HowToBeFashionableWith

YourGrammar

By:SergioVazquez

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 Table Of Contents

Page #

Introduction . . . . . . . . . 3

1) Parts of Speech . . . . . . . . . 4-23

2) Phrases . . . . . . . . . . 24-25

3) Clauses . . . . . . . . . . 26-29

4) Sentences . . . . . . . . . . 30-43

5)Paragraphs . . . . . . . . . . 44-49

6)Essays . . . . . . . . .

50-53

7) Capitalization. . . . . . . . . 54-57

8)Punctuation . . . . . . . . . 58-60

9)Commonly Misused Words . . . . . . . 61-67

Quizzes with Answer Keys . . . . . . . . 68-85

Quiz #1 (Parts of Speech) . . . . . . .

68-69

Quiz #2 (Phrases) . . . . . . . . 70-71

Quiz #3 (Clauses) . . . . . . . . 72-73

Quiz #4 (Sentences) . . . . . . . . 74-75

Quiz #5 (Paragraphs) . . . . . . . 76-77

Quiz #6 (Essays) . . . . . . . . 78-79

Quiz #7 (Capitalization) . . . . . . . 80-81

Quiz #8 (Punctuation) . . . . . . . 82-83

Quiz #9 (Commonly Misused Words) . . . . . 84-85

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . 86-90

Works Cited Page . . . . . . . . . 91

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About The Author . . . . . . . . . 92

Dedication . . . . . . . . . . 93

Introduction

This book was written to help anyone who reads it become better writers and understand

how the English language works all the way back to the basics. The book includes nine sections

which will all be labeled in the Table of Contents followed by nine corresponding quizzes with

an answer key attached for each of the nine sections. In addition to this, a glossary, works cited

page, and about the author page are also in the back of the book. The goal of this book is to take

the boredom out of grammar which is what the author tried to do by revolving the theme of this

book around fashion and breaking the concepts this book teaches down into kid friendly terms.

This book will go over everything from Parts of Speech (nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives,

adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, interjections) to Phrases to Clauses to Sentences (sentence

parts, types, patterns, errors) to Paragraphs (Introduction, Body, and Conclusion paragraphs) to

Essays (the different types of essays to strategies, planning tips and steps) to Capitalization to

Punctuation, and even Commonly Confused Words in the English Language. I hope you really

enjoy reading this book almost as much as I enjoyed making it.

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 Section 1: Parts of Speech

I. Nouns: a word used to identify a person, place, or thing

A.Types of nouns:

1. Common nouns: shirt, pants, shoes, hair, skirts

2. Proper nouns: Kanye West, Adidas, Reebok, Gucci, Nike

3. Compound nouns: toothpaste, makeup, haircut, bedroom, sweatshirt

4. Concrete nouns: boots, shirt, lotion, bracelet, shoes

5. Abstract nouns: curiosity, bravery, joy, anger, jealousy

B. Noun identifiers:

1. Noun endings: happiness, emotion, absolutism, adventure, attitude, moment, importance,

absence, brevity, hipster, theory

2. Noun marker:

NM N

Basic: The shirt is blue and is ceaselessly good fine quality.

NM N

Advanced: The medium blue shirt is striped and checkered and is ceaselessly good fine

quality for an affordable and understandable good price .

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 3. Plural form: for example pants or flannels

4. Possessive form: for example kids shoes or moms shirt

5. Following a preposition:

N V Prep N

Basic: Chris passionately sang about fashion at the talent show freshmen year.

N V Prep NM N

Advanced: Kendall confidently walked along the paparazzi at last years fashion show

in Madison Square Garden while thousands analyzed her every move.

C. Functions (how nouns are used):

1. Subject (comes before the verb):

S V

Basic: Tom cheerfully ran from the walkway to play off his embarrassment and anger.

S V

Advanced: John debated passionately about his opinion on the designs they should incorporate

into their products.

2. Direct Object (comes after the verb and answer what or whom)

S V DO IO

Basic: Chris pushed Jerry into the crowd of people savagely crowding around the model.

S V DO

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Advanced: The CEO employed young, enthusiastic college graduates to help him sell his

IO

products and eagerly make him rich.

3. Indirect Object (answers to who or whom)

S V DO IO

Basic: Lee violently threw Mathew the shirt he made a rude remark about his appearance.

S V DO IO

Advanced: Roy generously bought his wife a shirt he found on sale while on his lunch break

last week after he had broke her vase of flowers the day before.

4. Adverbial Object (comes after the verb and answers when)

S V AO

Basic: It coldly snowed last night during the after party after the fashion show.

S V AO

Advanced: They deliberately finished cleaning the house early in the morning so they could

have the rest of the day to design a page layout for their products and designs they had in mind.

5. Objects of the Preposition (follows a preposition)

S V Prep OPrep

Basic: They left late at night once they tirelessly put the finishing touches on the shirt.

S Prep OPrep

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Advanced: The printing company at the corner of Gage and Broadway was financially stable so

they generously gave away free clothes to the less fortunate and needy in the community.

6. Subject Complement (following a linking verb)

S LV SC

Basic: Jacob is a fashion designer who charismatically loves his job.

S LV SC

Advanced: Steven was pleased when he received news that his collaboration with the clothing

brand was a success and had comfortably raised more than a million dollars for charity and

cancer research.

7. Object Complement (follows a direct object and renames it)

S V DO OC

Basic: They coincidentally named the company Nike after the Greek god of victory..

Advanced: After failing to generate the company any profit for three weeks, Mr.Smith

V DO OC

considered the employee lazy and unsurprisingly fired her in the following weeks.

8. Appositives (renames nouns, separated by commas)

S APP V

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Basic: Chris, a teenager, quickly showered earlier before the fashion show.

S APP V

Advanced: Dave White, a British artist, believes in devotly celebrating popular cultures and

designing sneakers is one of his favorite activities to complete.

9. Adjectival (describes noun following it)

S Adjvl

Basic: The design was surprisingly awful since it had been a very anticipated release.

S Adjvl

Advanced: His leather jacket was terribly expensive and overall a waste of money since it is so

plain and dull.

10. Noun in Direct Address

Basic: William, can you quickly modify your shoes and stop wasting time.

Advanced: Thomas, I need your help urgently in designing new models with enhanced

adjustments and more vivid colors for this upcoming spring collection.

11. Object of the gerund (noun that follows a gerund)

G OG

Basic: Participating in the fashion competition was discouragingly tough on his self-image.

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 G OG

Advanced: Designing the winter collaboration pleasingly marked the highlight of his career

since it would undoubtedly boost his reputation instantly.

12. Object of the participle (noun that follows a participle)

Part OP

Basic: He was stalking Tim because he has a shockingly good sense of fashion.

Part OP

Advanced: Lucas was designing shoes during his lunch break in hopes that one day a brand will

notice his hard work and creativity and undoubtedly hire him.

13. Object of the infinitive (noun that follows an infinitive)

INF OInf

Basic: To design shoes was what he desirably wanted to do for a living.

INF OInf

Advanced: To relax on his bed was the only thing he wanted after camping out for the pair of

shoes he had endearingly desired since he first heard rumors of their release.

II. Pronouns: are nouns that refer to a specific person, place, or thing. Takes place of noun

1. Personal

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Basic: Me and Chris happily participated in the annual fashion show.

Advanced: She enthusiastically attended the special event with him since it was their first date

in a long time, wearing his denim jacket on the chilly Friday afternoon.

2. Relative

Basic: Who does this makeup kit belong to because it is undoubtedly expensive.

Advanced: This shirt reminds me of that concert we went to last summer with all the colorful

banners and engagingly tie dye inspired art.

3. Interrogative

Basic: What outfit from the MTV music awards do you highly praise the most?

Advanced: Whoever chose that dress for the celebrity possesses a entertainly excellent sense of

taste and fashion.

4. Reflexive

Basic: Nicole bought herself two pairs of jeans with the money she ensuingly saved up over the

last couple of weeks.

Advanced: The fashion designer himself believed the rookies effectively creative mind could

take the company somewhere.

5. Demonstrative

Basic: Those shoes were meant to encouragingly represent the five year anniversary of his

fathers retirement.

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Advanced: That shirt is evocatively made from premium cotton and terrycloth imported straight

from Italy from the finest merchants.

6. Indefinite

Basic: Few individuals rarely know the symbolic meaning behind Michael Jordans retro shoes.

Advanced: Several times people tend to purchase a specific shoe because they believe it will

undoubtedly help them get noticed by other classmates and generate attention.

