JAP Vol.7 No.2 Apr 2015 PDF

ISSN 1829-6610 Vol. 7 No.
2, April 2015
JURNAL ARSITEKTUR
& PERENCANAAN
JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING STUDIES
Diterbitkan oleh:
JURUSAN TEKNIK ARSITEKTUR DAN PERENCANAAN
FAKULTAS TEKNIK - UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA
YOGYAKARTA
ISSN 1829-6610 Vol. 7 No. 2, April 2015
JURNAL ARSITEKTUR
& PERENCANAAN
JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING STUDIES
Diterbitkan oleh:
JURUSAN TEKNIK ARSITEKTUR DAN PERENCANAAN
FAKULTAS TEKNIK - UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA
YOGYAKARTA
JURNAL ARSITEKTUR DAN PERENCANAAN (JAP)
(JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING STUDIES)
Editorial Board:
Prof. Ir. Achmad Djunaedi, MUP, Ph.D
Prof. Ir. Sudaryono, M.Eng., Ph.D
Dr. Ir. Budi Prayitno, M.Eng.
Dr. Ir. Ahmad Sarwadi, M.Eng.
Diananta Pramitasari, ST., M.Eng., Ph.D.
Managing Director:
Syam Rachma Marcillia, ST., M.Eng., Ph.D.
Editorial Assistant:
Nadia Aghnia Fadhillah, ST.
Editorial and Distribution Address:

Jurusan Arsitektur dan Perencanaan
Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Gadjah Mada
Jalan Grafika No.2, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
Telp.: +62 274 902320/902321
Fax.: +62 274 580854
Website: www.archiplan.ugm.ac.id
E-mail: archugm@indosat.net.id, rachma3382@yahoo.com
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CONTENTS
Pola Sistem Setting Natah di Rumah Tinggal Orang Bali______________________________ 01

pada Lahan Terbatas di Yogyakarta
Ahmad Saifullah Malangjudo, T. Yoyok Wahyu Subroto
Therapeutic Space for Healthcare Facilities_________________________________________ 13

Fuziah Ibrahim, Wan Mariah Wan Harun, Wan Nor Wahidah Syumaiyah Wan Kamaruddin
The Possibility of Transportation Demand Omotenashi (TDO) Works___________________ 23

in the City Centre of Malang City
Imma Widyawati Agustin, Hisashi Kubota
Study on the change of city space structure by urban restoration project ________________ 33
-As an example of Cheonggye-cheon restoration project of the city of Seoul, Korea
Kyungmin Kim, Tamiyo Kondo
Desain Konektor Elemen Struktur Shelter Berbentuk Icosahedron____________________ 41

dalam Keterpaduan dengan Knock Down System Berbahan Kayu atau Bambu
Soeleman Saragih
Spatial Accessibility: The Universal Design Approach ______________________________ 49

Wan Mariah Wan Harun, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fuziah Ibrahim, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tiun Ling Ta,
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Muna Hanim Abdul Samad, Dr. Nor Zarifah Maliki, Sia Siew Chin
A.M.W, Surayahani Mohd Yusuf
iii
iv
Pola Sistem Setting Natah di Rumah Tinggal Orang Bali
pada Lahan Terbatas di Yogyakarta
Ahmad Saifullah Malangjudo1, T. Yoyok Wahyu Subroto2

1,2
Dosen Jurusan Teknik Arsitektur dan Perencanaan Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Abstract
Based on Balinese culture and tradition to include the Balinese Hindu, there are 4 (four) Natah on the spatial
system of Balinese house as (1) Natah Merajan /Natar, (2) Natah Bale, (3) Natah Penunggun Karang and (4)
Natah Paon/Lebuh. Those natahs have their different own level and position depend on such activities as sacred
and profane which is conducted by the inhabitants. Those natahs located at the certain zones level based on the
principle of Sanga Mandala / Nawa Sanga. The system of spatial setting is the spatial arrangement of its elements
that contain a certain mutual relation in such that the activities can be conducted based on the time budget. The
goals of the research are: (1) to study about the level of various pattern of the layout out of natah as the variant
of spatial system of natah in Balinese house in Yogyakarta on the limited land, (2) to formulate the relation
among the variant of the spatial setting system in such that it can be seen the pattern of setting system of natah to
include the level of its probability based on the principle of Nawa Sanga. The observation and questionnaires
become the method of this research based on rationalistic paradigm while the matrix, overlay and scoring method
is used for the data analysis. The secondary data are obtained by collecting of the information from literatures
as the references. The field survey and interview in relation to the layout of natah in Balinese house in
Yogyakarta is conducted to obtain the primary data. The research result is directed (1) to explain the various
layout of natah as the pattern of setting system of natah in Balinese House on a Limited Land in Yogyakarta and
(2) to explain the level of defferensiation of the setting system of natah based on the principle of Nawa Sanga. It
is necessary to be formulated on the principle of Nawa Sanga since it constitutes the principle of the spatial
arrangement system of Balinese house based their culture, tradition, and believe in religion.
Keywords: House, Setting system, Natah, Nawa Sanga
1. Pendahuluan besar maupun KDB relatif kecil. Penelitian yang

Masyarakat Bali yang tinggal menetap dalam bertemakan kajian Sistem Setting Natah Pada Rumah
jangka waktu lama di daerah perkotaan di Yogyakarta Tinggal Orang Bali Pada Lahan Terbatas di
cukup cukup eksis keberadaannya. Pada penelitian Yogyakarta ini, merupakan penelitian yang secara
pertama yang dilakukan oleh Saifullah dan Subroto komprehensif dan fokus mengkaji konsep layout
pada tahun 2012 dengan obyek yang sama ialah rumah Natah sebagai sebuah sistem setting dari berbagai
tinggal keluarga Bali di Yogyakarta, berorientasi pada level Natah pada rumah tinggal berdasar budaya Bali.
kajian eksistensi konsep natah pada rumah tinggal Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk melihat tingkat
keluarga Bali dengan fokus pada bagaimana mereka perbedaannya terhadap prinsip Nawa Sanga yang
mempersepsi Natah dan mempertimbangkan prinsip diketahui sebagai prinsip baku sistem zoning pada
prinsip Nawasanga sebagai prinsip dasar menentukan rumah tinggal yang sesuai dengan budaya dan tradisi
Natah di rumah tinggal. Rumah dan tapak yang diteliti Bali serta sesuai dengan tuntunan Agama Hindu Bali.
terdiri atas berbagai karakteristik rumah dan tapak baik Apabila dikaitkan dengan penelitian yang lalu, maka
pada lahan dengan Koefisien Dasar Bangunan (KDB) penelitian ini lebih fokus pada kajian tentang setting
pada rumah tinggal orang Bali di daerah perkotaan
Ahmad Saifullah Malangjudo Yogyakarta dengan lahan terbatas dengan kriteria:
--- Dosen Jurusan Teknik Arsitektur dan Perencanaan Koeffisien Dasar Bangunan (KDB antara 81% sampai
Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Gadjah Mada dengan 100%) dan lama tinggal yang relatif cukup
e-mail: saiful_tgp@yahoo.co.id
Jurnal Arsitektur dan Perencanaan/April 2015/2 1

lama ialah antara 15 tahun sampai dengan 20 Tahun :56) menjelaskan tentang arti ruang secara fisik
lebih. Penentuan lama tinggal yang relatif lama bagi ialah sesuatu area yang terdiri atas unsur-unsur
responden orang Bali di Yogyakarta, diasumsikan pembentuk / pembatasnya dan merupakan sistem
bahwa proses adaptasi khususnya yang berkaitan aspek lingkungan binaan terkecil yang mempunyai peran
kultural & sosial terhadap lingkungan di Yogyakarta sangat penting (mewadahi aktifitas penggunanya).
dimana merupakan lingkungan yang secara kultural, b. Teori Ruang Fisik Geometris, Saifullah & Subrata
sosial dan fisik berbeda dengan daerah asal mereka di (2012,p:12) mengutip Descartes dan koreksi oleh
pulau Bali, dianggap telah berhenti dan berada pada Heidegger dalam Cornelis(1987, p: 30-32 )
posisi yang seimbang. Oleh karena itu proses adaptasi menyatakan tentang konsep ruang Cartesian,
terhadap aspek kultural, sosial dan lingkungan tidak dimana ruang terdiri atas panjang ,lebar, dan
menjadi bagian yang dibahas dalam penelitian ini. ketebalan . Ketiga unsur tadi akan menbentuk
wujud nyata dari substansi wadaqi. Konsep ruang
2. Studi Pustaka Cartesian adalah ruang yang memiliki tiga demensi,
a. Teori Setting, menurut Gobel (2012; p:22) dan merupakan konsep geometrik ruang, sedangkan
mengutip J.Weisman (1981) dalam Subrata (2008; extensio Cartesian pada dasarnya merupakan
p:27) Setting Fisik, disebut sebagai lingkungan fisik konsep ruang fisik. Dari penjelasan diatas dapat di
tempat tinggal manusia. Setting dapat dilihat dalam pahami bahwa eksistensi ruang bisa diperjelas
dua sisi, ialah komponen dan properti. Properti melalui prinsip ruang geometri tiga demensional,
adalah karakter atau kualitas dari komponen. atau dengan kata lain dimungkinkan ruang
Sedangkan komponen terdiri atas tiga katagori, merupakan realitas wadaqi yang eksis.
ialah : komponen fixed, komponen semi fixed dan c. Teori Ruang Intuisi Metafisik, Saifullah &
komponen non fixed. Komponen Fixed, merupakan Subrata (2012, p: 12-13) mengutip Immanuel Kant,
elemen yang bersifat tetap atau tidak berubah. dalam bukunya Critique of Pure Reason
Secara spasial elemen elemen ini dapat di terjemahan dari bahasa Jerman oleh N.Kemp Smith,
organisasikan kedalam ukuran, lokasi, urutan dan ( 1929) dalam Cornelis (1987, p: 35), menyatakan
susunan. Dalam suatu kasus tertentu elemen ini bahwa ruang secara eksklusif termasuk dalam
dapat dilengkapi oleh elemen-elemen lain. wilayah dunia pemikiran. Ruang merupakan suatu
Komponen Semi Fixed, merupakan elemen-elemen ide a priori , bukan suatu obyek empirik, yang
yang agak tetap dan bersifat semi permanen. dihasilkan dari pengalaman-pengalaman eksterior.
Sedangkan komponen non Fixed, merupakan Selain dari a priori intuisi, Kant juga mengenakan
elemen elemen yang bersifat tidak tetap ( non kualitas ketidakterbatasan terhadap ruang. Dalam
permanen ) dan mudah berubah baik letak maupun hal ini konsep ruang Kant memperluas pengertian
posisinya. Dalam konteks penghuni atau pemilik mengenai ruang absolut oleh Newton. Dari
rumah tinggal, maka terdapat organisasi yang dapat penjelasan teori ruang diatas dapat dipahami bahwa
dilihat sebagai koordinasi individu dalam ruang bukan hanya sekedar sesuatu yang empiri
kelompok, atau dapat disebut sebagai keluarga bersifat fisik tiga demensional, tetapi juga ruang
dimana terdapat struktur keluarga yang terdiri atas yang berada dalam konsep pemikiran atau tataran
kepala keluarga dan anggota keluarga. Lang intuitif manusia.
(1987;p:119) dan Rapoport (1982;p :88-96) d. Fungsi dan Bentuk Ruang, fungsi ruang
mengidentifikasi adanya tiga tipe fundamental dipahami sebagai suatu pengertian yang selalu
layout patterns, meliputi : fixed feature space dikaitkan dengan tujuan-tujuan aktifitas tertentu
(misalnya :dinding solid/ permanen, lantai pada ruang. Dalam konteks aktifitas di ruang nyata
permanen, jendela, dan elemen lain yang betrsifat ( fisik) maka bentuk menjadi suatu keniscayaan dan
permanen dalam ruang ), semifixed feature space ( tuntutan yang bersifat inherent (melekat ). Fungsi
misalnya: perabot meja ,kursi, almari, dan elemen ruang juga merupakan hal yang selalu dikaitkan
elemen lain sejenis yang bersifat tidak tetap / semi dengan aspek nilai kemanfaatan ruang nyata
permanen) dan yang terakhir informal space (non tertentu. Fungsi ruang dalam konteks masyarakat
fixed) yaitu ruang (aktifitas) yang terjadi dalam tidak bisa dilepaskan oleh tuntutan-tuntutan budaya
jangka waktu tertentu. Menurut Setyawan (2010;p masyarakat baik yang berkaitan dengan aspek
2 JAP Vol. 7 No. 2 Apr. 2015 Ahmad Saifullah Malangjudo

spiritual ( religie & kepercayaan) , tradisi dan sebagai space dan place. Sebagai space
kultural, juga tidak bisa melepaskan diri dari merupakan ruang terbuka (inner court) di kelilingi
tuntutan aspek sosial dan ekonomi masyarakatnya. massa-massa bangunan, dan sebagai place merupakan
Bentuk menjadi fungsional ketika ia dapat tempat berbagai aktifitas kegiatan internal keluarga
memenuhi tuntutan fungsi baik fungsi fisik maupun baik yang bersifat ritual / sakral maupun profan
fungsi non fisik (Saifullah & Subrata,2012, p : 13) (Raharja, 2009 ). Letak dan hirarkhi Natah sesuai
e. Rumah dan Halaman, rumah merupakan budaya Bali seperti digambarkan pada Tabel 1.
pengejawantahan diri pribadi manusia penghuninya.
Rumah dalam pengertian makna sepenuhnya Tabel 1 : Konsep Sanga Mandala atau Nawa sanga .
bersifat multi dimensional (Saifullah & Subrata
Utamaning Utamaning Utamaning
2012, p:14, mengutip Poespowardoyo, 1982). Nista(C) Madya Utama(A)
Rumah juga di harapkan mampu berperan sebagai
Madyaning Madyaning Madyaning
pembuka jalan dan memberikan saluran bagi
Nista Madya(B) Utama
kecenderungan, kebutuhan, aspirasi dan keinginan
manusia penghuninya, serta berfungsi sebagai
Nistaning Nistaning Nistaning
sarana pengamanan diri manusia, menjamin Nista(D) Madya Utama
ketenangan dan ketentraman hidup, tempat aktifitas
sosial dalam keluarga maupun masyarakat serta
sebagai wahana yang mampu mendorong penemuan : : zona natah pada rumah tinggal tradisional Bali
dan pemenuhan jati diri manusia penghuninya A : Natah Pamerajan (hirarkhi 1)
(Saifullah & Subrata 2012, p:14, mengutip Blaang, B: Natah Bale (Hirarkhi 2),
C: Natah Penunggun Karang (Hirarkhi 3)
1986: 5). D : Natah Paon/ Lebuh (hirarkhi 4).
f. Aspek Filosofis Zoning Natah dan Perannya
Menurut Budaya Bali, Dilihat dari sisi aspek
filosofis lainnya, Natah merupakan media
pertemuan antara unsur akasa (langit) yang bersifat
purusa (jantan) dan unsur pertiwi (bumi) yang
bersifat pradana (betina). Setiap pertemuan kedua
unsur ini menghasilkan cikal bakal suatu bibit Gambar 1 dan 2
kehidupan, dan di tataran ini adalah kehidupan Natah Bale pada rumah tinggal di Bali berada di ruang terbuka
keluarga( I Gusti Made Putra, 2010). Natah dengan sebagai pusat orientasi dari sistem ruang rumah tinggal.
statusnya secara filosofis sebagai cikal bakal
g. Adaptasi Ruang dan Konsep Desa Kala Patra,
kehidupan, menjadikan Natah sebagai salah satu
Bell (1996, p:125) menyatakan bahwa Adaptation
unsur penting dalam tatanan ruang rumah tinggal di
ialah mengubah tingkah laku atau respon respon
Bali. Sesuai dengan prinsip orientasi kosmologi
agar sesuai dengan ruang / lingkungannya, dan
Sanga Mandala dan prinsip poros Tri Loka dan
adjustment ialah perilaku mengubah ruang /
prinsip hirarki ruang Tri Angga.
lingkungannya agar sesuai dengan kondisi
lingkungan yang diinginkan. Selanjutnya Iskandar
Natah pada rumah Bali terdiri atas beberapa jenis,
(2012, p:47) menambahkan penjelasan bahwa
meliputi : Natah Merajan (Natar), Natah Bale, Natah
adaptation sebagai upaya manusia mengikuti
Penunggun Karang dan Natah Paon. Dalam konteks
kehendak ruang/ lingkungan dengan menoleransi
titik nol atau kosong (pralina) maka yang dimaksud
ruang/ lingkungannya atau memperbesar ambang
adalah Natah Bale, karena berada pada posisi di pusat /
toleransi terhadap lingkungan. Sedangkan
tengah tapak/site. Natah Bale pada rumah tinggal
adjustment, manusia mengubah ruang /
tradisional Bali, sebagai ruang (space) terbentuk oleh
lingkungannya agar sesuai dengan standart yang
masa masa bangunan di sekitarnya, sehingga Natah
dimilikinya. Manusia beradaptasi dalam kondisi
Bale biasanya terletak di tengah tapak serta merupakan
sejauh tekanan ruang/lingkungan masih cukup
pusat orientasi dan sirkulasi. Secara fungsional Natah
mampu untuk diatasi. Dalam keadaan tekanan
Bale pada rumah tinggal di Bali mempunyai dua fungsi
ruang/ ling-kungan terlalu besar diluar kemampuan

manusia menghadapinya, maka manusia akan di wilayah Yogyakarta 2) responden berstatus sebagai
menghindar dari ruang/lingkungannya. Bell, pemilik dan penghuni rumah. 2) Lama tinggal
(1996,p:120) menyatakan bahwa adaptasi akan responden minimum 15 (limabelas) tahun, dengan
berhenti pada waktu tertentu ketika asumsi faktor adaptasi khususnya yang berkaitan
ruang/lingkungan sudah dianggap dapat memenuhi dengan perilaku kultural maupun religius terhadap
semua kebutuhan aktifitasnya baik secara fisik lingkungan yang berbeda dengan daerah asal dianggap
maupun secara emosional/psikis. Bagi umat Hindu, sudah mapan / berhenti. 3) Halaman berada pada
doktrin desa, kala dan patra adalah strategi lahan terbatas dengan KDB 81%-100%. Responden
leluhur yang sudah dikenal sejak jaman dahulu. berjumlah 25, setelah diseleksi dengan kriteria diatas
Desa berarti tempat kita berada, kala adalah waktu didapat 8(delapan) responden.
saat kita berada, dan patra adalah keadaan ataupun
situasi dan kondisi di mana kita berada. Konsep c. Tahapan Penelitian dan Teknik Analisis.
Desa Kala Patra sebagai salah satu landasan Tahap pengumpulan data, meliputi : 1) Identifikasi
kebudayaan Bali, merupakan konsep ruang yang layout dan zoning Natah pada sistem ruang rumah
adaptable (mudah menyesuaikan diri) dengan tinggal. Identifikasi layout Natah dilakukan dengan
keadaan tempat dan waktu dalam menghadapi cara pengukuran, pendokumen-tasian dengan camera
permasalahan (perbedaan kultural.pen). Konsep ini foto digital, dan penggambar-an ulang dalam bentuk
memberi landasan yang luwes dalam komuni- denah eksisting. Identifikasi juga bertujuan
kasinya, baik keluar maupun kedalam dan mendapatkan gambaran seting fisik Natah baik yang
menerima perbedaan serta variasinya menurut berkaitan dengan unsur-unsur non fixed element, semi
faktor tempat, waktu dan keadaan (Ida Bagus fixed element maupun fixed element. 2) Identifikasi
Mantra, 1996) aktifitas pada Natah selama 24 jam, dengan
menggunakan pendekatan time budget survey.
3. Metoda Penelitian (Michelson et al, 1975 dalam Palmer, 1981:101), 3)
a. Metoda Melakukan wawancara terstruktur, dengan responden
Metoda yang digunakan ialah metoda observasi dan yang dipilih secara purposive dengan tujuan
kuisioner dengan paradigma rasionalistik dan cara mendapatkan gambaran opini mereka terhadap ruang
analisis dengan menggunakan matrix, over-layering Natah pada rumah tinggal mereka, sehingga
dan scoring. Sumber acuan berasal dari literatur dan memudahkan dalam merumuskan / menentukan
fakta empirik baik yang bersumber dari data fisik layout/zoning Natah , baik Natah sebagai ruang
rumah khususnya letak Natah, maupun hasil persepsual (maya) maupun ruang visual (fisik). Tahap
wawancara dengan penghuni rumah. Hasil penelitian analisis dan pembahasan, meliputi : 1) analisis dan
diharapkan mampu menjelaskan ke-ragaman layout / pembahasan pola distribusi Natah dan pola distribusi
zoning Natah dan aktivitasnya sebagai suatu sistem aktifitasnya pada sistem ruang rumah tinggal.
setting pada rumah tinggal orang Bali di Yogyakarta Dilakukan dengan cara menggunakan in put olahan
pada lahan terbatas. Penelitian ini juga diharapkan hasil pendokumentasian dan penggambaran ulang
mampu mendapatkan tingkat perbedaan antara Natah denah eksisting rumah beserta gambaran signage/
pada rumah Bali di Yogyakarta dengan prinsip Nawa perabot yang ada di dalamnya, serta hasil gambaran
Sanga sebagai prinsip baku sistem zoning pada rumah aktifitas di area Natah berdasar time budget survey, 2)
tinggal sesuai budaya Bali analisis dan pembahasan terhadap seting fisik dan
spasial pada Natah, dengan cara meng cross check
b. Lokasi dan Penentuan Sampling/ Responden. melalui overlay hasil pengukuran di lapangan terhadap
Lokasi penelitian tersebar di beberapa kawasan di obyek bangunan rumah beserta halamannya, dengan
wilayah DIY, meliputi: Bantul, Kasihan, Giwangan, pola layout/zoning Natah sesuai konsep Nawa Sanga.
Sidoarum, Nagatirta, Berbah dan Kalongan dengan Hal ini dimaksudkan untuk melihat keragaman sistem
jumlah 25 responden keluarga Bali yang tinggal di seting Natah pada sistem ruang rumah tinggal. Sangat
wilayah Yogyakarta. Penentuan Sampling Rumah dimungkinkan bahwa secara visual ke 8 (delapan)
beserta responden (penghuninya): dipilih secara responden mempunyai seting yang berbeda.
purposive dengan kriteria seleksi:1) Rumah berlokasi Pengklasifikasian varian sistem seting tersebut akan

dilakukan melalui pendekatan terhadap tingkat profan dan sakral. Aktifitas profan pada ruang-ruang
perbedaannya dengan prinsip Nawasanga. 3) analisis fungsional rumah dari hasil survai merupakan aktifitas
dan pembahasan pada Variant sistem setting Natah yang inherent sesuai fungsi ruangnya, sedangkan
yang dilakukan dengan cara scoring untuk melihat aktifitas sakral yang didapat berdasar time budget
tingkat perbedaannya terhadap konsep Nawa Sanga. survey terdiri atas 5 katagori kegiatan seperti
Pembahasan yang bersifat argumentatif terhadap ditunjukan pada tabel 3 dibawah ini. Secara
tingkat perbedaan tersebut dilakukan dengan keseluruhan pola distribusinya dapat dilihat pada Tabel
mengkonversikannya dengan cara kuantitatif melalui 2 dan Tabel 3 di atas.
pembobotan hirarkhis zoning Natah. Akan
Tabel 3. Pola Distribusi Aktifitas di Area Natah Pada
menghasilkan klasifikasi tingkat perbedaan tinggi, Rumah Tinggal
sedang dan rendah.
AKTIFITAS SAKRAL OLEH RESPONDEN DI RUANG
N
4. Hasil dan Pembahasan A
NATAH
T Res Resp Resp. Resp Res Res Res Resp
a. Hasil A p.1 .2 3 .4 p.5 p.6 p.7 .8
H
a.1 Analisis Pola Distribusi & Aktifitas Natah.
P 2 d 3 a 3/ c 3 b 2 d 2 d 2 d 2 d
Tabel.2 a / e / d c d / d / e / e / / e
Pola distribusi Natah Pada Sistem Ruang Rumah Tinggal m d a e d e b e d d d d
IST 1 2
RG A B C D E F G H I J K L M
e e d e d e e e
NATAH 1 ra e e
PAMERAJ 2
AN
ja
3
4 n
5 1 a 1 a 1/ b 2 b 1 a 1 a 1 c 1 b
6
7 B / / b / e / / / /
8 al a a b a a c b
NATAH 1
BALE 2
e e
3 1 b 2 a 1/ b 2 b 1 a 1 b 2 b 2 a
4
5
P / / b b / e / / / c / b
6 a b a b a b b a c
7 o b e c b
8
NATAH 1 n c
P. 2 P 2 a 2 a 3/ a 1 b 2 a 2 a 2 b 3 a
KARANG 3
4 e / / a b / / / / /
5 n a d a d b c b a c a d b c a b
6
7
u d d c d c b c b
8 n d e c c
NATAH 1
PAON
g e
2
3 g
4 u
5
6 n
7 K
8
ar
KETERANGAN NOTASI : a
Ruang Terbuka/Out Door : (kode nomor : 1) n
g
A.Halaman Depan B. Pekarangan C. Halaman Belakang D.
Notasi Aktifitas : a. Sesaji Saidan, b. Sesaji Syukur, c. Sesaji
Ruang Terbuka Lainnya di Lantai 2.
leluhur, d. Sembahyang bulan Purnama, e. Semedi/ kontemplasi
Notasi Ruang Tertutup/In Door : (kode nomor: 2) (catatan: notasi angka 1,2,3 menunjukan lama waktu kira-kira
E. Teras F. Rg.Tamu G Rg keluarga H. Rg Tidur I. Dapur 1,2, 3 jam)
J. Garasi K.Gudang L. Km/Wc M. Rg.Tertutup Lainnya di
Notasi : ruang terbuka/tertutup & waktu beraktifitas
Lantai 2.
Natah Riil / pada ruang terbuka
Nomor Responden/Rumah Tinggal : (Kode nomor 1 s/d 8 Natah Maya (persepsual) pada ruang tertutup/
dibawah kolom Natah) tercampur dengan fungsi profan ( misal: rg
tamu, rg tidur, rg Keluarga, rg dapur, dll )
Hasil analisis menemukan dua katagori area Natah, Aktifitas Pagi ( antara jam 5.00 11.00 WIB )
ialah area Natah riil (pada ruang terbuka diluar atap) Aktifitas Siang ( antara jam 11.00 15.00 WIB)
Aktifitas Sore ( antara jam 15.00 20.00 WIB )
dan area Natah maya (pada ruang dibawah atap ). Pada
Aktifitas Malam ( antara jam 20.00 5.00 WIB)
sisi aktifitas, terdapat dua katagori aktifitas, aktifitas

a.2 Hasil Analisis Seting Fisik & Spasial dan ruang keluarga atau ruang tamu. Secara spasial kedua
overlay dalam Konteks Prinsip Nawasanga ruang tersebut berada relatif dipusat / tengah dari sistem
ruang rumah tinggal. Hal ini sesuai dengan konsep
Nawasanga, dimana Natah bale adalah pusat orientasi
yang berada di pusat dari sistem ruang. Pada prinsip
Nawasanga Natah Bale berada pada ruang terbuka
sebagai pengejawantahan hubungan antara akasa (langit)
dan pertiwi (bumi). Sedangkan keberadaan Natah pada
A. Natah Pamerajan ruang terbuka ( warna kuning) di dominasi oleh Natah
Pamerajan yang sebagian besar berada di lantai atas.
Natah Pamerajan sebagai Natah hirarkhi tertinggi di
muliakan dengan diangkat di lantai 2. Dari gambaran
overlay ini telah menunjukan adanya keragaman pola
B. Natah bale seting Natah.
Responden 1: Responden 2:
A
C. Natah Penunggun Karang A A
B D
C /
C
B
D. Natah Paon
Contoh Natah pada rumah tinggal Responden 3: Responden 4:
Dari hasil analisis dinyatakan bahwa keberadaan A

