INTRODUCTION to CNC Machines

Numerical control (NC) is the automation of machine tools that are operated by precisely
programmed commands encoded on a storage medium, as opposed to controlled manually via
hand wheels or levers, or mechanically automated via cams alone. Most NC today is computer
numerical control (CNC), in which computers play an integral part of the control.

In modern CNC systems, end-to-end component design is highly automated using computer-
aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) programs. The programs
produce a computer file that is interpreted to extract the commands needed to operate a particular
machine via a post processor, and then loaded into the CNC machines for production. Since any
particular component might require the use of a number of different tools drills, saws, etc.,
modern machines often combine multiple tools into a single "cell". In other installations, a
number of different machines are used with an external controller and human or robotic
operators that move the component from machine to machine. In either case, the series of steps
needed to produce any part is highly automated and produces a part that closely matches the
original CAD design.

Mills

CNC mills use computer controls to cut different materials. They are able to translate
programs consisting of specific number and letters to move the spindle to various locations and
depths. Many use G-code, which is a standardized programming language that many CNC
machines understand, while others use proprietary languages created by their manufacturers.
These proprietary languages while often simpler than G-code are not transferable to other
machines.

Lathes

Lathes are machines that cut spinning pieces of metal. CNC lathes are able to make fast,
precision cuts using index able tools and drills with complicated programs for parts that normally
cannot be cut on manual lathes. These machines often include 12 tool holders and coolant pumps
to cut down on tool wear. CNC lathes have similar control specifications to CNC mills and can
often read G-code as well as the manufacturer's proprietary programming language.
IMPORTANT CNC WORDINGS
 CODE LIST

G-CODE

G-code is the common name for the most widely used numerical control (NC)
programming language, which has many implementations. Used mainly in automation, it is part
of computer-aided engineering. G-code is sometimes called G programming language. In
fundamental terms, G-code is a language in which people tell computerized machine tools what
to make and how to make it. The "how" is the instructions on where to, how fast to move, and
through what path to move. The most common situation is that, within a machine tool, a cutting
tool is moved according to these instructions through a toolpath, cutting away excess material to
leave only the finished workpiece. But the same concept also extends to noncutting tools, such as
forming or burnishing tools; and to measuring probes that validate the results.

CNC G codes

G00 - Positioning at rapid speed; Mill and Lathe

G01 - Linear interpolation (machining a straight line); Mill and Lathe
G02 - Circular interpolation clockwise (machining arcs); Mill and Lathe
G03 - Circular interpolation, counter clockwise; Mill and Lathe
G04 - Mill and Lathe, Dwell
G09 - Mill and Lathe, Exact stop
G10 - Setting offsets in the program; Mill and Lathe
G12 - Circular pocket milling, clockwise; Mill
G13 - Circular pocket milling, counterclockwise; Mill
G17 - X-Y plane for arc machining; Mill and Lathe with live tooling
G18 - Z-X plane for arc machining; Mill and Lathe with live tooling
G19 - Z-Y plane for arc machining; Mill and Lathe with live tooling
G20 - Inch units; Mill and Lathe
G21 - Metric units; Mill and Lathe
G27 - Reference return check; Mill and Lathe
G28 - Automatic return through reference point; Mill and Lathe
G29 - Move to location through reference point; Mill and Lathe (slightly different for each
machine)
G31 - Skip function; Mill and Lathe
G32 - Thread cutting; Lathe
G33 - Thread cutting; Mill
G40 - Cancel diameter offset; Mill. Cancel tool nose offset; Lathe
G41 - Cutter compensation left; Mill. Tool nose radius compensation left; Lathe
G42 - Cutter compensation right; Mill. Tool nose radius compensation right; Lathe
G43 - Tool length compensation; Mill
G44 - Tool length compensation cancel; Mill (sometimes G49)
G50 - Set coordinate system and maximum RPM; Lathe
G52 - Local coordinate system setting; Mill and Lathe
G53 - Machine coordinate system setting; Mill and Lathe
G54~G59 - Workpiece coordinate system settings #1 t0 #6; Mill and Lathe
G61 - Exact stop check; Mill and Lathe
G65 - Custom macro call; Mill and Lathe
G70 - Finish cycle; Lathe
G71 - Rough turning cycle; Lathe
G72 - Rough facing cycle; Lathe
G73 - Irregular rough turning cycle; Lathe
G73 - Chip break drilling cycle; Mill
G74 - Left hand tapping; Mill
G74 - Face grooving or chip break drilling; Lathe
G75 - OD groove pecking; Lathe
G76 - Fine boring cycle; Mill
G76 - Threading cycle; Lathe
G80 - Cancel cycles; Mill and Lathe
G81 - Drill cycle; Mill and Lathe
G82 - Drill cycle with dwell; Mill
G83 - Peck drilling cycle; Mill
G84 - Tapping cycle; Mill and Lathe
G85 - Bore in, bore out; Mill and Lathe
G86 - Bore in, rapid out; Mill and Lathe
G87 - Back boring cycle; Mill
G90 - Absolute programming
G91 - Incremental programming
G92 - Reposition origin point; Mill
G92 - Thread cutting cycle; Lathe
G94 - Per minute feed; Mill
G95 - Per revolution feed; Mill
G96 - Constant surface speed control; Lathe
G97 - Constant surface speed cancel
G98 - Per minute feed; Lathe
G99 - Per revolution feed; Lathe

