Unit 2: Periodic table

+1 +2 +2 +3 -3 -2 -1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Greyish blue: Alkali metals (metals)

Blue: Alkali Earth Metals (metals)
Orange: Transition Metals (metals)
Group next to Yellow: Halogens (nonmetal)
Yellow: Nobel Gases (nonmetal)

Mendeleevs periodic table was first modern day one of its time. It was organized by atomic mass. It still
had its problems. Later in 1913 Moseley used atomic number instead of mass solving those problems.
 Unit 5: States of Matter
Effusion: movement of gas through a pore or capillary into another gaseous region or into a vacuum.
Diffusion: process when molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Grahams Law: rate 1/rate 2 =molar mass2/ molar mass1
Kinetic Molecular Theory: average kinetic energy of a gas particle depends only on the temp of the gas.
Gas Pressure: force exerted by a substance per unit area on another substance.
Absolute Zero: 0 on Kelvin scale = -273.15 Celsius
Elastic Collisions: Collisions in which both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.
Liquid Gas and solid are the three states of matter. Their phase changes include melting (solid to liquid), freezing
(liquid to a solid), evaporation (liquid to gas), and condensation (gas to liquid). Boiling is the rapid vaporization of a
liquid. Boiling point is the temp at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the pressure put on the liquid by
the surrounding atmosphere. Atm, mmHg, and kPa all have to do with air pressure and 1 atm is the average pressure
at sea level.
 Unit 4: Chemical Reactions & Stoichiometry
Indicators of chemical are change in temp, change in color, noticeable odor change, and formation of bubbles. Ways
to increase reaction rates include increasing temp, using a catalyst, increase pressure. There are 8 types of reactions,
synthesis, and decomposition, single, double, acid-base neutralization, combustion, organic reactions, and redox. Le
chatelier can be used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on a chemical equilibrium.
Unsaturated: being able to dissolve more solute
Saturated: point of maximum concentration. Where no more solute can be dissolved in solvent.
Super saturated: the point beyond maximum concentration.
Concentrated: amount of a substance per defined space usually in mass per unit and volume
Dilute: process of reducing the concentration of a solute in a solution.
Miscible: soluble able to mix to form a solution.
Immiscible: not forming homogeneous mixture when added together.
Like dissolves likes: Polar can only dissolve polar and nonpolar can only dissolve nonpolar.
Neutralization: occurs when an acid and base are put together they react forming water.
 Unit 6: Acid, Bases & Solutions
Homogeneous is a mixture in a single phase while Heterogeneous is a mixture of different things. A solute is a part
of a solution that is dissolved in the solvent. A solvent is the component into which the solute is dissolved and is
usually present in a greater capacity. To increase the solubility rate you have to increase its area therefore breaking
the solute into smaller pieces and increasing rate of solution. Some techniques include heating the solvent, stir it, and
Grind it,
 Unit 7: Thermochemistry
Heat is the total energy of molecular motion in a substance while temp is a measure of the average energy of
molecular motion in substance. Units for heat include joules (J), British thermal unit (BTU), and sometimes the
calorie. Units of heat include Celsius (C), Fahrenheit (F), and Kelvin (K). Specific heat is the heat required to raise
the temp of a given substance by a given amount. Endothermic reaction occurs when energy is absorbed from the
surroundings as a form of heat, while exothermic reaction is when energy is released.