A D
Natah secara fisik dalam sistem seting ruang rumah D /
tinggal orang Bali di Yogyakarta, dapat di identifikasi B B
C
melalui keberadaan unsur2 fix element (misal dinding
pembatas) maupun semi fix element ( misal: sanggah, C
pelinggih untuk tempat sesaji, patung, perabot, dll). Tidak
semua area yang dinyatakan sebagai Natah selalu berada Responden 5: Responden 6:
pada ruang terbuka sesuai konsep Nawasanga, tetapi
juga berada di ruang tertutup. Faktor identifikasi yang lain
D A
adalah pernyataan dari penghuni rumah khususnya
A /
berkaitan dengan aktivitas-aktivitas sakral yang dilakukan B
di area Natah tersebut. B C
Hasil analisis sistem seting Natah dengan
menggunakan gambar denah dibawah ini dan overlay C D
dengan pola zoning Nawasanga menunjukkan bahwa:
mayoritas rumah terdiri atas 2 (dua) lantai ,kecuali Responden 7: Responden 8:
responden 1 dan 8. Bagian warna kuning menyatakan
keberadaan Natah pada ruang terbuka, dan warna hijau C
pada ruang tertutup. Pada beberapa bagian, baik pada D B
Natah di ruang terbuka dan ruang tertutup tampak B C
keberadaan signage berupa kotak-kotak kecil sebagai :
D A
A
sanggah (warna coklat), patung (warna merah) dan
pelinggih (warna biru). Pada beberapa area Natah di
ruang tertutup didominasi oleh Natah Bale yang berada di

Notasi : Notasi :
1 : Natah Pamerajan
2 : Natah Bale
Sanggah pd Natah Pamerajan 3 : Natah Paon / Lebuh
4 : Natah Penunggunkarang
Area Natah maya/pd ruang

tertutup
a.3 Analisis Penentuan Tingkat Perbedaan Pola
Patung/Ornamen Batara Kala
Sistem Seting Natah Pada Sistem Ruang Rumah
Dengan Prinsip Zoning Nawasanga.
Area Natah riil/pd ruang terbuka Tingkat perbedaan antara Prinsip Nawasanga
sebagai tolok ukur penentu dengan Natah pada rumah
Pelinggih pd Natah PenunggunKarang
tinggal orang Bali di Yogya di tentukan melalui tolok
ukur kuantitatip berbasis pendekatan bobot skore
hirarkhis. Analisis dengan cara skoring lazim
Overlay sistem Natah dengan pola Nawasanga
digunakan untuk menghitung nilai nilai kuantitatif
Responden 1 : Responden 2 :
yang mungkin sulit diinterpretasi secara kualitatip
dikarenakan kompleksitas permasalahannya yang
tinggi. Agar obyektif maka dalam analisis skoring,
dihindari penggunaan angka nol. Obyektifitas juga di
tingkatkan dengan memberikan bobot berupa skor pada
kriteria yang digunakan disamping skor pada obyek
yang dinilai. Dalam hal ini bobot kriteria diberikan
pada zoning/ lokasi dari Natah dari angka 1 sampai
Responden 3: Responden 4:
dengan 9 sesuai jumlah petak zoning berdasar pola
Nawasanga. Penentuan Skor dapat dilihat dari tiga
aspek, ialah skor berdasar hirarkhi Natah ( dari skor
1 s/d 4 ), skor berdasar hirarkhi zoning spasial ( dari
skor 1 s/d 9) dan skor berdasar keberadaan Natah pada
ruang tertutup atau terbuka adalah: skor (-)1 untuk
ruang tertutup dan skor (+)1 untuk ruang terbuka.
Selanjutnya setiap responden berdasar hasil analisis
terhadap pola distribusi Natah dan pola distribusi
Responden 5: Responden 6: aktifitasnya juga berdasar pada analisis sistem seting
fisik, spasial dan hasil overlay dengan prinsip
Nawasanga maka dapat di tentukan bobot skor
berdasar hirarkhi zoning spasialnya.
Tabel 4. Bobot Skore Hirarkhi Natah Sesuai Konsep Ideal

Nawasanga.
NATA HI BO BOBOT SCORE IDEAL ZONA NAWASANGA TO

H RA BO U M U M U M N N N TA
R T U U M M N N U M N L
KH SC SC
I OR OR
Responden 7: Responden 8: E E
PAME 1 (+)4 9 (+)3
RAJAN 6
BALE 2 (+)3 6 (+)1
8
P. 3 (+)2 3 (+)6
KARA
NG
PAON 4 (+)1 1 (+)1
- - - - 8 7 - 5 4 - 2 - (+)6
1
Lokasi Zoning Natah dgn scorenya sesuai Konsep

Ideal Nawasanga
: (Catatan : pada konsep ideal Nawasanga zoning area
dimana Natah berada selalu pada ruang terbuka )

Notasi nama zoning sesuai prinsip Nawasanga : perbedaan rendah, Kelompok 2 : responden 1,3 dan 5
UU : Utamaning Utama , MU : Madyaning Utama, UM :
dengan tingkat perbedaan sedang dan Kelompok 3 :
Utamaning Madya, MM: Madyaning Madya, UN : Utamaning
Nista, MN : Madyaning Nista, NU : Nistaning Utama, NM :
responden 2 dan 8 dengan tingkat perbedaan tinggi.
Nistaning Madya dan NN : Nistaning Nista.
b. Pembahasan :
Bobot Score Natah dipertimbangkan pada ruang Keberadaan Keempat jenis Natah dari hasil analisis
terbuka dengan skor index (+) 1, jika terdapat di ruang seting spasial dan overlay layout Natah rumah tinggal
tertutup, maka bobot score di hitung dengan skor index dengan konsep zoning Nawasanga, tampak berada
(-)1 Penotasian & Catatan ini berlaku untuk Tabel pada sebaran layout tertentu. Sebagian Natah berada
Bobot Score Setiap Responden dibawah ini. pada tempat yang sudah sesuai dengan prinsip zoning
Contoh perhitungan bobot skor hirarkhi Natah pada Nawasanga , dan sebagian Natah yang lain berbeda
responden 1 dapat dilihat pada tabel 5 dibawah ini, layout/ bergeser ialah berada pada zona hirarkhis yang
Untuk selanjutnya analogi dengan responden 1 dapat berbeda. Telah terjadi polarisasi secara spasial terhadap
ditentukan juga bobot skor hirarkhi Natah untuk pola layout Natah dari ketentuan utamanya ialah
responden lainnya ( 2 s/d 8 ) konsep zoning Nawasanga sebagai acuan utama.
Polarisasi pemahaman spasial disini berupa adanya
Tabel 5. Bobot Skore Hirarkhi Natah Responden ke 1 (satu) opini bahwa prinsip Natah pada ruang tertutup masih
NATA HIR BOB BOBOT SCORE IDEAL ZONA NAWASANGA TOT mungkin dilakukan dikarenakan sebagai bentuk
H AR OT U M U M U M N N N AL
KHI SCO U U M M N N U M N SCO fleksibilitas/ keluwesan sesuai konsep Desa Kala
RE RE
Patra yang merupakan konsep penyesuaian atau
PAMER 1 (+)4 3 (+)12
AJAN sebuah bentuk keluwesan bagi masyarakat Bali
BALE 2 (-)3 6 (-)18
P. 3 (+)2 5 (+)10 khususnya yang tidak berada di daerahnya untuk
KARA
NG menyesuaikan dalam batas-batas tertentu. (Ida Bagus
PAON 4 (+)1 1 (+)1
ZONA - - 9 8 7 - 5 4 3 2 1 (+)5 Mantra, 1996,). Polarisasi pemahaman terhadap Natah
LAIN
Notasi Zoning Natah pada : Ruang Terbuka dalam bentuk opini / persepsi terhadap Natah di ruang
tertutup pada dasarnya merupakan upaya penafsiran
Ruang Tertutup terhadap ruang/lingkungan oleh pengguna, hal ini
sesuai dengan (Robert.a.Baron Et al ,1994) teori
Dari hasil analisis Tabel Bobot Skore Hirarkhi persepsi, yang dimungkinkan hal ini terjadi karena
Natah Responden ke 1 s/d ke 8 dapat di susun Tingkat upaya penyesuaian terhadap kondisi yang ada.
perbedaan Pola Sistem Seting Natah pada rumah
tinggal dengan Pola Nawasanga seperti Tabel dibawah Penyesuaian dalam konteks ini bukanlah hanya upaya
ini: adaptasi, tetapi lebih kepada upaya mengikuti norma
budaya yang lebih longgar ( Desa Kala Patra) yang
Tabel 6. Tingkat Perbedaan Pola Sistem Seting Natah Pada memberikan kemudahan-kemudahan dalam kondisi
Rumah Tinggal Dengan Pola Sistem Seting Sesuai Konsep
yang terbatas. Penghuni sebagai pemilik berpendapat
Nawasanga.
bahwa penyesuaian dilakukan terhadap letak dan
Skore Hirarkhis Skore Hirarkhis Natah Pada Rumah Tinggal Orang capaian suasana ruang Natah, dikarenakan adanya
Natah Sesuai Bali di Yogyakarta
Konsep Res Res Res Res Res Res Res Res keterbatasan-keterbatasan lahan/ tapak/ site.
Nawasanga p.1 p.2 p.3 p.4 p.5 p.6 p.7 p.8 Penyesuaian Natah berupa penempatannya pada ruang
(+)61 (+) (- (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (-
5 )42 10 87 7 35 30 )45
tertutup oleh penghuni di upayakan, setelah
Tingk Simpa sebelumnya ada upaya upaya maksimal untuk
at ngan (+) (+) (+) (- (+) (+) (+) (+)
Perbe Dlm 56 102 51 )26 54 26 31 106
mengatasinya. Upaya upaya tersebut misalnya dengan
daan angka mencoba mengangkat Natah Pamerajan (sebagai
Natah hirarkhi utama) agar tetap sebagai Natah riil
di ruang terbuka ( pada ruang terbuka di lantai 2
Berdasar hasil skor diatas maka dapat di definisikan
bangunan rumah ) dengan harapan hubungan unsur
adanya temuan ialah terdapat 3 (tiga) kelompok pola
langit (akasa) dan bumi (pertiwi) tetap terjaga.
sistem seting Natah yang dicirikan dari tingkat
Keberadaan Natah pada ruang tertutup apabila
perbedaan terhadap Pola Zoning Nawasanga, ialah
dikaitkan dengan hasil overlay antara garis imajiner
Kelompok 1: Responden 4,6 dan 7 mempunyai tingkat

pola layout sesuai prinsip zoning Nawasanga sebagian Tingkat skor dengan perbedaan sedang terdapat
besar berusaha untuk tetap berada di zona hirarkhis pada pola sistem seting Natah tipe 1, 3 dan 5. Pada
yang sesuai, khususnya untuk Natah Bale. Pada Natah semua tipe ini terlihat sudah ada upaya dari penghuni
bale sebagian besar rumah tetap mengikuti pola zoning untuk memuliakan Natah Pamerajan sebagai Natah
yang sudah di tetapkan sesuai prinsip Nawasanga, dengan hirarkhi tertinggi pada ruang terbuka,
ialah di zona madyaning madya. Agar suasana Natah walaupun karena faktor keterbatasan lahan masih
masih bisa berperan untuk mendukung fungsinya terjadi perletakan Natah Pamerajan pada zona yang
walaupun berada di ruang tertutup, khususnya dalam kurang sesuai (pada tipe 1). Natah Bale semua berada
kegiatankegiatan rutin maupun temporer yang bersifat di ruang tertutup, juga Natah Paon kecuali tipe 1.
sakral, maka keberadaan signage berupa sanggah atau Natah Penunggun karang pada tipe 1 dan 3 berada di
pelinggih untuk tempat sesaji dan pengarah bagi ruang terbuka dan tipe 5 pada ruang tertutup. Pada tipe
orientasi ruang terlihat pada ruang Natah masih dengan skor perbedaan rendah ( tipe 4, 6 dan 7)
tampak cukup eksis. Dilihat dari aspek fungsi, maka ditunjukan dengan semua Natah Pamerajan sebagai
terlihat upaya untuk lebih memultifungsikan ruang Natah dengan hirarkhi yang tertinggi dan Natah
yang semula berfungsi dasar sebagai fungsi profan Penunggun Karang telah dimuliakan oleh penghuni
seperti ruang tidur, ruang tamu, ruang keluarga, ruang dengan berada di ruang terbuka (sesuai konsep
dapur, dan lain lain sebagai ruang Natah yang Nawasanga) walaupun dari sisi ketepatan zoning masih
berfungsi sakral. Natah Paon dan Penunggunkarang ada pergeseran sedikit. Natah Bale pada semua tipe ini
tampak lebih cair keberadaannya di ruang profan berada pada ruang tertutup, juga sebagian tipe Natah
seperti dapur, terace, atau sudut halaman, artinya tidak Paon. Keberadaan Natah pada ruang tertutup
terlalu formal tampak di tata sebagai Natah. Signage menunjukan adanya moderasi terhadap ketentuan-
pada kedua Natah ini lebih simple sebagai non fixed ketentuan baku budaya Bali dan agama Hindu Bali,
element, karena sesuai peringkat hirarkhisnya kedua melalui polarisasi spasial dan polarisasi makna Natah
Natah ini berada di bawah Natah Pamerajan dan sebagai penghubung unsur langit (akasa) dan bumi
Natah Bale. Pada beberapa rumah tampak Natah (pertiwi). Sikap moderat ini disebabkan karena
Penunggun Karang berada satu zona dengan Natah penghuni masih berpegang pada konsep Desa Kala
Pamerajan. Pelinggih sebagai tempat sesaji terlihat Patra sebagai konsep yang adaptable dan fleksible
lebih eksis sebagai semi fixed element dibanding ketika dalam mensikapi perbedaan ditempat dan lingkungan
Natah Penunggun Karang berdiri sendiri pada yang berbeda dengan segala keterbatasannya
zonanya. Seting fisik ruang (tertutup.pen) seperti telah (keterbatasan lahan dan keterbatasan ekonomi).
dijelaskan Lang 1987;p:119 dan Rapoport 1982;p :88-
96, meliputi komponennya berupa fixed feature space 6. Kesimpulan
(misalnya : dinding solid/ permanen, lantai permanen, 1. Terdapat keragaman sistem seting Natah pada
jendela, dan elemen lain yang bersifat permanen dalam sistem ruang rumah tinggal orang Bali di
ruang ), semifixed feature space ( misalnya: perabot Yogyakarta. Keragaman seting Natah di tunjukkan
meja, kursi, almari, dan elemen elemen lain sejenis dengan sebaran layout Natah, baik pada Natah
yang bersifat tidak tetap / semi permanen). Dalam berhirarkhi tinggi seperti Natah Pamerajan dan
kaitan ini ruang tertutup yang berfungsi ganda Natah Bale, serta Natah berhirarkhi sedang dan
sebagai ruang profan (misal: ruang keluarga atau ruang rendah seperti Natah Penunggun karang dan Natah
tamu) dan di personifikasikan atau di persepsi sebagai Paon.
ruang sakral banyak terdapat pada area Natah Bale. 2. Keragaman layout Natah pada system ruang rumah
Hal ini sangat memungkinkan karena sesuai prinsip tinggal terbentuk karena sebagian Natah
Nawasanga, Natah Bale berada pada titik pusat mempunyai letak yang berbeda dengan ketentuan
(center) ialah di zona madyaning madya, sedangkan di layout Natah pada zoning Natah seperti yang telah
sisi lain ruang keluarga dalam komposisi layout pada direkomendasikan oleh prinsip zoning Nawasanga
bangunan rumah cenderung berada di tengah. Sehingga 3. Faktor dominan yang berpengaruh berupa
terdapat kecenderungan untuk memilih ruang keluarga keterbatasan lahan dan faktor pengaruh lain berupa
sebagai area Natah bale. keterbatasan tingkat ekonomi untuk mengolah
Natah agar sesuai dengan prinsip Nawasanga.

Kebijakan spasial melalui penyesuaian konsep dua bangunan rumah. Namun terdapat juga Natah
spasial yang luwes/ fleksibel berdasar prinsip Desa Pamerajan berada pada ruang tertutup dikarenakan
Kala Patra telah menimbulkan polarisasi konsep keterbatasan ekonomi sehingga upaya
pemaknaan spasial Natah. Konsep pemaknaan mengangkat melalui pembangunan lantai 2
spasial Natah dilakukan dengan meletakan Natah rumahnya belum dapat dilaksanakan.
pada ruang yang dianggap mempunyai tingkat 7. Terdapat tingkat perbedaan antara sistem seting
kesesuaian dengan zoning Nawasanga walaupun Natah pada rumah tinggal orang Bali di yogya pada
berada pada ruang tertutup. Artinya terdapat lahan terbatas dengan prinsip Nawasanga.
upaya untuk moderasi terhadap konsep hubungan Perbedaan terbagi menjadi 3 (tiga) katagori
langit (akasa) dengan bumi (pertiwi) melalui tingkatan perbedaan terhadap prinsip Nawasanga,
pendekatan Konsep Desa Kala Patra, sebagai meliputi: tingkat perbedaan rendah ( sampel ke 4,6
konsep yang cukup adaptable dalam mensikapi dan 7 ), tingkat perbedaan sedang (sampel ke 1,3
perbedaan tempat dan keterbatasan lahan. Faktor ini dan 5 ) dan tingkat perbedaan tinggi (sampel ke 2
merupakan faktor utama yang mendorong dan 8). Pola sistem seting Natah dapat
terjadinya sebagian sebaran layout Natah pada diklasifikasikan sesuai pengelompokan tingkat
zoning yang berbeda dengan sebaran layout Natah perbedaan tersebut . Pola Sistem Seting Natah
pada zoning yang direkomendasikan oleh prinsip tersebut dapat ditunjukan pada tabel dibawah ini :
Nawasanga.
4. Telah terjadi sebaran layout Natah berdasar lokasi Tabel 7. Pola Sistem Seting Natah
zoning yang sesuai dengan prinsip Nawasanga KARAKTERISTIK Pola Sistem Pola Sistem Pola
PENYATU POLA SISTEM Seting Seting Sistem
pada sebagian tipe sistem seting Natah, khususnya SETING NATAH DALAM Natah Natah Seting
pada zoning madyaning madya yang relative berada KELOMPOK Kelompok Kelompok 2 Natah
1 Kelompok
di pusat system ruang rumah tinggal, 3
Responden Resonden: Responde
dimanasebagian besar diambil perannya oleh 4,6 & 7 1,3 & 5 n:2&8
Natah Bale. Sedangkan pada zoning utamaning Tingkat Perbedaan dgn Rendah Sedang Tinggi
prinsip Nawasanga (26)(+26)(+ (+56)(+51)(+ (+102)(+1
utama sebagian besar oleh Natah Pamerajan. (simpangan skor) 31) 54) 06)
Kesesuaian Pamerajan Semua di Sebagian Separo di
Sebagian besar diartikan bahwa terdapat sebagian Layout (hirarkhi ruang kecil di ruang
Natah tertinggi) terbuka ruang terbuka
kecil yang tidak sesuai konsep zoning Nawasanga. dengan (halaman & tertutup dan dan separo
Ketidak sesuaian bisa diartikan berbeda zoning prinsip lantai 2) sebagian di ruang
Nawa sanga (S) besar di tertutup
atau telah terjadi ekspansi zoning dari layout Natah S=SESUAI ruang (KS)
CS=CUKU terbuka (CS)
yang sesuai ketentuan zoning Nawasanga kezoning P SESUAI Bale Semua di Semua di Semua di
lain diluar ketentuan. KS=KURA ruang ruang ruang
NG tertutup tertutup(KS) tertutup(K
5. Telah terjadi upaya pemenuhan konsep Kosmologis SESUAI (KS) S)
Penunggunkar Semua di Semua di Semua di
dan filosofis Natah yang sesuai dengan prinsip ang ruang ruang ruang
terbuka (S) terbuka (S) terbuka
zoning Nawasanga oleh sebagian besar responden, (S)
berupa meletakkan Natah Pamerajan pada ruang Paon/ Lebuh Sebagian di Semua di Semua di
(hirarkhi ruang ruang ruang
terbuka Hal ini berkaitan dengan prinsip hirarkhi terendah) terbuka dan tertutup (KS) tertutup
sebagian di (KS)
sesuai prinsip Nawasanga, bahwa Natah ruang
Pamerajan merupakan Natah dengan posisi tertutup
(CS)
hirarkhi tertinggi, sehingga ada upaya Kesesuaian Pamerajan Semua di Semua di Sebagian
zoning zoning zoning utama di zoning
memprioritaskan pemenuhan norma sesuai prinsip Natah Utama (S) (S) utama dan
dengan sebagian
Nawasanga secara maksimal oleh penghuni rumah prinsip di zoning
dibandingkan Natah yang lain. Nawa sanga Nista (CS)
S=SESUAI Bale Semua di Semua di Semua di
6. Keterbatasan lahan dan besarnya KDB, telah CS=CUKU zoning zoning zoning
P SESUAI madya (S) madya (S) madya (S)
mendorong upaya pemenuhan konsep Nawasanga KS=KURA Penunggunkar Semua di Semua di Semua
untuk tetap berada pada ruang terbuka agar NG
SESUAI
ang zoning
utama (S)
zoning Nista
(CS)
berada di
zoning
hubungan langit (akasa) dan bumi (pertiwi) dapat Nista (CS)
Paon/Lebuh Semua di Semua di Semua
berlangsung, ialah dengan memuliakannya dengan zoning Zoning berada di
cara mengangkat area Natah Pamerajan ke lantai Nista (S) Nista(S) zoning
Nista(S)
Aktifitas Sakral dan Profan di Kegiatan sakral dilaksanakan sudah sesuai

