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b c
Variation: always involves the constant of Absolute Value: a > 0 Sum of roots: r1 + r2 = Product of roots: r1 ir2 =
proportionality, k. Find k, and then proceed. a a
Direct variation: y = kx a; a 0 Inequalities: x + x 12 0 Change to =, factor, locate
2
a =
k a; a < 0 critical points on number line, check each section.
Inverse variation: y = (x + 4)(x - 3) = 0
x m = b m = b or m = b
Varies jointly: y = kxj x = -4; x = 3
m < b b < m < b
Combo: Sales vary directly ka
with advertising and inversely y= m > b m > b or m < b
c
with candy cost. ANSWER: -4 < x < 3 or [-4, 3] (in interval notation)
( x)
1 m
m Simplify: Get rid of the denominators by mult. all terms by
a
x=x a
x = n xm =
n n
remember to look for a factoring of -1: common denominator.
a na 3 x 1 1( 3 x + 1 ) 22
3
=
2
n
an = a n
ab = n a i n b = = = 1
n
b nb 1 3x 1 3x 2x 9x 5 2x +1 x 5
2
Simplify: look for perfect powers. Add: Get the common denominator. multiply all by 2 x 2 9 x 5 and get
x12 y17 = x12 y16 y = x 6 y 8 y
Factor first if possible: 22 3( x 5) = 2(2 x + 1)
Multiply and Divide: Factor First
22 3x + 15 = 4 x + 2
3
72 x 9 y 8 z 3 = 3 8i9 x8 xy 8 z 3 = 2 x 2 y 2 z 3 9 x Rational Inequalities 37 3x = 4 x + 2
Use conjugates to rationalize denominators: x 2 3x 15
0 The critical values 35 = 7 x
5 2 3 10 5 3 x2
i = = 10 5 3 5= x
2+ 3 2 3 42 3 +2 3 9 from factoring the numerator are -3, 5.
Great! But the only problem is that
Equations: isolate the radical; square both sides The denominator is zero at x = 2.
x = 5 does not CHECK!!!! There is no solution.
to eliminate radical; combine; solve. Place on number line, and test sections.
Extraneous root.
2 x 5 x 3 = 0 (2 x 3) 2 = (5 x ) 2 Motto: Always CHECK ANSWERS.
4 x 2 12 x + 9 = 25 x solve : x = 9; x = 1/ 4
Sequences Equations of Circles: x 2 + y 2 = r 2 center origin
CHECK ANSWERS. Answer only x = 9.
Arithmetic: an = a1 + (n 1)d ( x h) 2 + ( y k ) 2 = r 2 center at (h,k)
Functions: A function is a set of ordered pairs in which n(a1 + an ) x 2 + y 2 + Cx + Dy + E = 0 standard form
Sn =
each x-element has only ONE y-element associated with it. 2
n 1
Complex Fractions:
Geometric: an = a1 ir Remember that the fraction bar means divide:
Vertical Line Test: is this graph a function?
Domain: x-values used; Range: y-values used a1 (1 r n ) Method 1: Get common denominator top and bottom
Sn = 2 4 2 4x
Onto: all elements in B used. 1 r 1
x2 x = x2 = 2 4 x 4x 2 = 2 4 x i x
2
1-to-1: no element in B used more than once. Recursive: Example: = 1
Composition: ( f g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) a1 = 4; an = 2an 1 4 2 4x 2 x2 x2 x2 4x 2
2
Inverse functions f & g: f ( g ( x)) = g ( f ( x)) = x x x x2
Horizontal line test: will inverse be a function? Method 2: Mult. all terms by common denominator for
all.
Transformations: Binomial Theorem: 2 4 2 4
x2 i 2 x2 i
f ( x) over x-axis; f ( x) over y-axis n
n x 2
x = x x = 2 4 x = 1
(a + b) n = a n k b k 4x 2
f ( x + a) horizontal shift; f ( x) + a vertical shift k =0 k
4 2
2
4
x2 i x2 i 2
2
f (ax) stretch horizontal; af ( x) stretch vertical x x x x
Law of Cosines: uses 3 sides and 1 angle period = horizontal length of 1 complete cycle
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 = 2ab cos C
frequency = number of cycles in 2
Area of triangle: A = ab sin C
Area of parallelogram: A = ab sin C sinusoidal curve = any curve expressed as
y = A sin(B(x C)) + D
P( A and B)
P ( B | A) = (conditional)
P( A)