25/09/2015

Objectives
LO1/2 : Understand the 49 function of computer systems

Computer systems: microcomputers eg personal computers; mobile computers;

minicomputers eg mid-range servers, workstations; mainframes eg large scale network
systems; supercomputers eg high performance systems; models; multiprocessing
Environments: home, business, computer gaming, networking, real-time, communication
Function: main components (Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), control unit, memory and
input/output devices), connection eg busses; Central Processing Unit (CPU) (control unit,
arithmetic logic unit, registers, input/output); memory (Random Access Memory (RAM),
Read Only Memory (ROM), registers, programmable, cache), auxiliary storage;
computer architecture
Hardware: central processing unit; motherboard, power supply unit, cooling units,
backing storage eg hard disc drive; controllers, ports, main memory, memory types,
battery, specialised cards eg Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), Accelerated
Graphics Port (AGP), network, graphics, modem, sound, optical drives; performance
factors
Software: systems software eg operating systems, utility programs, library programs,
translator programs; applications software eg special purpose software, be-spoke software;
performance factors
Peripherals: printers, plotters, cameras, scanners; keyboard and mouse; monitors, display
adapters; multimedia devices; storage media; networking; portable drives; plug and play
components; performance factors

The System Unit

system unit
Case that contains electronic components of the computer
used to process data

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The System Unit - Home Desktop

The System Unit

power supply drive bays

Processor
Memory processor

Adapter cards
Sound card
ports memory
Video card
Ports
Drive bays
Power supply

video card sound card

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The System Unit

motherboard

Main circuit board in system unit

Contains adapter cards,
processor chips, and
memory modules

The System Unit

chip
Small piece of semi-conducting material on which
integrated circuits are etched
Integrated circuits contain many microscopic
pathways capable of carrying electrical current
Chips are packaged so they can be attached to a
circuit board

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Processor
processor Central Processing
Unit (CPU)

Processor
central processing unit (CPU)
Also called the processor
Interprets and carries out
basic instructions that
operate a computer
Thecontrol unit is the
component of the
processor that directs
and coordinates most of
the operations in the
computer
The arithmetic logic
unit (ALU) performs
arithmetic, comparison,
and other operations

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Processor

Processor

Four operations of the CPU comprise a machine cycle

Step 1. Fetch
Obtain program instruction
or data item from memory

Memory
Step 2.
Step 4. Store Decode
Write result to memory Translate
instruction into
Processor commands
ALU Control Unit
Step 3. Execute
Carry out command

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Processor
system clock
Controls timing of all computer operations
Generates regular electronic pulses, or ticks, that set
operating pace of components of system unit

Pace of system
clock is clock speed
Most clock speeds are
in the gigahertz (GHz)
range (1 GHz = one
billion ticks of system
clock per second)

Processor

The faster the processor, the more expensive the computer

Intel Processor Desired Clock Speed

Itanium or Xeon 1.3 GHz and up

Pentium family
3.0 GHz and up

2.4 GHz to 3.0 GHz

Celeron Up to 2.4 GHz

2.2 GHz and up

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Data Representation

Most computers are digital

Recognize only two
discrete states: on or off
Use a binary system to
recognize two states
Use Number system with
two unique digits: 0 and
1, called bits (short for
binary digits)

Data Representation
byte
Eight bits grouped together as a unit
Provides enough different combinations of 0s and 1s
to represent 256 individual characters
Numbers
Uppercase
and lowercase
letters
Punctuation
marks

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Data Representation

ASCIIAmerican Standard Code for Information Interchange

EBCDICExtended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code

ASCII Symbol EBCDIC

00110000 0 11110000
00110001 1 11110001
00110010 2 11110010
00110011 3 11110011

Data Representation

Step 1.
The user presses Step 2.
the capital letter D An electronic signal for the
(shift+D key) on capital letter D is sent to the
the keyboard. system unit.

Step 4. Step 3.
After processing, the binary The signal for the capital letter D
code for the capital letter D is is converted to its ASCII binary
converted to an image, and code (01000100) and is stored in
displayed on the output device. memory for processing.

