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April 2013
Causes of Unconsolidated Soils
Water
Clays
Organics
Man-made
Karst
Soil Stabilization
Improvement of stability or bearing capacity of
soil by use of controlled compaction or by the
addition of suitable admixtures or stabilizers.
Methods for Soil Improvement
Ground Reinforcement Ground Improvement Ground Treatment
Stone Columns Deep Dynamic Compaction Soil Cement
Soil Nails Drainage/Surcharge Lime Admixtures
Deep Soil Nailing Electro-osmosis Flyash
Micro Piles (Mini-piles) Deep Dynamic
Compaction grouting Dewatering
Soil Cement
Jet Grouting Compaction
Blasting Heating/Freezing
Lime
Drainage/Surcharg Admixtures
Ground Anchors Surface Compaction Vitrification
e Flyash
Geosynthetics Electro-osmosis Dewatering
Fiber Reinforcement Compaction Heating/Freezin
Lime Columns grouting g
Vibro-Concrete Column Blasting Compaction
Vitrification
Surface
Mechanically Stabilized
Compaction
Earth
Biotechnical
Mechanical Stabilization
Process of improving the properties of soil by
changing its gradation.
Two or more natural soils are mixed to obtain a
composite material.
Cement Stabilization
Done by mixing soil and cement with water and compacting
the mix to attain a strong material.
Lime Stabilization
Lime stabilization is done by adding lime (2%-10%) to soil.
Bituminous Stabilization
Bituminous stabilization provide water proofing and binding.
Chemical Stabilization
Stabilization by adding different chemicals.
Electrical Stabilization
Done by a process known as electro-osmosis.
Stabilization by Grouting
In this method grouting is done under pressure the stabilizers
with high viscosity are suitable only for soils with high
permeability.
Stabilization by Geotextiles and Fabrics
Geotextile which have very high tensile strength can be
used as reinforcement for strengthening soil.
Reinforced Earth
Soil can be stabilized by introducing thin strips in to it .
Sand wicks
Sand wicks are improved technique of sand drains
A small diameter hole is made by driving mandrel
or by boring
Then cylindrical bag with sand is lowered into this
Stabilizing Trenches
Excavation which has a blanket of filter material
between 0.5m and 1.00 m thick against its
upstream slope and at the bottom of system for
collecting and eliminating water.
NICHOLSON
Definitions
Micropile
Small diameter drilled
41
and grouted pile. NICHOLSON
45
Elephant and Compaction
Question?
The compaction
result is not good.
Why?
Heavy Weight
Compaction and Objectives
Compaction
Many types of earth construction, (dams, retaining walls,
highways, airport) require man-placed soil, or fill. To compact
a soil, that is, to place it in a dense state.
Rubber-tired equipment
Rubber-tired rollers
Free-falling weight; dynamic
compaction (low frequency
vibration, 4~10 Hz)
Vibration Kneading
Field Compaction Equipment
and Procedures
49
Equipment
100% coverage under the wheel
Contact pressure up to 380 kPa
Can be used on all soil types except for rocky soils.
Compactive effort: static
weight
The most common use of
large smooth wheel rollers
is for proof-rolling
subgrades and compacting
asphalt pavement. Smooth-wheel roller (drum)
Equipment (Cont.)
80% coverage under the wheel
Contact pressure up to 700 kPa
Can be used for both granular and fine-grained soils.
Compactive effort: static weight and kneading.
Can be used for highway fills
or earth dam construction.
Compactive effort: static
weight and kneading.
Can be used for highway fills
or earth dam construction. Pneumatic (or rubber-tired) roller
Equipment (Cont.)
Has many round or rectangular shaped protrusions or
feet attached to a steel drum
8% - 12% coverage
Contact pressure is from 1400 to 7000 kPa
It is best suited for clayed soils
Compactive effort: static Sheepsfoot rollers
weight and kneading
It is best suited for
clayed soils
Compactive effort: static
weight and kneading
Equipment (Cont.)
About 40% coverage
Contact pressure is from 1400 to 8400 kPa
It is best for compacting fine-grained soils (silt and clay).
Compactive effort:
static weight and
kneading.
56
Variables-Vibratory Compaction
There are many variables which control the vibratory
compaction or densification of soils.
Characteristics of the Construction procedures:
compactor: (1) Number of passes of the roller
(1) Mass, size (2) Lift thickness
(2) Operating frequency and (3) Frequency of operation vibrator
frequency range (4) Towing speed
Characteristics of the soil:
(1) Initial density
(2) Grain size and shape
(3) Water content
(4) Towing speed
Dynamic Compaction
58
Dynamic Compaction
Dynamic compaction was first
used in Germany in the mid-
1930s.
The depth of influence D, in
meters, of soil undergoing
compaction is conservatively
given by D (Wh)1/2
W = mass of falling weight in
metric tons
h = drop height in meters
Dynamic Compaction Equipment
Vibro Compaction
For loose sand deposits, the density index can
be increased by vibro compaction.
This process employs a depth vibrator
suspended from crane.
Compaction of sand can be achieved up to
distance of 2.5m from axis of vibrator.
Compaction can be carried out to significant
depths up to 12m.
Vibro Compaction
Vibroflotation
Vibroflotation is a technique
for in situ densification of
thick layers of loose
granular soil deposits.
It was developed in Germany
in the 1930s.
Vibroflotation Procedures
What is Benefit of Pressure Grouting?
How much pressure?
300 to 600 kPa
NICHOLSON
How long?
< 1 minute
Grout under
pressure
Duplex Drilling With Air
Duplex Drilling
with Water
67
Hollow Bar
Drilling with Grout
68
Seepage Stress Important to
Stabilize Hole
Chemical Grouting
Same Principles as Pressure Grouting but
changing the product from slurry grout to
polyurethane.
Use of either single part or two part polyurethane
depending on the situation.
Benefit:
Quicker & Cleaner
Less down time/MOT
New York, July 18, 2007
An underground steam line ruptured, blasting a
hole in a Manhattan street and releasing large
quantities of asbestos into the air along with the
escaping steam.
Companies like ConEd in New York need to
have a regular schedule of replacement of parts
of the system that weaken with age.
A New York City policeman wears a mask as he walks past
the scene of the steam pipe explosion.
Collapsed Sewer Line Erodes a
Sinkhole in Tucson, Arizona
Old sewers
need to be
replaced
before they
rupture or
collapse.
St. Louis, MO 2007
A 100-year-old large brick sewer line in
downtown St. Louis collapsed causing
a very large hole in a downtown street.
Many old cities like St. Louis have
old masonry sewers or pipes made
of wood these have limited
serviceable life.
Sinkhole collapse in Nixa, MO.
This is a
danger
wherever
streets or
buildings are
built on
Karst
limestone
bedrock.
Very Large Sinkhole
This large
sinkhole
destroyed
homes and
streets. Broken
water or sewer
lines can create
collapses much
like this.
Taum Sauk Reservoir
Water
(1.5 bil. gal.)
stored in the
upper reservoir
was released in
peak usage
periods to
produce extra
hydroelectric
power.
December 14, 2005
There was a breach in the upper reservoir to the
Taum Sauk Hydroelectric plant in Southern
Missouri early this morning. A 20 foot wall of water
came rushing down into the Black River like the
water of a gigantic bathtub being drained.