Natah ketentuan agama Hindu Bali dan kegiatan C. Pola Sistem seting Natah III
profan sesuai definisi fungsi ruang pada
rumah tinggal . Tidak ada pergerakan yang
spesifik atau khusus karena dilaksanakan Natah
dengan timing yang sesuai ketentuan. Natah Pamerajan/
Pola sistem setting Natah I, II dan III dalam konteks Pamerajan
Natah Paon
Grid prinsip Nawa Sanga dapat digambarkan seperti
diagram dibawah ini :
Natah Paon
A. Pola Sistem Seting Natah I Natah Bale
Natah P.
Natah P.
Natah Paon Karang
Karang
Natah Paon Natah P.
Natah Karang
Natah
Pamerajan
Pamerajan
: Ruang Terbuka
: Ruang Tertutup
Natah Bale Natah Bale
Kode (2) : lantai 2
Dari ke 3(tiga) pola sistem seting Natah tersebut

Natah Paon diatas tampak bahwa terdapat moderasi perlakuan
Natah Paon
penghuni rumah dalam mensikapi lahan terbatas
Natah melalui pemanfaatan ruang-ruang fungsional pada
Pamerajan (2)
rumah tinggal yang pada dasarnya berupa ruang
tertutup.
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Therapeutic Space for Healthcare Facilities
Fuziah Ibrahim1, Wan Mariah Wan Harun1, Wan Nor Wahidah Syumaiyah Wan Kamaruddin1
1
Associate Professor,
Lecturer, Interior Design Programme, School of Housing, Building and Planning
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Abstract
Garden is a therapeutic space. Greens, the sound of running water and fresh outdoor environment are
elements of therapeutic in nature. Utilising healing or therapeutic garden is an added value to healthcare
premises. The awareness of positive impacts of therapeutic garden to the users especially on patients healing
process has been acknowledge in healthcare built environment space. This paper explores the garden provided by
the healthcare facilities and assesses the uses perception on the facilities and environment of the garden. It is an
attempt to understand the importance of therapeutic from the users point of view and its suitability in accordance
to their need. Observations on the garden healthcares and interviews with the users of the garden that consist of
staffs, patient relatives and patients are the primary methods in conducting the study. The findings reveal that the
primary points of concern by the users regarding the garden are pedestrian walkways and resting area. While
being in garden the users of the healthcare also experience the feeling of tranquillity, positive changes in mood
and a sense of privacy from the stressful interior healthcare environment. The elements of garden especially
accessibility and location in relation to the premises have also influenced the usage of the garden by the users.
This paper assists in foreseeing the therapeutic space in healthcare facilities for the next generation.
Keywords: healing garden, healthcare facility, environment of garden
1. Introduction flowers. Elements that arouse the senses such as

Space is a major element in any design. Through sounds of water, fragrance of flowers, gentle breeze
space people move, see forms and shape, hear sounds and the feel of sunlight are (Epstein,2006) features in
and feel the breezes, the warmth of the sun and the the health garden enhances the visual features.
smell of fragrances of flowers in bloom. Space is form English et al. (2008) believe that therapeutic
from the perception of the relationship between the landscape is site which is associated with healing and
elements that make up the space (Ching &Binggeli treatment. They describe the therapeutic landscapes
(2005). A space would dictate how we feel and as the space that physical, built environment, social
behave. It could change the mood by changing the conditions and human perceptions combine to produce
elements that make up the space. Certain elements in an atmosphere which are conducive to healing. These
space could even contribute to the feeling of healing. sites evoke emotional geographies which play a role
Cooper-Marcus(2007) describe green nature, in shaping and maintaining the therapeutic landscape.
sunlight and fresh air as important components of Emotional geographies are the emotional meanings of
healing. Garden in general features natural visual places. These emotional geographies consist of a place
setting that reflects life such as plants, trees and or space which has all the necessary elements in
nature. In a wider perspective it could be place that are
Fuziah Ibrahim peaceful, relaxing and far from the hassle and bustle
--- Associate Professor, School of Housing, Building and of the busy life. It is a place that link human to nature
Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, i.e. a place that evokes positive feeling when the
Malaysia sound of birds, running streams, the soft fresh breeze
Tel: 604-6532834 Fax: 604-6576523 and beautiful landscapes. Such space or garden needs
e-mail: fuziah@usm.my
to be managed and maintained. In reality the earth is

the natural healing garden from the beginning of time. new established ones and the older ones.They are
Literature reviews suggest the rationale for the study Seberang Jaya Hospital, Kepala Batas Hospital,
of garden as an element in healing; exposure to natural Sultanah Bahiyah Hospital, Sultan Abdul Halim
settings reduces stress and enhances healing (Ananth, Hospital, Bukit Mertajam Hospital and Sungai Bakap
(2008), Hartig(2006) , there are also suggestions that Hospital. The oldest hospitals are Sungai Bakap and
healing environment may influence patients and Bukit Mertajam Hospital which started operating in
family perceptions of their healthcare provider. 1890. Sultanah Bahiyah and Sultan Abdul Halim
The value of nature as healing elements disappear Hospital are among the new ones which started their
from healthcare environment from 1950s to 1990s operation in 2007. Kepala Batas Hospital started
Ulrich (1991) and Horsburgh (1995). They claimed operating in 2003, whereas Seberang Jaya Hospital in
that most healthcare facilities resembled office 1995.
buildings layout and natural ventilation is replaced by The observations and open-ended interviews are
air-conditioning, outdoors natural environments are chosen to discover and explore the use of the gardens
replaced by parking lots. Design of the interiors in the healthcare facilities. The researcher observed
resembled corporate office for efficiency and found and noted the elements of the garden according to the
stressful to the patrons of the facilities. supportive gardens elements by Ulrish Et al (1999).
There are attempt by local healthcare facilities to The patrons who visited the gardens are approached
incorporate healing garden in their premises. However by the researcher for open-ended interviews. The data
most are done as an add-on. The garden is not are content-analyzed.
incorporated in the early design stage. Some do not
provide and garden at all. Beginning in the 2000s the 3. The Findings and Discussion
new healthcare facilities in Malaysia started The first phase of the research is identifying who
incorporating gardens in their premises such as are the patrons of the gardens in the healthcare
Sultanah Bahiyah Hospital and Sultan Abdul Halim facilities. The next phase is finding the reasons behind
Hospital. The old healthcare facilities such as Sungai their reasons and establishing correlation to the
Bakap and Bukit Mertajam Hospitals which were elements of healing garden adopted from Ulrishs
established in 1890s, just added on a healing garden in theory in Cooper-Marcus (2007). And Ulrish et.al.
their premises. The effectiveness of such garden is (1999)
directly related to the response of the patrons to the
garden. The patrons are people who have direct link (a) The elements of therapeutic gardens
with the healthcare premises such as patients, patients Although all the gardens are from one ministry of
visitors, or members of the staff. health, each of them is unique. As mention earlier, the
The elements of therapeutic or healing for the healthcare facilities are established at different time.
research are based on Ulrichs theory of Supportive Sultanah Bahiyah and Sultan Abdul Halim Hospital
garden from Ulrich, Marcus and Barnes (1999), which were established in 2007. Both the hospitals have
are: to provide opportunity for movement and therapeutic gardens incorporated when they were first
exercise; to provide opportunities to make choices and established. Kepala Batas and Seberang Jaya Hospital
to seek privacy; to encourage positive distractions were established in 2003 and 1995 respectively. The
with nature,; visibility; accessibility; familiarity; healing gardens in both Seberang Jaya and Kepala
quietness; comfort; unambiguously positive art. Batas were also part of the plan. Both the garden were
Studying the patrons and their perspective of the first built when the hospitals were established.. Bukit
reasons why they use the garden and the elements of Mertajam hospital was established in 1890 with only
the gardens of the healthcare premises would put into 52 beds. Over the years it has gone to a lot of
light some correlations between them. expansion and refurbishing that currently it houses
242 beds. Sungai Bakap Hospital was established in
2. Methodology 1891 and currently houses 105 beds. The healing
Healthcare facilities are chosen to explore the gardens for both Sungai Bakap and Bukit Mertajam
garden and the usefulness of the garden provided by Mertajam Hospital were not part of the plan but added
the facilities. The chosen hospitals are located in the on in the 2000s.
norther part in peninsula Malaysia. They represent the
14 JAP Vol. 7 No. 2 Apr. 2015 Fuziah Ibrahim

SJH KBH SAHH SBH SgBH BMH
Table 1. The Checklist for the elements of
healing garden from Ulrichs Theory of Sultan
Sultanah Sungai Bukit
Supportive Garden Design adopted from Seberang Kepala Abdul
Bahiya Bakap Mertajam
Ulrich et. Al. (1999) Halim
Jaya Batas
Setting / / /
facilitate
physical
Mini gym X X playgound X
outdoor
activity Mini gym
Setting allow X X
children for
running and / Limited / / / Limited
playing
Provide space space
opportunity
for Setting for
1
movement contemplative / / / / / /
and walking
exercise
Setting for X X X X
users to walk / Not Not / Not Not
and jogging suitable suitable suitable suitable for
for jogging for jogging for jogging jogging
Setting with
landscape for
post-surgery X X X X X X
exercise
place to be
Regaining
able to stay
freedom and
reducing
alone or / / / / / /
with
stress.
others,
User can
explore the
entire access
Place to sit
and must be
under the
able to make
shade or / / / / / /
decision
the sun
which
pathway they
Provide prefer
opportunity
to make
choices
either to Design must
2 Place with
seek offer different broad or
privacy or choices narrow / / / / / /
experience
view
a sense of
control
Fix or
moveable Fix seating Fix seating Fix seating Fix seating Fix seating Fix seating
seating
Different To
length of Too short Too short Too short a enco
walking / / a distance / a distance distance peop
routes gath
toge
and
expe
soci
supp

3 To encourage people Locate near patients Provide X X X X X X
to gather together room, waiting area moveable
Fix Fix Fix Fix Fix seating Fix
and experience social or main entrance seating
seating seating seating seating seating
support
Provide / / X / / /
subspace for
small group
Area with table / / / / / /
and chairs for
wakaf wakaf
family or staff
having meal
together
To encourage Plenty of different / / / / / /
4 positive distraction types of plants, with
with nature variety of colours,
texture and shape,
Trees to attract wild / / / / / /
life (birds chirping)
View to the sky / / / / / /

Elements to reflect / / X X X /
sound of moving
water
5 Visibility Near entrance or / X / / / /
visible from the
main foyer,
accessibility without
the help of a signage
6 Accessibility Accessibility by all / X / / X X
age,
Pathway Certain Certain
Pathway must be
made width of the width of
able for two
from pathway is the
wheelchairs pass
stones less than pathway
horizontally
and 1000mm is less
stepping than
stone 1000mm
and hilly
The pavement joints / X / / X X
should be narrow
enough as not to
harm or catch a
cane, or wheelchairs
or IV poles
7 Familiarity People seek familiar / / / / / /

surrounding
especially when they
are stress
8 Quietness Located away from X / X X / /
The noise of traffic,
Near Near to
or machinery rooms
main cafeteria
road
Feel the wind / / X / X X
Hear the sound of / / X X X /
water fountains
Sound of birds / / / / / /
chirping
9 Comfort Physiological / / X / X /
Not Arrangement
enough of plant and
seating seating not
suitable
Psychological / / X / X /
Less No wind and
plant, hot
no wind
and hot
10 Unambiguously No complex / / / / / /
positive art sculpture

10 elements of healing or therapeutic garden moveable seating and garden that provide different
adopted from Ulrishs theory are; provide opportunity length of walking routes. It seems all the hospitals
for movement and exercise; provide opportunity to provide all the categories in the second checklist.
make choices either to seek privacy or experience a
sense of control; to encourage people to gather The third checklist: to encourage people to gather
together to experience a sense of support; to together and experience social support.
encourage positive distraction with nature; visibility; Ulrish emphasised that in order for people to
accessibility; familiarity; quietness; comfort; and gather together and experience social support, the
unambiguously positive art.; These 10 elements are garden need to be located near patients room, waiting
observed in all the six hospitals. The summary is made area or the main entrance. The garden must also
in Table 1 above. provide moveable seating, provide subspace for small
groups and area with tables and chairs for family or
The first Checklist ; provide opportunity for staff to have meal together. All the hospitals do
movement and exercise provide moveable seating and all hospitals seem to
In the first checklist, to provide opportunity for have space for family and staff to stay together. Two
movement and exercise is further divided into five of the hospitals do have a subspace for small groups.
sub-categories. They are setting that facilitate physical
outdoor activity, setting that allows children to play The fourth checklist; To encourage positive
and run, setting for contemplative walking, setting for distraction with nature.
users to walk and jog, and setting with landscape for In this category, the positive distraction include
post surgery exercise. different types of plants with variety of colours,
In the first sub-category, setting that facilitates texture and shape, trees which attract wildlife such as
physical outdoor activity such as mini gym and birds, view to the sky and the elements to reflect the
playground, only 3 hospitals provide such facility. The sound and moving water. All the therapeutic gardens
other 3 do not provide such facility although two of in the hospitals fulfilled all the sub categories except
the hospitals belong to the latest established hospitals. the sound and moving water. Three of the gardens do
In the setting that allows children for running and not have water element in their garden. They included
playing, three hospitals fulfilled the setting. The other the two new established hospitals and one old one.
three in which one is from the new established
hospital does not have space for children to run and The fifth checklist: Visibility
play. The setting for contemplative walking, four The visibility of the garden is important for the
hospitals fulfilled the category. The two oldest patrons to realise there is a garden provided for them.
established hospitals do not fulfilled the checklist. It is considered visible if the location of the garden is
Four hospitals were identified that their therapeutic near the entrance, or visible from the main foyer
gardens are not suitable for jogging, as the size is too without the help of a signage. All gardens fulfilled this
small for such activity. All the hospitals do not provide category.
setting for post-surgery exercise.
The sixth checklist: Accessibility
The second Checklist: provide opportunity to make Accessibility is crucial as it is the first point for the
choices either to seek privacy or experience a sense patrons in deciding whether to venture into the garden.
of control It must be accessed by all age. The pathway must be
In providing opportunity to make choices either to accessed by two wheelchairs horizontally. The result
seek privacy or experience a sense of control, Ulrichs shows that 3 out of 6 hospitals, their gardens are not
explain further that such setting must provide the user being able to access by wheelchair users. Some
to explore the entire garden and able to make which pathway are made from stones and stepping stones.
pathway they prefer. The design must allow user to Certain pathways are less than 1000mm wide and
make different choices of seating. The checklist is some parts are hilly. The pavements which are
further sub-categorised into 5; place to be able to stay finished with stones have joints which are not narrow
alone or with others, place to sit under the sun or enough that would cause harm to cane, wheelchairs
shade, place with broad or narrow view, fix or and IV poles.

The seventh checklist; Familiarity Not all gardens have space for jogging and for
When people are in stressful condition, they will children to run and play.
try to seek familiar surroundings to ease their stress. All the gardens only have fix seating. The seating
All the gardens seem to have the familiarity that the do not allow the flexibility that the patrons need in
patrons are looking for. encouraging them to gather and have some social
interaction with their relatives or friends. The
The eighth checklist: Quietness seating and plants arrangement does not consider
Quietness refers to location that is away from the sociopetal or sociofugal arrangement (Lawson,
noise of traffic or machinery rooms. Four of the 2003). Sociopetal is to encourage social interaction
gardens fulfilled the category, except for two, one whereas sociofugal is for those who seek isolation.
hospital located the therapeutic garden near to the Similar gardens do not fulfil the psychological
main road and the other next to the cafeteria. Both are category because there is no breeze or wind,
latest established hospitals. Quietness also refers to making the stay in the garden too hot and humid.
the patrons are able to feel the breeze, to hear the
sound of birds chirping and the sound of water
fountains or running water. All gardens have birds
chirping. However three gardens do not have the
sound or running water or water fountains. It includes
the newly established and old hospitals.
The ninth checklist; Comfort Fig.1 Fix Seating

Comfort must fulfilled both physiological and Accessibility to the garden is crucial in
psychological. Among the six therapeutic gardens, determining the decision by the patrons to the
two do not fulfil physiological and psychological garden especially patients or patrons with
category. In term of physiological category, it is wheelchairs and those that carry IV drips with
observed that there are a lot of patrons who visit the them. The width of the pathway must be at least
gardens but not enough seating is provided. Some 1000mm wide to allow two wheelchairs to pass at
arrangement of seating and plants are not suitable. the same time. Three newest established hospitals
design their access pathway that follow the
The tenth checklist; unambiguously positive art requirement of Ulrishs theory of supportive
All the gardens do not have any complex sculpture garden design.
that would distract the patrons state of mind.
The highlights from the checklist of the elements of

therapeutic gardens:
When a garden is design, the designer might focus
too much on a visual effect, as Stigsdotter & Grahn
(2002) claim that a garden should not just on visual
aspect, but a patron may first enter as an observer, Fig. 2 Inaccessible to Wheelchair users
then into a visitor, experiencing the four
dimensions of the garden (three-dimensional space The comfort and quietness are important
and time) will all ones senses. The garden must elements. The location which is away from
activate all senses, sight, hearing, smell and taste the noise of traffics or children playground
as well as temperature sense, muscular sense, the will be more preferable for the required
sense of touch. quietness. The cool breeze which passes
All the gardens do not have setting with landscape through the garden will counter the hot and
for post-surgery exercise. The post surgery humid space in the garden. It brings
exercise is usually carried out indoor under full physiological as well as psychological
supervision from the staff. It is also done in a wellbeing to the patrons.
special room with special equipment and facilities.

In discussing the results of the elements of the members of the staff make up the majority. In one of
therapeutic gardens, it is nevertheless important to the hospital, the family members, visitors and staff
relate to the patrons who frequent the gardens and the make up almost equal percentage of patrons to the
reasons behind their actions. h garden. It is significant to note that in three hospitals
patients make up the least number who visit the
(b) The patrons of the gardens: gardens. The other three hospitals do not record any
The patrons of the therapeutic gardens could be patients at all. In one of the hospitals, only family
categorized into groups. They consist of immediate members and patients are the patrons to the garden.
family members of the patients, other visitors Table 3 shows that there are 11(eleven) main reasons.
(relatives and friends), the patients themselves and the Waiting is the main reason, follows by stay-away.
staff of respective healthcare facilities. The stay-away is summarized from a group of
Table 2 shows the percentage distribution of the adjectives with similar meanings. (They are: stay
patrons by the respective healthcare facilities. In three away; get away; escape; to ease & keep myself calm;
hospitals, the majority of the patrons are the family release tension; escape from crowded area.)
members of the patients. However in one hospital, the
Table 2, Visitors of Therapeutic Garden in Healthcare facilities
S. Abdul H.H. 9,26

1,85 retail staff%
S. Bahiyah H 11,11
0,00
patient%
K. Batas H. 3,70 7,41
visitors%
S.Bakap H. 3,70 5,56
S. Jaya H Family
5,56
5,56 member%
BMH staff%
3,70 9,26
0,00 2,00 4,00 6,00 8,00 10,00 12,00
(c) The reasons for going to the garden:

Table 3 Reasons for going to the garden In analyzing the reasons for going to the garden,
patrons have come out with plenty or adjectives in
play 15 describing their reasons. The adjectives are: break,
bored 5 lunch, meet and talk, nap, wait, play, bored, rest,
privacy, to ease and keep calm, outside, stay away,
privacy 2 crowded, the smell of medicine, get away, short-cut,
Waiting 17 release tension, escape, worry, hang out. Some of the
short-cut 1 adjectives are group together or summarized with
similar meanings. The result which is a combination
4
from all the healthcare facilities is shown in Table 2.
nap 5 Waiting and taking a break and resting are the
Lunch 9 main reasons for the patrons to use the garden. A lot of
the patrons go to the garden are the relatives to the in
Meeting friends 4
house patients. They need to wait for the visiting time.
break &rest 16 Some of them wait for outpatient treatments. Those
stay away 9 who use the garden as a place to play are children.
They come to the healthcare facilities with their
0 5 10 15 20 parents who are visiting the relatives. They would be
easily become restless in the wards, while waiting for

their parent, they spend their time playing in the picking or collecting fruits or woods and will not like
garden. disturbances. The highest mental power are those on
There are patrons who use the garden to have their the outgoing involvement.
lunch and some to stay away from the wards. The staff If the reasons of visits from Table 3 and Granhs
of the healthcare facilities and the relatives of the model are match together, then the following Figure
patients and the patients themselves make up for this would illustrate the match. Figure 4 shows that most
category. The green scenery of plants provides a relief of the reasons of people visiting the gardens fall under
from their stressing ward or work environment. the second tier of the pyramid. They consist of
Those that come for a nap are the staff who find patients family members, other visitors and even
the gazebo a good place to rest and nap after a long member of the staff.
day. A short nap will refresh them to be able to start The least number of patrons to the gardens are the
work. Some relatives of the in-house patients do take patients themselves. Most patients need assistance if
a nap needed after a long night or day caring for their they are to venture into the gardens. They have to be
love ones in the wards. accompanied by family members or the staff. This
could be link to the accessibility to the gardens. The
accessibility is crucial in encouraging in-house
patients to the garden. Figure 2 shows some of the
problem in the accessibility.
Fig. 3. Examples of Gazebo
Bored are the patrons who have to wait for too

long in the out-patients departments. They use the
garden to get away from the boredom of waiting.
Patients as well as staff appreciate the privacy that
the garden provides. The secluded area of the garden
is the needed space to get away from the busy ward
area. They are able to interact with family members
without staff interference. The staff appreciate the
garden as a space that is very contrasting from their
Fig. 4 Granhns model of patrons participation in Stigsdotter &
busy work interiors. They are able to get away from Grahn (2002)
the smell of medicine. Some even use the area as
short cut to other departments in the premises. Stigsdotter (2004) suggested that having access or
Table 3, show that overall, the majority of the view to a garden improve comfort, pleasure and well
patrons who visit the garden mostly come from the being and Kuo (2001) claims it will lower mental
groups who want a break & rest, those who are fatigue, in contrast to watching the concrete block
waiting, those who want play, those who want to stay brings sensory stress Nakamura and Fujii (1992).
away and have lunch.
Granhns model of patrons participation in 4. Conclusion
Stigsdotter & Grahn (2002) is divided into four kinds The research reveals that most elements of a
of participations, which are participation directed therapeutic garden of all the healthcare facilities
inwards involvement, emotional participation, active concern are met. However accessibility is one of the
participation and outgoing involvement. His model of important elements neglected by the health facilities
participation depend on their mental power. Those concern. It is in direct relation to the number of
involved with directed inwards involvement level visitors to the garden. Improving the accessibility will
where mental power is very weak. The physical encourage more patrons especially the in-house
activity undertaken is private, such as walking, patients to enjoy the tranquillity of the garden.