III. Verbs: describe an action,state, or occurrence and form main part of the predicate of a

sentence

1. Common Verb Endings: -s, -ed, -ing

battles, changes, fastens, ties, wears, slipped, wrapped, zipped, appealed, bleached, dressing,

burning, matching, coloring, copying

2. Tense

Simple Past- arose, awoke, broke, bought, caught

Past- charged, taxed, fastened, wrapped, bleached

Past Perfect- had won, had left, had seen, had recognized

Past Progressive- was swimming, was fighting,was designing, was creating

Simple Present- play, like, eat, cook

Present- begin, blow, dig, fall, grow

Present Perfect- eaten, gone, done, rung, played

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Present Progressive- closing, thinking, playing, losing

Present Perfect Progressive (has been + verb)- cleaning, showering, leaving, cooking

Future- will walk, will run, will wear, will choose

Future Perfect (will have + verb)- said, done, cleaned, cooked

3. Forms

Forms of to be: is, am, are, was, were, be, been, will, shall, may, might, can

Forms of to do: do, does, did, done, doing

Forms of to have: had, have, has, having

4. Types

Auxiliary- is, should, have, may

Linking- is, are, was, were, been, am

Lexical- plays, explaining, recycled, preparing

Dynamic- chasing, beating, running, swimming

Stative- love, hate, like, prefer, doubt

Finitive- live, painted, finished, colored

Nonfinitive- camping, roasted, screaming, arriving

Regular Verbs- love, play, creep, shoot

Irregular Verbs- eject, chuckle, lash, frolic

Transitive(direct object)- designated, struck, carried

Intransitive(no direct object)- ran, napped, barked, winked

5. Voice

Active Voice: subject performs the action

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 S V

Basic: The designer angrily threw the sketch away because it owned no intriguing features.

S V

Advanced: The anxious father excitedly checked the website restock after a prolonged day at

work in hopes of finally spoiling himself.

Passive Voice: the subject is acted upon

S V

Basic: Shirts are deliberately being worn so to avoid any uncomfortableness in the crowd.

S V

Advanced: The order was being mailed late at night after flabbergastedly overcoming some last

minute technical difficulties.

6. Verbals (verbs not used as verbs)

Gerund: word ending in -ing used as a noun

Ger

The artist passionately loved researching trends during his spare time.

Participle: word ending in -ing or ed used as an adjective

Part

Walking on the beach one sunny morning, Sophia surprisingly discovered her love for peace and

nature evoked in art and fashion.

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Infinitive: verbs followed by the word to

Inf

Patricias favorite pastime is to design merchandise that is fearlessly controversial and

debatable.

IV. Adjectives- are word or phrases meant to describe, quantify, identify and/or modify a noun

or pronoun

1. Kinds - Demonstrative: point out pronouns and nouns and always come before them

ex) This shirt. That brand. Those shoes.

Common: most common type of adjectives, they describe a noun and its quality

ex) Red skirts and bowties. Dull, white shirts. Amazing graphics.

Proper: adjectives used to describe something in a clear, direct manner

ex) Chinese inspired winter collection. Mexican themed fashion show.

African fabric and texture.

2. Endings - -able, -al, -ful, -ic, -ive, -less, -ous

Remarkable, logical, colorful, cubic, attractive, restless, courageous

3. Conversions - other parts of speech can be converted by adding a adjective suffix to the word

(-al, -ary, -ful, -ic, -ical, -ish, -less, -like, -ly, -ous, -y)

ex) worth - worthless, dirt - dirty, mystery- mysterious, color - colorful

4. Articles - words that combine with a noun and used to describe a noun. ( a, an, the)

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Use a before a noun or adjective that starts with a consonant sound.

ex) A comfortable fit of the day.

Use an before a noun or adjective that starts with a vowel sound.

ex) An excellent variety of merchandise.

Use the in front of a noun or adjective to refer to a specific thing/object

ex) Pass Travis the shirt. (not just any shirt, the shirt)

5. Comparative/Superlatives - adjectives used to describe three or more persons, places, or things

Comparative suffix: -er

Superlative suffix: -est

ex) The finer quality shirt. The finest quality shirt

ex) The prettier outfit. The prettiest outfit.

ex) A thinner, tighter fit. The thinnest, tightest fit.

V. Adverbs - modifies an adjective, verb, and other adverbs expressing a relation of place, time,

circumstance, manner, cause, or degree

1. Endings - -ily, -ly, -ally, -ways, -wise, -wards

ex) busily, lovely, artistically, clockwise, sideways, westward

2. Conversions - many adjectives and verbs can be converted into adverbs by simply adding one

of the adverb endings to the end of the word

ex) elegant - elegantly, careless - carelessly, creative - creatively

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3. Types -

Manner - how something is done or happens (badly, happily, sadly, slowly, quickly)

Frequency - of often something is done or happens (almost, always, ever, hardly, never)

Degree - level or extent at which something is done or happens (almost, nearly, very, quite)

Place - tells us where something is done or happens (above, below, here, outside, under)

Time - tells us when something is done or happens (afterwards, always, immediately)

4. Conjunctive adverbs - show cause and effect, sequence, contrast, and comparison (henceforth,

furthermore, instead, eventually, nevertheless, moreover)

5. Intensifiers -

Emphasizers - They really enjoyed shopping there because of the good sales and faster service.

The sweatshirts will certainly sell first since everyone brutally wanted them.

Amplifiers - The orange bandana is absolutely amazing and alarmingly bright. The sales

associate did very bad in confusedly explaining to the customers the stores return policy .

Downtoners - The brand all but attracted Josh who urgently needed inexpensive nice clothes.

The shoes were sort of nice considering they were carelessly manufactured.

Premodifiers - A very tight shirt that captiously caught the crowds attention. The line went

rather quickly although countless individuals childishly tried to cut.

6. Comparative/Superlatives - they both show a degree of comparison, superlative being the

more dramatic of the two.

ex) little, less, least; well, better, best; bad, worse,worst

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Example Types:

Manner -

Basic: The shirts sold very well and clairvoyantly became symbolic articles of clothing.

Advanced: Since the stitching and quality on the spring collection was awful, sales, profit,

income and revenue the first couple of weeks quickly went downhill positioning the company in

debt.

Time -

Basic: They carelessly released yesterday without prior notice to the public.

Advanced: Immediately after opening pre-orders, the site unfortunately crashed and caused

everyone headaches including the consumer and company.

Place -

Basic - The shoes are over there, comfortably in display next to the sculpture made of iron.

Advanced - Jacob neatly organized his astonishing shoe collection side by side under his bed

where it was most accessible to him on a day to day basis.

Degree -

Basic - The creme color on that shirt is so pleasant it eloquently expresses my emotions.

Advanced - For nearly a decade, the companys profit has been increasing drastically thanks to

the young and innovative facility.

Frequency -

Basic - The quality is always good definitely under any circumstance.

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Advanced - The once popular clothing brand started loosing its loyal fan base after they rarely

had anything in stock and the quality reeked and plummeted.

VI. Conjunctions - the action or event of two or more events occurring at the same point in time

1. Coordinating (FANBOYS) - connect words, phrases, and clauses (for, and, nor, but, or,

yet, so)

Basic - The hat and pair of shoes coincidentally complemented each other.

Advanced - The concept and quality on the upcoming pair of Jordans was intriguing, but the

retail price was enough to make him bankrupt and easily pass on it .

2. Correlative - connect two equal grammatical items (neither/nor; either/or; both/and; as/so)

Basic - Both the pair of Nikes and Adidas were intriguingly attractive.

Advanced: Neither the local stores nor online websites had his size in stock since he carelessly

procrastinated to buy the pair of sneakers on their release day.

3. Subordinate - provides a transition between two ideas in a sentence and will indicate

time/cause/effect relationship. (since, so, till, unless, before, if)

Basic- His credit card failed so he embarrassingly paid in cash.

Advanced -She would have to miss her runway walk unless she went out there and

unprofessionally walked barefoot in front of millions.

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4. Relative Pronouns - connect two clauses while acting as a conjunction(who, which, that, what,

as)

Basic - He who adores fashion undoubtedly has a lot of creativity.

Advanced - The shirt that instantly sold out skyrocketed in resale value due to the limited

quantities of the product that were produced.

VII. Prepositions - link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to another word or element in the clause

and show the relation between them. NEVER followed by verbs. (aboard, above, across, after, at,

away, before, behind, beneath, beside, despite, down, except, like, near)

1. Apart from failing to gather enough money to pay the rent before the start of the month,

the fashion designers cold heartedly ran out of ideas for their upcoming fashion show.

2. Instead of purchasing the overpriced high end shoes, Thomas apprehensively decided on

buying several pairs of Vans and denim, and still had leftover money.

3. In spite of the hardships the brothers overcame in the past, to this day the demand for

their products is deranged and honestly a true blessing.

VIII. Interjections - a part of speech that shows the emotion or feeling of the author

(Absolutely, Achoo, Ack, Adios, Aha, Ahoy, Agreed, Alack, Alright, Alrighty, Blah, Bravo,

Brrr, Bye, Cheers, Ciao, Cripes, Doh, Drat, Eek, Gadzooks, Gee, Goodness Gracious, Gosh,

Hallelujah, Heigh-ho. No, Nah, Oh)

1. Oh dear! How am I ever going to quickly shed twenty pounds in time for the fashion

show next month, bye bye chocolate chip cookies.