M-CODE

Machine code or miscellaneous code is a set of instructions executed directly by a computer's

central processing unit (CPU). Each instruction performs a very specific task, such as a load, a
jump, or an ALU operation on a unit of data in a CPU register or memory. Every program
directly executed by a CPU is made up of a series of such instructions.

Numerical machine code (i.e. not assembly code) may be regarded as the lowest-level
representation of a compiled and/or assembled computer program or as a primitive and
hardware-dependent programming language. While it is possible to write programs directly in
numerical machine code, it is tedious and error prone to manage individual bits and calculate
numerical addresses and constants manually. It is therefore rarely done today, except for
situations that require extreme optimization or debugging.

CNC M Codes

M00 - Program stop; Mill and Lathe

M01 - Optional program stop; Lathe and Mill
M02 - Program end; Lathe and Mill
M03 - Spindle on clockwise; Lathe and Mill
M04 - Spindle on counterclockwise; Lathe and Mill
M05 - Spindle off; Lathe and Mill
M06 - Toolchange; Mill
M08 - Coolant on; Lathe and Mill
M09 - Coolant off; Lathe and Mill
M10 - Chuck or rotary table clamp; Lathe and Mill
M11 - Chuck or rotary table clamp off; Lathe and Mill
M19 - Orient spindle; Lathe and Mill
M30 - Program end, return to start; Lathe and Mill
M97 - Local sub-routine call; Lathe and Mill
M98 - Sub-program call; Lathe and Mill
M99 - End of sub program; Lathe and Mill
Expt No. 1 FACING OPERATION
Date :

Aim:
To Write a manual part program for facing operation for the given component.
Procedure:
G90 G21

G98

G28 X0 Z0

M03 S1000

M06 T01

M07

G00 X0 Z0

G01 Z-1 F200

X0

G00 X32 Z0

G01 Z-4

G01 X0

G00 X32 Z0

G01 Z-3

G01 X0

G00 X32 Z0

G01 Z-4

G01 X0

G00 X32 Z0

M09 M05

M30
RESULT:

Thus the facing operation is simulated by CNC simulator.

Expt. No. 2 STEP TURNING OPERATION

Date :

Aim:

To Write a manual part program for step turning operation for the given component.

Procedure:

G90 G21

G98

G28 X0 Z0

M03 S1000

M06 T01

M07

G00 X32 Z0

G01 X31

G01 Z-25

G00 X32 Z0

G01 X30

G01 Z-25

G00 X32 Z0

G01 X29

G01 Z-25

G00 X32 Z0

G01 X28

G01 Z-25

G00 X32 Z0

M09 M05

M30
RESULT:

Thus the step turning operation is simulated by CNC simulator.

Expt No. 3 LINEAR AND CIRCULAR PROFILE
Date :
Aim:
To Write a manual part program for taper turning & circular profile operation for the given
component.
Procedure:
G21 G98
G28 U0 W0
M06 T1
M03 S1500
G00 X32 Z0
G01 X30
Z-30
G00 X32 Z0
G01 X27
Z-30
G00 X32 Z0
G01 X24
Z-30
G00 X32 Z0
G01 X22
Z-16
G00 X32 Z0
G01 X20
Z-16
G00 X32 Z0
G01 Z-38
X24 Z-30
Z-20
G03 X20 Z-16 R1
G01 Z-4
X18 Z0
M05
M30

RESULT:
Thus the taper turning & circular profile operation is simulated by CNC simulator.
Expt. No. 4 THREADING OPERATION

Date :

Aim: To write a manual part program for threading operation for the given component.

