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EC6311 Analog and Digital Lab
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DEPARTMENT
of
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Regulation 2013
Academic Year: 2014-2015
STUDENT MANUAL
Faculty In-charge
Mr.S.Rajalingam /AP/ECE
Mr.L.Franklin Telfer/AP/ECE
Mr.V.S.Vignesh/AP/ECE
Lab Assistant
Ms.T.Jeevitha
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SYLLABUS
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
11. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
12. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
13. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
15. Implementation of SISO, SIPO, PISO and PIPO shift registers using Flip- flops
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SL NO LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
LIST OF ANALOG EXPERIMENTS
Introduction
- Study of electronic components [ Active and Passive]
- Study of Signal Generator, CRO, Bread board and Regulated Power supply
- Study of transistor parameters using Transistor Data Sheets
Design and Analysis of Common Emitter Amplifier
1. - To Determine a. DC characters tics b. AC characteristics c. Gain d. Bandwidth
e. Gain- Bandwidth Product f. SPICE Simulation of Amplifier(Additional)
Design and Analysis of Common Collector Amplifier
- To Determine a. DC characteristics b. AC characteristics c. Gain d. Bandwidth
2. e. Gain- Bandwidth Product f. SPICE Simulation of Amplifier(Additional)
Design and Analysis of Common Base Amplifier
3. - To Determine a. DC characteristics b. AC characteristics c. Gain d. Bandwidth
e. Gain- Bandwidth Product f. SPICE Simulation of Amplifier(Additional)
Design and Analysis of Darlington Amplifier
- To Determine a. DC characteristics b. AC characteristics c. Gain d. Bandwidth
4. e. Gain- Bandwidth Product f. SPICE Simulation of Amplifier(Additional)
Design and Analysis of Common Source Amplifier
5. - To Determine a. DC characteristics b. AC characteristics c. Gain d. Bandwidth
e. Gain- Bandwidth Product f. SPICE Simulation of Amplifier (Additional)
Design and Analysis of Cascade Amplifier
- To Determine a. DC characteristics b. AC characteristics c. Gain d. Bandwidth
6. e. Gain- Bandwidth Product f. SPICE Simulation of Amplifier (Additional)
Design and Analysis of Cascode Amplifier
7. - To Determine a. DC characteristics b. AC characteristics c. Gain d. Bandwidth
e. Gain- Bandwidth Product f. SPICE Simulation of Amplifier (Additional)
Design and Analysis of Differential Amplifier
- To Determine a. Transfer characteristics b. CMRR
8.
Pspice Simulation of Common Emitter Amplifier
9. a. Gain b. Bandwidth
Pspice Simulation of Common source Amplifier
10. a. Gain b. Bandwidth
LIST OF DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
Introduction
- Study of Digital IC's using IC data sheets
- Study of IC trainer Kit
Design and implementation of code converters using logic gates
11.
(i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa (ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa
Design and implementation of 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor and
12.
BCD adder using IC 7483
13. Design and implementation of Multiplexer and De-multiplexer using logic gates
14. Design and implementation of encoder and decoder using logic gates
15. Construction and verification of 4 bit ripple counter and Mod-10 / Mod-12 Ripple counters
16. Design and implementation of 3-bit synchronous up/down counter
17. Implementation of SISO, SIPO, PISO and PIPO shift registers using Flip- flops
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Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology
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INDEX
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
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Common Emitter Amplifier circuit diagram
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COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER
EXPERIMENT: 01 DATE:
1. OBJECTIVE:
To Design and Construct a Common Emitter Amplifier using voltage divider bias and to
determine its:
a. DC Characteristics
b. Maximum Signal Handling Capacity
c. Gain of the amplifier
d. Bandwidth of the amplifier
e. Gain -Bandwidth Product
2. REQUIREMENTS:
5 CRO 30MHz 1
Equipment
Regulated power
6 (0-30)V 1
supply
7 Bread Board - 1
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DESIGN PROCEDURE:
Given specifications:
VCC= 10V, I C=1.2mA, AV= 30, hFE= 100
(i) To calculate RC:
The voltage gain is given by,
AV= -hfe (RC|| RF) / hie
h ie = re
re = 26mV / IE = 26mV / 1.2mA = 21.6
hie = 150 x 21.6 =3.2K
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC= IC RC + VCE+ IE RE ----- (1)
Where VE = IE RE (IC= IE)
VE= VCC / 10= 1V
Therefore RE= 1/1.2x10-3=0.8K= 1K
VCE= VCC/2= 5V
From equation (1), R C= ( Vcc - VCE - IE RE / IC ) = ________
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3. THEORY:
A common emitter amplifier is type of BJT amplifier which increases the voltage level of the
The CE amplifier typically has a relatively high input resistance (1 - 10 K) and a fairly high
output resistance. Therefore it is generally used to drive medium to high resistance loads. It is
typically used in applications where a small voltage signal needs to be amplified to a large
voltage signal like radio receivers.