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 2. Eureka! The collaboration we did with them was a success because the shirts sold out in

less than five minutes after launching them, goodness knows absolutely how mad people

will be because of this though.

3. Cheers for the hard work you guys have put in, hallelujah! Eek, now heres to another

magnificent year at Industrial Products, Co. barked the aptly drunk CEO at the New

Years fashion event in the beautiful city of Toronto.

i . Antecedents - an earlier word or phrase which a noun refers back to.

Ant N

1. While the design company non discriminately accepts all applications, they pursue

candidates who seem professional and own confidence.

ii. Complements - the term used for a word that is needed to complete the meaning of an

expression

Comp

1. Terry is enthusiastic and a fashion entrepreneur looking to firmly leave his mark in

todays fashion industry.

iii. Objects - follow subject and/or verbs in sentences and are nouns/pronouns that give meaning

to this subject/verb

S V DO

1. Direct Object: The employee and his coworker designed a spreadsheet to better organize

the fashion companys databases and templates.

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 S V IO DO

2. Indirect Object: Chris sent Tina the sketch of his design in hopes of deliberately

impressing her and gaining her trust.

iv. Modifiers - can play the role of an adjective or adverb meant to describe a word/subject or

make its meaning more specific

S Mod

1. Richard designed an innovative brand that successfully integrated technology and a

desire for improvement.

v. Transitions - words or phrases that provide a connection between ideas, sentences and/or

paragraphs and help make writing flow better.

1. The clothing company created a social media account to connect with customers easier

Trans

similarly, to how their rival competitors did so as well.

Location Time Compare Contrast Emphasize Conclude Add Clarify

above while likewise but again finally again that is

behind first also still truly lastly another for
by soon while although especially therefore for instance
near then like on the in fact instance in other
across after other for words
below today hand also
down later however and
off next yet addition
to the at even besides

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right third though along
against afterward with
beneath

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vi. Expletives - words or phrases that do not add structural or grammatical meaning to the

sentence it pertains to

Expl

1. I forgetfully left my sketch book filled with logo designs there.

viii. Agreements - the relationship of a verb with its subject

S V

1. Subject-Verb: Jaime always complains when his boss gleefully assigns him a new

product or design to edit or work with.

PN N

2. Noun-Pronoun: Clarissa eagerly hurried up when she noticed she needed just minor

improvements to fulfill all the requirements her boss had assigned her for the day.

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 Section 2: Phrases

Phrases: small group of words standing together as a conceptual unit

1. Prepositional: words that indicate location

N V Prep N

Basic: John perforated along the shirt.

Adj N Adv V Prep N

Advanced: The anxious John violently perforated along the cuff of the shirt unfortunately

causing the stitching to appear slanted.

2. Appositive: a noun phrase that renames or describes a noun next to it.

N App Adj N

Basic: Jeremy , a fashion designer, had a taste for simplistic designs.

Adj N App

Advanced: The handsome Jeremy, a top known young fashion designer, owned a taste for

Adj N

intriguing simplistic designs that captivated people of all ages.

3. Verbal: group of words that begin with a verbal and end with a noun

Gerund: word ending in -ing used as a noun

N V Gerund

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Basic: The artist loved researching trends in his spare time.

N Adv V Gerund

Advanced: The artist passionately loved researching trends during his spare time because it

helped him gather ideas and designs based off his research.

Participle: word ending in -ing or ed used as an adjective

Part. N V

Basic: Walking on the beach one day, Sophia discovered her love for peace and fashion.

Part. Adj Adj N Adv V

Advanced: Walking on the beach one sunny beautiful morning, Sophia surprisingly discovered

her love for peace and nature evoked in art and fashion.

Infinitive: verbs followed by the word to

N V Infinitive

Basic: Patricia likes to design merchandise to express her feelings.

N Adj Infinitive Adv

Advanced: Patricias favorite pastime is to design merchandise that is fearlessly controversial

and debatable as a method for her to express her feelings and emotions inside of her head.

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 Section 3: Clauses

Clauses: groups of words that include a predicate (verb) and a subject

1. Independent: contain a subject and a verb and express a complete thought.

Subject V

Basic: Tommy Hilfiger requires his employees to not be late.

Adv Subject

Advanced: The highly respected and well-known Tommy Hilfiger , American lifestyle fashion

designer, requires his employees to be prompt with a positive attitude.

2. Subordinate (Dependent): contain a subject and a verb but do not express a complete

thought.

a. Noun Clause: a dependent clause that acts as a noun in a sentence.

N V

Basic: Where Ralph stitched the seam made up the collar of the shirt.

Adj N V

Advanced: Where the impotent Ralph stitched the seam of the collar, he appeared to have

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 Adv

violently pulled the material causing an awkward pattern in the shirt.

b. Adjective Clause: group of words that modify or provide a description of a noun (begin with

relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, that, which)

N Adj. Clause Adv V

Basic: Michael who successfully collaborated with top major brands in the past.

Adj Adj N Adj. Clause Adv

Advanced: A very creative and productive young man by the name of Michael who successfully

collaborated with top major brands in the past received recognition for his uniqueness at last

weeks meeting.

c. Adverb Clause: function as an adverb and meant to answer how, when, where, and why

N Prep. Adv. Claus Adv V

Basic: The shirt was on the counter where Jerry absentmindedly set it down.

Adj N Prep. Adv. Clause Adv

Advanced: The floral sample long sleeve was on the counter where Jerry absentmindedly set it

down after Johanna handed it to him.

d. Relative Clause: will begin with a relative pronoun and answers what kind, how many, or

which one.

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 N Relative Clause Adv V

Basic: The guy who passionately loved camo and gray mixed together with his outfit.

Adj N Relative Clause Adv

Advanced: The creative guy who passionately loved camo and gray mixed together within his

outfit on a day to day basis.

e. Elliptical Clause: a clause in which some words have been left out

N V

Basic: At the end of the day Sophia designed five shirts; Maria, three.

Adj Adj N V

Advanced: At the end of a prolonged and tiresome Monday, Sophia designed five elegant shirts;

Maria only three.

f. Essential Clause: clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence and tell the reader which

one of many.

N Essential Clause V

Basic: Tinker Hatfield who designed the Jordan retros 3 to 30 claims the Jordan 11 model

remains his favorite.

Adj N Essential Clause V

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Advanced: The legendary Tinker Hatfield who designed the Jordan retros 3 to 30 claims the

Jordan 11 model remains his favorite to this day although it was inspired by a land mower.

g. Nonessential Clause: clauses that aren't required or essential to the meaning of the sentence

N Non-Essential Clause V

Basic: Kanye West , who is married to Kim Kardashian, owns the Yeezy brand and is an

Adj

official partner of Adidas Original.

Adv N Non-Essential Clause

Advanced: The highly controversial and outgoing Kanye West , who is married to Kim

Adj

Kardashian, owns the Yeezy brand and is an official partner of the Adidas Original brand.

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 Section 4: Sentences

Sentences

a. Sentence Parts:

i. Subject

1. Complete: includes a subject and a predicate and form a complete thought

Subject Adv V

Basic: Christopher constantly complained about stiff jeans all the time.

Subject Adv V

Advanced: Christopher constantly complained and whined about stiff jeans all the time so he

set out to make his own jeans made with performance materials for enhanced range of motion

and everyday comfort.

2. Simple: doesnt contain more than one independent clause, no subordinate clauses and

expresses only one main idea

N V Adj

Basic: All her life Maria has loved fashion very much.

N Adv V Adj

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Advanced: All her life Maria has passionately loved fashion very much, thanks to her mother

who spoiled her with new dresses every weekend.

3. Compound: two independent clauses that are joined by a coordinating conjunction or a

semicolon

N V Compound N V Adv

Basic: They got to the fashion show early, and they got really good seats effortlessly.

N v Adj Compound N

Advanced: Since there was no traffic they arrived at the fashion show early, and they were able

to obtain really good seats effortlessly.

ii. Predicate

1. Complete: consists of a verb and all the words that modify the verb in a sentence

following the subject.

N V

Basic: Many people will buy the merchandise they sell after the concert.

N V

Advanced: Many people will buy the merchandise they sell after the concert because it is a

way for them to remember the unforgettable night.

2. Simple: the main word that tells something about the subject

N V Adj

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Basic: Johnny wore distressed jeans with his camo shirt to match the theme.

N V Adj Adj

Advanced: Johnny wore distressed, ripped jeans with his camo shirt to match the theme at the

reunion and so to not stand out.

3. Compound: identifies two actions for the same subject

N V V

Basic: The design committee has to design a pair of sneakers and keep it under $50 for retail.

Adj N V V

Advanced: The talented design committee has to design a pair of sneakers and keep it under $50

for retail by utilizing cheap, inexpensive materials that will last.

b. Sentence Types:

i. Declarative: kind of sentence that makes a statement or declares something

Subject V Adj

Basic: Lebron James is an important spokesperson for Nike.