Procedure:

G21 G98
G28 U0 W0
M06 T1
M03 S1500
G00 X32.5 Z5
G76 P040060 Q50 R0.01
G76 X30.774 Z-14 P613 Q100 F1
G28 U0 W0
M05
M30

Minor Diameter Calculation

d= Minor Diameter
D= Minor Diameter
P= Thread Height
d= D 2 (P)
d= 32 2 (0.613)
d= 32 1.226
d= 30.774
Thread Height, P = 0.613 x Pitch of the Thread
= 0.613 x 1
P = 0.613
M05

M30

Minor Diameter Calculation

d = Minor Diameter
D = Minor Diameter

P = Thread Height

d = D 2 (P)

d = 32 2 (0.613)

d = 32 1.226

d = 30.774

Thread Height,P = 0.613 x Pitch of the Thread

P= 0.613 x 1

P = 0.613

RESULT:

Thus the threading operation is simulated by CNC simulator.

Expt. No. 5 PROFILE MILLING OPERATION

Date :
Aim:
Write a manual part program for profile milling operation for the given component.
Procedure:
G21 G94
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M06 T1
M03 S1500
G90 G00 X-30 Y-20 Z5
G01 Z-1 F100
G01 X-30 Y20
G02 X-20 Y30 R10
G01 X20 Y30
G03 X30 Y20 R10
G01 X30 Y-20
G01 X20 Y-30
G01 X-20 Y-30
G03 X-30 Y-20 R10
G00 Z5
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M05
M30
RESULT:
Thus the profile milling operation is simulated by CNC simulator.
Expt. No. 6 CIRCULAR POCKET MILLING OPERATION
Date :

Aim:
Write a manual part program for circular pocket milling operation for the given component.

Procedure:
G21 G94
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M06 T1
M03 S1500
G90 G00 X0 Y0 Z5
G170 P0 Q1 R0.5 X0 Y0 Z-4 I0.1 J0.1 K25
G171 P50 S1200 R60 F100 B1500 J60
G170 P1 Q1 R0.5 X0 Y0 Z-4 I0 J0 K25
G171 P50 S1200 R60 F100 B1500 J60
G00 Z5
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M05
M30
RESULT:
Thus the circular pocket milling operation is simulated by CNC simulator.
Expt. No. 7 RECTANGULAR POCKET MILLING OPERATION
Date :
Aim:
Write a manual part program for rectangular pocket milling operation for the given
component.
Procedure:
G21 G94
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M06 T1
M03 S1500
G90 G00 x0 Y0 Z5
G01 X-25 Y-17.5
z-1 F100
X25 Y-17.5
X25 Y17.5
X-25 Y17.5
X-25 Y-12
X20 Y-12
X20 Y12
X-20 Y12
X-20 Y-8
X10 Y-8
X10 Y8
X-10 Y8
X-10 Y-4
X5 Y-4
X5 Y4
X-5 Y4
X-5 Y2
X0 Y0
G00 Z5
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M05
M30

