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Fluid
Mechanics
3.0 Fluid Mechanics
3.1 Fluid Flows in Two Unit Operations
3.1.1 Saccharification
Inlet 1:
1h
Mass flow rate, m
= 50 000 kg/h x
3,600 s
= 13.89 kg/s
m
Velocity, v = A
0.2
2
= kg
1001 3 x
m
13.89 kg /s
= 0.4417 m/s
VD
Reynolds number, Re =
=
(1001 mkg )(0.4417 ms )(0.2 m)
3
25 kg/ms
= 3.5371
Since the Reynolds number is smaller than 2,000. Therefore, the flow is laminar.
Inlet 2:
1h
Mass flow rate, m
= 5555.60 kg/h x
3,600 s
= 1.5432 kg/s
m
Velocity, v = A
0.2
2
= kg
996 3 x
m
1.5432 kg /s
= 0.0493 m/s
VD
Reynolds number, Re =
=
(996 mkg )(0.0493 ms )(0.2 m)
3
= 12229.8
Since the Reynolds number is larger than 4,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent.
Outlet:
Flow rate of glucose = 55555.6 kg/h
1h
Mass flow rate, m
= 55555.6 kg/h x
3,600 s
= 15.4321 kg/s
m
Velocity, v = A
0.2
2
= kg
1540 3 x
m
15.4321 kg /s
= 0.319 m/s
VD
Reynolds number, Re =
kg m
=
( 1540
m )(
3 )
0.319 (0.2 m)
s
0.0043 kg/ms
= 22849.3
Since the Reynolds number is larger than 4,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent flow.
The velocity of the flow is the parameter that alters the flow of fluid in the
tank. Besides, it will help in calculating the Reynolds number in order to determine the
type of the flow. Temperature is an important parameter that we must consider, since we
involved enzyme in our process. The controlled temperature must suitable for the enzyme
to react. Hence, the saccharification process can be successful.
The type of flow occurs here is internal flow since the fluid was flowing in a
pipe and it is completely bounded by solid surface (pipe). It is also an incompressible
flow as the fluid changes during the flow is nearly constant in the saccharification reactor.
The fluid in the saccharification reactor is considered as natural flow as the fluid is
naturally allowed to flow in a pipe to manifests itself as the rise of warmer fluid by
external means, which is heater. Since the saccharification reactor operates for long
period of time under the same condition, therefore it is a steady flow.
3.1.2 Fermentation
A large amount of glucose is transported into the Bioreactor (R-04). The
Bioreactor has an impeller to allow the component in the glucose to undergo anaerobic
digestion process with bacteria (Cornyebacterium Glutamicum). The condition required
is about 35oC and 1atm.
3
C6H12O6 (aq) + NH3 (l) + 2 O2 (g) C5H9NO4 (aq) + CO2 (g) + 3H2O
(l)
Inlet:
Overall Flow Rate = 75617.2 kg/h
Flow rate of glucose = 55555.60 kg/h
Flow rate of ammonia = 5246.88 kg/h
Flow rate of oxygen = 14814.72 kg/h
Assume the pipe diameter is 0.3 m.
Average Density,
flow rate of glucose flow rate of ammonia flow rate of oxygen
( glu ) + ( NH 3 ) + ( O 2 )
overall flow rate overall flow rate overall flow rate
55555.6
( 1540 kg/m3 ) + 5246.88 ( 609 kg /m3) + 14814.72 ( 1.331 kg /m3 )
75617.2 75617.2 75617.2
Average viscosity,
= 9.58 kg/ms
kg 1h
75617.2
Mass flow rate, m
h 3600 s
= 21.01 kg/s
m
V=
Velocity, A
kg
0.1
s
V= 2
kg ( 0.3 ) 3
1173.951 3 m
m 4
V = 0.2532 m/s
VD
=
Reynolds number,
kg
1173.951 (0.2532 m/ s)(0.3 m)
m3
kg
9.58
ms
= 9.3083
Since, Re < 2000. Therefore, the inlet flow could be considered as laminar flow.