As accessibility to the garden is important, the 537
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The Possibility of Transportation Demand Omotenashi (TDO) Works
in the City Centre of Malang City
Imma Widyawati Agustin1, Hisashi Kubota2
1
Lecture at Department of Urban Regional Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Brawijaya University
2
Professor at Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Saitama University, Japan
Abstract
Recently in general, the strategy to reduce traffic congestion has merely focused on the provision of
infrastructure and transportation modes without sufficient control toward the demand of transportation. The sites
of Tugu, Alun-alun, and MOG are parts of the city centre in Malang city embodying unique characteristics and
able to attract asignificant flow of movement. Traffic densities in the namely sties have resulted in many problems
in the city centre such as daily traffic jams, air pollution and noise pollution especially during peak hours.
Admittedly, an increasing number of motorcycles and cars in Malang city has not been adequately accommodated
with the contruction and improvement of infratructure in the past five years. It is therefore important for this
research is to examine the possibility of Transportation Demand Omotenashi (TDO) works in the city centre of
Malang. TDO is an application of the concept of Transportation Demand Management (TDM) with omotenashi
highlighting the uniqueness of the region based on three variables: hospitality, warmth, and familiarity. This
research used Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) to analize the satisfaction of public transport users toward
public transport services and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to analyze the strategic priorities. The
results showed that the characteristic of the traffic, based on three variables: hospitality, warmth, and familiarity,
needs to be improved especially the design of street and pedestrian-way, street performance, the design of
on-street parking, and the satisfaction of public transport users to the public transport services. Furthermore, this
research suggested six strategic priorities which are the provision of parking management and carpool (21.70 per
cent), the improvement of public tranport services and the provision of public tranport lane (20.47 per cent), the
enforcement of law (20.45 per cent), the management of employee and student travels (17.13 per cent), the
improvement of pedestrian-ways and bike-ways (10.49 per cent), and finally the raising of the public awareness
(9.75 per cent).
Keywords: traffic; transportation-demand-omotenashi (TDO); customer-satisfaction-index (CSI); analytical-Hierarchy-Proces

(AHP)
1. Introduction excellent service mindset of Japanese style. It is a

During this time, the organization of transport concept that consists of hospitality, warmth, and
focuses on the provision of infrastructure. This was familiarity (Kubota, 2006). Transportation Demand
done to anticipate the vehicle volume in the future and Omotenashi (TDO) as part of the implementation of
to increase the attractiveness of public transport TDM strategies is expected to highlight the
modes to be more efficient. TDM is a transportation uniqueness of the area and provide encouragement for
management strategy that is not only restrict the local residents to use public transport, transit, and
movement but also manage the movement that does pedestrian paths for walking. TDO has been applied in
not happen at the same time or in the same place Japan at the commercial and tourist areas in order to
(Rahman and Ahmadi, 2010). Omotenashi is an maximize the satisfaction of all tourist. Omotenashi
also has the meaning hospitality, that is the concept of
Imma Widyawati Agustin friendliness in service, where the optimization of the
--- Lecture, Department of Urban Regional Planning transport system oriented to pampering customers or
Brawijaya University users. TDO is trying to control vehicle traffic in order
Jl. MT. Haryono 167 Malang City, East Java, 65145 to improve environment and pedestrian activity
Tel: 081333128894 Fax: 0341-551430 (Kubota, 2006).
e-mail: immasaitama@ub.ac.id

Location of Malang City is close to Batu City and service (LOS) based on Indonesia Highway Capacity
the other tours in Malang Regency, so it is often used (MKJI).
as a transit by the tourists (Nugroho, 2013). Tugu Site, Q = QLV+(QHVxempHV)+(QMCxempMC)...(1)
Alun-alun Site, and MOG Site has unique
Q = Traffic volume(pcu/hour)
characteristics and it is located in the city centre. It is
QLV = LV volume (car/hour)
able to attract the movement of people and vehicles QHV = HV volume (car/hour)
fairly large every day. empHV = HV equivalent of passenger cars
The increase of the number of vehicles in the City QMC = MC volume (car/hour)
of Malang is not balanced with infrastructure empMC = MC equivalent of passenger cars
development. The growth of the vehicle of 1.3 per C = C x FC x FC x FC x FC ........(2)
O W SP SF CS
cent during the last 5 years, in contrast the addition of
C = Capacity (pcu/hour)
a new road only 0.26 per cent based on secondary data Co = Basic capacity (pcu/hour)
(Surya online, 2012). Traffic density is highly at the FCw = Road width adjustment factor
some point in the study area has led to the potential FCSP = Separation direction adjusment factor
for congestion especially during peak hours. A total of (only for undivided road)
73 per cent of land use in Jalan Semeru to Jalan FCSF = Side friction adjusment factor (kerb)
FCCS = City size adjusment factor
Kahuripan in the City of Malang is not able to
accommodate the parking needs based on attraction DS = Q/C..........................................(3)
movement, so that the parking of vehicles using the DS = Degree of saturation
effective traffic. This resulted into a poor level of
service of street (Wiyanti and Agustin, 2013). Degree of saturation values show the street
There are some problems in the city centre which performance from A to F. Characteristics of
on-street parking analyzed by the determination of
makes people feel uncomfortable such as full crowded,
unit parking spaces (SRP) and geometric evaluation
air pollution, noise, and unhealthy environment for of the existing parking lot (Table 1).
children and elderly people (Agustin and Kubota,
2013). This research was conducted to examine the Table 1. Determination of unit parking space (SRP)
possibility of TDO works in the city centre of Malang Unit Parking
No. Type
City especially in the Tugu site, Alun-alun site, and Space (m2)
1 Passenger cars I 2,30 x 5,00
MOG site to address the emergence of a large
2 Passenger cars II 2,50 x 5,00
attraction in the next future. 3 Passenger cars III 3,00 x 5,00
4 Bus/truck 3,40 x 12,50
2. Method 5 Motorcycle 0,75 x 2,00
The research used qualitative and quantitative Source: Decision of Director General of Transport No.
methods. It was started by analyzing the traffic 272/HK.105/DRJD/96, 1996
characteristics based on street geometric and
pedestrian way geometric, street performance, the The level of service (LOS) of pedestrian facilities
characteristics of on-street parking, pedestrian way can be calculated based on pedestrians flows at 15
performance, the interaction of the public transport minutes intervals (HCM, 1985).
passengers and the passenger satisfaction on the
............................(4)
performance of public transport. It also analyzes the
uniqueness of each site. Then, try to formulate an = Pedestrians flows at 15 minutes
(people/meter/minutes)
alternative strategies of TDO based on the analysis of
= Total of pedestrians at 15 minutes intervals
existing conditions. It was given to the respondent (people)
experts to assess priorities with AHP method. These WE = Efektive width of pedestrian way (meter)
results ultimately in the form of network design and WE = WT B
strategic priorities. WT = Total of the width of pedestrian way (meter)
Street geometric and pedestrian way geometric B = the width of pedestrian way obstruction that
can not be used for walking (meter)
were analyzed by cross-sectional and photo analysis
of existing conditions of each segment. Street
performance is analyzed by calculating level of
24 JAP Vol. 7 No. 2 Apr. 2015 Imma Widyawati Agustin

Passenger satisfaction to the performance of public Table 2. Criteria of CSI scores
transport is calculated by Customer Satisfaction Index CSI Value CSI Criteria
0,81 1,00 Very satisfied
(CSI) that is compiled from the questionnaires of
0,66 0,80 Satisfied
public transport passengers. Attributes of the
0,51 0,65 Fairly satisfied
performance of public transport services based on the 0,35 0,50 Less satisfied
Decree of Directorate General of Land Transportation 0,00 0,34 Dissatisfied
No. 687/AJ.206/DRJD/2002. Determination of the Source: Insani, 2005
number of samples of public transport passengers
using Bernoulli formula. Public transport passengers ever interaction with
the others analyzed based on statistical analysis from
the results of the questionnaire of public transport
n= ......................(5) passengers.
TDM strategies are formulated based on the
n = Total of minimum sample guidelines and best practice model. The strategy also
Z = Normal distribution resulted in network design of Tugu site, Alun-alun site,
= Significance level and MOG site. Priority of TDM strategies carried out
e = Error
with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The
p = proportion of the number of questionnaires that
are considered properly number of experts is five expert respondents. Data
q = proportion of the number of questionnaires that processing using Expert Choice 11, it generates a
considered false priority of TDO strategy to be applied in the study
area.
The number of samples that must be distributed is
196 respondents, significance level of 0.95 and an 3. Results and Discussions
error rate of 0.05. The proportion of the questionnaires Tugu site, Alun-alun site, and MOG site is located
were considered properly amount of 85% and 15% in the city centre of Malang City, East Java, Indonesia.
were considered false. CSI calculation steps are as Malang City is the second most populous city in East
follows: Java with a population of 820,243 inhabitants.
Population density of approximately 7453
1. Mean Importance Score (MIS)
inhabitants/km2 in 2012. Study sites located in Klojen
MIS = .........................(6) subdistrict which has the largest population density in
n = Total of passenger as respondent the City of Malang. The total area of Klojen
Yi = Satisfaction value of Y attribute to i subdistrict is 8.83 km2 and it has a population of
2. Wight Factors (WF) 105,907 inhabitants in 2012 (Figure 1).
WF = x 100% ....................(7)
p = Importance attribute
3. Weight Score (WS),
= x MSS ..................(8)
4. Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI/IKP)
CSI = x 100 % .................(9)
p = Importance attribute
HS = Highest Scale
If CSI scores is over 50 per cent, it can be

concluded that the passengers are satisfied, otherwise
if the CSI scores is under 50 per cent then the
passenger has not been satisfied. CSI scores are
divided into five criterias: from the dissatisfied to very
Fig.1. Study Area.
satisfied (Table 2). (Source: analysis, 2013)

Uniqueness of the Site The attractiveness of Tugu site, Alun-alun site, and
Tugu site, Alun-alun site, and MOG site has MOG site has been capable fulfill the criteria of
aroused a great attraction movement, because it has a warmth, so that it supports the concept of omotenashi
unique area associated with the physical attractiveness, in the City of Malang. Therefore, it still requires an
social attractiveness, and historical attractiveness integrated transportation management to support the
(Table 3). uniqueness of the site (Figure 2).
Table 3. Uniqueness of the Site Traffic Characteristics

Histori Street Geometric and Pedestrian-way Geometric
No Site Physic Social
cal
Geometric Analysis of street and pedestrian way
1 Monument site has colonial
architecture and a beautiful
conducted on 46 segments. Geometric Analysis
view at 'round park' as a presents a cross-section of street and pedestrian way,
physical attraction. There are and photo analysis. One of the results of the analysis
also social attractiveness that is of the geometric is shown at Jalan Pasar Besar (Figure
Alun-alun Tugu as a family 3 and 4).
recreation facility (Eka
fitrawan, 2005).
2 Square site has street corridor
with the some relics of the
colonial buildings around it. It
formed a unique physical
attractiveness. There are also
social attractiveness that is
Alun-alun Merdeka as a
family recreation facility
(Ekafitrawan, 2005).
3 MOG site previously contained
Balai Kartini and Bozem, in
addition there are also some
buildings that retained its shape
at Ijen area. There is a social
appeal of sports fields and
stadiums, as well as a weekly
event CFD (Car Free Day)
(Ekafitrawan, 2005).
Fig.3. Photo Analysis of Jalan Pasar Besar.

(Source: analysis, 2013)
Fig.2. Uniqueness of the Site. Fig.4. Cross-section of Jalan Pasar Besar.

(Source: analysis, 2013) (Source: analysis, 2013)

A total of 40 segments of 46 segments have No Segment Q C LOS
40 Jl. Tangkuban Perahu 2644,22 677,10 B
pedestrian way with the different heights level with 41 Jl. Kawi (Segment 1) 2704,20 5658,05 C
the street pavement. A total of 6 segments did not have 42 Jl. Kawi (Segment 2) 2789,35 5658,05 C
43 Jl. Kawi (Segment 3) 2747,60 5422,30 C
a pedestrian way on either side. A total of 2 segments 44 Jl. Kawi (Segment 4) 3117,75 5422,30 C
only have pedestrian way on either side. A total of 16 45 Jl. Kawi (Segment 5) 3004,15 5422,30 C
segments showed the presence of street vendors, Source: Analysis, 2013
which is 12 segments with the street vendors at
pedestrian way and 4 segments with the street vendors From all segments studied, there are 8 segments or
on the street. A total of 14 segments have holes in the 17.78 per cent which have a LOS D, E and F. The
street pavement. A total of 27 segments have illegal segment which has LOS D, E and F will cause
on-street parking lot. congestion at peak hours. The area is also dominated
by land use as trade and services. This raises a big
Street Performance movement. In addition, there are 22 segments or
Street performance analysis conducted by 48.89% which have a LOS C. The segment consists of
calculating the volume and street capacity. Table 4 5 segments in Tugu site, 9 segments in Alun-alun site,
shows the highest LOS during peak hours on and 8 segments in MOG site. Segments which have
weekdays and weekend. LOS C will cause delays during peak hours and likely
to lead congestion.
Table 4. Level of Service (LOS)
No Segment Q C LOS
Parking Characteristics
Tugu Site Parking problem occurs because vehicles violating
1 Jl. Kahuripan (Segment 1) 2292,40 3203,05 C parking geometric existing, they used effective lane of
2 Jl. Kahuripan (Segment 2) 2035,25 3433,67 C
3 Jl. Kertanegara 835,85 6129,55 A the street and parking on the pedestrian way. (Table 5
4 Jl. Brawijaya 134,00 1038,06 A and Table 6).
5 Jl. Tumapel 102,50 2827,95 A
6 Jl. Majapahit 1694,40 3543,25 B
7 Jl. Basuki Rahmat (Segment 1) 3095,55 5251,07 C Table 5. On-Street Parking (without swath)
8 Jl. Basuki Rahmat (Segment 2) 3320,55 5422,30 C Parking
No Segment Type Capacity
9 Jl. Basuki Rahmat (Segment 3) 3929,40 6365,30 C (m2)
0
Alun-alun Site 1 Tangkuban Perahu 594,32 90 31 SRP car
10 Jl. Merdeka Utara 3048,00 5896,28 C 2 Semeru 107,25 600 14 SRP car
11 Jl. Merdeka Timur 3491,00 3768,93 E 3 Tennes 570 900 266 SRP MC
12 Jl. Merdeka Selatan 366,00 2948,14 A 4 Kauman 170 900 34 SRP car
13 Jl. Merdeka Barat 2193,00 4258,43 C 5 Agus Salim 246,5 900 46 SRP MC
14 Jl. Aris Munandar 1275,95 2967,99 B 6 Zaenal Arifin 655,18 900 55 SRP car
15 Jl. MGR. Sugio Pranoto 1458,30 3182,65 C 888 600 82 SRP car
7 Basuki Rahmat 1
16 Jl. Agus Salim 942,85 3149,15 B 720 600 82 SRP car
17 Jl. Zaenal Arifin (Segment 1) 1598,20 2838,95 C 1200 600 164 SRP car
8 Basuki Rahmat 2
18 Jl. Zaenal Arifin (Segment 2) 2271,20 2838,95 D 960 600 164 SRP car
19 Jl. SW. Pranoto 1734,05 2948,14 C 9 Jalan SW. Pranoto 2 900 74 SRP car
20 Jl. Sutan Syahrir 1586,05 2814,13 C 10 Jalan Pasar Besar 2 900 66 SRP MC
21 Jl. Pasar Besar 1669,25 2645,39 C
22 Jl. Sersan Harun 607,75 1289,81 B
23 Jl. Kyai Tamin (Segment 1) 1477,05 2995,33 D Table 6. On-Street Parking (with swath)
24 Jl. Kyai Tamin (Segment 2) 1820,75 2676,54 D Parking
No Segment Type Capacity
25 Jl. Kopral Usman 754,40 1931,10 B (m)
0
26 Jl. Kapt. Pierre Tendean 1289,95 1591,33 D 52,5 60 21 SRP car
27 Jl. Syarif Al Qodri 1104,95 2676,54 D 1 Jl. SW. Pranoto 7,5 600 3 SRP car
28 Jl. Ade Irma Suryani 1433,25 3249,66 B 90 900 30 SRP car
29 Jl. KH. Wahid Hasyim 1818,60 3340,71 C 157,25 900 68 SRP car
2 Jl. Pasar Besar
30 Jl. Kauman 2137,95 2948,14 C 37,5 900 15 SRP car
31 Jl. KH. Hasyim Asyari 2377,60 2948,14 D 3 Jl. Sersan Harun 167,4 900 45 SRP car
32 Jl. Arief Rahman Hakim 2879,75 3249,66 D 4 Jl. Kopral Usman 167 900 47 SRP car
MOG Site 5 Jl. Kyai Tamin 1 220 900 33 SRP car
33 Jl. Ijen (Segment 1) 4152,30 6499,31 C 6 Jl. Kyai Tamin 2 58 900 56 SRP car
34 Jl. Ijen (Segment 2) 3411,35 6499,31 C Source: Analysis, 2013
35 Jl. Semeru (Segment 1) 2042,10 5132,40 B
36 Jl. Semeru (Segment 2) 1803,70 4987,43 B
37 Jl. Semeru (Segment 3) 2334,55 3287,56 C There are 14 segments which have a legal on-street
38 Jl. Tennes 1256,00 6028,80 B
parking but there are also 7 segments which have
39 Jl. Bromo 575,40 6822,09 A

problems such as a vehicle parked in violation of No Segment Q LOS
35 Jl. Bromo 0,55 A
geometrical parking, vehicles parked on the effective 36 Jl. Kawi (Segment 1) 0,34 A
lane of the street and on the pedestrian way due to the 37 Jl. Kawi (Segment 2) 0,44 A
38 Jl. Kawi (Segment 3) 0,36 A
high number of parking demand and less effective 39 Jl. Kawi (Segment 4) 0,53 A
parking management. 40 Jl. Kawi (Segment 5) 0,49 A
Source: Analysis, 2013
Pedestrian-way Performance
A total of 5 segments have pedestrian-way Passenger Satisfaction to Public Transport Services
performance with LOS B, which is in Jalan Merdeka Based on the calculation of CSI, consumer
Timur, Jalan Agus Salim, Jalan Zaenal Arifin satisfaction index has a value of 0.4870 or 48.70 per
(Segment 1), Jalan SW. Pranoto, and Jalan Pasar Besar. cent. It has meaning less satisfied. The service
This is caused by the effective width of the pedestrian category includes seating facilities, cleanliness,
way which reduced by street vendors and a large transport driving behavior of the driver, the scheduled
number of pedestrians, so that the volume of departure time, the distance to the terminal, comfort,
pedestrians to be large but the effective width is safety and ease of access (Table 8).
reduced. Other segments have performed with LOS A
Table 8. Calculation of CSI
because of which little amount of pedestrians and Mean Weighted Mean Weighted
effective width of the pedestrian way is not disturbed No Attribute Importance Factors Satisfaction Score
Score (MIS) (WF) Score (MSS) (WS)
by street vendors. Table 7 shows the highest LOS 1 Seating facility 3,29 12,63 2,49 0,3151
pedestrian way each segment in peak hour for 2 Cleanliness 3,47 13,34 2,47 0,3300
3 Transport
weekday and weekend.
driving 3,34 12,85 2,52 0,3231
behavior
Table 7. Level of Service (LOS) of Pedestrian Way 4 The scheduled
No Segment Q LOS departure 3,05 11,71 2,32 0,2718
Tugu Site time
1 Jl. Kahuripan (Segment 1) 0,51 A 5 The distance
2 Jl. Kahuripan (Segment 2) 0,61 A to the 2,94 11,30 2,33 0,2634
3 Jl. Kertanegara 3,31 A terminal
4 Jl. Brawijaya 1,16 A 6 Comfort 3,42 13,16 2,42 0,3182
5 Jl. Tumapel 0,79 A 7 Safety 3,43 13,18 2,39 0,3154
6 Jl. Majapahit 0,56 A 8 Ease of access 3,08 11,85 2,52 0,2979
7 Jl. Basuki Rahmat (Segment 1) 1,63 A Total 26,02 100 0,2435
8 Jl. Basuki Rahmat (Segment 2) 1,51 A CSI score (Total Weighted Score / 5) 0,4870
9 Jl. Basuki Rahmat (Segment 3) 1,51 A
Alun-alun Site
10 Jl. Merdeka Utara 6,40 A
The Passengers of public transport feel less
11 Jl. Merdeka Timur 10,84 B satisfied with the performance attributes contained in
12 Jl. Merdeka Selatan 6,93 A
the Service of Public Transport. It is also proved that
13 Jl. Merdeka Barat 6,94 A
14 Jl. MGR. Sugio Pranoto 0,39 A the Public Transport in the City of Malang
15 Jl. Agus Salim 7,91 B successfully satisfying consumers by 48.70 per cent.
16 Jl. Zaenal Arifin (Segment 1) 11,42 B
17 Jl. SW. Pranoto 15,80 B However the owners and transport drivers should try
18 Jl. Sutan Syahrir 0,69 A to improve performance of public transport so that
19 Jl. Pasar Besar 8,93 B
20 Jl. Sersan Harun 2,29 A passenger satisfaction is close to 100 per cent and they
21 Jl. Kyai Tamin (Segment 1) 0,94 A still choose to use public transport.
22 Jl. Kyai Tamin (Segment 2) 1,78 A
23 Jl. Kopral Usman 0,84 A
24 Jl. Ade Irma Suryani 1,79 A Public Transport Passenger which Interacting with
25 Jl. KH. Wahid Hasyim 0,82 A Others
26 Jl. Kauman 0,39 A
27 Jl. KH. Hasyim Asyari 0,07 A Interaction occurs conditional on the existence of
28 Jl. Arief Rahman Hakim 0,36 A social contact and communication. By using public
MOG Site
29 Jl. Ijen (Segment 1) 0,11 A
transport, as much as 100 per cent of passengers
30 Jl. Ijen (Segment 2) 0,16 A making social contact with other passengers. Types of
31 Jl. Semeru (Segment 1) 0,46 A social contacts that goes in this research is a positive
32 Jl. Semeru (Segment 2) 0,30 A
33 Jl. Semeru (Segment 3) 0,34 A social contact and primary contact. While
34 Jl. Tennes 0,55 A communication occurs in 74 per cent of public

transport passengers. As many as 41 per cent of No Variable Parameter and Results
that it is able to attract a lot of movement of
passengers can also get to know new people or 55 per
vehicles and people.
cent of the number of passengers which communicate Based on recapitulation analysis, warmth variable has fulfilled, it
with each other. Based on these facts, it can be seen needs to be supported with other variables to realize the concept
of omotenashi.
that the use of public transport will encourage
Source: Analysis, 2013
interaction urban communities. In addition, as many
as 33 per cent of respondents which traveling with Priority of TDO Strategy
other people using public transport will reduce the use Based on the opinion of experts, TDO can be
of private vehicles and reduce the load of the street applied in the study area with the proviso able to cope
network. with the problems of transportation in the city of
Malang. The results of the AHP calculation produces
Recapitulation Analysis the following strategic priorities:
Recapitulation analysis conducted to determine the 1. Parking management and carpool (21,70 per
results of the analysis of each variable (Table 9). cent)
2. Improvement of public transport services and the
Table 9. Recapitulation Analysis
No Variable Parameter and Results provision of public transport lanes (20,47 per
1 Hospitality Street Geometric cent)
There are some problems such as holes in the 3. Enforcement (20,45 per cent)
road, the existence of street vendors and 4. Employee and students traveling management
reduced 'effective lane road' due to parking.
Street Performance
(17,13 per cent)
There are 0.19% has LOS D, E and F and 5. Improving the condition of pedestrian way and
57.89% has LOS C of the total segments bicycle lane (10,49 per cent)
studied. 6. Growing public awareness (9,75 per cent)
Pedestrian way Geometric
The result showed that Consistency Ratio (CR) of
There are some problems such as pedestrian
way which hollow and discontinuous, there 0.03 or less than 10 per cent. It has a consistent value.
are the difference level of pedestrian way of Transportation Management Strategy can be
street pavement, did not have pedestrian way described through the design as follows:
and the existence of street vendors in the
pedestrian way.
1. Parking Management and Carpool
Pedestrian way Performance
5 segments has pedestrian way performance Parking is provided converging in some point to
(LOS) B, and other segments with the LOS A. facilitate parking management. These points are then
Passenger Satisfaction to Public Transport
Services. used as a parking lot to carpool. Carpool is to provide
CSI score is 48,70 per cent, it means less a parking space for private vehicles for further change
satisfaction.
to public transport or to use car together.
Based on the recapitulation analysis, warmth variable has not been
fulfilled in the study area due to some problems related to the street
By providing carpool, private vehicle users are
geometric and pedestrian way geometric, the satisfaction of passenger to expected to leave their vehicles in the parking lot, then
the public transport services. walk to the destination. Tugu site, Alun-alun site, and
2 Familiarity Public Transport Passenger which MOG site have links tend to be short to reach the
Interacting with Others
Public transport can encourage the
destination, so that carpool is the right concept.
interaction of urban communities, reducing
private vehicles and reduce the load street. 2. Improvement of Public Transport Services
Parking Characteristics Improvement of public transport services carried
There are some problems such as geometric
parking violation, vehicle parked on the out various aspects of the public transport services.
pedestrian-way and on the street. Seating facilities are designed have a soft and
Based on recapitulation analysis, familiarity variable has fulfilled on
public transport but did not fulfilled in on-street parking due to the
comfortable seat. The usual extra bench placed in
problems geometrically. freight doors removed for the safety of passengers.
3 Warmth Uniqueness of Site There are public transport lanes with large traffic
Tugu site, and Alun-alun site, and MOG site
volume. Public transport which frequent stops for
have physical attractiveness, social
attractiveness and historical attractiveness, so passengers up and drop off will be easier with its own

particular lane. Here is one example of the design of C DS/LOS DS/LOS
No Links V
Design Design existing
public transport lanes on Jalan Merdeka Utara (Figure 14 Jl. SW. Pranoto 1734,05 3182,65 0,54 / C 0,59 / C
5). 15 Jl. Pasar Besar 1669,25 3182,65 0,52 / C 0,63 / C
Strategy for public transport is done by

determining public transport stops, so that public
transport will be stopped at the place and stopping is
prohibited at any other point along the segment. The
passengers can also wait at the stops site (TPB). The
driver of the other vehicle has the right horn of public
transport stopped in any place. This can be
disseminated through regular events in the City of
Malang, such as CFD, or through social media such as
Fig.5. Design of Jalan Merdeka Utara. twitter.
3. Improving the Condition of Pedestrian way and
Parking patterns which initially 450 and 600, are Bicycle Lane
directed into a parallel parking in either side of the Pedestrian paths which have different heights with
street (Figure 6). street, is designed to be flat as a vehicle lanes.
Pavement given different materials, namely paving
blocks with specific shapes and colors to accentuate
the attractiveness of the region. To prevent the entry of
vehicles into the pedestrian path, given the bollard
with a 1m distance along the street. Pedestrian paths
designed to have patterned pavement in the middle,
which is destined for the blind. Width of Pedestrian
Fig.6. Design of Jalan Pasar Besar. way adapted to the geometric street. There are some
(Source: analysis, 2013) segments that are designed have a width of 2.5 m as
bicycle path, so it can also be traversed by bicycle
The calculation of the projected LOS design TDO (Figure 7).
performed in several instances segments, so that it can
be seen the change of road capacity and LOS values 4. Enforcement
(Table 10). Given a speeding ticket for which vehicle against
the flow, did not have any papers completeness, or
Table 10. Level of Service (Design) parking is misplaced recorded by a number of police
C DS/LOS DS/LOS
No Links V vehicles, then a penalty is charged at the time of
Design Design existing
1 Jl. Kertanegara 835,85 5593,53 0,15 / A 0,14 / A vehicle registration tax. Law enforcement for illegal
2 Jl. Kahuripan 1 2292,40 2671,48 0,86 / E 0,72 / C
3 Jl. Kahuripan 2 2035,25 3045,49 0,67 / C 0,59 / C
parking jockey confirmed, and controlling street
4 Jl. Majapahit 1694,40 3107,64 0,55 / C 0,48 / C vendors who sell at any place, especially on the street
5 Jl. Semeru 1 2042,10 5235,05 0,39 / B 0,33 / B and pedestrian way.
6 Jl. Semeru 2 1803,70 2726,00 0,66 / C 0,30 / B
7 Jl. Semeru 3 2334,55 3407,50 0,69 / C 0,71 / C
8 Jl. Basuki
3320,55 6079,92 0,55/ C 0,52 / C
Rahmat 2
9 Jl. Basuki
3929,40 6079,92 0,65 / C 0,62 / C
Rahmat 3
10 Jl. Merdeka
3048,00 4773,98 0,64 / C 0,52 / C
Utara
11 Jl. Merdeka
3491,00 4420,35 0,79 / D 0,93 / E
Timur
12 Jl. Merdeka
366,00 3182,65 0,11 / A 0,12 / A
Selatan Fig.7. Design of Pedestrian Way.
13 Jl. Merdeka
2193,00 3182,65 0,69 / C 0,51 / C (Source: analysis, 2013)
Barat