RESULT:
Thus the rectangular pocket milling operation is simulated by CNC simulator.
Expt. No. 8 DRILLING OPERATION
Date :
Aim:
To write a manual part program for drilling operation for the given component.
Procedure:
G21 G94
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M06 T1
M03 S1500
G90 G00 x0 Y0 Z5
G00 X-25 Y-25
G01 Z-5
Z5
G00 X25 Y-25
G01 Z-5
Z5
G00 X25 Y25
G01 Z-5
Z5
G00 X-25 Y25
G01 Z-5
Z5
G28 X0 Y0
M05
M30
RESULT:
Thus the drilling operation is simulated by CNC simulator.
 CAD INTRODUCTION
Computer-aided design is essentially based on a versatile and powerful technique called
computer graphics, which basically means the criterion and manipulation of pictures on a display
device with the aid of a computer. Computer graphics originated at the Massachusetts institute of
technology (MIT) in 1950when the first computer-driven display, linked to a Whirlwind 1
computer, and was used to generate some pictures. The first important step forward in computer
graphics came in 1963 when a system called SKETCHPAD was demonstrated at the Lincoln
Laboratory of MIT. This system consists of a cathode ray tube (CRT) driven by TX2 computer.
The CRT had a keyboard and a light pen. Pictures could be drawn on the screen and then
manipulated interactively by the user via the light pen.
This demonstration clearly showed that the CRT could potentially be used as a
designers electronic drawing board with common graphic operations such as scaling,
translation, rotation, animation and simulation automatically performed at the push of a button.
At that time, these systems were very expensive; therefore they were adopted only in such major
industries as the aircraft and automotive industries where their use in design justified the high
capital costs.
Another crucial factor preventing computer graphics from being generally applied to
engineering industries was that there was a lock of appropriate graphics and application software
to run on these systems. However, a computer-based design system was clearly emerging. Since
these pioneering developments in computer graphics, which had captured the imagination of the
engineering industry all over the world, new and improved hardware, which is faster in
processing speed, larger in memory, cheaper in cost and smaller in size, have become widely
available.
Sophisticated software techniques and packages have also been gradually developed.
Consequently, the application of CAD in industry has been growing rapidly. Initially CAD
systems primarily were automated righting stations in which computer controlled plotters
produced engineering drawings. The system were later linked to graphic display terminals where
geometric model describing part dimensions were created, and the resulting database in the
computer was then used to produce drawings.
Some systems have analytical capabilities that allow parts to be evaluated with
techniques such as the finite element method. There are also kinematics analysis programs that
enable the motion of mechanism to be studied. In addition, CAD system includes testing
techniques to perform model analysis on structures, and to evaluate their response to pinpoint
any possible defects. Computer Aided Design is the process of developing and using computer
assisted design tools in the design process. The advent of computers has contributed to
significant advance in calculation, data handling and utilization applications. The ability to use
the computers in these application areas enhances the capability of the design team significantly.
Drafting and geometric modeling play significant roles in CAD. The module therefore
concentrates on the general design process with specific consideration to drafting and geometric
modeling. Three different CAD systems are referred to in the module. The syllabus includes:
historical development, the design process, traditional drawing practice and the development of
the CAD industry, system hardware, computers micros to mainframes, output devices, storage,
workstations, networked systems, examples of CAD systems; simple entity descriptions: points,
lines, arcs, made-edge lists, free-form curves, free-form surfaces; transformations: pan, rotate
and scale, 3D transformations, observer angles, perspective, depth cueing; geometric modeling:
wire frame modelers, surface modelers, solid modelers (CSG and B- rep), hidden line removal
and mass properties; user interface: input devices, menus, graphics interface language,
parametric. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: To understand and handle design problems in a
systematic manner. To be able to use the capabilities provided by computers for calculations,
data handling and visualization applications. To gain practical experience in handling 2D
drafting and 3D modeling software systems.

ROLE OF COMPUTERS IN DESIGN:

As manual design process has several risk factors including human fatigue and the
valuation of design based on his previous experience. With the advent of computer and the
development in the field of computer graphics, various design & manufacturing process takes
place new faster rate with minimum or optimum error.

Computers in Design:
Implementation of computer in the design stage becomes the subset of design process.
Once the conceptual design materializes in the designer mind the geometric model starts by the
appropriate CAD software. The choice of geometric model to CAD is analogous to the choice.
The various design related tasks which are performed by a modern computer-aided design
system can be grouped into four functional areas:
1. Geometric Modeling
2. Engineering Analysis
3. Design review and evaluation
4. Automated drafting.

Geometric Modeling:
It is concerned with the computer compatible mathematical description of the geometry
of an object. The mathematical description allows the image of the object to be displayed
manipulated on a graphics terminal through signals from the CPU of the CAD system. The
software that provides geometric modeling capabilities must be designed for efficient use both
by the computer & the human designer.
During the geometric modeling computer converts the command into a mathematical
model, stores it in the computer data files, and display it as an image on the CRT screen. Object
can be represented by geometric model by wireframe, surface model or solid model. Another
feature of CAD system is color graphics capability. By means of color, it is possible to display
more information on the graphics screen.

Engineering Analysis:
The analysis may involve stress-strain calculation, heat transfer computation etc., of the
system being displayed. The computer can be used to aid in this analysis work. It is often
necessary that specific programs be developed internally the engineering analysis group to solve
particular design problem. In other situation, commercially available general purpose programs
can be used to perform the engineering analysis.
Analysis may be:
a. Mass property analysis.
b. Finite element analysis.
The analysis of mass properties is the analysis feature of CAD system which provides
properties of solid object being analyzed, such as the surface area, weight, volume, centre of
gravity and moment of inertia.
 In FEA the object is divided into large number of finite elements which form an
interconnecting network concentrated nodes. By using a computer with significant computational
Capabilities, the entire object can be analyzed for stress- strain, heat transfer coefficient at nodes.
By determining the interrelating behaviors of all nodes in the system, the behavior of the entire
object can be assessed.

