for iterated integrals will become clear in
the next section. In this section, primary attention is given to procedures for finding the
limits of integration of the region of an iterated integral, and the following exercise set
is designed to develop skill in this important procedure.

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972 Chapter 14 Multiple Integration

14.1 Exercises See CalcChat.com for tutorial help and worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

Evaluating an Integral In Exercises 110, evaluate the Finding the Area of a Region In Exercises 3538, use an
integral. iterated integral to find the area of the region.

1. !
x

0
#x # 2y$ dy 2. ! x
x2
y
x
dy
35.
8
y 36.
3
y
(1, 3) (2, 3)

3. !
2y

1
y
x
dx, y > 0 4. ! 0
cos y
y dx
6
4 (8, 3)
2

! !
1
,4"x2 ,x 2 (1, 1) (2, 1)
5. x 2y dy 6. #x 2 # 3y 2$ dy x x
0 x3 1 2 3

! !
2 4 6 8
y ,1"y2
y ln x
7. dx, y > 0 8. #x 2 # y 2$ dx 37. y 38. y
ey x ",1"y2 y= 1
y = 4 x2

! !
x3 %-2 5 x1
9. ye"y-x dy 10. sin3 x cos y dx 3
4
0 y 3
2 2x5
2
Evaluating an Iterated Integral In Exercises 1130, 1 1
evaluate the iterated integral. x x

!! !!
1 2 1 2 1 3 4 1 2 3 4 5
11. #x # y$ dy dx 12. #x 2 " y 2$ dy dx
0 0 "1 "2 Finding the Area of a Region In Exercises 39 44, use an
13. !!
2

1 0
4
#x 2 " 2y 2$ dx dy 14. !! 2

"1 1
3
#x # y2$ dx dy
iterated integral to find the area of the region bounded by the
graphs of the equations.

15. ! !
%-2

0
1

0
y cos x dy dx 16. !!0
ln 4 ln 3

0
e x#y dy dx
39. ,x # ,y ! 2,
40. y ! x3-2, y ! 2x
x ! 0, y!0

!!
% sin x

!! 4 x
41. 2x " 3y ! 0,
,
x # y ! 5, y ! 0
17. #1 # cos x$ dy dx 18. 2ye"x dy dx
0 0 1 1 x2 y 2
42. 2 # 2 ! 1
19. !!
1

0 0
x
,1 " x 2 dy dx 20. !! 4

"4 0
x2
,64 " x 3 dy dx
a b
43. y ! 4 " x2, y!x#2

21. !!&
5

"1 0
3y
1
3 # x2 # y2 dx dy
4 '
44. y ! x, y ! 2x, x!2

Switching the Order of Integration In Exercises 4552,

22. !!
2

0 y
2y
#10 # 2x 2 # 2y 2$ dx dy
sketch the region R of integration and switch the order of
integration.

23. !!
1

0 0
,1"y2
#x # y$ dx dy 24. !!0
2 2y"y 2

3y 2"6y
3y dx dy 45. !! 0
4 y

0
f #x, y$ dx dy 46. !! 0
4 2

,y
f #x, y$ dx dy

25. !!
2

0 0
,4"y2
2
,4 " y 2
dx dy 26. !!1
3 y
4
0 x # y
2
dx dy
2 47. !! "2
2

0
,4"x2
f #x, y$ dy dx 48. !! 0
2 4"x 2

0
f #x, y$ dy dx

! !
%-2

! !%-4

!! !!
2 cos ' ,3 cos ' 10 ln y 2 e"x
27. r dr d' 28. r dr d' 49. f #x, y$ dx dy 50. f #x, y$ dy dx
0 0 0 ,3 1 0 "1 0

29. ! !
%-2

0
sin '

0
'r dr d' 30. ! !
0
%-4

0
cos '
3r 2 sin ' dr d' 51. !! 1

"1 x 2
1
f #x, y$ dy dx 52. ! ! %-2

"%-2 0
cos x
f #x, y$ dy dx

Evaluating an Improper Iterated Integral In Exercises Switching the Order of Integration In Exercises 5362,
3134, evaluate the improper iterated integral. sketch the region R whose area is given by the iterated integral.

!! !!
& 1-x 3 & Then switch the order of integration and show that both orders
x2 yield the same area.
31. y dy dx 32. dy dx
1 # y2
!! !!
1 0 0 0

!! !!
1 2 2 4
& & 1 & &
2 2 53. dy dx 54. dx dy
33. dx dy 34. xye"#x #y $ dx dy 0 0 1 2
xy
!! !!
1 1 0 0 1 ,1"y2 2 ,4"x2

55. dx dy 56. dy dx
0 ",1"y2 "2 ",4"x2

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 14.1 Iterated Integrals and Area in the Plane 973

57. !!0
2

0
x
dy dx # !! 2
4 4"x

0
dy dx
Evaluating an Iterated Integral Using Technology In
Exercises 7178, use a computer algebra system to evaluate the
iterated integral.
58. !!0
4