The input signal Vin is applied to base emitter junction of the transistor and amplifier output
Vo is taken across collector terminal. Transistor is maintained at the active region by using the
resistors R1,R2 and Rc. A very small change in base current produces a much larger change in
collector current. The output Vo of the common emitter amplifier is 180 degrees out of phase
with the applied the input signal Vin.
4. PROCEDURE:
3. Determine Maximum input voltage that can be applied to CE amplifier using AC analysis.
4. Set the input voltage Vin=V MSH /2 and vary the input signal frequency from 0Hz to 1MHz in
incremental steps and note down the corresponding output voltage Vo for at least 20
different values for the considered range.
5. The voltage gain is calculated as Av = 20log (V0/Vi) dB
6. Find the Bandwidth and Gain-Bandwidth Product from Semi-log graph taking
frequency on x-axis and gain in dB on y-axis.,
Bandwidth, BW = f2-f1
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a. DC ANALYSIS:
Steps:
i) Set Vin = 0 by reducing the amplitude of the input signal from signal
generator
ii) Open circuit the capacitors since it blocks DC voltage
iii) Set VCC= +10v and measure the voltage drop across the Resistor VRC, voltage
across Collector- Emitter Junction VCE and Voltage drop across base emitter
junction. VBE
iv) Find the Q-point of the transistor and draw the DC load line.
To verify dc condition
2. VRC = ____________
Q point analysis:
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It is the process to find the maximum input voltage that can be handled by the
amplifier, so that it amplifies the input signal without any distortion.
Procedure:
i. Apply input signal Vin = 20 mV of 1Khz frequency to the amplifier using the
signal generator between base emitter junction of the transistor. Find the
sinusoidal output using CRO across RL.
ii. By increasing the amplitude of the input signal find maximum input voltage
V MSH across VBE at which the sinusoidal signal gets distorted during the
process which can be seen in the CRO. The amplitude obtained at this point
is maximum voltage that can be applied to the transistor for efficient
operating of transistor.
MODEL GRAPH:
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5. TABULATION [Without Feedback ] :
1. 0
2. 100
3. 500
4. 600
5. 800
6.
900
7. 1 KHz
8. 100 KHz
9. 500 KHz
11.
700 KHz
14. 1 MHz
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With Feedback :
1.
0
2. 100
3. 500
4. 600
5. 800
6.
900
7. 1 KHz
8. 100 KHz
9. 500 KHz
11.
700 KHz
14. 1 MHz
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6. RESULT:
INFERENCE:
The Common Emitter Amplifier was constructed and the following results were determined:
c) Gain-Bandwidth product :
CONCLUSION:
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MODEL GRAPH:
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COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER
EXPERIMENT: 02 DATE:
1. OBJECTIVE:
a. DC Characteristics
b. Maximum Signal Handling Capacity
c. Gain of the amplifier
d. Bandwidth of the amplifier
e. Gain -Bandwidth Product using frequency response curve
2. REQUIREMENTS:
2 Resistor [Passive]
3 Capacitor [Passive]
5 CRO 0-30MHz 1
7 Bread Board - 1
Accessories
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Given specifications:
VCC= 15V, I C=1.2mA, hie = 2.1k hFE= 75 hib= 27.6
Av = _____
3. THEORY:
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A common collector amplifier is a unity gain BJT amplifier used for impedance matching and as
a buffer amplifier.
Circuit Operation : When a positive half-cycle of the input signal is applied to Base emitter
junction of transistor the forward bias voltage Vbe is increased, which in turn increases the base
current Ib of transistor. Since emitter current Ie is directly proportional to I b the voltage drop across
the Emitter Ve= IeRe is increased, hence, output voltage Vo is increased, thus, we get positive half-
cycle of the output. It means that a positive-going input signal results in a positive going output
signal and, consequently, the input and output signals are in phase with each other. Similarly the
negative half cycle of input signal produces negative going output signal.
Characteristics of a CC Amplifier
1. high input impedance (20-500 K )
2. low output impedance (50-1000 )
3. high current gain of (1 + ) i.e. 50 500
4. voltage gain of less than 1 (unity)
5. power gain of 10 to 20 dB
6. no phase reversal of the input signal
4. PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
3. Determine Maximum input voltage that can be applied to CE amplifier using AC analysis.
3. Set the input voltage Vin=V MSH /2 and vary the input signal frequency from 0Hz to 1MHz in
incremental steps and note down the corresponding output voltage Vo for at least 15
different values for the considered range.
5. The voltage gain is calculated as Av = 20log (V0/Vin)
7. Find the Bandwidth and Gain-Bandwidth Product from Semi-log graph taking
frequency on x-axis and gain in dB on y-axis.,
Bandwidth, BW = f2-f1
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a. DC ANALYSIS:
It is the procedure to find the operating region of transistor
Steps:
i) Set Vin = 0 by reducing the amplitude of the input signal from signal
generator
ii) Open circuit the capacitors since it blocks DC voltage
iii) Set VCC= +10v and measure the voltage drop across the Resistor VRC, voltage
across Collector- Emitter Junction VCE and Voltage drop across base emitter
junction. VBE
iv) Find the Q-point of the transistor and draw the DC load line.