Design review & Evaluation

Checking the accuracy of the design can be accomplished convieniently on the graphical
terminal. Semiautomatic dimensioning and tolerance routines which assign size specification to
surface indicated by the user help you to reduce the possibility of dimensioning errors. The
designer can zoom inon part design details and magnify the image on the graphics screen for
close scrutiny
One of the most important evaluation feature available on some computer aided design
systems is KINEMATICS. The available kinematics packages provide the capability to animate
the motion of the simple designed mechanisms such as hinged component & linkages,
Commercial kinematics software available is ADAMS (Automatic Dynamic Analysis of
Mechanical Systems).

Automated Drafting:
It involves the creation of hard-copy engineering drawings directly from the CAD data
base. Most of the CAD systems are capable of generating as many as six views of the parts.
Engineering drawings can be made into company drafting standard by programming the
standards into the CAD system. Implementation of computer in the design stage becomes
the subset of design process. Once the conceptual design materializes in the designer mind the
geometric model starts by the appropriate CAD software. The choice of geometric model to
CAD is analogous to the choice of a mathematical model to engineering analysis. A valid
geometric model is created by definition translator, which converts the designer input into the
proper database format. In order to apply engineering analysis in geometric model, interface
algorithms are provided by the system to extract the required data from the model database to
perform the analysis. In case of FEA, these algorithms from the finite element modeling package
of the system. Design testing & evaluation may require changing the geometric model before
finalizing it.
 When the final design is achieved the drafting & detailing of the model starts, followed
by documentation & production of final drawings

GEOMETRIC MODELING
A geometric modeling is defined as the complete representation of an object that includes
in both graphical and non-graphical information.
In computer-aided design, geometric modeling is concerned with the computer
compatible mathematical description of the geometry of an object. The mathematical description
of the geometry of an object to be displayed and manipulated on a graphics terminal through
signal from CPU of the CAD system. The software that provides geometric modeling capabilities
must be designed for efficient use of both by the computer and the human designer.
To use geometric modeling, the designer construct the graphical image of the object on
the CRT screen of the IGS system by inputting three types of commands to the computer. The
first type of command generates Basic geometric elements such as points, lines, and circles. The
second command types is used to accomplish scaling, rotation or other transformations of these
elements. The third type of command causes the various elements to be joined into desired shape
of the object being created on the ICG system.
During this geometric modeling process the computer converts the commands into
mathematical model, stores it in the computer data files and displays it as an image on the screen.
The model can be subsequently being called from the data files for review, analysis or alteration.
The most advanced method of geometric modeling is solid modeling in three dimensions. This
method uses solid geometry shapes called primitives to construct the object.
Basically there are three types of modeling, they are
a. Wire Frame Modeling
b. Surface Modeling
c. Solid Modeling

WIRE FRAME MODEL - INTRODUCTION:

This is the basic form of modeling; here the objects drawn will be simple but more
verbose, geometric model that can be used to represent it mathematically in the computer. It is
sometimes referred as a stick figure or an edge representation of the object. Typical CAD/CAM
system provides users with possibly three modes to input coordinates: Cartesian, Cylindrical or
Spherical. Each mode has explicit or implicit inputs. Explicit input could be absolute or
incremental coordinates. Implicit input involves user digitizes. A wire frame model consists of
points, lines, arcs, circles &curves. Early wire frame modeling techniques developed in 1960s
were 2-dimensional. They are not centralized &associative. Later in 1970s the centralized,
associative database concepts enabled modeling of 3D objects as wire frame models that can be
subject to 3-dimensional transformations.

WIRE FRAME ENTITIES

Wire frame Entities are divided into 2 types are:

a. Synthetic Entities,-Splines & Curves
b. Analytic Entities- Points, lines, Circles, arcs, conics, fillet, chamfer
Applications:
1. Two-dimensional drafting.
2. Numerical control tool path generation.
Advantages:
1. It is simple to construct model.
2. Less computer memory to store the object.
3. CPU time to retrieve, edit or update a wireframe model is less.
4. Doesnot requires extensive training.
Disadvantages:
1. It is ambiguous representation of real object.
2. It lack in visual coherence and information to determine the object.
3. User or terminal time needed to prepare & or input data increases with complexity of
object.
4. Inability to detect interference between components.
5. No facility for automatic shading.
6. Difficult in calculating Physical properties like Mass, surface area, centre of gravity etc.,
Surface Modeling:
A surface model of an object is more complete and less ambiguous representation than it
wire frame model. It is also richer in associated geometric contents, which make it more suitable
for engineering and design applications. Surface model takes one step beyond wire frame models
by providing information on surfaces connecting the object edges. Creating a surface has some
quantitative data such as point & tangents & some Qualitative data like desired shape &
smoothness. Choice of surface form depends on type of application
Surface Entities:
Similar to wire frame entities, existing CAD / CAM systems provide designers with both
analytic and synthetic surface entities. Analytic entities include plane surface, ruled surface,
surface of revolution, and tabulated cylinder. Synthetic entities include the bucolic Hermit spine
surface, B spine surface, rectangular and triangular Bezier patches, rectangular and triangular
Coons patches, and Gordon surface. The mathematical properties of some of these entities are
covered in this chapter for two purposes. First, it enables users to correctly choose the proper
surface entity for the proper application. For example, a ruled surface is a linear surface and does
not permit any twist while a B spine surface is a general surface. Second users will be in a
position to better understand CAD/CAM documentation and the related modifiers to each surface
entity command available on a system. The following are descriptions of major surface entities
provided by CAD/CAM systems
Application:
Calculating mass properties.
1. Checking for interference between mating parts.
 2. Generating cross-sectioned views.
3. Generating finite element mesh.
Advantages:
1. They are less ambiguous than wireframe model.
2. Surface model provides hidden line and surface algorithms to add realism to the
displayed geometry.
3. Surface model can be utilized in volume and mass property calculations, finite element
modeling, NC path generation, and cross section &interference detections.
4. Change in finite element mesh size produce more accurate results in FEA
Disadvantages:
1. Surface models are generally more complex and thus require more terminal and CPU
time and computer storage to create than wireframe models.
2. Surface models are sometimes awkward to create and may require unnecessary
manipulations of wireframe entities.
3. It requires more training to create.
4. It does not provide any topological information.

Solid Modeling:
A solid model of an object is more complete representation than its surface model. It is
unique from the surface model in topological information it stores which potentially permits
functional automation and integration. Defining an object with the solid model is the easiest of
the available three modeling techniques. Solid model can be quickly created without having to
define individual locations as with wire frames. The completeness and unambiguity of solid
models are attributed to the information that is related database of these models stores
(Topology- It determines the relational information between objects.) To model an object
completely we need both geometry & topological information. Geometry is visible, whereas
topological information are stored in solid model database are not visible to user. Two or more
primitives can be combined to form the desire solid. Primitives are combined by Boolean
Operations.
Different Boolean operations are:
1. Union (U)
2. Intersection (n)
3. Difference (-)

SOLID ENTITIES
There are a wide variety of primitives available commercially to users. However, the four
most commonly used are the block, cylinder, cone, and sphere. These are based on the four
natural quadrics: planes cylinders, cones, and spheres.
Expt. No. 1 PLUMMER BLOCK
DATE :

AIM
To create the Plummer block assembly as a 3D solid model.

HARDWARE REQUIRED
1. CPU with INTEL I3 processor.
2. A colour monitor with highest 32 bit colour display and with screen resolution 1024 by
768 pixels.
3. A scroll mouse.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
1. Windows 7 operating system
2. Autodesk Inventor 2016.
PROCEDURE
1. Identify various parts to be created.
2. Select the sketch tool and then select the coincidental plane option and select any one of
the standard 3 planes (i.e. front, right &top).
3. First identify whether the main part or the first to be created by EXTRUDE or by
REVOLVE option.
4. After constructing each part save it as a separate part file with format * ipt.
5. Enter into assembly environment.
6. Assembly the various parts construct parts construct using the various assembly
constrains available (coincident, parallel, perpendicular, tangent, concentric, etc)
7. After finishing assembly, check whether the various parts have been connected
properly or not by rotating the view.
8. Save the assembly as a file with extension*iam.
9. Enter into drawing environment.
10. Convert the assembly and the part drawing into various views and place it in a sheet.
11. Save the drawing as a file with extension *idw.

RESULT
Thus the 3D assembly of the Plummer block has been created on the software Autodesk Inventor
with accurate dimension.
ASSEMBLY OF PLUMMER BLOCK
Expt. No. 2 SCREW JACK
DATE :

AIM
To create the Screw Jack assembly as a 3D solid model.