0
x-2
dy dx # !! 6

4
6"x

0
dy dx
71. !! 2 2x
#x3 # 3y 2$ dy dx

!! !!
2 1 9 3 0 x2

59.
0 x-2
dy dx 60.
0 ,x
dy dx
72. !! 1 2y
sin#x # y$ dx dy

!! !!
0 y
1

!!
,
3
y 2 4"y 2
4 y
61. dx dy 62. dx dy 2
73. dx dy
0 y2 "2 0
0 0 #x # 1$# y # 1$
63. Think About It Give a geometric argument for the equality.
Verify the equality analytically.
74. !!0
a a"x

0
#x 2 # y 2$ dy dx

!!0
5

x
,50"x2
x 2y 2 dy dx ! 75. !!0
2 4"x 2

0
xy
e dy dx

!! ! ! !!
5 y 5,2 ,50"y2
2 2
x 2y 2 dx dy # x 2 y 2 dx dy 76. ,16 " x3 " y3 dy dx
0 0 5 0 0 x

(0, 5 2)
y
y= 50 x 2 77. !!0
2%

0
1#cos '
6r 2 cos ' dr d'

y=x
(5, 5)
78. ! !
0
%-2

0
1#sin '
15'r dr d'

x Comparing Different Orders of Integration Using

5 Technology In Exercises 79 and 80, (a) sketch the region of
integration, (b) switch the order of integration, and (c) use a
computer algebra system to show that both orders yield the
same value.
64. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Complete the iterated
integrals so that each one represents the area of the
region R (see figure). 79. !! 2 4,2y
#x 2 y " xy 2$ dx dy

!! !!
0 y3

(a) Area ! dx dy (b) Area ! dy dx

80. !!0
2 4"x 2-4

,4"x2
xy
x2 # y 2 # 1
dy dx

(4, 2) WRITING ABOUT CONCEPTS

2 y= x
81. Iterated Integral Explain what is meant by an iterated
x integral. How is it evaluated?
1 y=
R 2
82. Vertically Simple and Horizontally Simple
Describe regions that are vertically simple and regions that
x
1 2 3 4 are horizontally simple.
83. Region of Integration Give a geometric description
of the region of integration when the inside and outside
limits of integration are constants.
Switching the Order of Integration In Exercises 6570,
sketch the region of integration. Then evaluate the iterated 84. Order of Integration Explain why it is sometimes an
integral. (Hint: Note that it is necessary to switch the order of advantage to change the order of integration.
integration.)

65. !!0
2

x
2
x,1 # y3 dy dx 66. !!
4

0 ,x
2
3
2 # y3
dy dx True or False? In Exercises 85 and 86, determine whether
the statement is true or false. If it is false, explain why or give

!! 1 2

!!
2 2 an example that shows it is false.

!! !!
67. y2
4e dy dx 68. e"y 2
dy dx b d d b
0 2x 0 x
85. f #x, y$ dy dx ! f #x, y$ dx dy
!! 1 1

!!
2 4
a c c a

!! !!
69. 2
sin x dx dy 70. ,x sin x dx dy 1 x 1 y
0 y 0 y2
86. f #x, y$ dy dx ! f #x, y$ dx dy
0 0 0 0

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
974 Chapter 14 Multiple Integration

14.2 Double Integrals and Volume

Use a double integral to represent the volume of a solid region and use properties
of double integrals.
Evaluate a double integral as an iterated integral.
Find the average value of a function over a region.

Double Integrals and Volume of a Solid Region

Surface: You already know that a definite integral over an interval uses a limit process to assign
z
z = f(x, y) measures to quantities such as area, volume, arc length, and mass. In this section, you
will use a similar process to define the double integral of a function of two variables
over a region in the plane.
Consider a continuous function f such that f "x, y# # 0 for all "x, y# in a region R in
the xy-plane. The goal is to find the volume of the solid region lying between the surface
given by
z ! f "x, y# Surface lying above the xy-plane

and the xy-plane, as shown in Figure 14.8. You can begin by superimposing a rectangular
y
grid over the region, as shown in Figure 14.9. The rectangles lying entirely within R
x R form an inner partition ", whose norm $"$ is defined as the length of the longest
diagonal of the n rectangles. Next, choose a point "xi, yi# in each rectangle and form the
Figure 14.8 rectangular prism whose height is
f "xi, yi # Height of ith prism

as shown in Figure 14.10. Because the area of the ith rectangle is

"Ai Area of ith rectangle

it follows that the volume of the ith prism is

f "xi , yi # "Ai Volume of ith prism

and you can approximate the volume of the solid region by the Riemann sum of the volumes
of all n prisms,
n

! f "x , y # "A
i!1
i i i Riemann sum

as shown in Figure 14.11. This approximation can be improved by tightening the mesh
of the grid to form smaller and smaller rectangles, as shown in Example 1.