To verify dc condition
2. VRC = ____________
Q point analysis:
It is the procedure to choose the opearating point of transistor
Procedure:
i. Apply input signal Vin = 1 V of 1Khz frequency to the CC amplifier using the
signal generator between base emitter junction of the transistor. Find the
sinusoidal output using CRO across RL.
ii. By increasing the amplitude of the input signal find maximum input voltage
V MSH across VBE at which the sinusoidal signal gets distorted during the
process which can be seen in the CRO. The amplitude obtained at this point
is maximum voltage that can be applied to the transistor for efficient
operating of transistor.
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5. TABULATION
1. 0
2. 100
3. 500
4. 600
5. 800
6.
900
7. 1 KHz
8. 100 KHz
9. 500 KHz
11.
700 KHz
14. 1 MHz
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6. RESULT:
INFERENCE:
The common collector amplifier was constructed and input resistance and gain were determined.
The results are found to be as given below
CONCLUSION:
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MODEL GRAPH:
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COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER
EXPERIMENT:03 DATE:
1. OBJECTIVE:
a. DC Characteristics
b. Maximum Signal Handling Capacity
c. Gain of the amplifier
d. Bandwidth of the amplifier
e. Gain -Bandwidth Product using frequency response curve
2. REQUIREMENTS:
3 Capacitor [Passive]
7 Bread Board - 1
Accessories
8
Connecting Wires Single strand as required
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DESIGN PROCEDURE:
hib = ____
Zo = Rc ; where Rc = 4.7 k
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3. THEORY:
A common base amplifier is type of BJT amplifier which increases the voltage level of the
applied input signal Vin at output of collector.
The Common base amplifier typically has good voltage gain and relatively high output
impedance. But the Common base amplifier unlike CE amplifier has very low input impedance which
makes it unsuitable for most voltage amplifier. It is typically used used as an active load for a
cascode amplifier and also as a current follower circuit.
Circuit Opeartion:
A positive-going signal voltage at the input of a CB pushes the transistor emitter in a positive
direction while the base voltage remains fixed, hence Vbe reduces. The reduction in VBE results in
reduction in VRC, consequently VCE increases. The rise in collector voltage effectively rises the output
voltage. The positive going pulse at the input produces a positive-going output, hence the there is no
phase shift from input to output in CB circuit. In the same way the negative-going input produces a
negative-going output.
4. PROCEDURE:
AC analysis.
4. Set the input voltage Vin=V MSH /2 and vary the input signal frequency from 0Hz to 1MHz in
incremental steps and note down the corresponding output voltage Vo for atleast 20
different values for the considered range.
5. Find the Bandwidth and Gain-Bandwidth Product from Semi-log graph taking
frequency on x-axis and gain in dB on y-axis.,
Bandwidth, BW = f2-f1
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a. DC ANALYSIS:
Steps:
i) Set Vin = 0 by reducing the amplitude of the input signal from signal
generator
ii) Open circuit the capacitors since it blocks DC voltage
iii) Set VCC= +10v and measure the voltage drop across the Resistor VRC, voltage
across Collector- Emitter Junction VCE and Voltage drop across base emitter
junction. VBE
iv) Find the Q-point of the transistor and draw the DC load line.
To verify dc condition
2. VRC = ____________
Q point analysis:
It is the process to find the maximum input voltage that can be handled by the
amplifier, so that it amplifies the input signal without any distortion.
Procedure:
i. Apply input signal Vin = 20 mV of 1Khz frequency to the amplifier using the
signal generator between base emitter junction of the transistor. Find the
sinusoidal output using CRO across RL.
ii. By increasing the amplitude of the input signal find maximum input voltage
V MSH across VBE at which the sinusoidal signal gets distorted during the
process which can be seen in the CRO. The amplitude obtained at this point
is maximum voltage that can be applied to the transistor for efficient
operating of transistor.
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5. TABULATION
17. 0
18. 100
19. 500
20. 600
21. 800
22.
900
23. 1 KHz
24. 100 KHz
25. 500 KHz
26. 600 KHz
27.
700 KHz
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6. RESULT:
INFERENCE:
The Common base amplifier was constructed and input resistance and gain were determined. The
results are found to be as given below
c) Gain-Bandwidth product :
CONCLUSION:
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Darlington Amplifier Circuit Diagram:
MODEL GRAPH:
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DARLINGTON AMPLIFIER
EXPERIMENT:04 DATE:
1. OBJECTIVE:
To Design and Construct a BJT amplifier using Darlington pair and to determine its:
a. DC Characteristics
b. Maximum Signal Handling Capacity
c. Gain of the amplifier
d. Bandwidth of the amplifier
e. Gain -Bandwidth Product using frequency response curve
2. REQUIREMENTS:
3 Capacitor [Passive]
7 Bread Board - 1
Accessories
8
Connecting Wires Single strand as required
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DESIGN PROCEDURE:
Given specifications:
VCC= 12V, IC=1.2mA, AV= 30, f1 = 300 HZ, f2 = 500KHZ, hFE= 150
Since voltage amplification is done in the Darlington transistor amplifier circuit, we assume
equal drops across VCE and load resistance RC. The ICQ = 1mA is assumed.