Subject V Adv Adj

Advanced: Lebron James is an extremely important spokesperson for Nike rumored to have

signed a contract for life allocating millions of dollars to his net worth.

ii. Interrogative: asks a question and always ends with a question mark

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 Interrogative

Basic: Will the resale price for Yeezys ever be reasonable?

Interrogative

Advanced: Will the outrageous resale price for Yeezys ever be reasonable considering Adidas

and Kanye West both have the authority and power to mass produce them?

iii. Imperative: sentence that gives advice, instructions, or expresses a request or comma

V N Adj

Basic: Produce the shoes with a durable mesh instead of leather to eliminate the effects of

creasing on the toe box.

V Adj N Adj

Advanced: Produce the signature shoe with a durable mesh instead of leather to eliminate the

effects of creasing on the toe box area of the shoe and make them appear like a brand new pair of

shoes for a longer period of time.

iv. Exclamatory: sentence that expresses strong feelings and ends with an exclamation

mark

Subject V Adv Adj

Basic: The upcoming pair of Reverse Shattered Backboards will be an extremely limited release!

Subject V Adv Adj

33
Advanced: The upcoming pair of Reverse Shattered Backboards will be an extremely limited

release due to the fact that theyre made with genuine leather!

c. Sentence Errors

i. Fragment: group of words that dont form a complete sentence and because it doesnt

include a complete independent clause.

Solution: To fix a fragment attach it to the front or end of a nearby main clause (has an

independent subject and verb)

Adverb Adj N

Example: Throughout the stressful week.

Solution: To fix this fragment we have to attach it to a main clause, in other words add a subject

and a verb after it.

Adverb Adj N N V

Revised: Throughout the stressful week, Jacob weaved consistently so to finish the enormous

order in time for Christmas.

ii. Run -on/Rambling: a sentence with two or more independent clauses (which can stand

alone) that arent joined with proper punctuation and/or conjunction.

Solution: Insert the proper kind of punctuation (inserting a comma will only make it a

coma slice) and/or a conjunction.

N Adj

34
Example: Most of the employees at Reebok are young, this proves my point that the company is

heading in the appropriate direction.

Solution: To fix this run-on simply change the comma for a period so to separate the two

independent clauses.

N Adj

Revised: Most of the employees at Reebok are young. This proves my point that the company is

heading in the appropriate direction

iii. Fused Sentence: Similar to a run-on sentence, this kind of error has two independent

clauses joined together without any kind of punctuation.

Solution: To fix this kind of error insert a period, a semicolon, or a coordinating

conjunction.

Adj N V

Example: The long sleeve shirt was inspired by the recent trend it included scraped edges with

rips and tears here and there.

Solution: To fix this fused sentence just simply insert a coordinating conjunction following a

comma.

Adj N V

Revised: The long sleeve shirt was inspired by the recent trend, and it included scraped edges

with rips and tears here and there.

35
 iv. Misplaced Modifier: word, phrase, or clause that is improperly separated from the

word it modifies/describes

Solution: You can fix this type of error by moving the modifier to a more sensible place

in the sentence.

Adj N Adv Adj N

Example: During the fashion show, Veronica shockingly found a diamond women's ring.

Solution: You can fix this error by switching diamond and women's

Adj N Adv N Adj

Revised: During the fashion show, Veronica shockingly found a womens diamond ring.

v. Comma Splice: a sentence that has two main clauses connected with only a comma.

Solution: Just like any other run-on sentence, you can fix a comma splice with a period,

coordinating conjunction or a semicolon.

N Adv

Example: Christian patiently waited for the new shipment from the printing company, he had

already called them to check and calculate its arrival.

Solution: You can fix this comma splice by adding a period to separate them into two sentences

because there is no need to join the two clauses.

N Adv

Revised: Christian patiently waited for the new shipment from the printing company. He had

already called them to check and calculate its arrival.

36
 vi. Double Negative: a sentence that has the negative form of a verb with a negative

pronoun, a negative adverb, or a negative conjunction.

Solution: Get rid of one of the negatives so to not confuse the reader and be more clear.

Subject Adj N Adj

Example: The Supreme and Levi's collaboration denim jacket is not unattractive and a bit pricy.

Solution: Consider the message of the sentence and adjust the words so to be more clear (the two

negatives cancel each other out implying the jacket is nice).

Subject Adj N Adj

Revised: The Supreme and Levis collaboration denim jacket is attractive and a bit pricy.

Sentence Patterns

1. Simple Sentences: a sentence that includes only a single subject and predicate.

N V

Basic: Companies like Under Armour are opening more factories in America.

Adj Adj N Adv V

Advanced: Fashion and sports brands like Under Armour have recently opened more factories in

America to open up job positions for fellow Americans.

37
 2. Compound Sentence: a sentence with two or more independent clauses that is normally

joined together with a coordinating conjunction or semicolon.

N Adj V Conjunction N V

Basic: The line was long to buy a shirt, yet Chris bought it online with ease.

N Adv V Conjunction

Advanced: The line to get into the store was extremely long to be able to purchase a shirt, yet

N V

Chris bought the same shirt online with ease.

3. Complex Sentence: a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent

N V PN

Basic: Vincent was able to resell his shirt, who had failed in doing so for over a month.

N V PN

Advanced: Vincent was finally able to resell his shirt on Ebay, who had failed to do so for over a

month since its release in the summer.

4. Complex-Compound Sentence: a sentence with at least two independent clauses and

one dependent

N V PN Adv

Basic: Mark complained because the shirt was ugly, but he eventually got his money back.

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 N Adv V PN

Advanced: Mark belligerently complained because the long sleeve shirt was ugly, but he

Adv V

eventually received a full refund on his entire purchase.

5. Loose Sentence: a sentence that generally begins with an independent clause followed

by a subordinate which modifies it.

N V V

Basic: The web designer continued to modify the brands website by clicking new fonts and

inserting new images with animations.

Adj N Adv V

Advanced: The innovative web designer continued to eagerly modify the brands website by

clicking new fonts and inserting images with animations.

6. Periodic Sentence: a sentence which contains the main point at the end of the sentence

as a way to attract the reader.

Adj N Adj N Adj N N Adj

Basic: Despite harsh criticism, low sales, and bipolar employees, the two brothers were confident

in their product.

Adj N Adj N Adj N Adj N

Advanced: Despite harsh criticism, low sales, and bipolar employees, the two young brothers

Adj V

39
were confident in their eco-friendly brand which manufactured its products here in the United

States.

7. Balanced Sentence: a sentence that contains two segments equal in length and

grammatical structure/meaning

N V Adj N

Basic: Every employer has the right to demand high-quality work while every employee has the

right to protest any complaint.

N Adv V Adj

Advanced: Every employer has the right to calmly demand hard and high quality work while

N Adv V V

every employee has the right to serenely petition and protest any complaint.

8. Parallel Structure: sentence that contains a pattern of words to show an idea with the

same level of importance.

N V V V Adj N

Basic: John likes to collaborate, to design, and to brainstorm innovative designs.

N Adv V V V Adj

Advanced: John passionately enjoys to collaborate, to design, and to brainstorm new innovative

designs that will make his products more comfortable and high-quality.

40
 9. Chiasmus: a sentence that repeats words with two or more clauses in reversed order to

produce an artistic effect.

V PN V V PN V

Basic: Hate as if you would one day resell, and resell as if you would one day hate.

V PN V V V

Advanced: Hate the product as if you would one day resell them, and resell them as if you hate

the product so much.

10. Asyndeton: a type of sentence that eliminates all conjunctions between words on

purpose all while keeping its grammatical accuracy.

V Adj V N V V V V

Basic: Pick the cotton, thread it into cloth, stitch it, add color, design it, wear it to outshine the

competitors.

V N V N V N V N N

Advanced: Pick the cotton, thread it into cloth, stitch the material, add color to the product,

Adj N V N Adv

modify the design, wear it to outshine the competitors and effortlessly headline the news.

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 11. Polysyndeton: a sentence that utilizes more conjunctions between words than is

needed for a rhetorical purpose.

PN V N V N N V N N

Basic: We couldnt decide on a brand because Tom likes Nike, but Sam likes Adidas, but Chris

V N N V N

likes Under Armour, but Tony likes Puma.

PN V N V N

Advanced: We couldnt decide on a brand for the soccer uniform because Tom prefers Nike, but

N V N N V N N V N N V

Sam prefers Adidas, but Chris prefers Under Armour, but Tony prefers Puma, but Brian prefers

N N V N

Reebok, but Paul prefers Asics.

12. Anaphora: a sentence that repeats a word in order to place emphasis and draw

attention.

Adj N Adj N N V

Basic: Every day, every night, in every way the founder stayed up late at night perfecting the

logo for his brand.

Adj N Adj N N

Advanced: Every single day, every single night, in every single way the founder stayed up late at

42
night perfecting the logo for his brand in attempt to steer it in the appropriate direction and draw

the proper form of attention.

