ABSTRACT

This experiment was carried out to obtain and compare the flow rate measurement by
utilizing mass flow rate and rotameter. At the same time, determining the operation and
characteristics of rotameter. There are two types of rotameter used which is venture meter and
orifice meter. These flow rate were determine at 1 bar and 2 bar pressure of compressed gas. In
experiment 1, determination of the operation and characteristic of mass flow meter and
rotameter. Valve V1, V2 and V13 were opened while other valve were closed. The experiment
were repeated 6 times to see the pattern of flow. It can be clearly seen that the mass flow meter
increase with increase of rotameter value. The mass flow meter at standard condition is higher
compare to the experimental value. In experiment 2 and 3, determination of the operation and
characteristic of venturi meter and orifice meter. For venturi meter, valve V4, V5, V9 and V10
were opened while for orifice meter valve V7, V8, V11 and V12. The experiment were repeated
6 times to see the pattern of flow. It can be clearly seen that the differential pressure is higher at
orifice meter with increase of rotameter value. The value of differential pressure at orifice is
higher compare to venturi because the radius at orifice is smaller thus there is large different in
pressure at orifice and pipe.
INTRODUCTION

A flow meter is a precision instrument that measures the rate of gas flow or (liquid flow) in a
pipe (Steinberg, 2016). Flow measurement varies in instrument and situation it dealing with.
There are three gas meter types for flow measurement that is positive displacement, mass flow
meter, velocity and differential pressure meter.

For this experiment, meter used are mass flow meter and differential pressure meter. The
mass flow meter can be divided into 2 types which is Coriolis meters and thermal meters.
Coriolis meter is true mass meters that measure the mass rate of flow directly as opposed to
liquid flow inside the pipeline. Because mass does not been modified, the meter is linear without
having to be adjusted for variations in liquid properties. It also eliminates the need of altering
temperature and pressure conditions that needed. The meter is especially useful for measuring
liquids whose viscosity varies with velocity at given temperatures and pressures. This meter has
extremely high accuracy but can also cause a high pressure drop ("Flow Meter Types -
Principle", 2016).

The differential pressure meter also called as head meter. This meter often used because
of flexibility, simplicity, easy to install and reliability. The flow velocity of a differential pressure
meter is calculated from the difference of two pressures measured in the meter. The measurement
of flow is a function of detecting two pressure heads, usually one in the normal pipe size and one
in a constricted region, called the throat, within the meter (Instrumentation and Control, 2001).
Differential pressure meter used in this experiment are venturi meter and orifice meter.

The orifice meter is a differential pressure meter frequently used for natural gas
measurement. It measures volumetric flow, not mass flow. Limitations of this meter include poor
low flow sensitivity, limited turndown, and it also creates a pressure drop, which influences
operating costs. Additionally, since its a volumetric flow meter it requires correction of pressure
and temperature to achieve mass flow (Steinberg, 2016).

Venturi tubes have the advantage of being able to handle large flow volumes at low
pressure drops. A venturi tube is essentially a section of pipe with a shaped entrance and a
straight throat. As liquid passes through the throat, its velocity increases, causing a pressure
differential between the inlet and outlet regions. The flowmeters have no moving parts. They can
be installed in large diameter pipes using flanged, welded or threaded-end fittings. Four or more
pressure taps are usually installed with the unit to average the measured pressure. Venturi tubes
can be used with most liquids, including those having a high solids content ("Flow Meter Types -
Principle", 2016).

OBJECTIVES
1. To obtain the flow rate measurement by utilizing mass flow meter and rotameter (venturi
meter and orifice meter) at different pressure.

2. To compare flow rate measurement by utilizing mass flow rate and rotameter.

3. To determine the differential pressure of venturi meter and orifice meter.

THEORY
A compressed gas been used in this experiment to obtain and compare the characteristics of
orifice meter and venturi meter. A compressed gas is defined in three different ways: (1) it is a
confined gas or mixture of gases having an absolute pressure of at least 40 psi at 70 oF (21oC); or
(2) it is a confined gas or mixture of gases having an absolute pressure of at least 104 psi at
130oF (54oC); or (3) it is a liquid having a vapor pressure of at least 40 psi at 100 oF (38oC)
(Lowry & Lowry, 1985).