(iv) To Find CO :
C0 = * 1 / 2f2 ( (RC + RL) / 10) ]
Where RC = 9K; RL = 90K and
f2 = Upper cut-off frequency= 500KHZ
= 64 F
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3. THEORY:
The Darlington transistor (often called a Darlington pair) is compound structure consisting of
two bipolar transistors connected in such a way that the First transistor does current
amplification of input signal and then it will be fed to the second transistor which performs
voltage amplification.
This configuration gives a much higher gain than each transistor taken separately and, in the
case of integrated devices, can take less space than two individual transistors because they can use
a shared collector. The Darlington amplifier typically has a relatively high input resistance (1 - 10 K)
and a fairly high output resistance. Therefore it is generally used to drive medium to high resistance
loads. It is typically used in applications where a small voltage signal needs to be amplified to a large
voltage signal like radio receivers.
4. PROCEDURE:
3. Determine Maximum input voltage that can be applied to Darlington amplifier using AC
analysis.
4. Set the input voltage Vin=V MSH /2 and vary the input signal frequency from 0Hz to 1MHz in
incremental steps and note down the corresponding output voltage Vo for at least 20
different values for the considered range.
6. Find the Bandwidth and Gain-Bandwidth Product from Semi-log graph taking
frequency on x-axis and gain in dB on y-axis.,
Bandwidth, BW = f2-f1
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a. DC ANALYSIS:
Steps:
i) Set Vin = 0 by reducing the amplitude of the input signal from signal
generator
ii) Open circuit the capacitors since it blocks DC voltage
iii) Set VCC= +10v and measure the voltage drop across the Resistor VRC, voltage
across Collector- Emitter Junction VCE and Voltage drop across base emitter
junction. VBE
iv) Find the Q-point of the transistor and draw the DC load line.
To verify dc condition
2. VRC = ____________
Q point analysis:
It is the process to find the maximum input voltage that can be handled by the
amplifier, so that it amplifies the input signal without any distortion.
Procedure:
i. Apply input signal Vin = 20 mV of 1Khz frequency to the amplifier using the
signal generator between base emitter junction of the transistor. Find the
sinusoidal output using CRO across RL.
ii. By increasing the amplitude of the input signal find maximum input voltage
V MSH across VBE at which the sinusoidal signal gets distorted during the
process which can be seen in the CRO. The amplitude obtained at this point
is maximum voltage that can be applied to the transistor for efficient
operating of transistor.
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5. TABULATION
1. 0
2. 100
3. 500
4. 600
5. 800
6.
900
7. 1 KHz
8. 100 KHz
9. 500 KHz
10. 600 KHz
11.
700 KHz
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6. RESULT:
INFERENCE:
The Darlington amplifier was constructed and the results are found to be
c. Gain-Bandwidth product :
CONCLUSION:
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MODEL GRAPH:
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COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER
EXPERIMENT:05 DATE:
1. OBJECTIVE:
To Design and Construct a Common source amplifier using the bootstrapped gate resistance
and to determine its:
a. DC Characteristics
b. Maximum Signal Handling Capacity
c. Gain of the amplifier
d. Bandwidth of the amplifier
e. Gain -Bandwidth Product
2. REQUIREMENTS:
3 Capacitor [Passive]
7 Bread Board - 1
Accessories
8
Connecting Wires Single strand as required
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DESIGN ANALYSIS :
Given :
VGS = ID RS
Assume RS = 3.3K,
Zi = RG ; Assume RG = 1M
ZO = RD ||
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3. THEORY
There are three basic types of FET amplifier or FET transistor namely common source
amplifier, common gate amplifier and source follower amplifier.
i) As a transconductance amplifier, the input voltage is seen as modulating the current going
to the load.
ii) As a voltage amplifier, input voltage modulates the amount of current flowing through the
FET, changing the voltage across the output resistance according to Ohm's law.
However, the FET device's output resistance typically is not high enough for a reasonable
transconductance amplifier (ideally infinite), nor low enough for a decent voltage amplifier (ideally
zero). Another major drawback is the amplifier's limited high-frequency response. Therefore, in
practice the output often is routed through either a voltage follower (common-drain or CD stage), or
a current follower (common-gate or CG stage), to obtain more favorable output and frequency
characteristics
4. PROCEDURE:
AC analysis.
4. Set the input voltage Vin=V MSH /2 and vary the input signal frequency from 0Hz to 1MHz in
incremental steps and note down the corresponding output voltage Vo for atleast 20
different values for the considered range.
6. Find the Bandwidth and Gain-Bandwidth Product from Semi-log graph taking
frequency on x-axis and gain in dB on y-axis.,
Bandwidth, BW = f2-f1
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a. DC ANALYSIS:
To verify dc condition
1. VGS : = ____________
2. VDS = ____________
3 ID = _______
It is the process to find the maximum input voltage that can be handled by the
amplifier, so that it amplifies the input signal without any distortion.