5. Employee and Students Traveling Management Conclusion
To develop mass transportation, it needs for Transportation Demand Omotenashi (TDO) can be
habituation to use public transport. The character of applied in the study area if the characteristic of traffic
Malang society who has more use of private vehicles directed to the concept of hospitality, familiarity, and
are directed to use public transportation, such as warmth. Hospitality associated with the design of
through the provision of a free bus for students and street and pedestrian way. The street network and
civil servants. The bus route in this study was pedestrian way is designed to be friendly for all street
designed to via public transport stops or shelter. For users and pedestrians. Familiarity associated with
example, free bus of Tugu site will serve the Tugu site, public transport and parking. Public transport is
then it will stopped at the carpool location of Tugu site, designed comfortable physically, so that passengers
Alun-alun site, and MOG site. So it also for regional feel satisfied and enjoy. Parking is pressed to reduce
bus in Alun-alun site and MOG site. The bus only the use of private cars and switch to public transport.
operates at peak hours, for example in the morning While the warmth associated with the uniqueness of
(07:00 to 08:00 GMT), afternoon (12:00 to 13:00 the site, so the appeal of the site is supported by an
GMT) and evening (16:30 to 17:30 GMT). integrated transportation management that is able to
turn the region.
6. Growing Public Awareness
References
Some strategies to raise awareness conducted with
1) Agustin, Imma W., Eddi Basuki, Hisashi Kubota (2013),
community socialization. One of them is with the map The Possibility of BRO Works in The City of Malang: An
in a public space, which conveys information about Idea and Analysis, JAEBS 2013, 1 (3) PP 64-71. UK, Text
the location of carpool, public transit stops and legal Road Publications.
parking locations. 2) Departemen Perhubungan (1996), Keputusan Dirjen
In addition, socialization can also waged through Perhubungan Darat Nomor 272/HK.105/DRJD/96 tentang
Pedoman Teknis Penyelenggaraan Parkir, Jakarta, Direktur
social media such as twitter account that campaigns
Jendral Perhubungan Darat
for the use of public transport, school bus / bus 3) Directorate General of Highways (1997), Indonesian
employees, as well as the attractiveness of the region Highway Capacity Manual (HCM), Jakarta.
being the location omotenashi. Other than as a forum 4) Ekafitrawan, Mohammad (2005), Studi Pemanfaatan
for promotion, the account also serve the aspirations Ruang Terbuka Publik oleh Remaja di Kota Malang, Skrpsi
of the people related to transportation in the city of tidak dipublikasikan, Malang, UB.
5) Kubota, H., Uemura, T., Kojo, M., and Sakamoto, K (2006),
Malang.
Transportation Demand Omotenashi (TDO): an Idea and
Organizing events by City Government can also be an Analysis, 23:711-716.
an excellent of socialization, such as Car Free Day 6) Oktaviani, R. W and Rita N (2006), Analisis Kepuasan
(CFD) which has become a regular event every week Pengunjung dan Pengembangan Fasilitas Wisata Argo,
for the city of Malang. By giving the attractiveness of Studi Kasus di Kebun Wisata Pasirmukti, Bogor. Journal of
the traditional market on Sunday, the walking activity Agro Ekonomi, Volume 24 No. 1 Mei 2006: 41-58, Institut
Pertanian Bogor
becomes extremely enjoyable and gained appreciation
7) Putra, Sucipta, Gst R. Purbanto, Nym W. Negara (2013),
from many quarters. Analisis Tingkat Pelayanan Fasilitas Pejalan Kaki Studi
TDO strategy can be illustrated in a map which is a Kasus Jln Diponegoro di Depan Mall Ramayana. Jurnal
link from Tugu site, Alun-alun site, and MOG site Ilmiah Elektronik Infrastruktur Teknik Sipil Volume 2
(Figure 7). Nomor 2 April 2013, Denpasar, Universitas Udayana
8) Wiyanti, Desi R (2013), Peningkatan Jalan sebagai Place
Kawasan Pusat Kota Malang Berdasarkan Model Kano.
Skripsi tidak dipublikasikan, Malang, UB.

Fig.7. Design of TDO.

Study on the change of city space structure by urban restoration project
-As an example of Cheonggye-cheon restoration project of the city of Seoul, Korea
Kyungmin Kim1, Tamiyo Kondo2
1
PhD candidate, Department of Architecture, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University.
2
Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Graduate School of Engineering ,Kobe University ,Dr.Eng.
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to the clarify 1) the changes of urban structures 2) the changes of space u se 3)
evaluation on satisfaction of merchants in Cheong-gye river after restoration the Cheong-gye river restoration by
Seoul metropolitan local government of Korea. The methodology of this research 1) To compare the urban structure
basic plan of Seoul city in years 2001 and 2013 and examined the changes of space structures. 2) To understand the
importance and changes of space with S3 Axial Analyze program. 3) To evaluate on the satisfaction with space use
changes and business activities changes of merchants through interviews and questionnaires. As a result of the
analysis, 1) 4 new road types were discovered through the correlation of building changes and road changes. 2)
According through the result of S3 Axial Analyze was confirmed that the importance of the old Cheong-gye road
moved to each areas and the space using were increased.3) In the evaluation of the effects of the changes of the
space structure on merchants business activities and satisfaction, Even if living and culture were evaluated positive
result but the parking problems and traffic jam were seriously pointed out.
Keywords: Cheong-gye River Restoration, Sustainable Development, Highway Removal, Urban regeneration project.
I. Introduction historicity, balanced development of the city of Seoul,

1.1 Background and purpose of the study etc. However, the large scale commercial area has been
The paradigm shift of the sustainable development formed around Cheonggye-cheon as the center from
through the balance of development and conservation the industrialization period to current. Particularly,
is going along all over the world. The sustainable deve- Cheonggye-cheon is located at the center of Seoul, and
lopment means the city planning of the urban image in the important institutions such as traditional markets,
which the human is focused as well as the nature and financial institutions, government offices, etc. are ga-
humane coexist. The city of Seoul tried to improve thered around here. Additionally, it has played a role as
economic value of the city accompanying the urban a strategic point supporting the entire small and me-
restoration project under the goal of environment and dium businesses and manufacturers in Korea. With the
ecology conservation and conducted the Cheonggye- restoration project as a momentum, the city of Seoul is
cheon 1 restoration project (hereinafter, restoration processing the redevelopment based on the S&B
project) in 2005 under the goal of the improvement of method to solve the several problems such as building
city structure vitality, etc. The restoration project was deterioration, a slack of commercial function, public
the project restoring the Cheonggye road (8-lane) and security problems, etc. It is thought that the Cheonggye-
the overpass (4-lane) built on Cheonggye-cheon by the cheon restoration project and the redevelopment project
influence of industrialization in 1960s to the stream. greatly influenced on the space of Cheonggye-cheon
The goals of the project were safety securing by dete- commercial area.
rioration, decrease of maintenance expense, recovery of The purpose of this study is to clearly verify the
change of the city space structure after the Cheong-
Kyungmin Kim,
gye-cheon restoration project. The second purpose is
--- PhD candidate, Department of Architecture,
to define the problem of using the space occurring
Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University 657-8501,
from the change of space structure through the
1-1 Rokkoudai Nada-ku Kobe Hyougo-ken, Japan
interview with the merchants.
Tel: +81 90-4291-1048 e-mail: 2km830@gmail.com

1.2 Research subject range and spatial surrounding area of Cheonggye-cheon shopping dis-
characteristic of the area trict.
a. Selection of the research subject area However, there are no studies showing the change
The research subject area was the area around of the surrounding area space by the Cheonggye-cheon
Cheonggye-cheon with [Sewoon shopping district], road demolition and the evaluation of the merchants
the symbol of Cheonggye, as the center in which elec- about the change of the space use. Therefore, there is
tricity/electron/tool businesses are concentrated. the originality in this study because it verified the space
change by the urban restoration project and the change
b. Status of the research subject area range of space use in the viewpoint of the merchants.
The district/zone forthe purpose of the research
subject area was assigned as the general commercial 1.4 Research method
area. In the status depending on the purpose, A space: 1) We conducted the fieldwork of the investigation
electricity/illumination, B space: electricity/electron, C area by using the Seoul land registration map from
space: manufacturing/electricity, and D space; machine/ June to August 2012.
metal manufacturing are concentrated. E space is the 2) We collected the data about the Seoul city restora-
Cheonggye-cheon road in 2011 and the Cheonggye- tion project, progress situation of Cheonggye-
cheon restoration area in 2013 (Figure.1). cheon restoration project, and future plan by
conducting the interview with the administrators (1
1.3 Difference between the past studies and this person from two people from the Seoul City Hall,
study four people from the Seoul Housing Corporation, 2
Park (2011) introduced the restoration project per- people from Seoul Housing Corporation) from
formed by the cooperative leadership of the Mayor of June to August 2012.
Seoul, Myung-Bak Lee focusing on the process of the 3) We conducted the interview with 20 merchants
Cheonggye-cheon restoration. Hwang (2006) traced in around Cheonggye-cheon about the use and eva-
detail the process adjusting the interest of the merchants luation of the space after the Cheonggye-cheon
around Cheonggye-cheon to realize the restoration restoration from the last ten days of June to the
project. Jung (2010) analyzed the correlation about middle ten days of July 2012.
revitalization factors of the redevelopment project by 4) We analyzed the change of space structure
the deregulation of building coverage ratio and floor through the Space Syntax S3 Axial Analyze by
area ratio of the residential area securing in the using 2001 and 2013 Seoul land registration map.
Fig.1. Restoration project and Research subject area
II. City planning and restoration project of Che- Planning (2000)] do not include the urban restoration
onggye-cheon space project and carry no legal binding force. Therefore, we
2.1 The Seoul city basic planning and the city tried to clearly define the urban restoration project in
center management planning [2020 City Basic Planning] and [City Center Develop-
The Seoul city planning is classified into the integ- ment Planning (2005)] and add the planning about the
rated city basic planning including space of the city restoration project and the redevelopment project
and environment / society / economy and the city center around Cheonggye-cheon after the project. (Table 1)
management planning to perform the concrete business
according to the former planning. The [2011 City Ba-
sic Planning] and the [City Center Management Basic
34 JAP Vol. 7 No. 2 Apr. 2015 Kyungmin Kim

Table.1. The Seoul city basic planning and the city center blocks; by considering the characteristics of each block,
management planning
the project is performed by dividing into four zones
including characteristic conservation zone, autonomous
renewal zone, redevelopment zone, and integrated
maintenance zone. However, this planning is discon-
tinued due to the lack of budget of Seoul (Figure 3).
2.2 Planning of Cheonggye-cheon restoration pro-

ject Fig.3.Redevelopment project planning of Cheonggye-cheon
The restoration project is very famous as a suc- shopping district
cessful example of the urban restoration considering
the natural environment and humans. The Cheonggye- 2.4 Changes of Cheonggye-cheon space
cheon restoration area is 5.8km, and it was open to before the restoration
traffic through two-year construction for restoration Cheonggye-cheon has played an important role as a
from July 2003 to October 2005. This was the project living steam of the city center from Joseon Dynasty
to restore Cheonggye-cheon by demolishing (13th century) to the time of enlightenment (19th cen-
Cheonggye- cheon covered by the influence of tury). However, it was planned to cover the stream to
industrialization in 1960s, the road of two-way move distributions in Modern Age (early 20th century).
eight-lane, and the overpass constructed above there The plan divided into three parts started its first con-
(Figure 2) Cheong- gye-cheon restored in this way struction between 1937 and 1942; after that, the second
was made in three axes including history (tradition), and third plans were canceled due to Korean War. After
culture (present), and nature (future). The the ceasefire of Korean War, the refugees resided
Cheonggye-cheon restoration was realized in short around Cheonggye-cheon that was the city center
period of time term by the decision and the power of stream. By the influence of it, the stream was pollut-
execution of the Mayor of Seoul, Myung-Bak Lee1) ed by living drainage, and the communicable diseases
were prevalent. Additionally, in the rainy season, the
river flooded; the wooden houses densely located were
damaged by the fire; therefore, the city of Seoul
designated the area around Cheonggye-cheon as "vul-
nerable zone to diseases and disasters" in the late
before Restoration project Cheonggye-cheon 1950s.
Fig.2. Restoration project of process
The covering plan was processed to solve this chaos
and to pursue the economic growth of Seoul; the
2.3 Redevelopment project planning of Cheonggye-
Cheonggye road overpass was constructed from 1955
cheon shopping district
to 1977. According to this, in the area around Che-
The redevelopment project of the surrounding
onggye-cheon road overpass, the important functions
Cheonggye-cheon area is fixed by [City Center Deve-
including electron/electricity commerce, fashion indus-
lopment Planning (2005)]. The average floor area ratio
try, etc. were located as the large size commercial area
270% of the city center is relaxed to 400~420% so that
and formed as the economic strategic point of Seoul.
the business value increases; it is the large scale redeve-
lopment by the scrap and build method7). The sur-
rounding area of Cheonggye-cheon is divided into 22

III. Analysis of space change
3.1 Change of road 3.2 Change of buildings
First of all, the Cheonggyero and the overpass As building characteristics of research area, there
(hereinafter, the old Cheonggye-cheon road) were lo- were many low-rise building (average five stories).
cated at the center in 2011 (Figure 2. left side); how- Additionally, the inside of each store had a space as
ever, the old Cheonggye-cheon road was demolished in narrow as 7.9 . The reason of this was its structure
2013, and Cheonggye-cheon and green belt were in which the product samples were displayed in a store,
created in that space; additionally, two-lane road of the and the products were directly shipped from the
new Cheonggye road was created (Figure 2. right side). warehouse to the customer after the customer ordered
Next, as shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5, many (Figure6). The characteristic of the inside of building
new roads were created in the A~D spaces. The old was not changed because there was no change in
Cheonggye-cheon road played a role as an arterial road sales/shipping system after the restoration. However,
connecting the main areas of Seoul. In 2013, by demo- three patterns appeared in the process of establishing
lishing the old Cheonggye-cheon road, the character- new building. The pattern 1 was the form of demo-
istic of the arterial road changed into the auxiliary lishing one large building and constructing small build-
arterial road in 2013. ing (Figure 7 Type 1). The pattern 2 was the form of
Lastly, the 43% of increase/decrease ratio of the demolishing the existing building (Figure 7 Type 2 &
entire road area decreased between 2001 and 2013. type 3). The pattern 3 was the form of constructing a
However, depending on each space, in E space where couple of buildings in one large building (Figure 7
the Cheonggye-cheon road was demolished, there was Type 4).
75% of decrease; however, there were increases in the
roads of A~D spaces (Table 2).
Table.2. Change of the area in 2001 and 2013
2001s 2013s
increase/decrease %
Entire area Site area Open space area Entire area Site area Open space area
A 41,174 37,716 3,458 41,174 37,048 4,126 +19
B 35,055 32,055 3,000 35,055 30,673 4,382 +21
C 45,220 40,486 4,734 45,220 40,075 5,145 +9
D 40,198 35,073 5,125 40,198 34,555 5,643 +10
E 32,512 0 32,512 22,992 14,300 8,692 -73
total 194,159 145,330 48,829 184,639 156,651 27,988 -14
sdsds
Fig. 4. Research subject area of the road in 2001

Fig. 5. Research subject area of the road in 2013

churches/ factories were built, and the roads were
created after the development.
Fig. 6 Building characteristics
3.3 Correlation analysis of the building change and

the road change
We understood the types of road area increase Fig.7. Chang of the building and road
through the correlation analysis of the change of build-
ing and the change of road. In addition, we showed its
process through the interview with the administrators
and the merchants (Figure 7&8). Type 1 was the
pattern led by the land owner and the building owner.
The land value increased after the announcement of the
restoration project and the redevelopment planning of
the surrounding commercial area in 2002. This pattern
occurred because the owner decided that the profit rate
would be higher when selling the stores by dividing into
a small size rather than one large building. As a result
of this, the road was created around the buildings.
Type 1 often appeared in A space. The reason of this
was that electric tool wholesalers, component fac-
tories, etc. were gathered in A space; here, one store
had 3~5pyeong of narrow space characteristic, and the
Fig. 8. 2013s new road
application level was higher in low-rise building rather
than high-rise building. Type 2 was the pattern led by
IV. Analysis of space structure change
the city of Seoul. The multipurpose building was con-
4.1 Concept and purpose of space syntax theory
structed by demolishing the building under the goal of
The Space Syntax methodology was developed
recovering the city center restoration and creating the
from the theory suggesting the importance of each
green belt. The method of business process was the
space with the numeric value and analyzing the space
form of dividing profits between the city of Seoul and
structure at the Space Syntax research center of
the private enterprise after processing the development
Professor Hillier in London University between 1980
first by purchasing the ownership from the building
and 1990. Therefore, to make the importance change
owner.
of the space in the research area into the numeric value,
Type 2, the road was created on the space created by
the Axial Space Line analysis of SS analysis was con-
demolishing the building after paying the compensation
ducted.
for 3 months of business to the merchants who rented
the store and letting them move to the other area.
4.2 The model built method of SS
Type 3 was also the pattern led by the city of Seoul.
To analyze the space structure by using Space Syn-
However the different thing from Type 2 was that the
tax, the data is input based on the open space system of
area of the road originally existed was secured by
the analysis subject area. This is called as Axial Maps.
demolishing abandoned building and unlicensed
The Axial Maps are the line including the space of ana-
building on the road originally existed.
lysis target area based on the accessibility in the city
Type 4 was the pattern led by the private enterprise.
space.
This pattern was developed as a large building after
demolishing the small building. The warehouses/

4.3 Definitions of basic terminologies As a base map corresponding to the analysis in this
The terminology definitions are necessary to read study, the scale of 1/1000 Seoul land registration map
the result from the analysis of the Axial Maps. Al- was used. For the building purpose, the purpose data of
though the total of seven result analysis is possible, each floor by urban planning basic investigation was
these are defined in the standard of the necessary four used. The center standard of research area location was
values in this study. the range of Cheonggye-cheon on the horizontal axis
and Sewoon shopping district on the vertical axis. The
a. Space depth standard of axial space line was analyzed focusing on
The space depth means the minimum number of the more than 2m of road where the distribution moving
axial line passed through when moving from the speci- was possible (Figure 9&10).
fic axial line space to the other axial line. This is the As a result, while the number of road in 2001 was
concept such as a moving difficulty level (direction 46, two times of roads as 89 were created in 2013. The
change) in the moving accessibility evaluation and can number of district was 34 in 2001 and 53 in 2013
be used as an indicator estimating the accessibility of because many small roads were created. In the axial
each space. space line, 70 axial lines were formed in 2001, and 132
axial lines were formed in 2013.
b. Connectivity
The connectivity means the number of surrounding
unit space adjoining the specific unit space. For exam-
ple, the connectivity is '3' when three spaces adjoin
around the specific space. This is the selective numeric
value showing the possibility of moving from the
current space to the specific space.
c. Control Value Fig. 9. SS analysis model in 2001

The control value means the value showing the
influence of the space on other neighboring spaces.
d. Integration
The integration means the numeric value calcu-
lated by the space depth from the current axial line to
the other axial line as the standard. The integration is
the numeric value showing the accessibility from the
outside to the inside of the research area. When the
Fig. 10 SS analysis model in 2013
average value of integration (Int.V) is higher than 0.6,
it means that the moving efficiency of the entire
4.5 Axial line analysis result
interpreting area is higher.
As a result of axial space line analysis, the nume-
In other words, the increase of connectivity/control
ric value of space structure in E space where the
value/integration (hereinafter, the numeric value of
Cheonggye-cheon road was demolished decreased,
space structure) numeric value means to become the
and the numeric value of space structure increased
important space in the area by easy accessibility to the
because the new roads were created in each inside
destination.
space. When comparing Figure 11 and Figure 12, it
is shown that the one road (e) in E space separated
4.4 Axial line analysis model built explanation in
into two roads (e1, e2) in 2013. As a result, the
2001 and 2013
numeric value of space structure decreased by sepa-
For the numeric value of space structure change, the
rating the center space. Next, in the change of other
change of surrounding area after the Cheonggye-cheon
each space, the numeric value of space structure
restoration project was analyzed through the axial space
increased. As a result of the analysis in Chapter 3,
line analysis.
the reason of it can be explained as the numeric value

of space structure increased because the new roads onggye-cheon was conducted from June 20, 2012 to
were created in each of the inside. In addition, while the middle of July. Many business owners of this area
the connectivity of road (e) in 2001 changed from 14 were in their fifties; as characteristics, the size of
to 11, the road (c) increased from 10 to 12; therefore, rental store was 3~5pyeong; the business period was
the numeric value of space structure in C space. This between 16 years and 20 years.
means that the important space in research area
moved from E space to C space (Table 3).
Table.3. the numeric value of space structure
Space Increase
Subdivision 2001 2013 Decrease
(Line)
Connectivity 14 11
E
Control Value 4.89 2.96 Decrease
e1e2
Integration 2.65 2.23
Connectivity 6 11
A
Control Value 2.61 4.66 Increase
a1a2
Connectivity 8 8 Fig. 12. SS analysis result in 2013
B
Control Value 2.28 2.55 Increase
b1b2 5.2 Change of space use
For the answer about if there were any changes in
Connectivity 10 12 freight transportation, 63.5% of merchants answered
C
Control Value 4.33 5.59 Increase [Yes]. 87.3% among them answered that it was [Diffi-
c1c2
Integration 2.11 2.32 cult]. The merchants explained that they had been able
Connectivity 11 12 to enter the main roads and the expressways without
D
Control Value 4.89 5.54 Increase passing the downtown of Seoul but they had a prob-
d1d2
Integration 1.54 1.73 lem such as traffic jam since they had to pass the
complex road of the downtown after the demolition.
For the question about if the traffic increased,
83.7% of them answered [Yes]; for the question about
if there was traffic jam, 76.3% answered [Yes]. The
merchants explained that the traffic passing the inside
road of each space increased after the old Cheonggye
road was demolished. They also explained that the
space use became uncomfortable because the traffic
jam problem occurred by the traffic increase and ille-
gal parking. Next, in the item evaluating the satis-
faction about the urban restoration project, 78.4% ans-
wered [dissatisfaction]. In opinions about dissatisfact-
ion, many of them evaluated that the business activi-
ties were interrupted due to the problems including
Fig. 11 SS analysis result in 2001
serious lack of parking space, speeding vehicles, traffic
V. Opinions of merchants about the space use jam, etc. as the vehicle moving increased in the inside
5.1 Interview outline of each space after the old Cheonggye-cheon road
The merchants were asked about the satisfaction was demolished. On the other hand, the merchants
related to 1) function of freight transportation, 2) traf- explained that traffic noise, pollution, etc. decreased
fic increase, 3) traffic jam, and 4) urban restoration after Cheonggye-cheon was restored.
expected from the change of space structure. The
interview with merchants (30min/person) around Che-