13. Epistrophe: a sentence that incorporates the same word at the end of each phrase.

N V N V N

Basic: Johnny filmed a documentary for Nike, in order to gain the attention of Nike, in attempt to

V N

receive a sponsorship from Nike.

N V Adj N

Advanced: Johnny filmed a creative documentary about his love for soccer and fashion for Nike,

V N V Adj Adv

in order to gain the attention of Nike, in attempt to receive a valuable and extremely rare

sponsorship from Nike.

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 Section 5: Paragraphs

Paragraphs

1. Introductory Paragraphs: introduce the topic, thesis, or general claim. They should

of course include a hook to grab the readers attention as well as the thesis statement (purpose for

their piece of writing). Generally ranges from 5 to 6 sentences.

a. Hook (Lead): the first sentence, how the writer introduces the topic.

i. Anecdote: a general brief story meant to introduce the topic

Example: As a young boy, Tyler owned almost no materialistic things. His family lived off

paycheck to paycheck and Tyler grew up watching his friends acquire the finer things in life but

then always asking for money. From early on, he decided he was going to excell in school,

obtain a college education, and earn him and his family a better life by being resourceful and not

foolishly wasting his money.

ii. Question Based: a question that introduces the reader to the topic.

Example: Are big corporate companies really cheating the consumer out of quality?

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b. Thesis Statements: the overall purpose of a piece of writing and something arguable.

i. Assertion: just a simple claim

Example: Fashion companies are utilizing cheaper materials and charging more and more for

their products.

ii. Fact: a claim that is verifiable

Example: Jordans used to cost $20 to make and retailed for $150 and now they cost about $15 to

$18 dollars to manufacture and are retailing for almost $220.

iii. Opinion: personal position on a topic

Example: Jordan is cheating the consumer of good quality and theyre not even amazing shoes.

iv. Belief: social, religious, or political in nature held by many to be a fact, though it is

not necessarily

Example: It is inhumane to purchase $200 shoes while kids in Africa own no shoes and are

starving to death.

v. Generalization: uses absolute or statistical pronouns that are almost always incorrect

Example: All Jordans are overpriced and give the impression of clown shoes.

vi. Document Based: cites a specific source and its position on a topic

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Example: In a recent study report by Highsnobiety, it is proven that Kanye West buys Gildan $5

shirts and sells them for ridiculous, and outrageous prices simply because theyre his product.

vii. Theory: a statement that can be tested and potentially proven

Example: Entrepreneurs like Kanye West easily walk away with more than $50 profit in just one

shirt which adds up to thousands every time he releases a new collection.

2. Body Paragraphs: carry on and elaborate on the thesis and are responsible for

providing evidence to support it

a. Topic Sentences: specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on the subject and

area of evidence

Example: Multiple news outlets additionally claim that Michael Jordan is robbing the poor of

their money. (every sentence in the paragraph must relate to the connection between Michael

Jordan and the poor now.)

b. Evidence from Quotes: quotes should always be cited so to avoid plagiarism, the following are

different examples on how to cite a specific quote.

i. Several fashion enthusiasts agree, Michael Jordan is recklessly charging outrageous

prices for his silly antique retros he wore years ago (Hainer 23).

ii. Michael Jordan is recklessly charging outrageous prices for his silly antique retros he

wore years ago according to several fashion enthusiasts (Hainer 23).

46
 iii. Unfortunately for the consumer, Michael Jordan is recklessly charging outrageous

prices for his silly antique retros he wore years ago, according to several fashion enthusiasts

(Hainer 23).

iv. Unfortunately for the consumer, Michael Jordan is recklessly charging [expensive]

outrageous prices for his silly antique retros he wore years ago (Hainer 23).

v. Unfortunately for the consumer, Michael Jordan charging [expensive] prices for

his retros (Hainer 23).

vi. Paraphrase: reword the quote while still citing the source

Original Quote: Michael Jordan is recklessly charging outrageous prices for his silly antique

retros he wore years ago (Hainer 23).

Paraphrase: Michael Jordan is charging way too much for shoes that have not been remodeled in

years (Hainer 23).

vii. Summary: shrink the long quote into a couple of words.

Original Quote: Michael Jordan is recklessly charging outrageous prices for his silly antique

retros he wore years ago (Hainer 23).

Summary: Jordans shoes are expensive.

47
 viii. Abstract Examples: what if examples which should be avoided

Example: People would save money if they stopped buying overpriced Jordans.

ix. Concrete Examples: actual examples with a reference

Example: A study from 2015 by Kicks on Fire found that an average person saved around $2000

dollars a year by not buying Jordans and buying cheaper, more inexpensive shoes.

c. Closing Sentences: end the discussion of the topic starting with an adverb and repeats the

thesis of the essay

Example: Undoubtedly, Jordans are very luxurious shoes that that are not worth the money since

cheaper alternatives exist.

3. Closing Paragraphs: the conclusion, should not be mere summaries of the essay. Elaborate

and expand

a. Consequences of Disregarding the Thesis: explain the possible effects of disregarding the

thesis

Example: If a person were to keep spending their money on Jordans month after month, sooner

or later the shoes value will diminish as well as the persons savings.

48
b. Statements of Extension: extending the possible consequences of disregarding the thesis

Example: As a result, many people carelessly dive into debt and are forced to live off paycheck

after paycheck.

c. Establishing the Significance of the Thesis

Example: In saving so much money in the long run, the person can then afford to purchase a new

car or maybe even a new house simply because he/she financed their money well and was

resourceful.

d. Final Sentence: connects back to the hook

Example: By avoiding silly overpriced shoes, people like Tyler will save tremendous amounts of

money and be able to invest it in better things.

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 Section 6: Essays

Essays

a. Types of Essays

i. Persuasive: a persuasive essay attempts to convince the reader to agree with the writers point

of view through arguments, research, and/or ideas.

ii. Expository: an expository essay simply sets forward an argument that is explained or

elaborated on.

2) The writer must set a thesis such as an argument that requires evidence which is given

throughout the body paragraphs and an explanation of the idea as well at the beginning of the

essay.

3) In a compare and contrast essay the writer must introduce the two items, compare the two,

then contrast the two, and finally conclude which is better based off their observations or

research.

4) In a cause and effect essay the writer explains how a specific event or occurrence produces an

effect. It is explained how a cause results in an effect or how a condition becomes the cause a

consequence(s).

iii. Analytical/Critical: a analytical essay examines a piece of literature and determines how

good the piece is at delivering its purpose or point.

50
1) Evaluative means the reader simply evaluates a piece of literature at how successful it is at

conveying its purpose.

2) Interpretive means the reader interprets a piece of literature as well but simply elaborates on

their understanding of the text.

iv. Narrative: a narrative essay simply tells a story or a personal experience.

1) It can be personal, most commonly a personal experience about getting to know and

understand yourself better based on an event.

v. Research: a research essay gathers cumulative facts based off research, critical thinking,

sourcing, and evaluation of different pieces of text. It is important to cite all sources, however,

like either of the two following examples:

1) MLA Citation Format - Kanye West stated, Everyone will be able to afford Yeezys

effortlessly in the near future (West 20).

2) APA Citation Format - According to Adidas Original (2015), revenues and profits will

skyrocket in the following years due to new innovations (pg. 23).

vi. Timed: simply an essay with a prompt and a certain, specific time limit

1) A document based essay or series of questions measure a persons knowledge by providing a

specific document or excerpts of a speech.

2) A synthesis essay utilizes a unique point of view and is backed up with multiple sources.

51
3) A prompt based essay simply contains a prompt or a specific topic that must be researched,

elaborated on or explained through evidence.

b. Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps:

i. Pre-writing/Prompt Analysis/Outlining:

1) It is important to understand that a pre-writing is simply a rough draft, a foundation for what

will become the final draft. A lot of revisions should be made, especially since the goal of a

rough draft is to meet all the requirements of the essay and only after should a person go back

and revise and further elaborate.

2) During a prompt analysis the person should completely comprehend what the requirements

are and organize themselves. More than anything to need to make sure that they meet these

requirements and deliver a powerful and impactful presentation and overall flow.

3) More than anything, outlining will aid a person in organizing their thoughts. Outlining cancels

out the irrelevant information and will help organize the essay structure and what to include

where and when and how to help sound professional and clear.

ii. Research/Evaluation of Sources

1) Research is the single most important thing besides writing the essay itself. Without research

what information will you incorporate into the essay? Research ,however, separates what makes

a strong essay from a weak feeble essay. The writer must dig deep and gather facts and data from

a wide range of different formats to devise the perfect essay.

2) Reliable sources are a must, and irrelevant flimsy sources will only hurt your essay. What is

the point of consulting platforms and gathering information from tabloids or other mediums that

52
are false if the purpose of an essay to be trustworthy. Make sure to fully evaluate any source and

check with different websites about a specific prompt and make sure all of them correlate in one

way or another to maximize the value of the essay.

c. Work Cited Page:

i. MLA Format - the source should be cited last name, first name, list the authors last name as

well as the page number at the end of a quote, and be typically referred to in a works cited page.