Surface: z z z
z = f(x, y)

f(xi , yi )

(xi , yi)

y y y

x R x x

The rectangles lying within R form an Rectangular prism whose base has an Volume approximated by rectangular
inner partition of R. area of "Ai and whose height is f "xi, yi# prisms
Figure 14.9 Figure 14.10 Figure 14.11

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 14.2 Double Integrals and Volume 975

Approximating the Volume of a Solid

Approximate the volume of the solid lying between the paraboloid
1 1
f "x, y# ! 1 % x2 % y 2
2 2
and the square region R given by 0 ' x ' 1, 0 ' y ' 1. Use a partition made up of
1
squares whose sides have a length of 4.
Solution Begin by forming the specified partition of R. For this partition, it is convenient
z
to choose the centers of the subregions as the points at which to evaluate f "x, y#.
1 "18, 18 # "18, 38 # "18, 58 # "18, 78 #
"38, 18 # "38, 38 # "38, 58 # "38, 78 #
"58, 18 # "58, 38 # "58, 58 # "58, 78 #
"78, 18 # "78, 38 # "78, 58 # "78, 78 #
1
Because the area of each square is "Ai ! 16, you can approximate the volume by the
sum
1 1 y

! f "x , y # "A ! ! &1 % 2 x '& '

16 16
1 1 1
x i i i i
2
% yi 2 ( 0.672.
i!1 i!1 2 16
Surface: This approximation is shown graphically in Figure 14.12. The exact volume of the solid
f(x, y) = 1 1 x 2 1 y 2 2
is 3 (see Example 2). You can obtain a better approximation by using a finer partition.
2 2
1
For example, with a partition of squares with sides of length 10, the approximation
Figure 14.12 is 0.668.

z
TECHNOLOGY Some three-dimensional
graphing utilities are capable of graphing
figures such as that shown in Figure 14.12.
For instance, the graph shown at the right was
drawn with a computer program. In this graph,
note that each of the rectangular prisms lies
within the solid region.

y
x

In Example 1, note that by using finer partitions, you obtain better approximations
of the volume. This observation suggests that you could obtain the exact volume by
taking a limit. That is,
n
Volume ! lim
$"$0 i!1 ! f "x , y # "A .
i i i

The precise meaning of this limit is that the limit is equal to L if for every & > 0, there
exists a $ > 0 such that

% %
n
L% ! f "x , y # "A
i!1
i i i < &

for all partitions " of the plane region R (that satisfy $"$ < $) and for all possible
choices of xi and yi in the ith region.
Using the limit of a Riemann sum to define volume is a special case of using the
limit to define a double integral. The general case, however, does not require that the
function be positive or continuous.

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976 Chapter 14 Multiple Integration

Exploration Definition of Double Integral

The entries in the table represent If f is defined on a closed, bounded region R in the xy-plane, then the double
the depths (in 10-yard units) of integral of f over R is
earth at the centers of the
squares in the figure below. )) R
f "x, y# d A ! lim
$"$0 i!1
n

! f "x , y # "A
i i i

y provided the limit exists. If the limit exists, then f is integrable over R.
1 2 3
x
1 10 9 7
y
Having defined a double integral, you will see
2 7 7 4
that a definite integral is occasionally referred to R = R1 R2
3 5 5 4 as a single integral.
Sufficient conditions for the double integral
4 4 5 3 of f on the region R to exist are that R can be written
as a union of a finite number of nonoverlapping R1 R2
z
subregions (see figure at the right) that are vertically
or horizontally simple and that f is continuous on
20
the region R. This means that the intersection of
two nonoverlapping regions is a set that has an
x
area of 0. In Figure 14.13, the area of the line
30 segment common to R1 and R2 is 0.
y The two regions R1 and R2 are
A double integral can be used to find the nonoverlapping.
40 volume of a solid region that lies between the Figure 14.13
x xy-plane and the surface given by z ! f "x, y#.

Approximate the number of

cubic yards of earth in the first Volume of a Solid Region
octant. (This exploration was If f is integrable over a plane region R and f "x, y# # 0 for all "x, y# in R, then the
submitted by Robert Vojack, volume of the solid region that lies above R and below the graph of f is

))
Ridgewood High School,
Ridgewood, NJ.) V! f "x, y# d A.
R

Double integrals share many properties of single integrals.

THEOREM 14.1 Properties of Double Integrals

Let f and g be continuous over a closed, bounded plane region R, and let c be a
constant.

1. ))R
cf "x, y# dA ! c ))
R
f "x, y# dA

2. ))R
* f "x, y# g"x, y#+ dA ! ))R
f "x, y# d A ))R
g"x, y# dA

3. ))R
f "x, y# d A # 0, if f "x, y# # 0

4. ))R
f "x, y# dA # )) R
g"x, y# d A, if f "x, y# # g"x, y#

5. ))R
f "x, y# d A ! )) R1
f "x, y# dA ( ))R2
f "x, y# dA, where R is the union

of two nonoverlapping subregions R1 and R2.