VI. Discussion Next research on the change of the business acti-
The results by analyzing the change of space vities in the Cheonggye-cheon commercial area after
structure are as follows: 1) The old Cheonggye road the construction for restoration and to consider the task
that had undertaken the distribution was reduced as of Cheonggye-cheon restoration project based on the
2-lane and changed into the auxiliary arterial road. 2) merchants' satisfaction level about the restoration
The new road was created in the inside of each space. project.
3) The numeric value of space structure of each space
increased. 4) The important space position moved Footnote
from E space to C space. [1] Cheonggte-cheon meaning is Cheonggte-creek.
Cheong-gte is the name of this area, and cheon is
Through these results, it was expected to have the
Korean means creek.
problem of functional decline of freight transportation
role undertaken in E space through the numeric value References
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Desain Konektor Elemen Struktur Shelter Berbentuk Icosahedron dalam Keterpaduan
dengan Knock Down System Berbahan Kayu atau Bambu
Soeleman Saragih
Dosen, Jurusan Teknik Arsitektur dan Perencanaan Fakultas Teknik UGM
Abstract
This researchs aims are to invent and to test several connector alternatives of a shelter in a shape of
modified icosahedron, in relation with the knock down system. Icosahedron is a regular polyhedra composed
of 20 identical equilateral triangular faces, 12 identical apexes, and 30 members equal in length. Basically, this
research is an experimental research investigating the performance of the connectors used for the shelter. The
method is generally divided into several steps: preliminary studies, the making of connectors and wood
members in a scale of 1:1, the assemblage of all components into real-size shelter, and post-tests. Analysis were
held by measuring the performances ofthe connectors with several determinated parameters. There are three
prototypes of connectors: (1) a pentagonal-shaped pyramidal connector plate with no flap, (2) a ring-shaped
connector plate with 5 flaps, and (3) a ring-shaped connector plate with 10 flaps. The researchs results are
that 1st connector has the best performances, and that there are some criteria for an ideal connector for the
icosahedron-shaped shelter: (1)in a simple and closed pentagonal form, (2) flexible in context of various types
and size of materials (3) easily to be assembled and disassembled, and (4) durable.
Keywords: connector, shelter, icosahedron, knock-down system
1. Pendahuluan
Indonesia merupakan daerah dengan resiko bencana segitiga samasisi yang identik, 30 rusuk yang sama
alam yang besar, dengan jenis bencana yang paling panjang, dan 12 titik sudut yang identik [3] Selain itu,
banyak terjadi adalah (1) gempa bumi dan tsunami; (2) pada shelter dengan sistem knock-down, elemen paling
tanah longsor/gerakan tanah; (3) letusan gunung api; krusial adalah konektor. Karenanya, penelitian ini
(4) banjir; dan (5) kekeringan [1]. Bencana alam pada bertujuan untuk mendapatkan dan menguji kinerja
umumnya berimbas besar pada rusaknya hunian beberapa alternatif desain konektor untuk shelter
permanen korbannya, sehingga penyediaan shelter berbentuk ikosahedronyang dapat menjawab tuntutan-
menjadi penting. Shelter adalah hunian fisik sementara tuntutan sebagai berikut:
pasca bencana [2].Saat ini telah terdapat sejumlah a. Menjaga kestabilan struktur
alternatif shelter di Indonesia, khususnya di b. Menjaga kualitas keruangan
Yogyakarta. Namun, belum banyak yang menerapkan c. Menjaga kesederhanaan bentuk
sistem knock-down (urai-rakit) yang memungkinkan d. Fleksibelterhadap variasi material
shelter dirakit dengan cepat dan mudah serta dibongkar e. Memungkinkan perakitan dilakukan oleh orang
saat sudah tidak digunakan, sehingga komponen- awam dengan cepat dan mudah
komponennya dapat disimpan dan digunakan lagi f. Dapat cepat diproduksi dalam jumlah besar
kelak. Untuk memudahkan masyarakat awam merakit g. Efisien dalam hal biaya produksi
shelter knock-down, adalah ideal apabila shelter h. Memungkinkan shelter dibongkar saat sudah tidak
tersebut tersusun atas komponen-komponen yang digunakan, sehingga konektor dapat disimpan
identik, baik rangka maupun pengisi.Karakter tersebut dengan mudah dan dipakai kembali di waktu yang
dimiliki oleh polihedra beraturan. Berdasarkan kajian akan datang.
peneliti, ikosahedron merupakan polihedra beraturan
paling ideal. Ikosahedron memiliki 20 sisi berujud 2. Metode
Penelitian ini termasuk jenis penelitian
Soeleman Saragih eksperimental, dengan metoda pemodelan digital,
--- Lecturer, Architecture and Planning Department, pembuatan, dan pengujian terhadap model/prototipe
Engineering Faculty, Gadjah Mada University konektor dan rangka shelter.
e-mail: leman_tio@yahoo.com

2.1 Prosedur Analisis data dilakukan terhadap beberapa aspek
Prosedur penelitian dibagi secara umum menjadi yang ditentukan berdasarkan tujuan penelitian. Analisis
tahap pengumpulan data dan tahap analisis data. dilakukan melalui komparasi kinerja ketiga alternatif
Pengumpulan data dilaksanakan melalui sejumlah desain prototipe konektor tersebut, dan meliputi
kegiatan: studi awal untuk mengkaji bentuk dan ukuran stabilitas konektor, fleksibilitasnya terhadap material
konektor, pembuatan prototipe konektor dan member, rangka, kecepatan dan kemudahan perakitan dan
perakitan member dan konektor menjadi prototipe penguraian, kemudahan produksi, efisiensi biaya
rangka shelter, serta uji pasca perakitan prototipe produksi, dan kemudahan penyimpanan. Hasil analisis
rangka shelter. Analisis data dilaksanakan dengan ini digunakan untuk melihat kinerja ketiga alternatif,
berdasarkan pada data yang diperoleh dari kegiatan- menentukan alternatif prototipe konektor yang
kegiatan tersebut. memiliki kinerja terbaik, serta merumuskan beberapa
Studi awal meliputi pemodelan komputer, yaitu kriteria ideal yang selayaknya dimiliki konektor untuk
perancangantiga alternatif desain prototipe konektor shelter berbentuk ikosahedron.
dan satu prototipe sistem struktur rangka
shelterberbentuk ikosahedron, sertapembuatan gambar 2.2 Bahan dan alat
kerja dan maket studi untuk ketiga prototipe konektor. Kebutuhan bahan dan alat dapat dibagi menjadi
Pembuatan Prototipe Konektordilakukan dalam bahan dan alat yang digunakan pada saat studi awal,
skala 1:1. Ketiga alternatif dibuat dari plat besi biasa pada saat pembuatan prototipe konektor dan member,
yang dilas dan dilengkapi alat sambung berupa baut- pada saat perakitan seluruh komponen menjadi
mur yang relatif murah dan mudah didapat. prototipe rangka shelter, serta pada saat uji kinerja
Pembuatan batang/rusuk (member) dilakukan pasca perakitan.
setelah konektor diproduksi. Member dibuat dari kayu. Karton tebal dan double tapedigunakan sebagai
Pada penelitian ini, terdapat 2 tipe member dalam satu bahan untuk membuat maket studi konektor. Maket ini
shelter, yaitu balok kayu sepanjang 2 m dan sepanjang berfungsi sebagai studi bentuk dan ukuran.
2.5 m. Besi digunakan sebagai material konektor. Besi
Perakitan prototipe rangka shelterdilakukan yang digunakan memiliki spesifikasi sebagai berikut:
dengan merakit prototipe konektor dan member dengan Berat jenis : 6000 kg/m3
menggunakan baut sebagai alat sambung. Tahap ini Ketebalan : 0.003 m
merupakan tahap yang krusial untuk menilai kinerja Cat besi digunakan untuk melapisi konektor agar
prototipe konektor dalam hal kecepatan dan konektor lebih tahan karat dan lebih estetis.
kemudahan perakitan serta penguraian prototipe rangka Kayu digunakan sebagai salah satu alternatif
shelter. Data yang dikumpulkan dalam tahap ini material member. Kayu yang digunakan memiliki
meliputi: waktu yang diperlukan untuk merakit dan spesifikasi sebagai berikut:
mengurai member dalam satu prototipe konektor; Jenis kayu : Meranti
waktu yang diperlukan untuk merakit dan mengurai Berat jenis : 624.90 kg/m3
bagian per bagian prototipe rangka shelter (ring bawah, Profil : 0.03 m x 0.05 m
dinding, ring atas, atap); waktu yang diperlukan untuk Panjang : 2.00 m dan 2.50 m
merakit dan mengurai keseluruhan prototipe rangka Volume : 0.003 m3 dan 0.00375 m3
shelter; jumlah tenaga kerja yang diperlukan; serta Berat : 0.854 kg dan 1.067 kg
kebutuhan alat bantu dalam perakitan. Warna : merah
Uji pasca perakitan dilakukan untuk Baut digunakan sebagai salah satu alternatif alat
mendapatkandata kinerja prototipe konektor sebagai sambung antara member dan konektor. Baut
bahan analisis. Uji ketahanan konektor terhadap diutamakan untuk digunakan pada member berbahan
pembebanan dilakukan dengan menggantungkan beban kayu. Meskipun demikian, baut juga dapat digunakan
pada konektor di puncak prototipe rangka shelter. Uji pada member berbahan bambu. Masing-masing
ketahanan konektor terhadap goncangan dilakukan prototipe konektor memerlukan 10 (sepuluh) set baut-
dengan mengayunkan beban yang digantung pada mur per konektornya. Baut yang digunakan memiliki
konektor di puncak prototipe rangka shelter.Uji spesifikasi sebagai berikut:
kestabilan dilakukan dengan mengangkat dan Diameter : 0.006 m
memindahkan prototipe rangka shelter utuhsejauh Panjang : 0.1 m
beberapa meter. Jumlah ring : 2 (dua) buah
42 JAP Vol. 7 No. 2 Apr. 2015 Soeleman Saragih
Jumlah Mur : 1 (satu) buah Berikut ini disajikan beberapa hasil pilihan dari
Berat 1 Murbaut : 0.019 kg penelitian ini, yaitu pemodelan digital untuk prototipe
Tipe Ulir : halus rangka shelter, ketiga prototipe konektor yang sudah
jadi, serta data-data dan dokumentasi proses perakitan
Alat yang digunakanmeliputi: komputer, printer, dan uji pasca perakitan.
dan alat pembuatan maket; mistar, alat pemotong besi,
bor besi, peralatan las, semprotan cat, gergaji dan
pasah kayu, serta bor kayu; kunci pas, kunci krek,
kunci ring, bor kayu, tangga, serta kamera;ayunan dan
handycam.
3. Hasil dan Pembahasan

3.1 Hasil penelitian
Hasil penelitian dapat dijabarkan sebagai berikut:
Studi awal: model digital rangka shelter dan 3 Gambar 3. Prototipe Konektor Alternatif 2
alternatif konektor, maket studi, serta gambar kerja
ketiga alternatif konektor.
Pembuatan: prototipe 3 alternatif konektor serta
prototipe member berbahan kayu, semuanya dibuat
dalam skala 1:1.
Perakitan : prototipe rangka shelter utuh, data
waktu urai-rakit satu titik konektor, serta data waktu
perakitan seluruh rangka shelter.
Gambar 4. Prototipe Konektor Alternatif 3
Setelah ketiga alternatif dibuat, dilakukan uji urai-

rakit pada satu titik konektor. Catatan waktu yang
didapat kemudian digunakan untuk memprediksi waktu
perakitan rangka shelter utuh.
Gambar 1. Model Digital Rangka Shelter
Gambar 5. Urai-Rakit pada Satu Titik Konektor
Tabel 1.Komparasi Waktu Urai-Rakit Memberpada Satu

Titik Konektor menurut Uji Coba (menit)
Alt. 1 Alt. 2 Alt. 3

Rakit 06:53.47 09:47.29 12:59.11
Urai 06:24.37 04:01.33 07:53.28
Total 13:18.24 13:48.02 20:52.39
Gambar 2. Prototipe Konektor Alternatif 1

Melalui tabel di atas, dapat diprediksikan waktu
urai-rakit untuk keseluruhan shelter. Pada uji urai-rakit
untuk satu titik konektor, digunakan 10 (sepuluh) baut-
mur. Jumlah baut yang digunakan untuk keseluruhan
shelter adalah 100 (seratus) set. Oleh karena itu, waktu
yang sudah didapatkan dikalikan (100/10=) 10. Tabel
berikut ini menyajikan prediksi waktu urai-rakit rangka
shelter untuk ketiga alternatif prototipe konektor.
Tabel 2.Komparasi Waktu Urai-Rakit Memberpada Seluruh

Shelter menurut Prediksi (jam) Gambar 8. Prototipe Rangka Shelter Utuh

Setelah perakitan selesai, dilakukan uji pasca
Rakit 01:08:54.70 01:37:52.90 02:09:51.10 perakitan berupa uji pembebanan, uji ketahanan
Urai 01:04:03.70 00.40:13.30 01:18:52.80 terhadap goncangan, dan uji kestabilan dengan
Total 02:12:58.40 02:18:06.20 03:28:43.90 mengangkat dan memindahkan prototipe rangka
shelter tersebut. Dalam ketiga uji tersebut, tidak terjadi
Tahap berikutnya adalah perakitan prototipe rangka kerusakan pada struktur rangka shelter. Karenanya,
shelter. Perakitan ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa (1) rangka shelter dan
prototipe konektor Alternatif 1, dan dilakukan oleh 10 konektor memiliki stabilitas yang memadai, dan (2)
orang. Keseluruhan rangka shelter selesai dirakit dalam rangka shelter cukup ringan untuk dipindahkan dalam
waktu 1 jam, 7 menit, dan 34.15 detik. Hasil uji coba kondisi terakit utuh.
ini menunjukkan bahwa waktu perakitan yang
sebenarnya sudah sangat mendekati waktu perakitan
menurut prediksi.
Tabel 3.Komparasi Waktu PerakitanShelter dengan

Konektor Alt.1menurut Prediksi dan Uji Coba
Waktu (Prediksi) Waktu(Uji Coba)
01:08:54.70 01:07:34.15
Gambar 9. Uji Pembebanan
Gambar 6. Perakitan Ring Bawah Shelter
Gambar 10. Uji Ketahanan terhadap Goncangan

Gambar 7. Perakitan Dinding Shelter

3.2.2 Analisis Fleksibilitas
Fleksibilitas konektor ditentukan oleh
kemampuannya memfasilitasi variasi tipe dan ukuran
member serta alat sambung. Melalui komparasi berikut
ini, ditemukan bahwa prototipe konektor Alternatif 1
memiliki fleksibilitas paling tinggi.
Tabel 5. Komparasi Variasi Tipe Material dan Alat

Sambung pada Tiap Alternatif Konektor
Baut
Tali Ijuk
Kayu
Gambar 11. Pemindahan Rangka Shelter Utuh
Tanpa Sayatan
Tanpa Potongan
3.2 Pembahasan Tanpa Ganjal
Analisis kinerja ketiga alternatif konektor dilakukan Bambu/Pipa PVC
terhadap aspek stabilitas, fleksibilitas, kecepatan urai- Tanpa Sayatan
Tanpa Potongan
rakit, kemudahan produksi, efisiensi biaya produksi, Tanpa Ganjal
serta kemudahan penyimpanan. Total 8 5 3
Fleksibilitas 1 2 3
3.2.1 Analisis Stabilitas
Stabilitas dapat dibagi menjadi stabilitas rangka
3.2.3 Analisis Kecepatan Urai-Rakit
shelter dan stabilitas konektor itu sendiri.
Kecepatan urai-rakit ditemukan melalui uji coba
Stabilitas shelter diperoleh dari bentuk
perakitan dan penguraian member dan konektor, serta
ikosahedron. Bentuk ini sangat stabil karena tersusun
melalui prediksi berdasarkan uji coba tersebut. Melalui
atas jejaring segitiga samasisi identik, sehingga beban
komparasi berikut ini, ditemukan bahwa prototipe
tersalurkan secara merata.
konektor Alternatif 1 memiliki kecepatan urai-rakit
Stabilitas konektorditentukan oleh kesederhanaan
paling tinggi.
dan ketertutupan bentuknya. Konektor dengan bentuk
paling mendekati polihedra tertutup merupakan Tabel 6. Komparasi Kecepatan Urai-Rakit pada Tiap
konektor paling stabil. Ketertutupan tersebut tercapai Alternatif Konektor
bila tiap pelat saling terhubung dengan pelat lain secara Alt. 1 Alt. 2 Alt. 3
sempurna. Dalam konteks ini, sirip pada konektor Per Konektor
Alternatif 2 dan 3 merupakan titik lemah yang cukup Rakit 00:06:53.47 00:09:47.29 00:12:59.11
serius. Pelat sirip ini terhubung pada cincin utama Urai 00:06:24.37 00:04:01.33 00:07:53.28
hanya melalui 1 sisinya saja. Area sambungan tersebut Total 00:13:18.24 00:13:48.02 00:20:52.39
diprediksi akan rusak paling awal bila terjadi Shelter Utuh
kegagalan pada konektor. Oleh karena itu, konektor Rakit 01:08:54.70 01:37:52.90 02:09:51.10
dengan jumlah sirip paling sedikit adalah yang paling Urai 01:04:03.70 00.40:13.30 01:18:52.80
stabil. Konektor Alternatif 1 tidak memiliki sirip dan Total 02:12:58.40 02:18:06.20 03:28:43.90
bentuknya tertutup nyaris sempurna. Oleh karena itu,
Kecepatan 1 2 3
prototipe konektor Alternatif 1 memiliki stabilitas
paling tinggi.
3.2. 4 Analisis Kemudahan Produksi
Tabel 4. Komparasi Jumlah Pelat Sirip pada Tiap Alternatif Kemudahan produksi ditentukan oleh banyaknya
Konektor variasi tipe komponen serta jumlah komponen yang
membentuk konektor. Konektor yang paling mudah
Alt.1 Alt. 2 Alt. 3
diproduksi adalah konektor yang paling sederhana
Jumlah Sirip 0 5 10
dengan jumlah komponen paling sedikit. Melalui
Stabilitas 1 2 3 komparasi berikut ini, ditemukan bahwa prototipe
konektor Alternatif 1 memiliki kemudahan
produksi paling tinggi.

baik, disusul oleh prototipe Alternatif 2, dan terakhir
Tabel 7. Komparasi Variasi dan Jumlah Komponen pada
Tiap Alternatif Konektor
adalah Alternatif 3.
Alt. 1 Alt. 2 Alt. 3 Tabel 10. Kompilasi Analisis Kinerja Ketiga Alternatif
Prototipe Konektor
Variasi Tipe 2 2 2
Jumlah
Tipe 1 1 5 5 Stabilitas 1 2 3
Tipe 2 5 5 10 2
Fleksibilitas 1 3
Total 6 10 15
Kemudahan Kecepatan Urai-Rakit 1 2 3
1 2 3
Produksi
Kemudahan Produksi 1 2 3
3.2.5 Analisis Efisiensi Biaya Produksi Efisiensi Produksi 1 2 3

Biaya produksi ditentukan oleh volume bahan
Kemudahan Simpan 1 2 3
(besi) serta area pengelasan tiap konektor. Konektor
dengan volume bahan dan area las paling kecil adalah
konektordengan biaya produksi paling efisien. Melalui 4. Kesimpulan
komparasi berikut ini, ditemukan bahwa prototipe Sesuai dengan tujuan penelitian, telah diperoleh
konektor Alternatif 1 memiliki efisiensi biaya hasil berupa 3 (tiga) alternatif desain prototipe
produksi paling tinggi. konektor untuk shelter berbentuk ikosahedron. Ketiga
alternatif tersebut secara umum sudah memenuhi
Tabel 8. Komparasi Volume dan Area Pengelasan pada Tiap semua tuntutan yang disyaratkan di awal. Kendati
Alternatif Konektor
demikian, berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan untuk
Alt. 1 Alt. 2 Alt. 3 menguji kinerja ketiga alternatif tersebut, disimpulkan
Volume (m3) 0.000141 0.000184 0.000201
bahwa prototipe konektor Alternatif 1memiliki
kinerja yang paling baik di antara ketiga alternatif.
Area Las (m2) 0.00225 0.00207 0.00276 Konektor Alternatif 1 memiliki bentuk yang paling
Efisiensi Biaya 1 2 3 sederhana, paling stabil, paling fleksibel terhadap
variasi material, paling memudahkan dan mempercepat
3.2.6 Analisis Kemudahan Penyimpanan proses urai-rakit, dan paling mudah disimpan dan
Kemudahan penyimpanan ditentukan oleh volume diangkut. Selain itu, uji kinerja juga menunjukkan
ruang simpan seluruh konektor (11 unit). Konektor bahwa prototipe konektor Alternatif 2 memiliki kinerja
yang paling mudah disimpan adalah yang memerlukan yang lebih baik daripada prototipe konektor Alternatif
ruang simpan dengan volume terkecil. Melalui 3.
komparasi berikut ini, ditemukan bahwa prototipe Karenanya, melalui hasil tersebut, dapat
konektor Alternatif 1 memiliki kemudahan dirumuskan sejumlah kriteria yang ideal dari sebuah
penyimpanan paling tinggi. konektor untuk shelter berbentuk ikosahedron, yaitu:
1) berbentuk sederhana, tertutup, stabil, dan berbasis
Tabel 9. Komparasi Volume Ruang Simpan pada Tiap
Alternatif Konektor segilima beraturan, 2) fleksibel terhadap variasi jenis
dan ukuran member, 3) memudahkan dan
mempercepat proses urai-rakit shelter, dan 4) tahan
Per Unit (m3) 0.00300 0.00780 0.00585 lama serta mudah disimpan dan diangkut. Kriteria-
kriteria tersebut berlaku umum bagi semua konektor
11 Unit (m3) 0.00480 0.04980 0.05200
untuk shelter berbentuk ikosahedron dan tidak terbatas
Kemudahan
1 2 3 bagi kasus ini saja.
Penyimpanan
Sebagai penutup, disarankan agar diadakan riset
3.2.7 Kompilasi Analisis lebih lanjut yang menyertakan aspek pengisi rangka
Tabel berikut ini merupakan kompilasi analisis shelter (lantai, dinding, dan atap). Riset lanjutan
kinerja ketiga alternatif prototipe konektor. Melalui tersebut seyogyanya bertujuan untuk menemukan
komparasi tersebut, disimpulkan bahwa prototipe alternatif desain pengisi rangka shelter, serta
konektor Alternatif 1 memiliki kinerjayang paling menyempurnakan desain konektor terkait

fleksibilitasnya terhadap terhadap variasi pengisi. [2] Johnson, Cassidy, 2007, Impacts of prefabricated temporary
housing after disasters: 1999 earthquakes in Turkey, Habitat
Melalui riset lanjutan tersebut, diharapkan agar hasil
International, Elsevier Ltd., Vol.31, 3652.
yang diperoleh dapat berupa prototipe shelter yang [3] MacLean, K.J.M., 2007, A Geometric Analysis of The
paripurna dan siap huni, sehingga dapat memberikan Platonic Solids and Other Semi-Regular Polyhedra: With an
manfaat yang lebih besar dan nyata bagi masyarakat. Introduction to the Phi Ratio, Loving Healing Press, Ann
Arbor, MI.
Daftar Pustaka
[1] Bappenas, 2010, Rencana Aksi Nasional Pengurangan

Resiko Bencana, Badan Nasional Penganggulangan
Bencana, Jakarta.