Determination of the operation and characteristic of mass flow meter and rotameter by
comparing the theoretical value and experimental value. To calculate the volume for mass flow
meter and rotameter, combination of gas law had been used. Boyles and Charless laws can be
mathematically combined to give a more useful equation than either of the laws by themselves.
The combined gas law states that the product of the pressure and volume of a fixed amount of
gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature (Stoker, 2013). The equation used because
considering the same substance under two different sets of conditions. The equation are as
follow:

P1 V 1 P 2 V 2
= Equation 1 (Stoker, 2013)
T1 T2

The combined gas law can be used to explain the mechanics where pressure, temperature and
volume are affected (Current, n.d.).

In real life, there is a loss in pressure due to friction on the wall of the venture tube. In
practice, the pressure is measured using a pressure tapping and so static-hole error need to be
consider. Therefore the flowrate is multiplied by the discharge coefficient, Cd. Cd is the ratio of
actual flowrate and the theoretical flowrate. Because the throat is immediately downstream of a
contraction the velocity on the throat plane varies little with the position except very close to the
wall, so the error due to variation in velocity across that plane is small (Reader-Harris, n.d. ). The
mass flow rate equation is:

C d E D22 2 P
q m= Equation 2 (Reader-Harris, n.d.)
4
qm - mass flow rate

Cd - discharge coefficient

E - velocity of approach factor

- incompressible fluid = 1

D2 - outer diameter

- density

P
- =
RT

P - differential pressure

- P= p1 p2

APPARATUS
GAS FLOWMETER MEASUREMENT BENCH

PROCEDURE
Experiment 1: Determination of the operation and characteristic of mass flow meter and
rotameter

1. The pressure tubing is connected and the compressor pressure is set to 1 bar.
2. Valve V1, V2 and V13 are opened.
3. Valve V13 is regulated to 10 LPM.
4. The temperature reading, TT1, pressure reading, PT1 and mass flow meter, FT1 are
recorded after the reading has stabilized.
5. Step 3 and 4 are repeated with different flow rates.
6. The experiment repeated with different compressor pressure.

Experiment 2: Determination of the operation and characteristic of venturi meter

1. The pressure tubing is connected and the compressor pressure is set to 1 bar.
2. Valve V4, V5, V9 and V10 are opened.
3. Valve V13 is regulated to 10 LPM.
4. The temperature reading, TT1, pressure reading, PT1 and mass flow meter, FT1 and
differential pressure reading, DPT1 are recorded after the reading has stabilized.
5. Step 3 and 4 are repeated with different flow rates.
6. The experiment repeated with different compressor pressure.

Experiment 3: Determination of the operation and characteristic of orifice meter

1. The pressure tubing is connected and the compressor pressure is set to 1 bar.
2. Valve V7, V8, V11 and V12 are opened.
3. Valve V13 is regulated to 10 LPM.
4. The temperature reading, TT1, pressure reading, PT1 and mass flow meter, FT1 and
differential pressure reading, DPT1 are recorded after the reading has stabilized.
5. Step 3 and 4 are repeated with different flow rates.
6. The experiment repeated with different compressor pressure.

RESULT
Result for 1 bar pressure.
Experiment 1
Pressure, Mass flow Rotameter, Temperature, Mass flow Rotameter
PT1 (bar) meter, FT1 (LPM) TT1 (oC) meter reading at
(LPM) reading FT1 standard
at standard condition
 condition

1 13.4 10 23.6 24.73 26.30

1 19.3 15 23.6 35.63 37.88
0.98 25.6 20 23.5 36.23 49.77
0.95 31.5 25 23.5 56.20 71.49
0.92 37.9 30 23.4 66.61 71.49
0.91 42.7 35 23.4 74.66 80.12

Experiment 2
Pressure, PT1 Rotameter, Temperature, Differential Calculated
(bar) (LPM) TT1 (oC) pressure, DPT1 flowrate, Q
(mbar) (LPM)
1.06 10 23.5 0.23 1.04
1.00 15 23.6 0.51 1.281
0.95 20 23.6 0.93 1.978
0.92 25 23.5 1.38 2.373
0.89 30 23.6 1.98 2.795
0.88 35 23.6 2.56 3.278