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 14.2 Double Integrals and Volume 977

Evaluation of Double Integrals

z Normally, the first step in evaluating a double integral is to rewrite it as an iterated integral.
(0, 0, 2) To show how this is done, a geometric model of a double integral is used as the volume
2 of a solid.
Plane: Consider the solid region bounded by the plane z ! f "x, y# ! 2 % x % 2y and the
z = 2 x 2y
Height: three coordinate planes, as shown in Figure 14.14. Each vertical cross section taken
z=2x 1
parallel to the yz-plane is a triangular region whose base has a length of y ! "2 % x#,2
and whose height is z ! 2 % x. This implies that for a fixed value of x, the area of the
(0, 1, 0) triangular cross section is
(2, 0, 0) 1
"2 % x#2
x 2

Base: y = 2 x
Triangular 2
cross section
y
1
A"x# ! "base#"height# !
2
1 2%x
2 2
"2 % x# !
4
. & '
2

) 2 By the formula for the volume of a solid with known cross sections (Section 7.2), the
Volume: A"x# dx volume of the solid is

)
0
b
Figure 14.14
Volume ! A"x# dx
a

! ) 0
2
"2 % x#2
4
dx

"2 % x#3 2
!%
12 . 0

2
! .
3
This procedure works no matter how A"x# is obtained. In particular, you can find A"x#
by integration, as shown in Figure 14.15. That is, you consider x to be constant, and
integrate z ! 2 % x % 2y from 0 to "2 % x#,2 to obtain
z = 2 x 2y
A"x# ! ) 0
"2%x#,2
"2 % x % 2y# dy
"2%x#,2
-
! "2 % x#y % y2 . 0
2x
y=0 y=
2 "2 % x#2
! .
Triangular cross section
4
Figure 14.15 Combining these results, you have the iterated integral

Volume ! ))R
f "x, y# d A ! )) 0
2

0
"2%x#,2
"2 % x % 2y# dy dx.

To understand this procedure better, it helps to imagine the integration as two sweeping
motions. For the inner integration, a vertical line sweeps out the area of a cross section.
For the outer integration, the triangular cross section sweeps out the volume, as shown
in Figure 14.16.

z z z z

y y y y
x x x x

Integrate with respect to y to obtain the area of the cross section. Integrate with respect to x to obtain the volume of the solid.
Figure 14.16

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978 Chapter 14 Multiple Integration

The next theorem was proved by the Italian mathematician Guido Fubini
(18791943). The theorem states that if R is a vertically or horizontally simple region
and f is continuous on R, then the double integral of f on R is equal to an iterated integral.

THEOREM 14.2 Fubinis Theorem

Let f be continuous on a plane region R.
1. If R is defined by a ' x ' b and g1"x# ' y ' g2"x#, where g1 and g2 are
continuous on *a, b+, then

))R
f "x, y# d A ! ))a
b g "x#
2

g1"x#
f "x, y# dy dx.

2. If R is defined by c ' y ' d and h 1" y# ' x ' h 2" y#, where h 1 and h 2 are
continuous on *c, d+, then

))R
f "x, y# d A ! )) c
d h2" y#

h1" y#
f "x, y# dx dy.

Evaluating a Double Integral as an Iterated Integral

y
Evaluate

) )&
R: 0 x 1

R
1 1
1 % x2 % y 2 d A
2 2 ' 0y1

1
where R is the region given by
0 ' x ' 1, 0 ' y ' 1.
Solution Because the region R is a square,
it is both vertically and horizontally simple,
x
and you can use either order of integration. x 1
Choose dy dx by placing a vertical representative
rectangle in the region (see the figure at the
right). This produces the following. f(x, y) dA =
1 1
f (x, y) dy dx
R 0 0

) )&
R
1 1
1 % x2 % y 2 d A !
2 2 ' )) &1

0 0
1
1
2
1
1 % x2 % y 2 dy dx
2 '
! ) -&0
1
1
1 % x2 y %
2 6'
y3
.
1

0
dx

! )& 0
1
5 1 2
% x dx
6 2 '
- 6 x % x6 .
5 3 1
!
0

2
!
3

The double integral evaluated in Example 2 represents the volume of the solid
region approximated in Example 1. Note that the approximation obtained in Example 1
is quite good "0.672 vs. 23 #, even though you used a partition consisting of only
16 squares. The error resulted because the centers of the square subregions were
used as the points in the approximation. This is comparable to the Midpoint Rule
approximation of a single integral.

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 14.2 Double Integrals and Volume 979

Exploration
Volume of a Paraboloid
Sector The solid in
Example 3 has an elliptical
(not a circular) base.
Consider the region bounded
by the circular paraboloid
z ! a2 % x2 % y 2,
and the xy-plane. How many
ways of finding the volume
of this solid do you now
know? For instance, you
could use the disk method to
find the volume as a solid of
revolution. Does each
method involve integration?
b
The difficulty of evaluating a single integral 0a f "x# dx usually depends on the
function f, not on the interval *a, b+. This is a major difference between single and
double integrals. In the next example, you will integrate a function similar to the one
in Examples 1 and 2. Notice that a change in the region R produces a much more difficult
integration problem.
Finding Volume by a Double Integral
a > 0 Find the volume of the solid region bounded by the paraboloid z ! 4 % x2 % 2y 2 and
the xy-plane, as shown in Figure 14.17(a).
Solution By letting z ! 0, you can see that the base of the region in the xy-plane is
the ellipse x2 ( 2y 2 ! 4, as shown in Figure 14.17(b). This plane region is both
vertically and horizontally simple, so the order dy dx is appropriate.
/"4 %2 x # ' y ' /"4 %2 x #
2 2
Variable bounds for y: %

z Constant bounds for x: %2 ' x ' 2

The volume is

))
a2
2 /"4%x 2#,2

V! "4 % x 2 % 2y 2# dy dx See Figure 14.17(b).