Outlet 1 (CO2):
( 1.65971.9635 ) kg
m3 kg
Density , = ( 350 ) C+1.9635 3
( 500 ) C m
3
1.75084 kg /m
5
1.5409 10 kg/ms
kg 1h
Mass Flow Rate , m=16666.56
h 3600 s
4.6296 kg /s
m
Velocity , V =
A
2
4.6296 ( 0.15 ) 3
V= m
1.75084 4
V =149.632 m/s
VD
=
Reynolds number,
2550279.293
Since, Re > 4000. Therefore, the flow can be considered turbulent flow.
Outlet 2:
= 1413.14 kg/m3
45370.08
( 6.7 105 kg/ms ) + 13580.16 ( 8.03 105 kg/ms )
58950.24 58950.24
kg 1h
Mass Flow Rate , m=58950.24
h 3600 s
16.375 kg/ s
m
Velocity , V =
A
2
16.375 ( 0.20 ) 3
V= m
1413.14 4
V =0.3689 m/s
VD
=
Reynolds number,
440665.55
Since, Re > 4000. Therefore, the flow can be considered as turbulent flow.
In the bioreactor, the parameters that have to take into consideration is the surface
area of the bioreactor. For fluid inside the tank, the parameter that we should be
considered are the density, viscosity, inlet temperature and outlet temperature, velocity
and the flow rate of inlet and outlet.
The velocity of the flow is the parameter that alters the flow of fluid in the tank.
Besides, it will help in calculating the Reynolds number in order to determine the type of
the flow. Temperature is an important parameter that we must consider, since we involved
microorganisms in our process. The controlled temperature must suitable for the yeast to
culture. Hence, the fermentation process can be successful.
The type of flow occurs here is internal flow since the fluid was flowing in a pipe
and it is completely bounded by solid surface (pipe). It is also an incompressible flow as
the fluid changes during the flow is nearly constant in the bioreactor. The fluid in the
Bioreactor is considered as forced flow as the fluid is force to flow in a pipe by external
means, which is pump. Since the bioreactor operates for long period of time under the
same condition, therefore it is a steady flow.
Properties of fluid:
kg 1h
h 3600 s
Mass flow rate of L-glutamic acid = 45370.08 x
= 12.60 kg/s
kg 1h
h 3600 s
Mass flow rate of water = 13580.16 x
= 3.77 kg/s
kg 1h
h 3600 s
Total mass flow rate = 58950.24 x
= 16.38 kg/s
Assumptions:
Diameter of the pipe = 0.20 m
Length of the pipe = 8 m
Material: stainless steel
[0.77(1.538) 0.23(0.994)][1000000]
1000
Total density, =
= 1412.88 kg/m3
16.38
1412.88
=
= 0.0116 m3/s
Velocity, v =
16.38
(1412.88)( 0.0314)
=
= 0.369 m/s
Reynolds number, Re =
(1412.88)(0.369)(0.0314)
0.00023628
=
= 69284.2196
Since the Reynolds number is larger than 4,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent.
The flow of the fluid in the pipe is turbulent flow, pipe roughness is very important. From
=
By referring from the Colebrook equation, the friction factor, f is 0.0119.
Pressure drop,
8 (1412.88)(0.369 0.369)
0.0314 2
= 0.0119
= 291.63 kg/ms2
= 291.63 Pa
Head loss,
8 (0.369 0.369)
0.0314 (2 9.81)
= 0.0119
= 0.021 m
Pumping power,
3600s
1h
= ( 3.382908 W/s ) ( )
= 12178.47 W/h
= 12.178 kW/h
We have identified two unit operations that involve in heat and mass
transfer process that are dryer that dries the cassava chips and the
saccharification stirred reactor that produce glucose from cassava starch
slurry.
6.0
References
7.0
Appendix