Vazquez, Sergio. How To Be Fashionable With Your Grammar. December 2016, Print.

ii. APA Format - the source should be last name, first name as well, list the author's last name

and the year of publication, and be referred to in a references page.

Vazquez, S. (2016, December). How To Be Fashionable With Your Grammar.

53
 Section 7: Capitalization

Capitalization

1) Always capitalize all important words (first and last) in a title

Example: Sergio Vazquezs grammar book How To Be Fashionable With Your Grammar

served as a good basis and foundation for fashion and grammar advice.

2) Capitalize names and other nouns

Example: Aunt Mary was a fashion expert on street clothing back in her day before she met her

husband and gave birth to her daughter.

3) Capitalize names of organizations

Example: The American Red Cross held a fundraiser to generate money to buy clothing and

school utensils for kids in third world countries.

4) Capitalize days, months, and holidays

Example: Fashion Week in Paris was scheduled to start the 14th of October, days after most if

not all major clothing brands release their lookbooks for their Fall/Winter collections.

5) Capitalize all proper adjectives

Example: The Tuesday meeting was postponed to next week to try and discuss possible

collaborations for the upcoming summer releases.

6) Capitalize brand names

Example: The Louis Vuitton loafers appear dull and basic at a glance, but on hand their high

quality suede is visible.

54
7) Capitalize business names

Example: American Airlines was generally the preferred airline flight by most celebrities to

fashion week in New York.

8) Capitalize institution names

Example: The University of Oregon was home to Phil Knight, the founder and creator of the

global fashion and athletic brand, Nike.

9) Capitalize names of places

Example: Canada is best known for introducing big parka jackets with denim jeans into the

American fashion scene in last couple of years.

10) Capitalize historical events, periods, and documents

Example: One thing is for sure, most if not all people were not concerned with how fashionable

their outfit was during the last Ice Age.

11) Capitalize anything affiliated with religion

Example: Back in colonial times, Protestants did not dedicate importance to their attire and

believed in simplicity and conservative outfits.

12) Capitalize languages

Example: Many times the Italian touch on fashion has created lasting trends in everyones

culture no matter the country a person resides in.

13) Capitalize names of buildings, and structures

Example: An Under Armour commercial to promote the Curry 3 was filmed near The Golden

Gate Bridge, the heart of the city.

55
14) Capitalize any title that appears next to any name

Example: Professor Eisenhower is rumored to have a fairly big shoe collection composed of

Jordans from the 90s and even the 80s.

15) Capitalize the first word in a sentence

Example: Fashion is defined in the dictionary as a popular trend and the manner in which a

person performs an action.

16) Capitalize the pronoun I, it is not like the rest

Example: Wearing Doc Marten boots is something I would personally never do as they do not

soothe my taste buds.

17) Capitalize a well known area or event

Example: The fashion designer was allowed to unpack his bags in the West Wing of the

Convention Center where the event was being held.

18) Capitalize the first word in an outline

I. Capitalization

A. Rule #18

i. Capitalize the first word in an outline

The first word in the outline was capitalized as a means to appear more professional and

appropriate.

19) Capitalize the first word in a quote

Example: Coco Chanel once famously stated, Every day is a fashion show and the world is the

runway.

56
20) Capitalize names affiliated with the government

Example: Congress is many times the scene of a mad show just like any runway at a fashion

event full with paparazzi and photographs.

21) Capitalize races and ethnic groups

Example: Many Hispanic fashion designers have developed lasting trends such as lace and

embroidery as well as bare shoulders.

22) Capitalize North, South, East, West

Example: States in the South like Louisiana and Kentucky are known for their African American

roots and impact on their fashion culture.

23) Capitalize political parties

Example: Democrats and Republicans wear blue and red not for fashion purposes but to be more

easily distinguished in the modern world.

24) Only capitalized the first world in a hyphenated phrase

Example: Thirty-two of the nations most popular fashion enthusiasts were invited to the

European companys annual seminar held in Poland.

25) Capitalize the word President

Example: The President of the United States is well known for his taste in casual, comfortable

American brands made here in the United States.

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 Section 8: Punctuation

Punctuation

1) Square brackets [ ] are used to add words to a sentence that weren't originally said by the

speaker or author of the text

Example: He [the fashion expert Tommy Hilfiger] originated from Elmira, New York in the

early 1950s and has greatly impacted American fashion ever since.

2) Round brackets or parenthesis ( ) are used to separate irrelevent information from the original

sentence

Example: Kanye West (married to Kim Kardashian) has influenced young teenagers to wear

street clothing with ripped denim and aim for a more casual look overall.

3) The famous period ( . ) is used to end a sentence and simply wrap up a thought.

Example: Prada is an Italian fashion company founded back in 1913 by Mario Prada that

specializes in handbags, shoes, and perfumes.

4) The comma ( , ) is meant to pause a sentence and allow for literature to flow more easily

Example: The public tends to favor warmer clothing in the winter, according to first hand

encounters by the majority of people.

5) The hyphen ( - ) is used to separate syllables and conjoin words.

Example: His father-in-law played an important role in that he helped him discover who he was

from an early age and pursuit his dreams in the fashion industry with his creative mind.

6) A colon ( : ) is used to introduce a list or to separate two clauses.

58
Example: The owner issued a list of complaints to his employees which included: no gum on his

premises, no bathroom breaks, no talking, no phones, and especially no rude disruptive behavior.

7) The semi colon ( ; ) mainly indicates a pause longer than that of a comms and also separates

two clauses.

Example: The founder of the company announced his retirement by next fall over the summer; a

cloud of heartache and negativity hung over all the employees after that for they shared beloved

memories with the man.

8) The question mark ( ? ) is used for interrogative sentences which essentially asks a question

Example: Will the overpriced Yeezy ever go down in resale price considering they are cheap to

manufacture and produce effortlessly?

9) The exclamation mark ( ! ) is used to make a demand with strong emotions.

Example: The upcoming pair of Reversed Shattered Backboards will be an extremely limited

release due to the fact that theyre made with genuine leather!

10) The apostrophe ( ) is used to identify a possession and plural name.

Example: Ralph Laurens brand has become such a phenomenon in the last couple of decades as

Forbes estimates his net worth to be $5.5 million.

11) Quotation marks ( ) are used to identify a direct quote and to indicate the meaning of a

word

Example: The iconic Ralph Lauren once declared, Fashion is about something that comes from

within you.

59
12) Ellipsis ( ) is used to leave out one or more words that aren't necessary to the main idea

Example: His clothing brand would sell sweaters, shirts, long sleeves, coats, sweats and all

merchandise will be sold in limited quantities to keep demand high.

13) The long dash ( ) is used to mark off information that isnt essential to a text

Example: Many people like normal consumers constantly complain about the limited

quantities and overpriced items major brands like Supreme and Bape are famous for.

60
 Section 9: Commonly Confused Words

Commonly Confused Words

a. Connotation/Denotation: Connotation is a meaning implied by a word that is meant to

represent something else whereas Denotation is the literal meaning of the word as it appears in

the dictionary

Example: Crop tops unfortunately give off a connotation of bad behavior and people tend to

judge the book by its cover and assume the person is a troublemaker.

Example: Despite the denotation of fashion, it goes well beyond that and transcends into a deeper

meaning than is present because it describes who a person really is from the inside.

b. Who/Whom: Who is used as a sort of replacement for he/she while Whom is used as a

replacement for him/her.

Example: Kanye West who despite being a well-known artist has also had a huge impact on the

red carpet in recent years and his legacy will only continue to expand.

Example: To whom did you purchase that luxurious high end belt for, that person must be worth

it if you bought her something that possesses that much value.

c. Their/There/Theyre: Their refers to someones possession, There refers to a location so to say

and Theyre spells out they are which is meant to describe someone.

Example: The shirt with the best quality for less could be purchased by wholesale from their

online shop to set a casual tone when wearing it.

61
Example: There seems to have been a lot of thought dedicated and set aside for the new

Kendrick Lamar and Reebok collaboration if a true story through the eyes of the artist himself

inspired the creation of the shoes.

Example: Theyre by far some of the most gifted and highly ranked in the country fashion

experts in predicting trends.

d. Lie/Lay: Lie means to not tell the truth while Lay means to put down or to position

Example: Many companies unfortunately lie about the quality of their products to to pressure

from competitors.

Example: The key to success in the fashion industry is to lay out a plan and organize and

brainstorm ahead of time to dedicate as much attention to the design of the product.

e. Laid/Lain: Laid is the past tense of lay which again means to place down while Lain is the past

tense of to lie which again means to be untruthful

Example: Christian laid out the different designs he had brainstormed out on his table and

aggressively scratched his head to try and think of what could make them more appealing.