%2 %/"4%x 2#,2

a
y
! )- %2
2
"4 % x 2 #y %
2y 3
3 .
/"4%x 2#,2

%/"4%x 2#,2
dx

)
a
a 2
x 4
! "4 % x2#3,2 dx
3/2 %2

!
3/2
4
) ),2

%),2
16 cos 4 * d* x ! 2 sin *

!
64
3/2
"2# ) ),2

0
cos4 * d*
REMARK In Example 3,
note the usefulness of
Walliss Formula to evaluate
!
128 3)
3/2 16 & ' Walliss Formula
),2 n
00 cos * d*. You may want ! 4/2).
to review this formula in
Section 8.3.
z Surface: Base: 2 x 2
f(x, y) = 4 x 2 2y 2 (4 x 2)/2 y (4 x 2)/2
4 y

x
1 1
1
x
2
2 y Volume:
3
2 (4 x 2)/2
x (4 x 2 2y 2)dy dx
2 (4 x 2)/2

(a) (b)
Figure 14.17

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980 Chapter 14 Multiple Integration

In Examples 2 and 3, the problems could be solved with either order of integration
because the regions were both vertically and horizontally simple. Moreover, had you
used the order dx dy, you would have obtained integrals of comparable difficulty. There
are, however, some occasions in which one order of integration is much more convenient
than the other. Example 4 shows such a case.

Comparing Different Orders of Integration

See LarsonCalculus.com for an interactive version of this type of example.
z
Surface: Find the volume of the solid region bounded by the surface
2
f(x, y) = e x
f "x, y# ! e%x
2
Surface
1
y=0 and the planes z ! 0, y ! 0, y ! x, and x ! 1, as shown in Figure 14.18.
Solution The base of the solid region in the xy-plane is bounded by the lines y ! 0,
z=0 x ! 1, and y ! x. The two possible orders of integration are shown in Figure 14.19.
1
x 1
y y y
x=1 y=x R: 0 x 1 R: 0 y 1
0yx yx1
Base is bounded by y ! 0, y ! x, and
x ! 1. (1, 1) (1, 1)
1 1
Figure 14.18

(1, 0) (1, 0)
x x
x 1 1

1 x 2
1 1 2
ex dy dx ex dx dy
0 0 0 y

Figure 14.19

By setting up the corresponding iterated integrals, you can see that the order dx dy
requires the antiderivative

) e%x dx
2

which is not an elementary function. On the other hand, the order dy dx produces

))0
1

0
x
2
e%x dy dx ! ) 0
1
e
%x 2
y dx .
x

! ) 0
1
xe%x dx
2

1
1
! % e%x
2
2

0
.
!%
1 1
2 e
%1& '
e%1
!
2e
( 0.316.

TECHNOLOGY Try using a symbolic integration utility to evaluate the integral

in Example 4.

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 14.2 Double Integrals and Volume 981

Volume of a Region Bounded by Two Surfaces

Find the volume of the solid region bounded above by the paraboloid
z ! 1 % x2 % y2 Paraboloid

and below by the plane

z!1%y Plane

as shown in Figure 14.20.

Paraboloid: z Plane:
z = 1 x2 y2 z=1y

1 y
1

Figure 14.20

y
Solution Equating z-values, you can determine that the intersection of the two
surfaces occurs on the right circular cylinder given by
1 % y ! 1 % x2 % y2 x2 ! y % y2.
So, the region R in the xy-plane is a circle, as shown in Figure 14.21. Because the volume
of the solid region is the difference between the volume under the paraboloid and the
1
2
volume under the plane, you have
Volume ! "volume under paraboloid# % "volume under plane#

)) ))
1 /y%y 2 1 /y%y 2
x ! "1 % x2 % y2 # dx dy % "1 % y# dx dy
1 1
0 %/y%y 2 0 %/y%y 2
2 2

R: 0 y 1
y y2 x y y2
! ))0
1 /y%y 2

%/y%y 2
" y % y 2 % x 2# dx dy

Figure 14.21
! )-0
1
" y % y 2#x %
x3
3 .
/y%y 2

%/y%y 2
dy

! )
4
3 0
1
" y % y2#3,2 dy

& '& ')

1
4 1
! *1 % "2y % 1#2+ 3,2 dy
3 8 0

!
1
6) ),2

%),2
cos 4 *
2
d* 2y % 1 ! sin *

!
1
6) 0
),2
cos 4 * d*

! &16'&316)' Walliss Formula

)
! .
32

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
982 Chapter 14 Multiple Integration

Average Value of a Function

Recall from Section 5.4 that for a function f in one variable, the average value of f on
the interval *a, b+ is
1
b%a ) a
b
f "x# dx.