HARDWARE REQUIRED
1. CPU with INTEL I3 processor.
2. A colour monitor with highest 32 bit colour display and with screen resolution 1024 by
768 pixels.
3. A scroll mouse.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
1. Windows 7 operating system
2. Autodesk Inventor 2016.
PROCEDURE
1. Identify various parts to be created.
2. Select the sketch tool and then select the coincidental plane option and select any one of
the standard 3 planes (i.e. front, right &top).
3. First identify whether the main part or the first to be created by EXTRUDE or by
REVOLVE option.
4. After constructing each part save it as a separate part file with format * ipt.
5. Enter into assembly environment.
6. Assembly the various parts construct parts construct using the various assembly
constrains available (coincident, parallel, perpendicular, tangent, concentric, etc)
7. After finishing assembly, check whether the various parts have been connected
properly or not by rotating the view.
8. Save the assembly as a file with extension*iam.
9. Enter into drawing environment.
10. Convert the assembly and the part drawing into various views and place it in a sheet.
11. Save the drawing as a file with extension *idw.

RESULT
Thus the 3D assembly of the Screw Jack has been created on the software Autodesk Inventor
with accurate dimension.
ASSEMBLY OF SCREW JACK
Expt. No. 3 FLANGE COUPLING
DATE

AIM
To create the Flange coupling assembly as a 3D solid model.

HARDWARE REQUIRED
1. CPU with INTEL I3 processor.
2. A colour monitor with highest 32 bit colour display and with screen resolution 1024 by
768 pixels.
3. A scroll mouse.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
1. Windows 7 operating system
2. Autodesk Inventor 2016.
PROCEDURE
1. Identify various parts to be created.
2. Select the sketch tool and then select the coincidental plane option and select any one of
the standard 3 planes (i.e. front, right &top).
3. First identify whether the main part or the first to be created by EXTRUDE or by
REVOLVE option.
4. After constructing each part save it as a separate part file with format * ipt.
5. Enter into assembly environment.
6. Assembly the various parts construct parts construct using the various assembly
constrains available (coincident, parallel, perpendicular, tangent, concentric, etc)
7. After finishing assembly, check whether the various parts have been connected
properly or not by rotating the view.
8. Save the assembly as a file with extension*iam.
9. Enter into drawing environment.
10. Convert the assembly and the part drawing into various views and place it in a sheet.
11. Save the drawing as a file with extension *idw.

RESULT
Thus the 3D assembly of the Flange coupling has been created on the software Autodesk
Inventor with accurate dimension.
 ASSEMBLY OF FLANGE COUPLING

80
42
22
22

5 16

M16

20
16 62

PCD158
PCD158 3
110 58 92 212 92 110

4
5

80
42
82 9x9

1 2 4
ASSEMBLY OF FLANGE COUPLING
Expt. No. 4 KNUCKLE JOINT
DATE :

AIM
To create the Knuckle Joint assembly as a 3D solid model.

HARDWARE REQUIRED
1. CPU with INTEL I3 processor.
2. A colour monitor with highest 32 bit colour display and with screen resolution 1024 by
768 pixels.
3. A scroll mouse.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
1. Windows 7 operating system
2. Autodesk Inventor 2016.
PROCEDURE
1. Identify various parts to be created.
2. Select the sketch tool and then select the coincidental plane option and select any one of
the standard 3 planes (i.e. front, right &top).
3. First identify whether the main part or the first to be created by EXTRUDE or by
REVOLVE option.
4. After constructing each part save it as a separate part file with format * ipt.
5. Enter into assembly environment.
6. Assembly the various parts construct parts construct using the various assembly
constrains available (coincident, parallel, perpendicular, tangent, concentric, etc)
7. After finishing assembly, check whether the various parts have been connected
properly or not by rotating the view.
8. Save the assembly as a file with extension*iam.
9. Enter into drawing environment.
10. Convert the assembly and the part drawing into various views and place it in a sheet.
11. Save the drawing as a file with extension *idw.

RESULT
Thus the 3D assembly of the Knuckle Joint has been created on the software Autodesk Inventor
with accurate dimension.
ASSEMBLY OF KNUCKLE JOINT
Expt. No. 6 UNIVERSAL JOINT
DATE :

AIM
To create the Universal Joint assembly as a 3D solid model.

HARDWARE REQUIRED
1. CPU with INTEL I3 processor.
2. A colour monitor with highest 32 bit colour display and with screen resolution 1024 by
768 pixels.
3. A scroll mouse.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
1. Windows 7 operating system
2. Autodesk Inventor 2016.
PROCEDURE
1. Identify various parts to be created.
2. Select the sketch tool and then select the coincidental plane option and select any one of
the standard 3 planes (i.e. front, right &top).
3. First identify whether the main part or the first to be created by EXTRUDE or by
REVOLVE option.
4. After constructing each part save it as a separate part file with format * ipt.
5. Enter into assembly environment.
6. Assembly the various parts construct parts construct using the various assembly
constrains available (coincident, parallel, perpendicular, tangent, concentric, etc)
7. After finishing assembly, check whether the various parts have been connected
properly or not by rotating the view.
8. Save the assembly as a file with extension*iam.
9. Enter into drawing environment.
10. Convert the assembly and the part drawing into various views and place it in a sheet.
11. Save the drawing as a file with extension *idw.