Procedure:
i. Apply input signal Vin = 1 V of 1Khz frequency to the CS amplifier using the
signal generator between base emitter junction of the transistor. Find the
sinusoidal output using CRO across RL.
ii. By increasing the amplitude of the input signal find maximum input voltage
V MSH across VBE at which the sinusoidal signal gets distorted during the
process which can be seen in the CRO. The amplitude obtained at this point
is maximum voltage that can be applied to the transistor for efficient
operating of transistor.
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5. TABULATION
1. 0
2. 100
3. 500
4. 600
5. 800
6.
900
7. 1 KHz
8. 100 KHz
9. 500 KHz
10. 600 KHz
11.
700 KHz
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6. RESULT:
INFERENCE:
The common Source amplifier was constructed and input resistance and gain were determined. The
results are found to be as given below
CONCLUSION:
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MODEL GRAPH:
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CASCADE AMPLIFIER
EXPERIMENT:06 DATE:
1. OBJECTIVE:
a. DC Characteristics
b. Maximum Signal Handling Capacity
c. Gain of the amplifier
d. Bandwidth of the amplifier
e. Gain -Bandwidth Product
2. REQUIREMENTS:
3 Capacitor [Passive]
7 Bread Board - 1
Accessories
8
Connecting Wires Single strand as required
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DESIGN PROCEDURE:
Given specifications:
VCC= 14 V, IC1=1.2mA, RL = 40K hFE= 100
(i) To calculate R5 :
Assume VE1 = 5V , VCE1 = VCE2 = 3V;
VB2 = VC1 = VE1 + VCE1 = 5V + 3V = 8V
VE2 = VB2 VBE = 8V 0.7V = 7.3V
VR5 = Vcc VE2 VCE2 = 14V 7.3V 3V = 3.7V
Choose R5 = RL / 10 = 40K / 10 = 4K ;
IC2 = ( VR5 / R5 ) = 3.7V / 3.9K = 1000A
(ii) To calculate R6 :
VR6 = VE2 / IC2 = 7.7K;
IC2 = VE2 / R6 = 7.3V / 8.2 K = 890A
(iii) To calculate R1, R2 , R3 & R4:
Voltage across resistor R3 is given by
VR3 = Vcc VC1 = 14V 8V = 6V
R3 = VR3 / IC1 = 6V / 1mA = 6K
R4 = VE1 / IC1 = 5V/ 1mA = 4.7K
Voltage across resistor R2 is given by
VR2 = VE1 VBE = 5V + 0.7V =5.7V
R2 = 10 R4 = 4.7 K
VR1 = VCC VB1 = 14V + 5.7V =8.3V
R1 = [ VR1 x R2 / VR2] = 68.4 K
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3. THEORY:
A cascade is type of multistage amplifier where two or more single stage amplifiers are
connected serially. Many times the primary requirement of the amplifier cannot be achieved with
single stage amplifier, because Of the limitation of the transistor parameters. In such situations more
than one amplifier stages are cascaded such that input and output stages provide impedance
matching requirements with some amplification and remaining middle stages provide most of the
amplification. These types of amplifier circuits are employed in designing microphone and
loudspeaker.
4. PROCEDURE:
3. Determine Maximum input voltage that can be applied to amplifier using AC analysis.
4. Set the input voltage Vin=V MSH /2 and vary the input signal frequency from 0Hz to 1MHz in
incremental steps and note down the corresponding output voltage Vo for atleast 20
different values for the considered range.
6. Find the Bandwidth and Gain-Bandwidth Product from Semi-log graph taking
frequency on x-axis and gain in dB on y-axis.,
Bandwidth, BW = f2-f1
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a. DC ANALYSIS:
Steps:
v) Set Vin = 0 by reducing the amplitude of the input signal from signal
generator
vi) Open circuit the capacitors since it blocks DC voltage
vii) Set VCC= +10v and measure the voltage drop across the Resistor VRC, voltage
across Collector- Emitter Junction VCE and Voltage drop across base emitter
junction. VBE
viii) Find the Q-point of the transistor and draw the DC load line.
To verify dc condition
2. VRC = ____________
Q point analysis:
It is the process to find the maximum input voltage that can be handled by the
amplifier, so that it amplifies the input signal without any distortion.
Procedure:
iii. Apply input signal Vin = 20 mV of 1Khz frequency to the amplifier using the
signal generator between base emitter junction of the transistor.Find the
sinusoidal output using CRO across RL.
iv. By increasing the amplitude of the input signal find maximum input voltage
V MSH across VBE at which the sinusoidal signal gets distorted during the
processwhich can be seen in the CRO. The amplitude obtained at this point
is maximum voltage that can be applied to the transistor for efficient
operating of transistor.
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5. TABULATION
1. 0
2. 100
3. 500
4. 600
5. 800
6.
900
7. 1 KHz
8. 100 KHz
9. 500 KHz
10. 600 KHz
11.