Given a function f in two variables, you can find the average value of f over the plane
region R as shown in the following definition.

Definition of the Average Value of a Function Over a Region

If f is integrable over the plane region R, then the average value of f over R is

Average value !
1
A ))R
f "x, y# dA

where A is the area of R.

Finding the Average Value of a Function

Find the average value of
1
f "x, y# ! xy
2
over the plane region R, where R is a rectangle with vertices
"0, 0#, "4, 0#, "4, 3#, and "0, 3#.
Solution The area of the rectangular region R is
A ! "4#"3# ! 12
z
as shown in Figure 14.22. The bounds for x are
0 ' x' 4 6

and the bounds for y are

5
0 ' y ' 3.
So, the average value is 4

))
f (x, y) = 12 xy
1
Average value ! f "x, y# dA 3
A R

!
1
12 )) 0
4

0
3
1
2
xy dy dx
2

) 4 3 1

.
1 1 2
! xy dx y
12 0 4 0
1

'& ')
(0, 0) (0, 3)
4

& 1 9 1
! x dx 2 R
12 4 0
3
4 (4, 3)
- .
3 1 2 4 (4, 0)
! x
16 2 0
x

Figure 14.22
! &163 '"8#
3
! .
2

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 14.2 Double Integrals and Volume 983

14.2 Exercises See CalcChat.com for tutorial help and worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

Approximation In Exercises 14, approximate the integral

0R0 f 1x, y2 d A by dividing the rectangle R with vertices 10, 02, 18. )) R
"x2 ( y2# d A
14, 02, 14, 22, and 10, 22 into eight equal squares and finding
8 R: semicircle bounded by y ! /4 % x2, y ! 0
the sum !
i!1
f 1xi , yi 2 " Ai, where 1xi , yi 2 is the center of the ith
Finding Volume In Exercises 1926, use a double integral
square. Evaluate the iterated integral and compare it with the to find the volume of the indicated solid.
approximation.

)) ))
19. y 20. z
4 2 4 2 z
1 z=
1. "x ( y# dy dx 2. x 2 y dy dx 2 6 z = 6 2y
0 0 2 0 0 1

3. ))0
4

0
2
"x 2 ( y 2# dy dx 4. ))0
4

0
2
1
"x ( 1#" y ( 1#
dy dx
3
2
1
2 y

4
Evaluating a Double Integral In Exercises 510, sketch x
the region R and evaluate the iterated integral 0R0 f 1x, y2 dA. 0x4
2
y
0y2

)) ))
2 1 ) ),2 4 0x4
x 0y2
5. "1 ( 2x ( 2y# dy dx 6. sin2 x cos2 y dy dx
0 0 0 0
z

)) ))
6 3 4 /y
21. 22. 2x + 3y + 4z = 12
7. "x ( y# dx dy 8. x2 y2 dx dy 4
z
0 y,2 0
1
2y
z=4xy

))
3
a /a2 %x2 3
9. "x ( y# dy dx 2
%a %/a2 %x2

10. ))0
1 0

y%1
e x(y dx dy ( ))0
1

0
1%y
e x(y dx dy
1
1

y 6
4 y

2 2
x
Evaluating a Double Integral In Exercises 1118, set up x
y=x y=2
integrals for both orders of integration. Use the more convenient
order to evaluate the integral over the region R. 23. 24.

11. ))R
xy d A
z
z = 1 xy
4
z

z = 4 y2
R: rectangle with vertices "0, 0#, "0, 5#, "3, 5#, "3, 0#

))
1
3
12. sin x sin y d A
R 2
R: rectangle with vertices "%), 0#, "), 0#, "), ),2#, "%), ),2#

))
1
y 1 y
13. dA 1
R x2 ( y2 y=x y=1 1 y
x 2 2
R: trapezoid bounded by y ! x, y ! 2x, x ! 1, x ! 2 x y=x

))
y=2
14. xe y dA
R 25. Improper integral 26. Improper integral
R: triangle bounded by y ! 4 % x, y ! 0, x ! 0 z

)) z= 1 z = e (x + y)/2
15. %2y dA (x + 1)2(y + 1)2
z 1
R

R: region bounded by y ! 4 % x 2, y ! 4 % x

))
1 0x<
y 0y< y
16. dA 2 2
R 1 ( x2
x
R: region bounded by y ! 0, y ! /x, x ! 4 2
y 0x<

17. ))R
x dA x
2 0y<

R: sector of a circle in the first quadrant bounded by

y ! /25 % x2, 3x % 4y ! 0, y ! 0

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
984 Chapter 14 Multiple Integration

