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Lecture - 09
Design of RC Retaining
Walls
Topics
Retaining Walls
Soil Parameters
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Retaining Walls
Retaining walls are used to hold back masses of
earth or other loose material.
Retaining Walls
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Deflected shape
Applied
loading on
wall
Reinforcement
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali placement Reinforced Concrete Design II 5
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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Soil Parameters
Table: Unit weight (), effective angles of internal friction (), and
the coefficient of friction with concrete (f)
Unit Weight
Should be used Soil (s), pcf (degree) f
as backfill for 1. Sand or gravel without fine
110 to 120 33 to 40 0.5 to 0.6
retaining walls particles, highly permeable
wherever 2. Sand or gravel with silt mixture,
120 to 130 25 to 35 0.4 to 0.5
possible low permeability
3. Silty sand, sand and gravel with
The value of 110 to 120 25 to 30 0.3 to 0.4
high clay content
may be un- 4. Medium or stiff clay 100 to 120 25 to 35 0.2 to 0.4
conservative
under saturated 5. Soft clay, silt 90 to 110 20 to 35 0.2 to 0.3
conditions
2. Inclined surface of fill sloping up and back from top of the wall (figure b),
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2. Sliding
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U = 0.9D + 1.6H
U = 1.2D + 1.6L
Table: ACI Load Factors
Location Load Factor
Pressure of Soil 1.6
Weight of Toe Slab 0.9
Weight of Heel Slab 1.2
Weight of Surcharge 1.6
Supporting bars
(#4 @ 18)
approximately
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= W a / P y 1.5
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Therefore, W3 W4
x3 Rv P
{W1x1 + W2x2 + W3x3 + W4x4 Py}
a=
Rv a
Wx Py x2 W1 y
a= W2
Rv O
x1
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali Reinforced Concrete Design II 15
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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
R = P + Rv R = P + Rv R = P + Rv
R = Rv
R R R
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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Longitudinal
Drains: To prevent
outflow to seep
into the soil
underneath the
wall
Weep Holes:
usually spaced
horizontally at 5 to
10 ft.
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali Reinforced Concrete Design II 23
Example
Design the cantilever retaining wall for the following data:
400 lb/ft2 (Live load surcharge)
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Example
Solution:
Example
Solution:
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Example
Solution:
= 6.43 kips
Example
Solution:
y = (h2 +3hh)/3(h+2h)
Now calculate the weights of areas and take their moment about toe
edge (shown next).
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Example
Solution:
Example
Solution:
= tan 0.577
This is slightly less than the recommended value of 1.5 and can be
regarded as adequate. However, FOS can be increased by providing
key.
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali Reinforced Concrete Design II 30
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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Example
Solution:
Rv = 16.00 kips
To find the point of action a of Rv, take moment of forces about the
toe of wall:
Example
Solution:
= 2.80 ksf
= 0.48 ksf
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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Example
Solution:
Example
Solution:
Factored soil pressure at exterior end of toe slab = 1.6 2.80 1= 4.48 k/ft
Factored soil pressure at interior end of toe slab = 1.6 2.03 = 3.25 k/ft
0.48 0.48
h=1.5
2.80 2.03
3.25
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Example
Solution:
Factored earth fill load = 1.6fillhfillb = 1.6 0.12 13.5 1= 2.592 k/ft
Example
Solution:
General equation of factored active earth pressure w.r.t bottom of arm is:
Taking moment at the base of the arm. Moment arm will be equal to:
Using this equation, bending moment diagram for arm can be drawn for
various values of h..
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Example
Solution:
3 1.24 kip-ft
6 6.11 kip-ft
Pa
9 16.34 kip-ft
y Mnmin = 39.14 kip-ft
12 33.54 kip-ft
45.49 kip-ft
Example
Solution:
Step No 03: Analysis of Arm for Shear
Kahs(h + h)h/ (h+h) = Kahsh
= 0.3330.120 3.33 = 0.133 kip
0
12.46
3
Factored Shear (Vu) =
1.6 4.75 = 7.6 kip
6
0.63 kips
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Kahs(h + h)
= 0.3330.120 (13.5+3.33)
12 = 0.67 kips 4.75 kip
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Example
Solution:
Example
Solution:
Vu = 14.14 kips
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Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design (Arm)
Mn < Mu, therefore using trial method As = 0.846 in2, (#8 @ 11.17)
Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design (Arm)
Similarly for other depths, the design is given in tabular form as below:
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Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design (Arm)
Horizontal Bars:
Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design (Arm)
Although not required by the Code for cantilever retaining walls, vertical steel
equal to 0.0012 times the gross concrete area will also be provided on exposed
face of wall.
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Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design (Arm)
Vu = 7.6 kips
(#8 @ 18)
Horizontal
reinforcement (#8 @ 9)
(#6 @ 9)
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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design (Toe)
Mu = 258 in-k/ft
3h = 3 18 = 54; 18
Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design (Toe)
Vu = 6.51 kip
Vc = 2 0.75 (4500) 12 14.5/ 1000 = 17.51 kip > 6.794 kip, O.K.
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Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design (Heel)
Mu = 578.8 in-kip/ft
3h = 3 x 18 = 54 ; 18
Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design (Heel)
Vu = 14.14 kips
Vc =2 0.75 (4500) 12 14.5/ 1000 = 17.51 kips > 14.14 kips, O.K.
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Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design (Heel)
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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
References
ACI 318
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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
The End
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