Spatial Accessibility: The Universal Design Approach
Wan Mariah Wan Harun*1, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fuziah Ibrahim1, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tiun Ling Ta2, Assoc. Prof.
Dr. Muna Hanim Abdul Samad1, Dr. Nor Zarifah Maliki1, Sia Siew Chin A.M.W3, Surayahani Mohd Yusuf1
1
School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang.
2
School of Social Science Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang.
3
Beautiful Gate Foundation for the Disabled, 47300 Petaling Jaya, Selangor.
Abstract
This study investigated the level of spatial accessibility for people with disabilities (PwD) by using access
audit method. Workshops were carried out based on four (4) objectives, to impart knowledge and awareness on
the rights, needs and requirements for PwD user-friendly spaces, to impart knowledge on the principles of
Universal Design, to train target groups to conduct access audits of spaces and finally to conduct access audits.
Additional data was collected through plan analysis, observation, and interviews. Several public spaces were
chosen in Selangor as case studies. It was done in collaboration with Beautiful Gates Foundation for The
Disabled and Petaling Jaya City Council (MBPJ). The target group for the study comprised of technical
personnel from the local authority, professionals, PwD caretakers and the PwD. The workshops increased
knowledge and awareness among target groups on the importance of providing disabled-friendly spaces through
the application of the Malaysian Standards (MS) and guidelines of Universal Design. It found that PwDs
accessibility to spaces studied was poor and difficult to access. The results call for a strict implementation of the
principles of Universal Design in the built environment to allow accessibility for all.
Keywords: People with Disabilities (PwD), Universal Design, Audit Access.
1. Introduction urbanisation rate of 75% in 2020 or equivalent to the

Accessibility to public spaces in cities is one of the total of 20.9 million urban populations (National
factors that contribute to social and economic growth Physical Plan 2, 2010). The increase rate of
in a country. Apart from being a center for commercial urbanization and growth of cities lead to the need to
activities, industries and trades, spaces in cities are create liveable cities for everyone including people
known also as an important place for people to meet with disabilities (PwD). This situation ensures cities
and socialised since it is able to provide variety of are able to support the needs and requirements of
opportunities, activities and choices for people to each resident in all aspect. World Health Organization
achieve a fulfilling lifestyle. (WHO) estimated 5 to 10% of the nations population
The world population is expected to increase by are people with disabilities (PwD) (United Nations
2.3 billion from 6.8 billion in year 2009 to 9.1 billion Enable). Their statistic shows that 2.8 million
in year 2050. The population in cities is estimated to Malaysians out of 28 million live with one or more
increase by 2.9 billion from 3.4 billion in year 2009 disabilities. They are the marginalised group when it
to 6.3 billion in year 2050 (United Nations, 2010). comes to mobility impairment. However the need of
Approximately 6 million additional populations are the marginal groups especially the PwD to fully
projected to live in the urban areas of Malaysia participate in the socio-cultural and economic sector
during year 2010-2020, accounting for an in the country is still neglected. It is disappointing to
note that most of the built spaces that housed the
Wan Mariah Wan Harun socio-cultural and economic activities in Malaysia are
--- Associate Professor, School of Housing, Building and
not disabled friendly as they are not equipped with
Planning, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
Tel: 604-6533174/4108 Fax: 604-6576523
accessible facilities. Hence, a study was conducted
e-mail: mariah@usm.my to identify the extent spaces and buildings in a city

are accessible to PwDs and the extent the principles and strategies to increase physical accessibility for
of universal design are implemented in the design of people especially people with disabilities (PwD).
public spaces and buildings in Malaysian cities. A These principles include: equitable use referring to the
workshop was carried out in the study to transfer design which is useful and marketable to people with
knowledge on universal design to the participants and diverse abilities; flexibility in use whereby the design
to get their participation in the research work. accommodates a wide range of individual preferences
Together with the participants, the researchers carried and abilities; simple and intuitive use in which the use
out access audit on selected public spaces and of the design is easy to understand regardless of the
buildings in the city of Petaling Jaya under the users experience, knowledge, language skills, or
authority of Petaling Jaya City Council. current concentration level; perceptible information
where the design communicates necessary
2. Literature Review information effectively to the user regardless of
Accessible and livable spaces in a city are crucial ambient conditions or the users sensory abilities;
to provide opportunities for people to show their tolerance for errors in which the design minimizes
maximum self-potential and contribute to national hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or
growth. Accessibility is one of the driving forces and unintended actions; low physical effort where by the
elements for every community to achieve the design can be used efficiently and comfortably with
available opportunities and options. However, the minimum fatigue; and size and space for approach and
media claimed that the needs of PwD in Malaysia are use in which the appropriate size and space is
commonly ignored although lots of efforts were provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and use
carried out to improve the standard of living of the regardless of users body size, posture, or mobility.
disabled. Such situations are seen as the result of lack The commitment to equalizing the opportunities
of understanding on the rights, requirements and for people with disabilities has two primary purposes:
culture of the disabled. The above situations occur one, to affirm the basic human rights of people with
even with the existence of the Malaysian disability disabilities to equal access to social and economic
policies which incorporate the provisions that opportunities; and two to create environments in
recognize disabled peoples basic human right to which people with disabilities can maximize their
equal access to the built environments. As such, future capacity for making social and economic
proposed physical and spatial development should contributions.
include the implementation of sustainable design The study was carried out in attempts to contribute
elements to ensure that every opportunity and need is to these two primary purposes; disseminating the
fulfilled. Application of universal design as part of a knowledge and train people to enable accessibility and
sustainable design for the built environment is one of monitor the creation of the built environment
the approaches to increase accessibility for all, according to the seven universal design principles
especially for people with disabilities (PwD). within the context of a long history of negative
Universal design concept was coined by the stereotypes about people with disabilities and limited
architect Ronald L. Mace (1980) who defined expectations about their capabilities (Metts, 2000).
universal design as the design of products and Design strategies can play their roles in removing and
environments that is usable to the greatest extent preventing unnecessary barriers in the spaces as well
possible for all groups of people without having any as in making cities in Malaysia more livable and
adaption or specialized design. Metts (2000) also humane. The planning and design of building layout
agreed that people of diverse abilities and disabilities and configuration, circulation routes, exits and
should be able to access buildings and places approach will influence the success of the universal
comfortably and safely as far as possible without design implementation.
special assistance or create unnecessary costs for the
society by artificially creating a class of special 3. Methodology
needs users. The study began by running a workshop which
Universal design consists of seven principles was divided into 3 stages of work. Three meetings
which provide a framework for cost-effective policies with Beautiful Gates Foundation for the Disabled and
50 JAP Vol. 7 No. 2 Apr. 2015 Wan Mariah Wan Harun

two meetings involving the local authority of Petaling Disabilities (PwD): Vision Impairment; 4) Living
Jaya City Council were held to plan and prepare for Together and Interacting with Person with
the 3 stages of work. Disabilities: Physical Impairment; and 5) Application
In order to recruit the focus group as part of the of Universal Design in the Making of Liveable Cities.
research team, a workshop was necessary and was 4 video presentations were screened to the participants
held to impart knowledge and awareness on the rights, during the workshop solely on person with disabilities
needs and requirement of PwD and user friendly (PwD), focusing on their challenges and difficulties in
facilities, and to impart knowledge on the principles the issue of their mobility and the best way to interact
of universal design. Five modules related to the issues, with them: vision and physical impairment and useful
problems, challenges and guidelines of universal facilities for the person with disabilities to be
design were presented by the researchers. Each of the independent.
participants was given a set of printed modules and
CD that contained the modules, Malaysian Standard
(MS) and checklist for access audit before the
workshop started for their references. The workshop
prioritized the participation from the local authorities,
professionals in the built environment, public
transport management, the PwD caretakers and also
PwD as they have the authority and abilities to make
positive changes to the spaces in and around
buildings. The 3 stages of work were: Figure 1: Module on Living Together and Interacting with
Person with Disabilities (PWDs)
Stage 1: Pre Workshop Stage
The first stage involved information gathering on The 2nd set of activity introduced the focus group
past experiences, research and workshops carried out; to access audit followed by access audit simulation.
related literature from existing publication: books, The simulation exercise was to prepare the
journal, theses, reports and the internet; upon which to participants for the actual access audit, familiarising
develop a structured framework. The framework them with the equipment used in the audit such as the
guides in disseminating the knowledge on PwD use of the leveller and gradient etc., and letting them
issues, on universal design principles and training the experience the difficulties that are faced by PwD in
focus group on how to carry out access audit to gather their daily life by trying to use wheelchair, blind-
primary data on the accessibility of selected buildings folded and using the crutches to walk. The
in Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. professionals and technical personnel were blind
folded and required to use the wheel chair while
Stage 2: The Workshop Activities performing the access audit simulation. This allowed
This stage carried out 2 sets of activities. The 1st them to experience the difficulties to move around the
set of activity was the workshop which imparted space when blinded and physically handicapped.
knowledge to the focus group consisting of 65
participants from the local authority, professionals in
the built environment, public transport management,
the PwD caretakers and also PwD. On the first day of
the workshop on 15th May 2013, the participants were
presented with 5 modules related to the issues,
problems, challenges, and guidelines on the principles
of universal design by the researchers. The modules
included 1) Introduction to the Person with
Disabilities; 2) The Rights and Requirements of
Person with Disabilities and Their Implications; 3)
Living Together and Interacting with Person with Figure 2: Simulation on Guiding Person with Disabilities:
Vision Impairment

the access audit was to train the participants to
conduct access audit and simultaneously to audit the
accessibility of spaces and facilities provided for PwD
in buildings and precincts of Petaling Jaya City
Council. The participants were assigned to access
audit 3 selected public spaces in the precincts of
Petaling Jaya City Council which included areas from
the bus stop to the headquarters of Petaling Jaya City
Figure 3: Simulation before Starting the Actual Access Audit Council, areas from the parking lots of Petaling Jaya
City Council to the shop lots and the areas from the
Two of the PwD participants volunteered to share bus stop to the tower of Petaling Jaya City Council;
their life experiences especially on the issues of and finally the Headquarters of Petaling Jaya City
mobility in the built environment. The participants Council.
were given opportunities to ask question and seek The participants were divided into 5 groups with
further information and clarification from the various backgrounds and including PwD. Based on
researches and PwD themselves during the the group exposure to the access audit simulation on
presentation of the modules. Enquiries by the the first day of the workshop, the participants
participants were immediately addressed. facilitated by the researchers carried out the actual
access audit to assess the accessibility of the premises.
Stage 3: Data Collection using Access Audit as a The data from the access audit were further
Tool for Assessing the Accessibility of Spaces In supplemented with data from the observations,
and Around Buildings. building plan analysis and interviews.
The second day of the workshop on 17th May 2013 After completing the access audit, the participants
the focus groups were presented with 2 more modules grouped together to prepare for the slide presentations
1) Reading Plan for Access Audit; and 2) Access and reported the issues and findings that have been
Audit Training and Data Collection. The purpose of discovered during the access audit on the third day.
Figure 4: Site Plan of the Access Audit at Petaling Jaya City Council Precinct.
(Source: Google Earth)

The reports and presentations were gathered, The installation of a non-slip materials for the
documented and submitted to Petaling Jaya City railing at the height between 840mm-900mm and
Council for their implementation and further action in diameter between 40mm-50mm with its end bend
making the buildings and the precincts audited more down would ease the hold of users (Fig. 10).
user-friendly, accessible and humane. The researchers
analyzed the data descriptively to explain the extend
the spaces and buildings were accessible to the PwD.
4. Result and Discussion

Findings from the access audit were analysed as
below:
4.1. Bus stop at Yong Shook Lin Street

There were no sign of PwD universal symbol at
the bus stop (Fig.6). There were also no step ramps
provided for wheelchair user to the bus stop. The
placement of the bus stop at the diversion of road has
hindered the bus to stop near to the bus stop and
disabling PwD to light the bus with ease.
Figure 10: Railing
The railing (Fig. 7) blocked a direct access to the (Source: MS1331)
bus. The size of railing is > 60mm which exceeded the
specified diameter required. The bus stop has not 4.2. Pedestrian walkway at Jalan Yong Shook Lin
provided space for the wheelchair user to park their Initiative to make pedestrian walkway accessible
wheel chair. in the city centre of Petaling Jaya can be seen with the
The seats (Fig. 8) are not even comfortable for the installation of two lines of guiding blocks. However
PwD who wear crutches or artificial leg till waist to sit the feedback given by the participating vision
on. impaired says that a single line of guiding block is
As recommendation, the bus stop should be sufficient for their way finding since they only require
provided with proper universal PwD sign and be the width of the swing of their white cane which is
provided with step ramp when there exist different about the width of their hip (300-450mm), to detect
height of levels between the pavement of the bus stop their way finding. As such 2 lines of guiding block is
and the road. The step ramp should be designed a waste and uneconomical (Fig. 11).
according to MS1331 clause 6.1 for PwD to have easy
access to the bus stop.
Figure 6: The Bus Stop Figure 7: Railing at the Bus Stop Fig. 11 Fig. 12
Figure 11: Pedestrian walkway and guiding blocks.
Figure 8: Seat at the Bus Stop Figure 9: Step Ramp

(Source: MS1331)
Fig. 12a Fig. 12b
Figure 12, 12a, 12b: Dangerous location of signage.

It was also found that most of the signage along notice the existence of the steps. Furthermore the
the pedestrian walkway in the city is at a dangerous height of the risers for each of the steps varies and
height, lack head clearance and showing erratic caused movement imbalance among users.
direction (Fig. 12, 12a & 12b).
For recommendation a single line of the guiding
blocks should be placed a clear distance from the
objects found along the travelling route (not less than
150mm (Fig. 13).
Figure 17: The Staircase to the Petaling Jaya City Councils

Public Park
Figure 13: Recommendation for Guiding Blocks
Apart from the main entrance, a ramp is provided
Some of the guiding blocks were found to direct leading from the main road to the side entrance of the
the travelling route into dangerous areas such as the public park. However there is no kerb at the edge of
roadside drain or smack onto a wall. Ignorance also the ramp, exposing wheel chair users to accidently
occurs in the laying of the tactile blocks where the slip at the edge of the ramp since there is no kerb to
blocks are used for other than its true function. The prevent the wheels of the wheel chair from slipping
true function of line-type blocks are to indicate the down. The gradient of the ramp exceeds the standard
line of flow of travel and the dot-type function as gradient of 1:12 with uneven floor surface and a
warning signal or alarm (Fig. 15). However, it was manhole in the middle of the ramp path (Fig. 18).
found that most of the tactile blocks were wrongly
used.
Fig. 14: Line-type tactile block Figure 18: Dangerous ramp
Along the ramp path the audit found landscape

which was poorly maintained and hinder the passage
of movement along the pedestrian pathway (Fig. 19)
Fig. 15: Dot-type tactile block
4.3 Pedestrian walkway at Petaling Jaya City

Council Public Park
Main public access to the city park is through a
wide flight of steps exceeding 3.0 meters in length
(Fig. 17). No railing was provided at the staircase.
The edge of the staircase or the nosing lack colour
contrast which does not allow vision impaired users to Figure 19: Poor landscape maintenance

The audit suggested the wide staircases to the The audit found that for the headquarter building
public park be installed additional railing that breaks of Petaling Jaya Council, car parking spaces are
up the width of the long staircases exceeding provided within the 25m-30m distance from the main
3000mm. The nosings are to be coloured contrast to entrance but the location of the spaces are not suitable
allow visibility of the edge of the steps for users. It is for ease of use. They are placed across the road
also recommended that a dot-type guiding blocks for fronting the main entrance that requires the PwD to
warning to be laid at a distance minimum of 300mm cross the road to approach the main entrance of the
before going up and down the staircase. building. Furthermore the sizes of the car park are
below the required size according to the Malaysian
Standard (Fig. 21).
Figure 21: Insufficient Buffer Zone for Wheelchair Users
Figure 20: Recommendation of Guiding Blocks at the

Staircase
4.4 The Headquarter of Petaling Jaya City Council

(MBPJ)
4.4.1 Approaches to Building and Car Parking Figure 22: Recommended Parking Lot for PwD
Space Provision
Approaches to a building and the condition for 4.4.2 Ramp and handrail at the main entrance of
parking space provision around buildings are of high the Headquarter of Petaling Jaya City
importance to any PwDs to allow easy access in and Council
out of buildings. This is especially so for government A ramp up to the main entrance of the building is
owned buildings such as the headquarters of the local provided within the accepted gradient and surface
authorities which are highly frequented by the general textures. However it lacks a kerb on both sides of the
public for their everyday dealings with the authorities ramp to prevent the wheels of the wheelchair to slip
on variety of life issues. Designated car parking down. The length of the ramp exceeds 6m without a
spaces are to be provided for the PwDs as close as landing and level resting space. The two lines of
possible to the building main entrances to allow equal guiding blocks are unnecessary and should be laid
access to the building as other members of the public 150mm from the side of the ramp (Fig. 23).
following the universal design principles within
25m-30m. However it is common to find that there is
no provision at all or the provision of car parking
spaces for PwD are located away from the main
entrance either at the back entrance, the side entrance
or any adhoc and unused spaces of and around the
building. Road side parking is discouraged due to the
constraint incurred to exit and enter the car from the
side along a busy thoroughfare as well as from the
side of the road kerb. However, this is a common
sight in Petaling Jaya City, Malaysia. Figure 23: Unsuitable length of the ramp and guiding blocks

4.4.3 Staircase at the main entrance of MBPJs ramps to access the park creates barriers for PwDs.
main building. Width of the staircases that is more than 3000mm
should be equipped with additional handrails. 100mm
high curb should be provided on both side of a ramp
for safety factors and act also as a guide for the visual
impaired people. In addition, diameter of the handrails
should not be more than 40mm 60mm for easy
holding.
Fig. 24 Fig. 25 The accessibility to the public spaces for PwD can
Fig. 24: Different height of risers be further increased with good selection of materials
Fig. 25: Staircase without railings for support
and proper installation of the facilities. Malaysian
standard can be referred to as a medium to provide
Fig. 24 shows the different height of the risers to
facilities such as parking, ramp, stairs and pedestrian
the steps for the staircase at the main entrance of the
walk in public spaces. Among the examples of
building. No railings are provided at both sides of the
facilities that do not follow the standard are the
stairs that should be installed for staircases exceeding
distance of the guiding block which is less than
3m wide.
150mm from any barriers and obstructions; and lack
In summary Petaling Jaya City Council was
of resting area provided at the ramp that exceed
observed to have provided various facilities to enable
6000mm in length. Not only that, certain of the
public to have easy access to the city such as the bus
facilities provided are not economical such as the
stop, pedestrian walkways, ramps and stairs. Spaces
installation of the double line guiding blocks at the
and facilities designed especially for PwD such as
MBPJs area where a single line guided tactile is
guiding blocks and ramps that are built to ease their
sufficient.
way to the end destination is also provided. However,
the audit found that most of the facilities provided are
5. Conclusion
inaccessible especially for PwD. One of the reasons
The workshop conducted in the study have
the provided facilities cannot be used is due to wrong
successfully imparted knowledge and awareness on
design. For instance, the bus stop does not have any
the rights, needs and requirements for the PwD user
ramps for the PwD to have direct access to the bus
friendly facilities and principles of universal design to
stop. The absence of these ramps is inconvenient for
the participants through the presentation of the
PwD especially the wheelchair users to access the bus
modules by the researchers. As such the workshop has
stop. This situation requires user to wait for the bus
successfully trained the participants to conduct access
along the pedestrian walkway near to the bus stop.
audit and simultaneously to audit the accessibility of
The design of the seat at the bus stop is not user
facilities and services provided for PwD at public
friendly for the PwD especially for those who use
spaces and buildings of Petaling Jaya City Council.
artificial leg or crutches. The seat does not have any
Consequently, the workshop managed to increase the
special space for wheelchair user to park their
knowledge and awareness among the participants on
wheelchair while waiting for the bus to arrive.
the importance of providing disabled-friendly and
The placement of the car parking spaces for PwD
humane facilities in public spaces through the
for the approach to the main entrance of the building
application of the Malaysian Standards (MS) and
requires the PwD to cross the road. The surface
guidelines of universal design. Although some
condition of the spaces also influence the accessibility
facilities were built and claimed to cater the need of
at the MBPJs area such as uneven surface of the ramp
the people especially the disabled such as the bus stop,
and the pedestrian walkway. The uneven surface may
seats, ramps, railings and stairs, they are still deemed
restrict the movement of the wheelchair users and
inaccessible because of inappropriate design, sizes,
make them difficult to access the route. Lack of detail
placements, surfaces and detailing implemented in its
design of the facilities in the open public spaces such
construction. This happen due to the lack of
as the public park is one of the reason the spaces are
knowledge, insight and empathy towards PwD and
inaccesssible. For instances providing wide staircases
that is not universally designed instead of proper

lack of understanding of the principles of universal Gate Foundation for the Disabled, Petaling Jaya City
design. Council (MBPJ), participants, PwD caretakers and
The study shows weaknesses in way finding for PwD who participated and gave full commitment in
the PwD where travel routes are being obstructed with the workshop and study till the end and to the people
barriers and the lack of cues and meaningful signages. who involved either in the access audit and
Future research should focus on way finding issues for discussion. We also like to acknowledge Ministry of
the disabled especially for the vision impaired in Higher Education (MOHE) Malaysia for their
public spaces and transportation terminal. financial support and the opportunity that have been
The fact that most of the facilities for the PwD are given to us for the continuity of this grant project
found to be inaccessible raises questions to the (203/PPBGN/6730041).
reasons for its occurrences. The requirement of
universal design was gazetted under the Street, References
1) Imrie, R (2000), Responding to the Design Needs of
Drainage and Building Act (1974), amended through Disabled People. Journal of Urban Design, 2000. 5(2): p.
By-laws 34A of Uniform Building by Laws 1991 199 219.
(UBBL). The amendment makes it compulsory for 2) Metts, Robert L (2000). Disability Issues, Trends and
Recommendation for the World Bank.
buildings to provide access to enable disabled persons
3) Mace, R.L., G.J. Hardie, and J.P (1991), Place, Accessible
to get into, out of and within the buildings. Buildings Environments; Toward Universal Design, Centre for
already built before the commencement of this by-law Universal Design, North Caroline State University;
must be altered to comply with the by-law within 3 Raleigh.NC.
4) World Urbanization Prospects the 2009 Revision, United
years from the date of commencement. Nation (2010). Access from:
However twenty three years down the road, we see http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Documents/WUP2009_Highlig
that implementation of the requirement is still slow hts_Final.pdf
and often overlooked by the actors of our built 5) National Physical Plan 2 (2010). Access from
http://www.kpkt.gov.my/kpkt_2013/fileupload/dasar/NPP.
environment, more so in public spaces created pdf
between buildings. The answer to this slow 6) UN Enable (2011). Factsheet on Person with Disabilities.
implementation of universal design principles in Access from:
http://www.un.org/disabilities/default.asp?id=18
spaces and buildings should be the focus of future
7) The Center for Universal Design. Access from:
research, to pin down the source of hindrance to its http://www.ncsu.edu/ncsu/design/cud/
implementation and enhance the existing policies and
strategies to overcome the situation.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank the whole team
from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Beautiful

PEDOMAN BAGI PENULIS
Deskripsi Jurnal Arsitektur dan Perencanaan (JAP)