Finding Volume In Exercises 2732, set up and evaluate a

double integral to find the volume of the solid bounded by the 47. )) 2

%2 %/4%x2
/4%x2
/4 % y 2 dy dx 48. ))0
3 1
1
1 ( x4
dx dy

))
y,3
graphs of the equations. 1 arccos y
49. sin x/1 ( sin2 x dx dy
27. z ! xy, z ! 0, y ! x, x ! 1, first octant 0 0

28. z ! 0, z ! x2, x ! 0, x ! 2, y ! 0, y ! 4
29. x2 ( z2 ! 1, y2 ( z2 ! 1, first octant
50. )) 0
2 2

"1,2# x 2
/y cos y dy dx

30. y ! 4 % x2, z ! 4 % x2, first octant

Average Value In Exercises 5156, find the average value of
31. z ! x ( y, x2 ( y2 ! 4, first octant f 1x, y2 over the plane region R.
1 51. f "x, y# ! x
32. z ! , x ! 0, x ! 2, y # 0
1 ( y2
R: rectangle with vertices "0, 0#, "4, 0#, "4, 2#, "0, 2#
Volume of a Region Bounded by Two Surfaces In 52. f "x, y# ! 2xy
Exercises 3338, set up a double integral to find the volume of
R: rectangle with vertices "0, 0#, "5, 0#, "5, 3#, "0, 3#
the solid region bounded by the graphs of the equations. Do not
evaluate the integral. 53. f "x, y# ! x2 ( y2

33. z 34. R: square with vertices "0, 0#, "2, 0#, "2, 2#, "0, 2#
z = 4 2x z z = x2 + y2
1
4 4 54. f "x, y# ! , R: triangle with vertices "0, 0#, "1, 0#, "1, 1#
x(y
55. f "x, y# ! e x(y, R: triangle with vertices "0, 0#, "0, 1#, "1, 1#
56. f "x, y# ! sin"x ( y#
R: rectangle with vertices "0, 0#, "), 0#, "), )#, "0, )#
2 2
1 1
57. Average Production
2 y x 2 2 y
2
x The Cobb-Douglas
z = 2x
z = 4 x2 y2 production function
for an automobile
35. z ! x2 ( y2, x2 ( y2 ! 4, z ! 0 manufacturer is
36. z ! sin2 x, z ! 0, 0 ' x ' ), 0 ' y ' 5 f "x, y# ! 100x 0.6 y 0.4
37. z ! x 2 ( 2y 2, z ! 4y where x is the number
38. z ! x2 ( y2, z ! 18 % x2 % y2 of units of labor and y
is the number of units of
Finding Volume Using Technology In Exercises 3942, capital. Estimate the average
use a computer algebra system to find the volume of the solid production level when the number of units of labor x varies
bounded by the graphs of the equations. between 200 and 250 and the number of units of capital y
varies between 300 and 325.
39. z ! 9 % x2 % y2, z ! 0
40. x2 ! 9 % y, z2 ! 9 % y, first octant
58. Average Temperature The temperature in degrees
2
41. z ! , z ! 0, y ! 0, x ! 0, y ! %0.5x ( 1 Celsius on the surface of a metal plate is
1 ( x2 ( y2
42. z ! ln"1 ( x ( y#, z ! 0, y ! 0, x ! 0, x ! 4 % /y T"x, y# ! 20 % 4x2 % y2

where x and y are measured in centimeters. Estimate the average

43. Proof Let f be a continuous function such that temperature when x varies between 0 and 2 centimeters and y
0 ' f "x, y# ' 1 over a region R of area 1. Prove that varies between 0 and 4 centimeters.
0 ' 0R0 f "x, y# d A ' 1.
44. Finding Volume Find the volume of the solid in the first WRITING ABOUT CONCEPTS
octant bounded by the coordinate planes and the plane
"x,a# ( " y,b# ( "z,c# ! 1, where a > 0, b > 0, and c > 0. 59. Double Integral State the definition of a double
integral. When the integrand is a nonnegative function over
Evaluating an Iterated Integral In Exercises 4550, the region of integration, give the geometric interpretation
sketch the region of integration. Then evaluate the iterated of a double integral.
integral, switching the order of integration if necessary. 60. Volume Let R be a region in the xy-plane whose area is

)) ) )
1 1,2 ln 10 10 B. When f "x, y# ! k for every point "x, y# in R, what is the
1
value of 0R0 f "x, y# d A? Explain.
2
45. e%x dx dy 46. dy dx
0 y,2 0 ex ln y
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 14.2 Double Integrals and Volume 985

WRITING ABOUT CONCEPTS ( continued ) 68. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? The figure below
61. Volume Let the plane region R be a unit circle and let shows Erie County, New York. Let f "x, y#
the maximum value of f on R be 6. Is the greatest possible represent the total annual snowfall at the point
value of 0R0 f "x, y# dy dx equal to 6? Why or why not? If "x, y# in the county, where R is the county.
not, what is the greatest possible value? Interpret each of the following.
62. Comparing Iterated Integrals The following iterated
integrals represent the solution to the same problem. (a) )) R
f "x, y# dA

))
Which iterated integral is easier to evaluate? Explain your
reasoning.
f "x, y# dA

)) ))
R

))
4 2 2 2y
(b)
sin y 2 dy dx ! sin y 2 dx dy dA
0 x,2 0 0
R

Probability A joint density function of the continuous random

variables x and y is a function f 1x, y2 satisfying the following
properties.
True or False? In Exercises 69 and 70, determine whether
(a) f 1x, y2 # 0 for all 1x, y2 (b) ) )# #
f 1x, y# dA ! 1
the statement is true or false. If it is false, explain why or give
an example that shows it is false.