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Memory
memory

Memory

By number of bytes available for storage

Term Abbreviation Approximate Size

Kilobyte KB or K 1 thousand bytes

Megabyte MB 1 million bytes
Gigabyte GB 1 billion bytes
Terabyte TB 1 trillion bytes

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Memory Technology

Memory
RAM

Memory chips that can be

read from and written
to by processor
Most RAM is
Also called
volatile, it is lost
main memory
when computers
or primary
power is
storage
turned off

The more RAM a

computer has, the
faster it responds

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Memory

Step 1. When you start the computer, certain

RAM

operating system files are loaded into RAM from

Operating system Operating system the hard disk. The operating system displays the
instructions interface user interface on the screen.

Step 2. When you start a Web browser, the

programs instructions are loaded into RAM from
Web browser Web browser the hard disk. The Web browser window is
instructions window displayed on the screen.

Step 3. When you start a word processing

program, the programs instructions are loaded
Word processing Word processing into RAM from the hard disk. The word
program instructions program window processing program, along with the Web Browser
and certain operating system instructions are in
RAM. The word processing program window is
displayed on the screen.
RAM

Step 4. When you quit a program, such as the

Web browser, its program instructions are
removed from RAM. The Web browser no longer
is displayed on the screen.

Web browser program Web browser

instructions are window no longer is
removed from RAM displayed on
desktop

Memory

Do not have to
Most
be re-energized
common
as often as
type
DRAM

Dynamic
Must be RAM Faster and
more reliable
re-energized
constantly (DRAM) than DRAM
chips

Newer Type: Magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM)

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Memory
dual inline memory module

Resides on small circuit board

called memory module
Memory slots on motherboard
hold memory modules

memory chip memory slot

Memory

Depends on the types of software you plan to use

For optimal performance, you need more than
minimum specifications

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Memory
240pin DDR2 DIMMS have a single notch in the middle first available 2003
Standard Name Memory Clock I/O Bus Clock Data Transfer Rate Module Name Peak Transfer Rate
DDR2-400 100 MHz 200 MHz 400 Million PC2-3200 3200 MB/s
PC2-4200
DDR2-533 133 MHz 266 MHz 533 Million 4266 MB/s
PC2-43001
PC2-5300
DDR2-667 166 MHz 333 MHz 667 Million 5333 MB/s
PC2-54001
DDR2-800 200 MHz 400 MHz 800 Million PC2-6400 6400 MB/s
PC2-8500
DDR2-1066 266 MHz 533 MHz 1066 Million 8533 MB/s
PC2-86001

240pin DDR3 DIMMS have a single notch different place to DDR2, first available 2007,
frequently have a heat sink,
Data Transfer Rate
Standard Name Memory Clock I/O Bus Clock Module Name Peak Transfer Rate

DDR3-800 100 MHz 400 MHz 800 MT/s PC3-6400 6400 MB/s

DDR3-1066 133 MHz 533 MHz 1066 MT/s PC3-8500 8533 MB/s

DDR3-1333 166 MHz 667 MHz 1333 MT/s PC3-10600 10667 MB/s

DDR3-1600 200 MHz 800 MHz 1600 MT/s PC3-12800 12800 MB/s

When buying RAM need to ensure that motherboard is compatible and supports the clock speed

Memory
cache
Helps speed computer processes by storing frequently used
instructions and data
Also called memory cache
L1 cache built into processor
L2 cache slower but has larger capacity
L2 advanced transfer cache is faster,
built directly on processor chip

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Memory
read-only memory (ROM)?

Memory chips that store

The data on most ROM
permanent data chips cannot be modified
and instructions

Firmware
Manufactured with
permanently written
data, instructions,
or information

RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM ?????

Memory
flash memory
Nonvolatile memory that can be erased electronically and rewritten

Used with PDAs, digital cameras, smart phones, music players, digital
voice recorders, printers, Internet receivers, and pagers
Step 3.
Step 1. Plug the headphones into the MP3
Purchase and download MP3 music tracks To headphones player, push a button on the MP3
from a Web site. With one end of a special Flash memory chip player, and listen to the music
cable connected to the system unit, connect through the headphones.
the other end into the MP3 player.