Experiment 3
Differential Calculated
Pressure, PT1 Rotameter, Temperature,
pressure, DPT1 flowrate, Q
(bar) (LPM) TT1 (oC)
(mbar) (LPM)
1.05 10 23.6 0.46 1.46
1.00 15 23.6 1.00 2.10
0.95 20 23.6 1.80 2.76
0.92 25 23.6 2.71 3.39
0.90 30 23.6 3.86 3.92
0.88 35 23.6 5.03 4.43
Result for 2 bar pressure.
Experiment 1
Pressure, Mass flow Rotameter, Temperature, Mass flow Rotameter
PT1 (bar) meter, FT1 (LPM) TT1 (oC) meter reading at
(LPM) reading FT1 standard
at standard condition
condition
1.79 16 10 23.8 40.72 43.70
1.74 23.0 15 23.7 57.51 61.72
1.69 30.9 20 23.6 75.88 81.44
1.94 38.1 25 23.8 104.83 112.51
1.91 46.9 30 23.6 124.55 133.67
1.89 53.3 35 23.8 140.48 150.77

Experiment 2
Pressure, PT1 Rotameter, Temperature, Differential Calculated
(bar) (LPM) TT1 (oC) pressure, DPT1 flowrate, Q
(mbar) (LPM)
2.00 10 23.7 0.23 1.43
1.96 15 23.7 0.53 2.145
1.92 20 23.7 0.95 2.84
1.89 25 23.7 1.40 3.43
1.87 30 23.8 1.99 4.06
1.85 35 23.8 2.57 4.58

Experiment 3
Pressure, PT1 Rotameter, Temperature, Differential Calculated
(bar) (LPM) TT1 (oC) pressure, DPT1 flowrate, Q
(mbar) (LPM)
2 10 23.8 0.47 2.04
1.95 15 23.8 1.05 3.02
1.92 20 23.8 1.84 3.95
1.90 25 23.8 2.75 4.89
1.88 30 23.8 3.89 5.70
1.85 35 23.8 5.14 6.49
CALCULATION

Experiment 1: Determination of the operation and characteristic of mass flow meter and
rotameter

The mass flow meter, FT1 unit LPM is defined at conditions 0 C, 1.0132 bar (abs).

P 1 V 1 P2 V 2
=
T1 T2

Pressure of compressor at 1 bar:

1.0132 xV 1 ( 1.0132+1 ) x 13.4

=
273.15 23.6+273.15

V1=24.73

1.0132 xV 1 ( 1.0132+1 ) x 19.3

=
273.15 23.6+273.15

V1=35.63

1.0132 xV 1 ( 1.0132+0.98 ) x 25.6

=
273.15 23.5+273.15

V1=36.23

1.0132 xV 1 ( 1.0132+0.95 ) x 31.5

=
273.15 24.4+ 273.15

V1=56.2

1.0132 xV 1 ( 1.0132+0.92 ) x 37.9

=
273.15 23.4+273.15

V1=66.61

1.0132 xV 1 ( 1.0132+0.91 ) x 42.7

=
273.15 23.4 +273.15
V1=74.66

The rotameter unit LPM is defined at condition 20 C, 1.0132 bar (abs)

1.0132 xV 1 ( 1.0132+1 ) x 13.4

=
293.15 23.6+273.15

V1=26.30

1.0132 xV 1 ( 1.0132+1 ) x 19.3

=
293.15 23.6+273.15

V1=37.88

1.0132 xV 1 ( 1.0132+0.98 ) x 25.6

=
293.15 23.5+273.15

V1=49.77

1.0132 xV 1 ( 1.0132+0.95 ) x 31.5

=
293.15 24.4+ 273.15

V1=60.32

1.0132 xV 1 ( 1.0132+0.92 ) x 37.9

=
293.15 23.4+273.15

V1=71.49

1.0132 xV 1 ( 1.0132+0.91 ) x 42.7

=
293.15 23.4 +273.15

V1=80.12
Experiment 2: Determination of the operation and characteristic of venturi meter

Pressure of compressor 1 bar:

D1=0.0127 m

D2=0.00635 m

0.00635
= 0.0127

=0.5

E = (1- 4)-1/2

= (1-0.54)-1/2

=1.0328

P
Density, = RT

1.06 x 10 5 N / m2

J
287 . K x ( 23.5+273.15 ) K
kg

= 1.245kg/m3

C d ED 2 2 2 P
Q (at PT1 1.06 bar) = 4

0.006352 x 2 x 1.245 x 0.23

0.7 x 1.0328 x x x 1000 x 60
= 4
 = 1.04 LPM

P
= RT

1 x 105 N /m 2

J
287 . K x ( 23.6+273.15 ) K
kg

= 0.852kg/m3

C d ED 2 2 2 P
Q(at 1 bar) = 4

0.006352 x 2 x 0.852 x 0.51

0.7 x 1.0328 x x x 1000 x 60
= 4

= 1.281 LPM

P
= RT

0.95 x 10 5 N / m2

J
287 . K x ( 23.6+273.15 ) K
kg

=1.115 kg/m3

C d ED 2 2 2 P
Q (at 0.95 bar) = 4

2
0.00635 x 2 x 1.115 X 0.93
0.7 x 1.0328 x x x 1000 x 60
= 4

= 1.978LPM
 P
p= RT

0.92 x 105 N / m2

J
287 . K x ( 23.5+273.15 ) K
kg

=1.081 kg/m3

C d ED 2 2 2 P
Q (at 0.92bar) = 4

2
0.00635 x 2 x 1.081 x 1.38
0.7 x 1.0328 x x x 1000 x 60
= 4

=2.373 LPM

P
= RT

0.89 x 10 5 N / m2

J
287 . K x ( 23.6+273.15 ) K
kg

=0.1045 kg/m3

C d ED 2 2 2 P
Q (at 0.89 bar) = 4

0.006352 x 2 x 0.1045 x 1.98

0.7 x 1.0328 x x x 1000 x 60
= 4

=2.79 LPM
 P
= RT

0.88 x 10 5 N / m2

J
287 . K x ( 25.6+273.15 ) K
kg

=1.112 kg/m3

C d ED 2 2 2 P
Q (at 0.88 bar) = 4

2
0.00635 x 2 x 1.112 x 2.56
0.7 x 1.0328 x x x 1000 x 60
= 4

=3.278LPM

For pressure compressor at 2 bar just follow this calculation to find Q.

Experiment 3: Determination of the operation and characteristic of orifice meter

Pressure of compressor 1 bar:

D1=0.0127 m

D2=0.00635 m

0.00635
= 0.0127

=0.5
E = (1- 4)-1/2

= (1-0.54)-1/2

=1.0328

P
= RT

1.05 x 10 5 N / m2

J
287 . K x ( 23.6+273.15 ) K
kg

=1.233 kg/m3

C d ED 2 2 2 P
Q (at PT1 1.05 bar) = 4

0.006352 x 2 x 1.233 x 0.46

0.7 x 1.0328 x x x 1000 x 60
= 4

= 1.46 LPM

P
= RT

1 x 105 N /m 2

J
287 . K x ( 23.6+273.15 ) K
kg

=1.174 kg/m3

C d ED 2 2 2 P
Q (at PT1 1 bar) = 4

0.006352 x 2 x 1.174 x 1
0.7 x 1.0328 x x x 1000 x 60
= 4
 = 2.1 LPM

P
= RT

0.95 x 10 5 N / m2

J
287 . K x ( 23.6+273.15 ) K
kg

=1.12 kg/m3

C d ED 2 2 2 P
Q (at PT1 0.905 bar) = 4

0.006352 x 2 x 1.12 x 1.8

0.7 x 1.0328 x x x 1000 x 60
= 4

= 2.76 LPM

P
= RT

0.92 x 10 5 N / m2

J
287 . K x ( 23.6+273.15 ) K
kg

=1.12 kg/m3

C d ED 2 2 2 P
Q (at PT1 0.92 bar) = 4

2
0.00635 x 2 x 1.12 x 2.712
0.7 x 1.0328 x x x 1000 x 60
= 4

= 3.39 LPM
 P
= RT

0.90 x 10 5 N / m2

J
287 . K x ( 23.6+273.15 ) K
kg

=1.056 kg/m3

C d ED 2 2 2 P
Q (at PT1 0.90 bar) = 4

2
0.00635 x 2 x 1.056 x 3.86
0.7 x 1.0328 x x x 1000 x 60
= 4

= 3.923 LPM

P
= RT

0.88 x 10 5 N / m2

J
287 . K x ( 23.6+273.15 ) K
kg

=1.033 kg/m3

C d ED 2 2 2 P
Q (at PT1 0.88 bar) = 4

0.006352 x 2 x 1.033 x 5.03

0.7 x 1.0328 x x x 1000 x 60
= 4

= 4.43 LPM
For pressure compressor at 2 bar.