Example: She decided to lain about her prior job experience in her job resume because she really

desired the job to be hers.

62
f. Affect/Effect: Affect means to act upon and to receive results while Effect is that result or

consequence

Example: Trends affect the direction fashion progresses in deeply because it steers the way

manufactures make and produce clothing.

Example: The effect of street clothing is seen with almost six-hour lines outside of pop up shops,

especially when celebrities like Kylie Jenner and Justin Bieber promote it.

g. Accept/Except: Accept is to approve of or to favor while except means with the exception of

Example: Many people never accept the fact that cheaper alternative brands offer the same type

of clothing the higher end brands offer for outrageous prices.

Example: Most fashion experts, except for the foolish inexperienced ones, agree quality and

appearance are everything in todays society.

h. Should have vs Should of: Should have is used to describe an instance where something was

meant to have happened but didnt while Should of is the incorrect way to say should have

Example: Many people agree they perhaps should have managed their money more carefully and

invested more of it.

Example: A lot of fashion designers tend to disagree on whether or not they should of performed

more collaborations.

63
i. Loath/Loathe: Loath is to be unwilling to while Loathe means to feel disgust for and hate

Example: Many sneakerheads loath the fact that they are forced to pay over forty dollars more

for a simple Nike Air logo on the back of the shoe.

Example: Most if not all CEOs of brands like Nike agree they loathe their employees which

makes no sense since they treat them like slaves as it is.

j. Infer/Imply: Infer is to draw conclusions while Imply means to indicate and/or suggest

Example: The typical consumer tends to infer that designing shirts and logos is easy, effortless

homework but the truth is a lot of thought goes into this process.

Example: Most shop owners imply they admire the thought and creativity that goes into reselling

sneakers because people really have to play their cards right for them to gain profit.

k. Weary/Wary: Weary is to be worn down and be tired while Wary means to watchful and alert

Example: The designer was so weary from staying up late and stressing over the shirt that he was

not sleep deprived.

Example: All resellers are always wary of any restock or random drop a company makes to

attempt and purchase the product before it sells out.

l. Proceed/Precede: Proceed means to move on or go forward with while Procede means come

before in order or position

Example: John decided to proceed on with his life after he failed to purchase the highly

anticipated sneaker online as it sold out almost immediately.

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Example: The brainstorming face precedes the final design as companies have to design the

product before they can even sell it.

m. Discrete/Discreet: Discrete means to be separated and unattached while Discreet means to be

careful in what one says or does

Example: Many people are discrete about reselling sneakers because they are aware of the fact

that they are hated by many.

Example: It is important to be discreet in everything one says because it can come back and

affect the person later on in life.

n. Conscience/Conscious: Conscience is the voice inside everyones head that acts as a guide

while Conscious to the state of being awake and aware

Example: Toms conscience told him to create a company that truly cared about the consumer

and sold high quality items for less.

Example: Rebecca was conscious after fainting from hearing her photoshoot with Fila was a

success.

o. Can/May: Can is that act being able to while May is to request permission or express the

possibility of

Example: The employees from Adidas begged their boss if they can be allowed a longer break to

have time to catch up with fellow co workers.

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Example: May we design the class shirt to make it captivating and appealing to the eye as

opposed to allowing the administrators make it as they wont even be the ones to wear them?

p. Advise/Advice: Advise is to recommend something while Advice is those recommendations

on what to do

Example: The CEO always advises new recruits to manage their time and money wisely to avoid

gray hair and stress.

Example: The best advice the employee ever received was to focus on creating beauty through

fashion and to exclude public opinion from interfering with the magic touch.

q. Aisle/Isle: An Aisle is a passage between two seats while an Isle is a little miniature island

Example: The aisle separated the team of paparazzi from the models themselves at the fashion

show.

Example: An isle in the middle of nowhere represented the direction long baggy clothing is

heading in as less and less people prefer this look.

r. Aloud/Allowed: Aloud is to simply be loud while Allowed is to be granted permission

Example: Many furious models cried aloud to be let outside in the middle of chaos in the

dressing room backstage in the fashion show.

Example: Starting next year, the panel of fashion experts will work less hours in addition to a

longer lunch break.

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s. Assent/Ascent: Assent is to be given approval while Ascent is the action of climbing or rising

up

Example: Many assent Supreme is overpriced and isnt worth the price tag at the end of the day

considering it is only a skating brand.

Example: The clothing brand slowly ascended and gained worldwide recognition when they

announced a collaboration with Nike and Jordan.

t. Bare/Bear: Bare is to uncover and Bear means to carry or be equipped with

Example: The models bare scrawny shoulders gave many the goosebumps and made them feel

uncomfortable considering how much skin she was exposing that day.

Example: They decided to bear the fact that by law they were not being paid enough and

threatened with legal action if the necessary changes were not made soon.

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 Quizzes With Answer Keys

Parts of Speech Quiz #1

1. A __________ describes an action, state of, or occurrence and forms the main part of the

predicate of a sentence.

2. Toothpaste and haircut are both examples of

A. Common Nouns

B. Abstract Nouns

C. Compound Nouns

D. Proper Nouns

3. In the sentence Lee threw Mathew the ball the ball is the _________.

4. What comes before and after an Appositive.

5. A Subject Complement follows a linking verb

A. True

B. False

6. How many types of noun are there?

A. 1

B. 3

C. 5

D. 10

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7. List 3 common verb endings.

8. There are 11 types of verbs.

A. True

B. False

9. Most Infinitive verbs have what two-letter word in front of it?

10. What do place Adverbs tell us?

Answer Key:

1. Verb

2. C

3. Indirect Object

4. Commas

5. A

6. C

7. -s, -ed, -ing

8. A

9. To

10. They tell us where something is done or happens.

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 Phrases Quiz #2

1. How many types of phrases exist?

A. 1

B. 5

C. 3

D. 2

2. A Prepositional phrase ______________________________ .

3. True or False: A Gerund is a type of verbal phrase?

4. A Infinitive verbal phrase has what word before it?

5. Appositives have what before and after them.

Mix and Match:

6. Along A. Appositive

7. Beside B. Prepositional

8. , an experienced employee, C. Infinitive Verbal Phrase

9. Sewing D. Gerund Verbal Phrase

10. To Wear E. Adjective

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 Answer Key:

1. C

2. Indicates a location with a preposition followed by a noun.

3. True

4. To

5. Commas

6. B

7. B

8. A

9. D

10. C

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 Clauses Quiz #3

1. True or False: Clauses include a subject and a verb

2. Is a subordinate clause a dependent clause?

3. A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.

A. True

B. False

C. I Dont Know

4. Which type of clause begins with a relative pronoun

A. Adverb

B. Nonessential

C. Noun

D. Adjective

5. A ______________ clause answers what kind, how many, or which one.

6. True or False: An elliptical clause includes words that have been left out.

7. A nonessential clause ________________________________________________ .

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Mix and Match:

8. Tells the reader which one of many - a. Adverb

9. Answers when, where, why, and how b. Essential

10. Subject, verb and a complete thought c. Independent

Answer Key:

1. True

2. Yes

3. A

4. Adjective

5. Relative

6. True

7. Clauses that arent required or essential to the meaning of the sentence.

8. B

9. A

10. C

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 Sentences Quiz #4

1. What does a complete sentence need?

2. What is the sole purpose of an Imperative sentence?

3. How can someone fix a fragment?

4. How can someone correct a fused sentence?

a. Add a conjunction

b. Add a period

c. Add a semicolon

d. All of the above

5. How many types of sentence patterns exist?

6. List all four types of sentences that exist.

7. A diamond women's ring is an example of what kind of error.

8. A compound sentence contains no dependent clauses?

a. True

b. False

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9. A ________________ leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses on purpose.

10. An Epistrophe sentence contains or ends in the same word(s) or phrase(s).

a. True

b. False

Answer Key:

1. A subject and predicate and forms a complete thought.

2. To give advice, instructions, or express a request.

3. Attach it to the front or end of a main clause to include a independent subject and verb.

4. D

5. 13

6. Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, and Exclamatory

7. Misplaced Modifier

8. A

9. Asyndeton

10. True

75
 Paragraphs Quiz #5

1. In what paragraph is an anecdote normally placed?

2. Is a Query Based hook a statement or a question?

3. How many types of thesis statements exist?

a. 3

b. 6

c. 7

d. 10

4. What can of thesis statement can be tested and potentially proven?

5. What kind of what if examples should be avoided at all times?

6. Quotes should never be used as individual sentences.

a. True

b. False

7. A closing sentence in a body paragraph should _______________________________.

8. There exists more than one way to integrate a quote into a sentence.

a. True

b. False

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9. What is a concrete example?