))
$# $#

69. The volume of the sphere x2 ( y2 ( z2 ! 1 is given by the

(c) P [1x, y2 " R] ! f 1x, y2 dA
R integral

In Exercises 6366, show that the function is a joint density

function and find the required probability.
V!8 ))
1

0
1

0
/1 % x2 % y2 dx dy.

1
70. If f "x, y# ' g"x, y# for all "x, y# in R, and both f and g are
3 0,
,
0 ' x ' 5, 0 ' y ' 2
63. f "x, y# ! 10
continuous over R, then 0R0 f "x, y# dA ' 0R0 g"x, y# dA.
elsewhere
P"0 ' x ' 2, 1 ' y ' 2# 71. Maximizing a Double Integral Determine the region R
1
64. f "x, y# ! 3
0 ' x ' 2, 0 ' y ' 2
4 xy, in the xy-plane that maximizes the value of

))
0, elsewhere
P"0 ' x ' 1, 1 ' y ' 2# "9 % x2 % y2# dA.
R
1
65. f "x, y# ! 30,
27 "9 % x % y#, 0 ' x ' 3, 3 ' y ' 6
elsewhere
72. Minimizing a Double Integral Determine the region R
in the xy-plane that minimizes the value of
P"0 ' x ' 1, 4 ' y ' 6#

66. f "x, y# !
0, 3
e%x%y, x # 0, y # 0
elsewhere
))R
"x2 ( y2 % 4# dA.

P"0 ' x ' 1, x ' y ' 1# 73. Average Value Let

67. Approximation The table shows values of a function f

over a square region R. Divide the region into 16 equal squares
f "x# ! ) x

1
2
et dt.

and select "xi, yi # to be the point in the ith square closest to the
origin. Compare this approximation with that obtained by Find the average value of f on the interval *0, 1+.
using the point in the ith square farthest from the origin. 74. Using Geometry Use a geometric argument to show that

))0
4 4

0
f "x, y# dy dx
))0
3

0
/9%y2

/9 % x2 % y2 dx dy !
9)
2
.

y 0 1 2 3 4
x PUTNAM EXAM CHALLENGE
0 32 31 28 23 16 75. Evaluate 00 00 e max4b x , a 5
a b 2 2 2 y2
dy dx, where a and b are
positive.
1 31 30 27 22 15
1
76. Show that if + > 2 there does not exist a real-valued
2 28 27 24 19 12 function u such that for all x in the closed interval
1
3 23 22 19 14 7 0 ' x ' 1, u"x# ! 1 ( +0x u" y#u" y % x# dy.
These problems were composed by the Committee on the Putnam Prize Competition.
4 16 15 12 7 0 The Mathematical Association of America. All rights reserved.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
986 Chapter 14 Multiple Integration

14.3 Change of Variables: Polar Coordinates

Write and evaluate double integrals in polar coordinates.

Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates

Some double integrals are much easier to evaluate in polar form than in rectangular
form. This is especially true for regions such as circles, cardioids, and rose curves, and
for integrands that involve x 2 $ y 2.
In Section 10.4, you learned that the polar coordinates "r, "# of a point are related
to the rectangular coordinates "x, y# of the point as follows.
x ! r cos " and y ! r sin "
y
r 2 ! x2 $ y 2 and tan " !
x

Using Polar Coordinates to Describe a Region

Use polar coordinates to describe each region shown in Figure 14.23.

y y y

2 5

2 4
R
3
R
1 x 2
R 4 2 2 4
1

2 x
4 3 3 4
x 1
1 2
4 2

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 14.23

Solution
a. The region R is a quarter circle of radius 2. It can be described in polar coordinates as
R ! !"r, "#: 0 # r # 2, 0 # " # %%2$.
b. The region R consists of all points between concentric circles of radii 1 and 3. It can

2 be described in polar coordinates as
2
R ! !"r, "#: 1 # r # 3, 0 # " # 2%$.
1 c. The region R is a cardioid with a ! b ! 3. It can be described in polar coordinates as
r
R
R ! !"r, "#: 0 # r # 3 $ 3 sin ", 0 # " # 2%$.
(ri, i)
r2
r1
The regions in Example 1 are special cases of polar sectors

0
R ! !"r, "#: r1 # r # r2, "1 # " # "2$ Polar sector

Polar sector
Figure 14.24 as shown in Figure 14.24.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.