Experiment 1: Determination of the operation and characteristic of mass flow meter and
rotameter

The mass flow meter, FT1 unit LPM is defined at conditions 0 C, 1.0132 bar (abs).

P 1 V 1 P2 V 2
=
T1 T2

Pressure of compressor at 2 bar:

1.0132 xV 1 ( 1.0132+1.79 ) x 16
=
273.15 23.6+273.15

V1=40.72

1.0132 xV 1 ( 1.0132+1.74 ) x 23
=
273.15 23.7+ 273.15

V1=57.51

1.0132 xV 1 ( 1.0132+1.69 ) x 30.9

=
273.15 23.6+273.15

V1=75.88

1.0132 xV 1 ( 1.0132+1.94 ) x 38.1

=
273.15 23.8+273.15

V1=104.83
 1.0132 xV 1 ( 1.0132+1.91 ) x 46.9
=
273.15 23.6+273.15

V1=124.55

1.0132 xV 1 ( 1.0132+1.89 ) x 53.3

=
273.15 23.8+273.15

V1=140.48

The rotameter unit LPM is defined at condition 20 C, 1.0132 bar (abs)

1.0132 xV 1 ( 1.0132+1.79 ) x 16
=
293.15 23.8+273.15

V1=43.70

1.0132 xV 1 ( 1.0132+1.74 ) x 23
=
293.15 23.7+ 273.15

V1=61.72

1.0132 xV 1 ( 1.0132+1.69 ) x 30.9

=
293.15 23.6+273.15

V1=81.44

1.0132 xV 1 ( 1.0132+1.94 ) x 38.1

=
293.15 23.8+273.15

V1=112.51

1.0132 xV 1 ( 1.0132+1.91 ) x 46.9

=
293.15 23.6+273.15

V1=133.67
 1.0132 xV 1 ( 1.0132+1.89 ) x 53.3
=
293.15 23.8+273.15

V1=150.77

Experiment 2: Determination of the operation and characteristic of venturi meter

Pressure of compressor 2 bar:

D1=0.0127 m

D2=0.00635 m

0.00635
= 0.0127

=0.5

E = (1- 4)-1/2

=(1-0.54)-1/2

=1.0328

P
Density, = RT
 2 x 105 N /m2

J
287 . K x ( 23.7+273.15 ) K
kg

= 2.348kg/m3

C d ED 2 2 2 P
Q (at PT1 1.06 bar) = 4

0.006352 x 2 x 2.348 x 0.23

0.7 x 1.0328 x x x 1000 x 60
= 4

= 1.43 LPM

P
= RT

1.96 x 10 5 N /m2

J
287 . K x ( 23.7+273.15 ) K
kg

= 2.3kg/m3

C d ED 2 2 2 P
Q (at 1 bar) = 4

0.006352 x 2 x 2.3 x 0.53

0.7 x 1.0328 x x x 1000 x 60
= 4

= 2.145 LPM

P
= RT
 1.92 x 105 N /m2

J
287 . K x ( 23.7+273.15 ) K
kg

=2.25 kg/m3

C d ED 2 2 2 P
Q (at 0.95 bar) = 4

0.006352 x 2 x 2.25 X 0.95

0.7 x 1.0328 x x x 1000 x 60
= 4

= 2.84LPM

P
p= RT

1.89 x 105 N /m2

J
287 . K x ( 23.7+273.15 ) K
kg

=2.22 kg/m3

C d ED 2 2 2 P
Q (at 1.89bar) = 4

0.006352 x 2 x 2.22 x 1.40

0.7 x 1.0328 x x x 1000 x 60
= 4

=3.43 LPM

P
= RT

1.87 x 10 5 N / m2

J
287 . K x ( 23.8+273.15 ) K
kg
=2.19 kg/m3

C d ED 2 2 2 P
Q (at 1.87 bar) = 4

0.006352 x 2 x 2.19 x 1.99

0.7 x 1.0328 x x x 1000 x 60
= 4

=4.08 LPM

P
= RT

1.85 x 105 N / m2

J
287 . K x ( 23.8+273.15 ) K
kg

=2.17 kg/m3

C d ED 2 2 2 P
Q (at 0.88 bar) = 4

2
0.00635 x 2 x 2.17 x 2.57
0.7 x 1.0328 x x x 1000 x 60
= 4

=4.58LPM
Experiment 3: Determination of the operation and characteristic of orifice meter