RESULT
Thus the 3D assembly of the Universal Joint has been created on the software Autodesk Inventor
with accurate dimension.
ASSEMBLY OF UNIVERSAL JOINT
Expt. No. 5 STUFFING BOX
DATE :

AIM
To create the Stuffing box assembly as a 3D solid model.

HARDWARE REQUIRED
1. CPU with INTEL I3 processor.
2. A colour monitor with highest 32 bit colour display and with screen resolution 1024 by
768 pixels.
3. A scroll mouse.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
1. Windows 7 operating system
2. Autodesk Inventor 2016.
PROCEDURE
1. Identify various parts to be created.
2. Select the sketch tool and then select the coincidental plane option and select any one of
the standard 3 planes (i.e. front, right &top).
3. First identify whether the main part or the first to be created by EXTRUDE or by
REVOLVE option.
4. After constructing each part save it as a separate part file with format * ipt.
5. Enter into assembly environment.
6. Assembly the various parts construct parts construct using the various assembly
constrains available (coincident, parallel, perpendicular, tangent, concentric, etc)
7. After finishing assembly, check whether the various parts have been connected
properly or not by rotating the view.
8. Save the assembly as a file with extension*iam.
9. Enter into drawing environment.
10. Convert the assembly and the part drawing into various views and place it in a sheet.
11. Save the drawing as a file with extension *idw.

RESULT
Thus the 3D assembly of the Stuffing box has been created on the software Autodesk Inventor
with accurate dimension.
ASSEMBLY OF STUFFING BOX
Expt. No. 7 MACHINE VICE
DATE :

AIM
To create the Machine Vice assembly as a 3D solid model.

HARDWARE REQUIRED
1. CPU with INTEL I3 processor.
2. A colour monitor with highest 32 bit colour display and with screen resolution 1024 by
768 pixels.
3. A scroll mouse.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
1. Windows 7 operating system
2. Autodesk Inventor 2016.
PROCEDURE
1. Identify various parts to be created.
2. Select the sketch tool and then select the coincidental plane option and select any one of
the standard 3 planes (i.e. front, right &top).
3. First identify whether the main part or the first to be created by EXTRUDE or by
REVOLVE option.
4. After constructing each part save it as a separate part file with format * ipt.
5. Enter into assembly environment.
6. Assembly the various parts construct parts construct using the various assembly
constrains available (coincident, parallel, perpendicular, tangent, concentric, etc)
7. After finishing assembly, check whether the various parts have been connected
properly or not by rotating the view.
8. Save the assembly as a file with extension*iam.
9. Enter into drawing environment.
10. Convert the assembly and the part drawing into various views and place it in a sheet.
11. Save the drawing as a file with extension *idw.

RESULT
Thus the 3D assembly of the Machine Vice has been created on the software Autodesk Inventor
with accurate dimension.
MACHINE VICE
Expt. No. 8 CONNECTING ROD
DATE

AIM
To create the connecting rod assembly as a 3D solid model.
HARDWARE REQUIRED
1. CPU with INTEL I3 processor.
2. A colour monitor with highest 32 bit colour display and with screen resolution 1024 by
768 pixels.
3. A scroll mouse.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
1. Windows 7 operating system
2. Autodesk Inventor 2016.
PROCEDURE
1. Identify various parts to be created.
2. Select the sketch tool and then select the coincidental plane option and select any one of
the standard 3 planes (i.e. front, right &top).
3. First identify whether the main part or the first to be created by EXTRUDE or by
REVOLVE option.
4. After constructing each part save it as a separate part file with format * ipt.
5. Enter into assembly environment.
6. Assembly the various parts construct parts construct using the various assembly
constrains available (coincident,parallel,perpendicular,tangent,concentric,etc)
7. After finishing assembly, check whether the various parts have been connected
properly or not by rotating the view.
8. Save the assembly as a file with extension*iam.
9. Enter into drawing environment.
10. Convert the assembly and the part drawing into various views and place it in a sheet.
11. Save the drawing as a file with extension *idw.

RESULT
Thus the 3D assembly of the connecting rod has been created on the software Autodesk Inventor
with accurate dimension.
CONNECTING ROD