From computer

Flash memory card

Step 2.
Instruct the computer to copy the MP3 music track
MP3 Player
to the flash memory chip in the MP3 player.

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Memory
CMOS

Complementary Used in some

metal-oxide RAM chips, flash
semiconductor memory chips, and
memory other types of
memory chips

Uses battery Stores date,

power to retain time, and
information when computers
other power is startup
turned off information

Memory
access time
Amount of time it takes processor
to read data from memory
Measured in nanoseconds (ns),
one billionth of a second
It takes 1/10 of a second to blink
your eye; a computer can perform
up to 10 million operations in same amount of
time
Term Speed
Millisecond One-thousandth of a second
Microsecond One-millionth of a second
Nanosecond One-billionth of a second
Picosecond One-trillionth of a second

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Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards

adapter card
Enhances system unit or provides connections to external
devices called peripherals
Also called an expansion card

Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards

expansion slot
An opening, or socket,
on the motherboard
that can hold an
adapter card

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Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards

PC cards, flash memory cards USB Flash Drives
A PC card adds memory, storage, sound, fax/modem,
communications, and other capabilities to notebook computers
A flash memory card allows users to transfer data from mobile devices
to desktop computers
A USB flash drive is a flash memory storage device that plugs into a
USB port on a computer

Ports and Connectors

ports connectors
Port connects external devices to system unit
Connector joins cable to peripheral

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Ports and Connectors

serial port
Transmits one bit of data at a time
Connects slow-speed devices, such
as a mouse, keyboard, or modem

Ports and Connectors

parallel port
Connects devices that can transfer
more than one bit at a time, such as
a printer

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Ports and Connectors

USB ports

USB (universal serial bus) port can connect

up to 127 different peripherals together
with a single connector type

PCs typically have

six to eight USB ports Single USB port can The latest version of
on front or back of be used to attach USB is called
the system unit multiple peripherals USB 2.0
using a USB hub

Ports and Connectors

FireWire ports
Connects multiple types of devices that require
faster data transmission speeds
Allows you to connect up to 63 devices together

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Ports and Connectors

Allow users to attach specialized peripherals or transmit

data to wireless devices
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) port
SCSI (small computer system interface) port
IrDA (Infrared Data Association) port
Bluetooth port

Buses
bus
Channel that allows devices
inside and attached to the
computer to communicate
with each other
System bus connects processor
and RAM
Bus width determines number
of bits transmitted at one time

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Bays
bay
Open area inside
system unit used to
install additional
equipment
Drive bays typically
hold disk drives

Power Supply
power supply

Converts Fan keeps

AC Power system unit
into components
DC Power cool

External peripherals might

use an AC adapter, which is
an external power supply

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Mobile Computers and Devices

Notebook, weighing between 2.5 and 8 pounds, or

mobile device such as a PDA

Mobile Computers and Devices

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Introduction

Diversity of I/O

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I/O System Characteristics

Dependability, Reliability, and Availability

Service accomplishment
Service delivered
as specified

Restoration Failure

Service interruption
Deviation from
specified service

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Dependability Measures

Dependability Measures

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Dependability Measures

Reasons For Failure

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Disk Storage

Disk Storage

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Disk Sectors and Access

Disk Sectors and Access

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Disk Access Example

Disk Performance Issues

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Flash Storage

Flash Types

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Characteristics NOR vs NAND

Interconnecting Components

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Bus Types

Bus Signals and Synchronization

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I/O interconnection

I/O Bus Examples

Serial Attached
Firewire USB 2.0 PCI Express Serial ATA
SCSI
Intended use External External Internal Internal External
Devices per
63 127 1 1 4
channel
Data width 4 2 2/lane 4 4
0.2MB/s, 250MB/s/lane
Peak 50MB/s or 1, 2, 4, 8,
1.5MB/s, or 300MB/s 300MB/s
bandwidth 100MB/s 16, 32
60MB/s

Hot pluggable Yes Yes Depends Yes Yes

Max length 4.5m 5m 0.5m 1m 8m

USB
Standard IEEE 1394 Implementers PCI-SIG SATA-IO INCITS TC T10
Forum

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I/O Management

Putting It All Together

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Putting It All Together

References

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