Pressure of compressor 2 bar:

D1=0.0127 m

D2=0.00635 m

0.00635
= 0.0127

=0.5

E = (1- 4)-1/2

= (1-0.54)-1/2

=1.0328

P
= RT

2 x 105 N /m 2

J
287 . K x ( 23.8+273.15 ) K
kg

=2.347 kg/m3

C d ED 2 2 2 P
Q (at PT1 2 bar) = 4

0.006352 x 2 x 2.347 x 0.47

0.7 x 1.0328 x x x 1000 x 60
= 4

=2.04 LPM

P
= RT
 1.96 x 10 5 N / m2

J
287 . K x ( 23.8+273.15 ) K
kg

=2.3 kg/m3

C d ED 2 2 2 P
Q (at PT1 1.96 bar) = 4

0.006352 x 2 x 2.3 x 1
0.7 x 1.0328 x x x 1000 x 60
= 4

= 3.019 LPM

P
= RT

1.92 x 105 N / m2

J
287 . K x ( 23.8+273.15 ) K
kg

=2.25kg/m3

C d ED 2 2 2 P
Q (at PT1 1.95 bar) = 4

0.006352 x 2 x 2.25 x 1.84

0.7 x 1.0328 x x x 1000 x 60
= 4

= 3.95 LPM

P
= RT
 1.9 x 105 N / m2

J
287 . K x ( 23.8+273.15 ) K
kg

=1.12 kg/m3

C d ED 2 2 2 P
Q (at PT1 1.95 bar) = 4

0.006352 x 2 x 2.3 x 2.75

0.7 x 1.0328 x x x 1000 x 60
= 4

= 4.89 LPM

P
= RT

1.88 x 105 N / m2

J
287 . K x ( 23.8+273.15 ) K
kg

=2.21kg/m3

C d ED 2 2 2 P
Q (at PT1 1.88bar) = 4

0.006352 x 2 x 2.21 x 3.89

0.7 x 1.0328 x x x 1000 x 60
= 4

= 5.69 LPM

P
= RT

1.85 x 105 N / m2

J
287 . K x ( 23.8+273.15 ) K
kg
=2.17 kg/m3

C d ED 2 2 2 P
Q (at PT1 1.85 bar) = 4

0.006352 x 2 x 2.17 x 5.15

0.7 x 1.0328 x x x 1000 x 60
= 4

= 6.49 LPM
DISCUSSION
From the experiment, it was successfully obtained the flow rate measurement by utilizing mass
flow meter and rotameter and compares the flow rate measurement by utilizing mass flow meter
and rotameter. It use flow rates from the rotameter as the parameter to gain the flow rates for
venturi meter and the orifice meter. The objective of this experiment was divided in three parts
with three different objectives mainly to compare the flowrate analysis for the best accurate
measurement.

During conducting this experiment gas flow measurement bench is used to study the fluid
flow of compressible gas. This equipment used 3 different measuring device which is orifice
meter, venture meter and rotameter. These measurements give different type of result
respectively which measure the flowrate of compressible gas that flow through the device. The
expected result from the orifice meter will result in the increase in fluid velocity and decrease in
pressure due to the smaller area of orifice plate. Besides, venture meter exhibit the same
characteristics as orifice.