Jurnal Arsitektur dan Perencanaan (JAP) diterbitkan pertama kali tahun 2004 oleh Jurusan Teknik Arsitektur dan
Perencanaan Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada. Sesuai dengan namanya, jurnal ini mempunyai misi
sebagai media pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, khususnya dalam bidang arsitektur dan
perencanaan. Area tulisan dalam jurnal ini sangat luas, mulai dari teknologi bangunan, arsitektur, disain kota,
sampai perencanaan lingkungan kota, dan beberapa derivasinya. Cakupan penulisan mulai dari teori maupun
praktik yang ditulis dengan kaidah-kaidah penulisan ilmiah yang baik dan benar. JAP direncanakan terbit 2 kali
dalam setahun.
Kriteria Tulisan
JAP menerima dan menerbitkan tulisan ilmiah yang memenuhi persyaratan atau kriteria dengan tipe atau kualitas
sebagai berikut:
1. Tulisan mengandung materi asli yang bermanfaat bagi pengembangan ilmu di bidang arsitektur dan
perencanaan.
2. Tulisan memberi kerangka penelitian atau proyek yang ringkas, jelas dan pembahasan yang sesuai dengan
tujuan penulisannya.
3. Tulisan mengandung informasi dan referensi detail yang bisa diketahui pembaca, sehingga bila dikehendaki
pembaca akan mudah memverifikasi keakuratannya.
4. Tulisan bebas dari usaha komersial, kepentingan pribadi, atau pun politik, di samping tidak mengandung
unsur SARA.
5. Kontribusi lain berupa diskusi yang terkait dengan tulisan yang pernah dipublikasikan juga dimungkinkan
untuk diterbitkan, dengan memenuhi persyaratan yang berlaku.
Persiapan Tulisan
Tulisan seharusnya ditulis dan diatur dalam sebuah format atau gaya yang singkat, padat, jelas, serta mudah untuk
diikuti. Sebuah tulisan informatif dengan judul yang singkat, diawali oleh abstrak dan kata kunci yang
representatif. Sebuah latar belakang atau pengantar yang ditulis secara baik akan membantu mewujudkan tujuan
ini. Jika ditulis dalam Bahasa Indonesia, seharusnya menerapkan kaidah penulisan dalam Bahasa Indonesia yang
baik dan benar. Ditulis dengan bahasa yang sederhana, berstruktur kalimat singkat, dengan pemilihan istilah yang
tepat akan membantu mengkomunikasikan informasi yang ada dalam tulisan lebih efektif. Penyimpangan
pembahasan dari pokok yang seharusnya dituju sebaiknya dihindari. Tabel dan gambar seharusnya digunakan
untuk lebih membuat jelas tulisan. Pembaca seharusnya dipandu secara hati-hati, tetapi jelas, dalam memahami
keseluruhan tulisan. Penulis dituntut untuk selalu berpikir bagi kepentingan pembaca.
Tulisan diskusi atau tanggapan (discussion manuscript) juga harus mengikuti persyaratan aturan tulisan baku.
Tulisan jenis ini harus dikirimkan paling lambat 6 bulan setelah tulisan yang ditanggapi terbit.
Prosedur Review
Redaksi akan menyerahkan tulisan yang telah diterima kepada sidang redaksi untuk menentukan review bagi
tulisan yang telah diterima. Pada dasarnya setiap tulisan akan direview oleh seorang ahli (mitra bestari) yang
berkompeten di bidang yang menjadi fokus tulisan. Sistem yang dipakai adalah double blind proses, di mana
mitra bestari tidak akan mengetahui penulis, dan sebaliknya penulis juga tidak akan mengetahui nama mitra
bestari.
Berdasar hasil review pertama, Sidang Redaksi akan menentukan prosedur lanjutan dari sebuah tulisan, diterima
dengan perbaikan minor; diterima dengan perbaikan mayor, atau ditolak. Tulisan yang telah direview dan
memerlukan perbaikan, akan segera dikirim kepada penulis kontak yang tertera dalam tulisan. Selain substansi
tulisan yang diatur dalam proses review, Redaksi juga berhak meminta perbaikan teknis, sebelum tulisan
benar-benar diterbitkan. Waktu perbaikan harus memenuhi ketentuan seperti yang diberikan. Setelah proses
perbaikan selesai, dan tulisan dinyatakan siap terbit, maka penulis juga harus menyerahkan pernyataan pengalihan
hak cipta bagi distribusi tulisan kepada Redaksi JAP atau Penerbit. Semua tulisan yang masih dalam proses review,
menjadi tanggung jawab redaksi dan redaksi akan bertanggung jawab terhadap kerahasiaan isi tulisan. Semua
tulisan dan dokumen lain yang telah diserahkan kepada redaksi tidak akan dikembalikan.
Redaksi menghimbau bagi tulisan yang ditulis dengan bahasa Inggris dan penulis tidak sebagai penutur asli,
sebaiknya mencantumkan hasil review bahasa, sebelum diserahkan ke redaksi.
Biaya Penerbitan
Tidak dikenakan biaya pada tulisan maupun pembahasan yang diterbitkan. Namun demikian, perubahan format
dari standar penerbitan yang diminta oleh penulis, akan dibebankan pada penulis. Untuk semua kontak
penggandaan tulisan, silakan kontak alamat redaksi.
Hak Cipta
Penyerahan tulisan pada JAP ini mengimplikasikan bahwa tulisan yang diterbitkan harus orisinal, karya sendiri,
belum pernah atau tidak sedang dalam proses penerbitan di publikasi yang lain. Penulis akan diminta
menyerahkan surat keterangan bermaterai yang berisi penyerahan hak cipta (copyright) tulisan kepada penerbit,
dalam hal ini redaksi JAP. Hak cipta ini secara ekslusif akan meliputi hak untuk memproduksi, menterjemahkan,
atau mengambil sebagian/utuh tulisan (termasuk tabel, gambar, lampiran) untuk kepentingan pengembangan ilmu
pengetahuan. Jika ada pihak ketiga yang mengajukan izin untuk memproduksi atau menggandakan tulisan, maka
seharusnya Redaksi JAP yang dihubungi, kemudian Redaksi akan menghubungi penulis untuk meminta
persetujuannya. Penulis yang menginginkan mempublikasikan ilustrasi atau gambar dan akan digunakan dalam
tulisan, seharusnya memperoleh izin tertulis dari penerbit yang bersangkutan, termasuk memuatnya dalam
keterangan ucapan terima kasih (acknowledgement) dalam gambar yang digunakan. Izin tertulis hendaknya
disertakan dalam versi final tulisan sebelum diterbitkan.
PEDOMAN FORMAT TULISAN
Tulisan ditulis dengan software pengolah kata (saat ini yang paling disarankan adalah MS World, sementara Page
Maker dan software lainnya belum diterima) dalam kertas ukuran A4 (210x297cm). Tepi atas dan bawah adalah
25mm dan tepi samping (kanan maupun kiri) adalah 20mm. Tulisan diatur dalam 2 kolom, dengan lebar kolom
adalah 82mm dan jarak antarkolom selebar 6mm. Gambar, tulisan, dan keterangannya diletakkan dan diatur
(lay-out) masuk dalam tulisan.
Tulisan ditulis dalam bahasa Indonesiaa (dengan abstrak berbahasa Inggris) atau keseluruhan dalam bahasa
Inggris, menggunakan jenis huruf Times New Roman ukuran 10.5point. Sebisa mungkin atur spasi dalam area
tulisan untuk bisa mengakomodasi 59 baris tulisan dari atas sampai bawah. Tulisan tangan akan langsung ditolak.
Jumlah halaman dihitung mulai halaman judul.
Panjang tulisan yang diserahkan harus memenuhi ketentuan batas halaman yang diizinkan. Tulisan dalam hal ini
termasuk gambar, tabel, referensi, maupun ruang sisa- tidak diperkenankan melebihi 8 halaman.
Halaman judul adalah halaman pertama tulisan. Halaman judul ini harus mengandung judul tulisan, penulis (bisa
perseorangan atau pun grup penulis), posisi, afiliasi, dan kontak penulis yang berisi nama, posisi, afiliasi, alamat
lengkap yang disertai nomer telpun, faksimili, dan e-mail. Judul tulisan tidak diizinkan melebihi 75 karakter,
termasuk spasi di antara judul.
Abstrak dan kata/frase kunci dimuat pada halaman pertama (halaman judul). Abstrak tidak lebih dari 200 kata dan
ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris. Abstrak harus secara jelas menjelaskan isi tulisan, mulai permasalahan, metode,
termasuk kesimpulannya. Kata kunci (keywords) juga perlu dipilih secara hati-hati, sehingga pembaca terbantu
secara mudah dalam pencariannya.
Tulisan utama dibagi-bagi ke dalam beberapa bagian (heading) yang mencerminkan urutan sekaligus
mengantarkan cerita dalam tulisan. Misalnya: Pengantar akan mendeskripsikan latar belakang, motivasi, atau
maksud riset; metode akan memberikan informasi yang diperlukan sehingga pembaca bisa memahami dan
mengikuti pekerjaan atau riset yang sama; Keseimpulan akan menyatakan kesimpulan dari fokus yang dikerjakan
secara jelas, sehingga bebas dari interpretasi.
Referensi menggunakan Harvard System. Referensi dalam teks seharusnya dikutip sesuai aturan yang ada,
misalnya Katz (1994) atau (Jenks dan Burgess, 2000) atau jika lebih dari 2 orang, Williams, dkk. (1998).
Referensi atau daftar pustaka ini harus disusun berdasar abjad di akhir tulisan dengan menampilkan nama keluarga
penulis (surname). Jika ada daftar pustaka yang ditulis orang yang sama dalam tahun yang sama, maka harus
dibedakan dengan tambahan abjad, seperti 2000a dan 2000b. Aturan penulisan referensi atau daftar pustaka ini
seharusnya mengikuti contoh berikut:
Referensi dalam bentuk buku

Nama keluarga penulis, Inisial (tahun publikasi), Judul, Edisi (jika bukan edisi pertama), Penerbit, Tempat
diterbitkan
Misalnya:
Ronald, A (2005), Nilai-Nilai Arsitektur Rumah Tradisional Jawa, Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta
Referensi dalam bentuk jurnal

Nama keluarga penulis, Inisial (tahun publikasi), Judul Tulisan, Judul Jurnal, Volume dan nomer jurnal,
Penerbit, Halaman
Misalnya:
Sarwadi, A; Tohiguchi, M; Hashimoto, S. (2001) A typological analysis of houses and people-gathering places in
an urban riverside settlement. A Case Study in the Musi Urban Riverside Settlement, Palembang City, Sumatra,
Indonesia, Journal of Architecture, Planning, and Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) No 546,
207-214
Referensi dari internet, sesedikit mungkin digunakan. Jika digunakan, maka penulisannya pun tetap harus
mengikuti kaidah penulisan referensi yang ada, ditambah tanggal terakhir diakses. .
Catatan kaki masih dimungkinkan bila tulisan memang memerlukan keterangan tambahan, tetapi hendaknya
dibatasi. Cara penulisannya harus disesuaikan, dengan memberi keterangan angka yang lebih kecil (superscript)
pada akhir kalimat yang akan diberi keterangan. Daftar keterangannya diletakkan sesuai nomer urut pada bagian
akhir tulisan, sebelum daftar pustaka, dengan ukuran tulisan yang lebih kecil (9point).
Rumus matematika dan simbolnya juga dimungkinkan untuk ditambahkan, dengan memperhatikan penulisan
rumus yang benar dan meletakkan angka atau tanda yang lebih kecil secara benar (subscript atau superscript).
Standar internasioanl (SI) untuk ukuran seharusnya digunakan bila mencantunkannya. Bila ukuran tidak dalam SI
maka persamaan dalam standar SI seharusnya ditulis dibelakangnya menggunakan tanda kurung.
Tabel dan gambar bisa ditata hanya menggunakan satu kolom (82mm) atau dua kolom sekaligus (170mm), sesuai
kebutuhan dan mengingat estetika perletakan. Cara penulisan tabel atau gambar adalah diurutkan dan
menggunakan angka arab, misalnya Tabel 1, Tabel 2, atau Gambar 1, Gambar 2, dan seterusnya. Isi tabel atau pun
detil gambar sebisa mungkin harus tetap terbaca dengan jelas. Untuk diharap memperhatikan kekontrasan
maupun resolusi gambar, sehingga memungkinkan perbesaran/perkecilan dengan baik. Untuk negatif gambar,
tidak akan diterima dan saat penerbitan izin dari penggunaan gambar (orang lain atau sumber asli) harus
disertakan.
Pada dasarnya JAP diterbitkan dalam format hitam-putih. Cetak warna dimungkinkan dengan biaya tambahan
dibebankan pada penulis. Sebaiknya hindari teknik gambar transparansi.
Penulis dalam mempersiapkan tulisan, disarankan dengan sangat untuk menggunakan model format (template)
yang telah disediakan dan dapat diunduh (download) di http://www.archiplan.ugm.ac.id/
GUIDELINES FOR WRITERS
The Description on Journal of Architecture and Planning Studies (JAP)

Journal of Architecture and Planning Studies (JAP) was first published in 2004 by Department of Architecture and
Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University. As the name implies, this journal has a mission as a
medium for the development of science and technology, especially in architecture and planning studies. JAP has
broad topics of writing, ranging from technology of building, architecture, city design, to urban environmental
planning and its derivations. The coverage of writing in JAP starts from theories to practices, and they are
well-writen according to the correct scientific writing rules. JAP is planned to publish twice a year.
Writing Criteria
JAP accepts and publishes scientific papers that meet requirements or criteria as follows:
1. It contains beneficial authentic material for science development in architecture and planning studies.
2. It gives brief and clear research of project framework, as well as an appropriate explanation due to the
purpose of writing.
3. It contains detail information and references generally known so that readers are able to verify its
accurancy if it is needed.
4. It is free from any commercial, personal or political interests, and does not contain the four elements of
SARA (ethnicity, religions, races, and inter-classes).
5. Another contribution in the form of discussion related to published paper is also possible to publish, with
terms and conditions applied.
Writing Preparation
Papers should be written and arranged in a consice, clear, and understandable format. It is also should be
informative with brief title, preceded by abstract and representative keywords, plus a well-writen background or
introductory paragraph. If it is written in Indonesian, the rules on good and correct writing in Indonesian should be
applied. Furthermore, papers should be written in simple language, short-sentence structured with appropriate
terms and dictions. Deviation from the main discussion should be avoided. Tables and figures should be used to
clarify the papers. Readers should be guided carefully but clearly, in understanding the whole text. The author is
required to think for the benefit of the readers.
Discussion manuscript or written responses also must follow the requirements of standard written rules. This type
of writing should be submitted no later than 6 months after the paper responded is published.
Procedure Review
The Editor will submit all papers received to editorial staff to determine the paper review. Basically, every article
submitted to editorial staff will be reviewed by a competent expert (mitra bestari). The system used is double
blind process, where the mitra bestari will not recognize the author, and the author will not recognize also the
name of the mitra bestari.
Based on the results of the first review, Editor Meeting will determine the continuation procedures of a paper,
which are: accepted with minor revision, accepted with major revision, or rejected. Papers reviewed and in need
of revision will be sent to the authors according to the listed contacts. The Editor has a right to regulate the writing
substance in review process and to request technical improvements, before the writing is actually published. The
revision period has to meet the requirement. After revision process is completed and papers are declared to be
ready to publish, the authors must submit a statement of copyright transfer toward the writing distribution to the
JAP Editor or Publisher. All writing in the review process becomes the responsibility of the Editor and the
confidentiality of the writing contents is guaranteed. All papers and other documents submitted to the Editor will
not be returned.
The Editor suggests to Indonesian authors who submit their English written papers to include the language review
before it submitted to the Editor.
Publishing Cost
The papers and discussions published are not charged. However, if the author requests for any format changes, the
cost will be charged upon the author. For all copies made, please contact the Editor address.
Copyright
The Editor accepts only authentic and original writings that have not published yet or not in the process of
publishing in other publications. The author will be asked to submit a stamped letter containing the writing
copyright transfer to the Editor of JAP. This copyright will exclusively include the right to reproduce, translate, or
take part/whole text (including tables, images, attachments) to interest of science development. If there is a third
party who asks for a permission to produce or reproduce the writing, the Editor of JAP should be contacted, then
the Editor will ask the authors for approval. The author, who would like to publish illustrations or images will be
used in his/her writing, should obtain the written permission from the related publisher, including put down the
acknowledgement for images used. Written permission should be included in the final version writing before
publication.
Guidelines for Writing Format

The paper is written with word processing software (most recommended is MS Word, while Page Maker and other
software are not yet suggested). It is written in A4 size paper (210x297 cms), with top and bottom edge is 25 mms
and the margin (right and left) is 20 mms. The writing is formatted in 2 columns with its column width is 82 mms
and its inter-column width is 6 mms. Images, writings, and notes are placed and formatted into the text.
The paper written in Indonesian (with English abstract) or a whole paper is in English should use Times New
Roman font with 10,5 point. Wherever possible, please arrange the space in the writing area to accomodate 59
lines of sentences from top to bottom. Handwriting will automatically be rejected. The number of page is
calculated from the title page.
The length of submitted paper must comply with the provisions of the page limit allowed. A paper including
images, tables, references, and remained space are not allowed to exceed 8 pages.
The title page is the first page of the paper. The title page should contain title, author (could be individual or group
of authors), position, affiliation, and authors contact contained of name, positions, affiliation, complete address
with telephone number, fax, and email. The paper title is not permitted beyond 75 characters, including spaces
between titles.
The abstract and keywords/keyphrases are stated in the first page (the title page). The abstract is no more than 200
words and written in English. It must clearly describe the contents of writings, problem formulation, methods, and
the conclusion. Keywords should be selected carefully, so that readers can be easily understood.
The main writings are divided into several headings which reflect the order and its discussion, for example:
Introduction will describe the background, motivation, or the research aims; Methods will provide the necessary
information so that readers can understand and follow the discussion; Conclusion will wrap up the focus in clear
explanation and interpretation free.
The writing on references should use the Harvard System. References in text should be cited according to the
rules, for example Katz (1994) or (Jenks and Burgess, 2000) or if it is more than two people: Williams, et al.
(1998). References or bibliography should be arranged alphabetically in the end of text by displaying the author s
family name/surname first. If there is a reference written by the same person in the same year, it must be
distinguished by additional letters, such as 2000a or 2000b. Rules on writing references or bibliography should go
after example follows:
References from Books

Authors surname, Initial (year of publication), Title, Edition (if it is not the first edition), Publisher, Place
of publication
For example:
Ronald, A (2005), Nilai-Nilai Arsitektur Rumah Tradisional Jawa, Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.
References from Journals

Authors surname, Initials (year of publication), Paper Title, Journal Title, Volume and number of journal,
Publisher, Page
For example:
Sarwadi, A; Tohiguchi, M; Hashimoto, S. (2001), A typological analysis of houses and people gathering places in
an urban riverside settlement. A Case Study in the Musi Urban Riverside Settlement, Palembang City, Sumatra,
Indonesia, Journal of Architecture, Planning, and Environmetal Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) No. 546,
207-214.
References from internet are used as little as possible. If it is used, the writing still follows the rules of referencing,
plus the last data accessed.
Footnote is still possible if the paper requires additional infornations, but it should be limited instead. Its format
should be adjusted too, by using superscript format at the end of the sentence which needs additional notes. The
description list is placed according to serial number at the end of the writing before bibliography, with a smaller
size text (9 points).
Any mathematical formulas and symbols are also possible to add by putting more attention to the correct formula
writing and putting the numbers or smaller signs correctly (either subscript or superscript). The International
Standard (SI) for measure should be used if it is required. If the measurement is not in the SI equation, thus it
should be written using parentheses behind.
Tables and images can be arranged using only one column (82 mms) or two columns at once (170 mms),
according to the needs and layout aesthetic. The format on putting tables or drawings are sorted by using Arabic
numbers, such as Table 1, Table 2, or Figure 1, Figure 2, and so on. The content of tables or detail images should
be clearly readable as good as possible. Please notice to the contrast or image resolution, so the magnification/
reduction can be well applied if it is needed. The negative image will not be accepted. The permission letter of
pictures using from others or original sources should be included when it is published.
Basically, JAP is published in black and white format. Color printing is possible with additional fees charged to
the author. Avoid transparency image technique.
In preparing paper, it is suggested to the authors to use the template format provided and can be downloaded at
http://www.archiplan.ugm.ac.id/

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ISSN 1829-6610 Vol. 7 No.

Editorial and Distribution Address:

Pola Sistem Setting Natah di Rumah Tinggal Orang Bali______________________________ 01

Therapeutic Space for Healthcare Facilities_________________________________________ 13

The Possibility of Transportation Demand Omotenashi (TDO) Works___________________ 23

Desain Konektor Elemen Struktur Shelter Berbentuk Icosahedron____________________ 41

Spatial Accessibility: The Universal Design Approach ______________________________ 49

Ahmad Saifullah Malangjudo1, T. Yoyok Wahyu Subroto2

Keywords: House, Setting system, Natah, Nawa Sanga

1. Pendahuluan besar maupun KDB relatif kecil. Penelitian yang

Jurnal Arsitektur dan Perencanaan/April 2015/2 1

2 JAP Vol. 7 No. 2 Apr. 2015 Ahmad Saifullah Malangjudo

Jurnal Arsitektur dan Perencanaan/April 2015/2 3

4 JAP Vol. 7 No. 2 Apr. 2015 Ahmad Saifullah Malangjudo

Jurnal Arsitektur dan Perencanaan/April 2015/2 5

Dari hasil analisis dinyatakan bahwa keberadaan A

6 JAP Vol. 7 No. 2 Apr. 2015 Ahmad Saifullah Malangjudo

Area Natah maya/pd ruang

Tabel 4. Bobot Skore Hirarkhi Natah Sesuai Konsep Ideal

NATA HI BO BOBOT SCORE IDEAL ZONA NAWASANGA TO

Lokasi Zoning Natah dgn scorenya sesuai Konsep

Jurnal Arsitektur dan Perencanaan/April 2015/2 7

8 JAP Vol. 7 No. 2 Apr. 2015 Ahmad Saifullah Malangjudo

Jurnal Arsitektur dan Perencanaan/April 2015/2 9

10 JAP Vol. 7 No. 2 Apr. 2015 Ahmad Saifullah Malangjudo

Dari ke 3(tiga) pola sistem seting Natah tersebut

Jurnal Arsitektur dan Perencanaan/April 2015/2 11

Keywords: healing garden, healthcare facility, environment of garden

1. Introduction flowers. Elements that arouse the senses such as

Jurnal Arsitektur dan Perencanaan/April 2015/2 13

14 JAP Vol. 7 No. 2 Apr. 2015 Fuziah Ibrahim

Jurnal Arsitektur dan Perencanaan/April 2015/2 15

View to the sky / / / / / /

7 Familiarity People seek familiar / / / / / /

16 JAP Vol. 7 No. 2 Apr. 2015 Fuziah Ibrahim

Jurnal Arsitektur dan Perencanaan/April 2015/2 17

The ninth checklist; Comfort Fig.1 Fix Seating

The highlights from the checklist of the elements of

18 JAP Vol. 7 No. 2 Apr. 2015 Fuziah Ibrahim

Table 2, Visitors of Therapeutic Garden in Healthcare facilities

S. Abdul H.H. 9,26

0,00 2,00 4,00 6,00 8,00 10,00 12,00

(c) The reasons for going to the garden:

Jurnal Arsitektur dan Perencanaan/April 2015/2 19

Fig. 3. Examples of Gazebo

Bored are the patrons who have to wait for too

20 JAP Vol. 7 No. 2 Apr. 2015 Fuziah Ibrahim

Jurnal Arsitektur dan Perencanaan/April 2015/2 21

Imma Widyawati Agustin1, Hisashi Kubota2

Keywords: traffic; transportation-demand-omotenashi (TDO); customer-satisfaction-index (CSI); analytical-Hierarchy-Proces

1. Introduction excellent service mindset of Japanese style. It is a

Jurnal Arsitektur dan Perencanaan/April 2015/2 23

24 JAP Vol. 7 No. 2 Apr. 2015 Imma Widyawati Agustin

If CSI scores is over 50 per cent, it can be

Jurnal Arsitektur dan Perencanaan/April 2015/2 25

Table 3. Uniqueness of the Site Traffic Characteristics

Fig.3. Photo Analysis of Jalan Pasar Besar.

Fig.2. Uniqueness of the Site. Fig.4. Cross-section of Jalan Pasar Besar.

26 JAP Vol. 7 No. 2 Apr. 2015 Imma Widyawati Agustin

Jurnal Arsitektur dan Perencanaan/April 2015/2 27

28 JAP Vol. 7 No. 2 Apr. 2015 Imma Widyawati Agustin

Jurnal Arsitektur dan Perencanaan/April 2015/2 29

Strategy for public transport is done by