10. The last and final sentence of the essay should connect to the hook and wrap things up.

a. False

b. True

Answer Key:

1. Introductory paragraph

2. A question

3. C

4. Theory

5. Abstract Examples

6. A

7. Echo the thesis of the essay.

8. A

9. An actual, able-reference example such as a study or survey.

10. B

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 Essays Quiz #6

1) How many types of essay are there?

a. 1

b. 4

c. 6

d. 9

2) A persuasive essay attempts to convince the reader using what?

3) What does an expository essay set forth?

4) What is the main purpose of an analytical essay?

5) What kind of essay tells a story or personal experience?

a. Narrative

b. Persuasive

c. Timed

d. Expository

6) What are the two types of ways you can cite a source?

7) What do document based tests quiz a person on?

8) A person proves or supports a prompt with __________.

78
9) What does outlining help for?

10) What are two things a MLA cited source includes?

Answer Key

1) C

2) With arguments, research, and/or ideas.

3) An argument

4) Evaluate and judge a piece of literature and determine how good the piece is at delivering its

purpose or point.

5) A

6) MLA and APA

7) They measure a persons knowledge using a specific document or excerpts of a speech.

8) Evidence

9) To help organize ideas and thoughts

10) Authors last and first name and year of publication.

79
 Capitalization Quiz #7

A for True, B for False.

1) Organizations must be capitalized. ______

2) Pronouns must be capitalized. ______

3 Capitalize the names of months. _____

4) Dont capitalize the proper adjectives. _____

5) Brand names are capitalized. _____

6) Capitalize business names. ______

7) Capitalize the name of a historical event. _____

8) How many capitalization errors are there in the sentence? the protestant man demanded new

rights for his people.

9) Which of the following shouldnt be capitalized?

a. Historical Documents

b. Names

c. Languages

d. Pronouns

10) The last word in a sentence is always capitalized.

a. True

b. False

80
 Answer Key

1. A

2. B

3. A

4. B

5. A

6. A

7. A

8. Two

9. D

10. B

81
 Punctuation Quiz #8

1) Square brackets are

a.

b. ( )

c. [ ]

d. < >

2) Another word for round brackets is ___________.

3) The period is used to ___________________________________.

4) A hyphen helps ___________ syllables.

5) Which of these is used to introduce a list

a. :

b.

c. =

d. ;

6) Which of these is an apostrophe?

a. /

b. {

c.

d. -

7) A exclamatory sentence uses this form of punctuation ___.

8) An apostrophe is used to _____________________________.

82
9) The name of these three periods ( ) is an _________.

10) Quotation marks do not identify a direct quote

a. True

b. False

Answer Key

1. C

2. Parenthesis

3. End a sentence and wrap up a thought

4. Separate

5. A

6. C

7. !

8. Identify a possession and a plural name

9. Ellipsis

10. B

83
 Commonly Confused Words Quiz #9

1) Lie a. A result or consequence

2) Accept b.Meaning meant to represent something else

3) Denotation c. To put down or position

4) Infer d. To move on or go forward

5) Can e. To approve of or favor

6) Connotation f. To draw conclusions

7) Imply g. To indicate or suggest

8) Proceed h. To not tell the truth

9) Effect i. To be able to

10) Lay j. Literal meaning of a word

11) Discrete k. To be careful in what one says

84
 Answer Key

1) h

2) e

3) j

4) f

5) i

6) b

7) g

8) d

9) a

10) c

11) k

85
 Glossary

Adjective: a word, phrase, or clause that describes a noun or pronoun.

Adverb: a word, phrase, or clause that modifies the meaning of a verb, adjective, or another

adverb.

Antecedent: the noun or noun phrase to which a pronoun refers.

Appositive: a noun or noun phrase that identifies or modifies the noun or pronoun that comes

immediately before it

Balanced Sentences: sentence that has parallel structures of same length and importance

Complement: a word or phrase that completes the meaning of a verb. The main types are objects,
predicate nouns, and predicate adjectives.

Compound Sentences: sentence with more than one subject or predicate

Conjunction: a word or phrase that links words, phrases, clauses, or sentences.

Conjunctive adverb: an adverb that functions as a conjunction

Contraction: an abbreviation of a word or phrase formed by omitting letters, usually replacing

the omitted letters with an apostrophe

86
D

Direct object: the noun or pronoun referring to a person or thing acted upon directly by the action
of a verb

Double Negative: when two forms of a negation are used in the same sentence

Epistrophe Sentence: sentence that ends with the same words or phrases

Exclamatory Sentence: sentence that expresses a strong emotion with an exclamation mark at the
end

Expository Essay: an essay that is meant to be informative

Fact: something that can be verified

First person: the person of a clause when the speaker is speaking of himself or herself.

Fragment: a sentence that cannot stand on its own

Fused Sentence: sentence that has two independent clauses with nothing between them

Gerund: an ing verb form that functions as a noun

Grammar: the set of rules to form sentences in a language.

Indirect object: a noun or pronoun denoting a person or thing acted upon indirectly by the action
of a verb

Infinitive: the uninflected form of a verb, usually preceded by to.

87
L

Linking Verbs: verbs that connect the subject of the sentence to other parts

Loose Sentences: sentence where main idea has additional clauses and/or phrases

MLA format: Modern Language Association Format

Modifier: a word or phrase that modifies the meaning of another word or phrase

Mood:expresses the speakers attitude toward the likelihood, existence, or desirability of the
verbs action

Nominative case: noun or pronoun are the subject or complement of a verb.

Noun: an object, person, place, idea, or action

Object: a noun or pronoun that receives the action of a verb.

Objective case: noun or pronoun are the object of a verb, preposition, or infinitive

Opinion: personal standpoint on a topic

Participle: an -ed or -ing verb form used as an adjective to form the progressive aspect or perfect
tense.

Phrase: a group of two or more words that function together yet have no subject or predicate.

Possessive case: noun or pronoun when its relationship to another element in the sentence is one
of ownership, association, or belonging.

88
Predicate: the part of a clause that tells what the subject does, what is done to the subject, or what
is being said about the subject.

Prefix: a letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a word or word element to change its
meaning.

Preposition: a word that links a noun or pronoun to another type of word.

Present participle: a participle ending in -ing.

Pronoun: a specific noun

Reflexive pronoun: refer back to subject of the sentence

Relative Pronoun: a subordinate clause is attached to another noun

Second person: the person of a clause when the speaker is speaking of the person spoken to.

Sentence: a group of words expressing a complete thought and containing at least one
independent clause.

Standard: generally favored by editors and professional writers in moderately formal to very
formal language registers.

Subject: the person, place, or thing about which something is said in a clause.

Suffix: a letter or group of letters added to the end of a word or word element to change its
meaning.

Style: a conventional or customary manner of presenting language. Different publishers,

publications, editors, and authors may have different style preferences.

89
T

Theory: statement that can eventually be proven

Third person: the person of a clause when the speaker is speaking of someone who is neither the
speaker nor the one spoken to.

Topic Sentence: sentence that highlights topic of paragraph

Usage: the way in which words and phrases are used by speakers of a language

Verb: word that describes an action

90
 Works Cited

1) Capitalization Grammarly Handbook

2) Clauses and Phrases. December 1, 2015 .Grammar Bytes! Online

3) Conjunctions. December 1, 2015. Grammar Bytes! Online

4) English Grammar Revolution October 12, 2015. Grammar Made Easy

5) Free Online English Usage Rules N/A. Grammar and Punctuation. Online

6) Grammar Rules December 5, 2015. Grammar Bytes! Online

7) English Grammar Rules Grammarly Handbook

8) 4 Sentence Types February 10, 2010. Grammar Comprehension Lesson Plans

91
 About The Author

My name is Sergio Vazquez and I am currently a Junior at Francisco Bravo Medical

Magnet. I am Class of 2018 and a proud Bravo Knight. I learned to write in elementary school

perhaps around first or second grade and over the years I have slowly improved my vocabulary

and grammar. I am really dedicated to my education and cannot wait to see what the future has in

store for me. Although I attend school in Boyle Heights, I have lived in South Central all my life

and I take the school bus to and from school everyday. Outside of school I enjoy playing soccer,

reading, running Marathons or simply doing Mr. Rodriguezs work or my APUSH outlines. I am

in the Varsity Bravo Soccer Team and have run the LA Marathon twice now. I am somewhat

into shoes and the sneaker culture and fashion which is why I decided to make that the theme of

this book, thank you.

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 Dedications

I dedicate this book to my dear mother and father who probably did not know why I

stayed up until past midnight consistently throughout the semester but who love and support me

in everything I do. I would also love to dedicate this book to my little sister for annoying me and

helping me to become a better role model and because I hope to one day read her own grammar

book. I would like to thank all my friends who had no say in this book but who on a day to day

basis are my motivation to keep coming back to school and to succeed at everything I do and for

being more than just friends, but family. Finally I would love to thank Mr. Rodriguez for not

only making me consider dropping out of high school but for really helping me to understand the

importance of grammar, for going out of his way to help his students become better citizens, and

for helping me in publishing my first book before graduating from high school. From the bottom

of my heart, I thank each and every single one of you . . .

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94