700 KHz
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6. RESULT:
INFERENCE:
The Cascade amplifier was constructed and input resistance and gain were determined. The results
are found to be as given below
c) Gain-Bandwidth product :
CONCLUSION:
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MODEL GRAPH:
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CASCODE AMPLIFIER
EXPERIMENT: 07 DATE:
1. OBJECTIVE:
a. DC Characteristics
b. Maximum Signal Handling Capacity
c. Gain of the amplifier
d. Bandwidth of the amplifier
e. Gain -Bandwidth Product
2. REQUIREMENTS:
7 Bread Board - 1
Accessories
8
Connecting Wires Single strand as required
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DESIGN PROCEDURE:
Given specifications:
VCC= 20V, IC =1.2mA, AV= 30, , RL = 90K ;
Transistor Parameters: hFE= 50 , hie = 1.2K and hib= 24
(i) To calculate RC:
Rc = RL / 10 = 90k / 10 = 9K
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To Find C3 :
C3 = * 1 / 2f1hib ]
Where hib= 24 and
f1 = Lower cut-off frequency= 25HZ
= 256F
To Find C4 :
C4 = * 1 / 2f1 ( (RC + RL) / 10) ]
Where RC = 9K; RL = 90K and
f1 = Lower cut-off frequency= 25HZ
= 0.64 F
THEORY:
The cascode configuration has one of two configurations of multistage amplifier. In each case
the collector of the leading transistor is connected to the emitter of the following transistor. The
arrangement of the two transistors is shown in the circuit diagram. The cascode amplifier consists of
CE stage connected in series with CB stage. The arrangement provides a relatively high input
impedance with low voltage gain for the first stage to ensure the input miller capacitance is at a
minimum, whereas the following CB stage provides an excellent high frequency response.
Features:
PROCEDURE:
3. Determine Maximum input voltage that can be applied to CE amplifier using AC analysis.
4. Set the input voltage Vin=V MSH /2 and vary the input signal frequency from 0Hz to 1MHz in
incremental steps and note down the corresponding output voltage Vo for atleast 20 different
values for the considered range.
5. The voltage gain is calculated as Av = 20log (V0/Vi)
6. Find the Bandwidth and Gain-Bandwidth Product from Semi-log graph taking frequency on x-
axis and gain in dB on y-axis.,
Bandwidth, BW = f2-f1
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a. DC ANALYSIS:
It is the procedure to find the operating region of transistor
Steps:
ix) Set Vin = 0 by reducing the amplitude of the input signal from signal
generator
x) Open circuit the capacitors since it blocks DC voltage
xi) Set VCC= +10v and measure the voltage drop across the Resistor VRC, voltage
across Collector- Emitter Junction VCE and Voltage drop across base emitter
junction. VBE
xii) Find the Q-point of the transistor and draw the DC load line.
To verify dc condition
2. VRC = ____________
Q point analysis:
It is the process to find the maximum input voltage that can be handled by the
amplifier, so that it amplifies the input signal without any distortion.
Procedure:
v. Apply input signal Vin = 20 mV of 1Khz frequency to the amplifier using the
signal generator between base emitter junction of the transistor.Find the
sinusoidal output using CRO across RL.
vi. By increasing the amplitude of the input signal find maximum input voltage
V MSH across VBE at which the sinusoidal signal gets distorted during the
processwhich can be seen in the CRO. The amplitude obtained at this point
is maximum voltage that can be applied to the transistor for efficient
operating of transistor.
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5. TABULATION
1. 0
2. 100
3. 500
4. 600
5. 800
6.
900
7. 1 KHz
8. 100 KHz
9. 500 KHz
10. 600 KHz
11.
700 KHz
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6. RESULT:
INFERENCE:
The Cascode amplifier was constructed and input resistance and gain were determined. The results
are found to be as given below
c) Gain-Bandwidth product :
CONCLUSION:
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Differential amplifier Circuit Diagram:
Common Mode :
Differential Mode :
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DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
EXPERIMENT: 08 DATE:
1. OBJECTIVE:
To Design and Construct a Differential Amplifier using BJT and to determine its:
a. Transfer Characteristics
b. Gain of the amplifier in common mode
c. Gain of the amplifier in differential mode
d. CMRR (Common Mode Rejection Ratio)
2. REQUIREMENTS:
3 Capacitor [Passive]
7 Bread Board - 1
Accessories
8
Connecting Wires Single strand as required
3. THEORY:
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DESIGN PROCEDURE:
Given specifications:
VCC= 12V, IC=1.2mA, VCE = 5V
Assume Q1 = Q2
Where VCE = 5V and Ic = 1.2mA, Ie1 = Ic/10 and assume Re1 = 470
Now Rc1 = 1k .
MODEL GRAPH:
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The output signal in differential amplifier is proportional to the difference between the two
input signals.
Vo = Ad (V1 V2 ).
Where V1,V2 are the input voltages and Ad is the differential gain.
If V1 = V2, then output voltage is zero. A non zero output voltage is obtained if V1 and V2
are not equal.
4. PROCEDURE:
AC analysis.
4. Determine the Transfer characteristics of Differential amplifier by plotting the graph for
normalized differential input voltage [ (Vb1 Vb2) / VT ] vs. Normalized collector current [ Ic / Io].
7. Find the Common mode rejection ratio of differential amplifier using the formula given
below.