Experiment 1 was conducted to obtain the flow rate measurement by utilizing mass flow
meter and rotameter. From the table for experiment 1 the result shows that increasing the
rotameter speed will increase the mass flow meter reading. The pressure in this experiment was
held constant at 1 bar. Eventhough the pressure was held constant still it can be seen decrease in
pressure (PT1) when the flow meter increasing. These obey a Bernouulis principle. Bernoulli's
principle states that for an inviscid flow of a non-conducting fluid, an increase in the speed of the
fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential
energy. The calculated mass flow meter and rotameter reading at standard condition it just have
small difference. For example at 10 LPM rotameter reading, the mass flow meter reading is
24.73 LPM and the rotameter reading at standard condition (STP) is 26.30 LPM. Then the
experiment was repeated with different pressure. The pressure for the second experiment is 2 bar.
From the table, it can be seen with different pressure the reading of flow meter has a big
difference. For example at 10 LPM rotameter reading at 1 bar is 24.73 LPM while for 2 bar it is
40.72 LPM. The calculated mass flow meter and rotameter reading at standard condition it just
have small difference.
 The objective of experiment 2 is to determine the operation and characteristic of Venturi
meter. From the table it shows that as the rotameter increase, the calculated flow rate is also
increase. In the experiment 2 also was repeated using the different pressure which is 2 bar. From
the table it can be concluded when the pressure increases the reading of flow meter also
increases. Lastly, experiment 3 is using orifice flow meter. The objective of experiment 3 is
to determine the overall experimental constant of the orifice meter and compare with theoretical
calculated constant. From the experiment 3 obtained, it shows that as flowrate of gas increase,
the pressure of the gas decrease respectively with the pressure tested at 1 bar and 2 bar. The same
result will obtained when conducting experiment 2, the pressure will decrease as flowrate
increase.

From the experiment conducted, flow rate measurement was obtained by utilize mass
flowmeter and rotameter. Experiment 1 till 3 are conducted by utilize the rotameter by
10,15,20,25,30,35 LPM respectively. The result obtained shows that each increment of rotameter
reading will result in increasing of flow rate measurement. For instance in experiment 2 for
rotameter reading at 10 LPM the calculated flowrates is 1.04 LPM whereas for rotameter reading
at 35 LPM the calculated flowrates is 3.278 LPM. The same result will obtained in experiment 1
and 3.
CONCLUSION

The objective of this experiment is satisfied which is to obtain the flow rate measurement by
utilizing mass flowmeter and rotameter and to compare flow rate measurement flow rate. Both
mass flow meter and rotameter increase with decreasing of pressure. The mass flow meter at
standard condition is lower than rotameter at standard conditions. The characteristics and
operation at venture meter, the calculated flow rate increase when decreasing the pressure.
Furthermore, the operation at orifice meter increase with decreasing of pressure. The accurate
mass flow measurement of gas is difficult to obtain because the gas is compressible fluid. This
concluded that the volume of a fixed mass of gas and rotameter depends upon the pressure and
temperature.

RECOMMENDATION

1 To get the better result the experiment should have been repeated twice.
2 Before run the experiment, the lab manual must be study and fully understand the
procedure and make sure use the correct valve for each experiment.
3 The reading must be taken when result shown at the gas flowmeter bench is stable.
4 Avoid the parallax error when adjusting the rotameter to get the accurate result.
5 Make sure know how to read the pressure gauge at the gas flowmeter bench.
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Chattopadhyay, P. (2006). Flowmeters & Flow Measurement (p. 8). New Delhi: Asian Private
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http://www.maxiflo.co.kr/English/Technology/flowmetertypes.htm#Coriolis
Instrumentation and Control. (2001) (3rd ed., p. 68). USA.
Lowry, G. & Lowry, R. (1985). Handbook of hazard communication and OSHA requirements.
Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers.
Reader-Harris, M. Orifice plates and venturi tubes.
Spitzer, D. (1990). Industrial flow measurement. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: Instrument
Society of America.
Steinberg, B. (2016). Mass Flow Meters, Differential Pressure and Air Flow Measurement. Sage
Metering. Retrieved 20 October 2016, from http://sagemetering.com/combustion-
efficiency/flow-meters-differential-pressure-flow-meters-and-air-flow-
meter/#.WAkDqOB97IV
Stoker, H. (2003). Essentials of general, organic, & biological chemistry. Boston, Mass.:
Houghton Mifflin.
Webster, J. (1999). The measurement, instrumentation, and sensors handbook. Boca Raton, Fla.:
CRC Press published in cooperation with IEEE Press.
APPENDIX

Cylinder of compressed gas

 Pressure inlet
indicator

Control panel