CMRR= 20 log10 ( Ad/Ac)
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a. DC ANALYSIS:
Steps:
i) Set Vin = 0 by reducing the amplitude of the input signal from signal
generator
ii) Open circuit the capacitors since it blocks DC voltage
iii) Set VCC= +10v and measure the voltage drop across the Resistor VRC, voltage
across Collector- Emitter Junction VCE and Voltage drop across base emitter
junction. VBE
iv) Find the Q-point of the transistor and draw the DC load line.
To verify dc condition
2. VRC = ____________
Q point analysis:
It is the process to find the maximum input voltage that can be handled by the
amplifier, so that it amplifies the input signal without any distortion.
Procedure:
vii. Apply input signal Vin = 20 mV of 1Khz frequency to the amplifier using the
signal generator between base emitter junction of the transistor. Find the
sinusoidal output using CRO across RL.
viii. By increasing the amplitude of the input signal find maximum input voltage
V MSH across VBE at which the sinusoidal signal gets distorted during the
process which can be seen in the CRO. The amplitude obtained at this point
is maximum voltage that can be applied to the transistor for efficient
operating of transistor.
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5. TABULATION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
b. CMRR Calculation:
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6. RESULT:
INFERENCE:
The Differential amplifier was constructed and input resistance and gain were determined. The
results are found to be as given below
g) CMRR in dB :
CONCLUSION:
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Common Emitter Amplifier circuit diagram
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COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER
EXPERIMENT: 01 DATE:
1. OBJECTIVE:
To Design and Construct a Common Emitter Amplifier using Pspice simulation tool and to
determine its:
2. REQUIREMENTS:
1 PC 1
2 Pspice Software -
THEORY:
A common emitter amplifer is type of BJT amplifier which increases the voltage level of the
The CE amplifier typically has a relatively high input resistance (1 - 10 K) and a fairly high
output resistance. Therefore it is generally used to drive medium to high resistance loads. It is
typically used in applications where a small voltage signal needs to be amplified to a large
voltage signal like radio receivers.
The input signal Vin is applied to base emitter junction of the transistor and amplifier output
Vo is taken across collector terminal. Transistor is maintained at the active region by using the
resistors R1,R2 and Rc. A very small change in base current produces a much larger change in
collector current. The output Vo of the common emitter amplifier is 180 degrees out of phase
with the applied the input signal Vin.
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3. PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the start menu and select the pspice simulation software
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and place
them in the work space
MODEL GRAPH:
4.RESULT:
INFERENCE:
The Common Emitter Amplifier was simulated and the following results were determined:
c) Gain-Bandwidth product :
CONCLUSION:
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Common source Amplifier circuit diagram
CS Amplifier:
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COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER
EXPERIMENT: 02 DATE:
1. OBJECTIVE:
To Design and Construct a Common Emitter Amplifier using Pspice simulation tool and to
determine its:
2. REQUIREMENTS:
1 PC 1
2 Pspice Software -
THEORY:
There are three basic types of FET amplifier or FET transistor namely common source
amplifier, common gate amplifier and source follower amplifier.
i) As a transconductance amplifier, the input voltage is seen as modulating the current going
to the load.
ii) As a voltage amplifier, input voltage modulates the amount of current flowing through the
FET, changing the voltage across the output resistance according to Ohm's law.
However, the FET device's output resistance typically is not high enough for a reasonable
transconductance amplifier (ideally infinite), nor low enough for a decent voltage amplifier (ideally
zero). Another major drawback is the amplifier's limited high-frequency response. Therefore, in
practice the output often is routed through either a voltage follower (common-drain or CD stage), or
a current follower (common-gate or CG stage), to obtain more favorable output and frequency
characteristics
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3. PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the start menu and select the pspice simulation software
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and place
them in the work space
MODEL GRAPH:
4.RESULT:
INFERENCE:
The Common Emitter Amplifier was simulated and the following results were determined:
c) Gain-Bandwidth product :
CONCLUSION:
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DIGITAL EXPERIMENTS
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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE CONVERTERS
EXPERIMENT: DATE:
1. OBJECTIVE:
To design and verify the truth table of the following code converters
By representing the ten decimal digits with a four bit Gray code, we have another form
of BCD code. The Gray code however can be extended to any number of bits and conversion
between binary code and Gray code is sometimes useful. The following rules apply for conversion:
1. The MSB in the Gray code is the same as the corresponding bit in the binary number.
2. Going from left to right, add each adjacent pair of binary bits to get the next Gray code bit.
Disregard carries.
To convert from Gray code to binary code, A similar method is used, at there are some
differences. The following rules apply:
1. The MSB in the binary code is the same as the corresponding digit in the Gray code
2. Add each binary digit generated to the gray digit in the next adjacent position Disregard
carries.
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TRUTH TABLE FOR BINARY TO GRAY CODE CONVERTER:
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
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K-Map for G3:
G3 = B3
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K-Map for G0:
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TRUTH TABLE FOR GRAY CODE TO BINARY CONVERTOR:
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
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B3 = G3
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K-Map for B0:
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TRUTH TABLE FOR BCD TO EXCESS-3 CONVERTOR:
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 x x x x
1 0 1 1 x x x x
1 1 0 0 x x x x
1 1 0 1 x x x x
1 1 1 0 x x x x
1 1 1 1 x x x x
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K-Map for E3:
E3 = B3 + B2 (B0 + B1)
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K-Map for E0:
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TRUTH TABLE FOR EXCESS-3 TO BCD CONVERTOR:
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
K-Map for A:
A = X1 X2 + X3 X4 X1
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K-Map for B:
K-Map for C:
K-Map for D:
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EXCESS-3 TO BCD convertor Logic diagram:
4. PROCEDURE:
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5. Results:
INFERENCE:
Thus the truth tables for Binary to Gray, Gray to Binary and BCD to Excess3 converters were
verified.
CONCLUSION:
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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF 4 BIT BINARY ADDER / SUBTRACTOR USING IC 7483
EXPERIMENT: 10 DATE:
1. OBJECTIVE:
2. REQUIREMENTS:
2 OR gate IC 7432 1
3. THEORY:
The full adder/sub tractors are capable of adding/subtracting only two single digit binary
numbers along with a carry input. But in practice we need to add/subtract binary numbers, which
are much longer than just one bit. To add/subtract two n-bit binary numbers we need to use the n-
bit parallel subtractor/adder.
Binary adder: IC type 7483 is a 4-bit binary parallel adder/subtractor .The two 4-bit input
binary numbers are A1 through A4 and B1 through B4. The sum is obtained from S1 through S4. C0 is
the input carry and C4 the output carry. Test the 4-bit binary adder 7483 by connecting the power
supply and ground terminals. Then connect the four A inputs to a fixed binary numbers such as 1001
and the B inputs and the input carry to five toggle switches. The five outputs are applied to indicator
lamps. Perform the addition of a few binary numbers and check that the output sum and output
carry give the proper values. Show that when the input carry is equal to 1, it adds 1 to the output
sum.
Binary subtractor : The subtraction of two binary numbers can be done by taking the 2s
complement of the subtrahend and adding it to the minuend. The 2s complement can be obtained
by taking the 1s complement and adding. To perform A-B, we complement the four bits of B, add
them to the four bits of A, and add 1 through the input carry. The four XOR gates complement the
bits of B when the mode select M=1(because x 0 x ) and leave the bits of B unchanged when
M=0(because x 0 x ) .Thus , when the mode select M is equal to 1, the input carry C0 is equal 1
and the sum output is A plus the 2s complement of B. when M is equal to 0, the input carry is equal
to 0 and the sum generates A+B.
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Functional symbol for IC 7483:
Operand1 Operand2
B3 B2 B1 B0 A3 A2 A1 A0
C4 C0
4 bit IC 7483
O/P
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Circuit Diagram for 4-bit Binary adder/subtractor:
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TRUTH TABLE FOR BCD ADDER:
S4 S3 S2 S1 C
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1
K MAP
Y = S4 (S3 + S2)
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LOGIC DIAGRAM OF BCD ADDER
4. PROCEDURE:
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5. RESULTS:
INFERENCE:
Thus the 4 bit Binary Adder / Subtractor using IC7483 is been implemented for both addition
and subtraction and the corresponding truth tables are verified.
CONCLUSION:
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EXPERIMENT: 11 DATE:
1. OBJECTIVE:
2. REQUIREMENTS :
2 OR gate IC7432 1
5 Connecting wires -
3. THEORY:
Multiplexer:
It has a group of data inputs and a group of control inputs. The control inputs are
used to select one of the data inputs and connected to the output terminal. It selects one
information out of many information lines and directed to a single output line.
Demultiplexer:
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4:1 MULTIPLEXER:
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Circuit Diagram:
Truth Table:
S1 S0 Y
0 0 I0
0 1 I1
1 0 I2
1 1 I3
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1:4 DEMULTIPLEXER:
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Circuit Diagram:
Truth Table:
S1 S0
0 0 D0=Di
0 1 D1= Di
1 0 D2= Di
1 1 D3= Di
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TRUTH TABLE:
8X1 Multiplexer
S0 S1 D0 D1 D2 D3 O/P
0 0 1 X X X 1
0 0 0 X X X 0
0 1 X 1 X X 1
0 1 X 0 X X 0
1 0 X X 1 X 1
1 0 X X 0 X 0
1 1 X X X 1 1
1 1 X X X 0 0
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1X8 De-Multiplexer:
TRUTH TABLE
1:8 DEMULTIPLEXER:
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PIN DIAGRAM FOR IC 74150:
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4. PROCEDURE:
5. RESULTS
INFERENCE :
Thus the truth table of multiplexer and demultiplexer was studied and verified using logic
gates.
CONCLUSION:
6. VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is a multiplexer?
2. What are the applications of multiplexer?
3. What is the difference between multiplexer & demultiplexer?
4. In 2n: 1 multiplexer how many selection lines are used?
5. Draw a 2 to 1 multiplexer circuit
6. Draw a 1 to 2 demultiplexer circuit.
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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENCODER
EXPERIMENT:12.a. DATE:
1. OBJECTIVE:
2. REQUIREMENTS:
2. OR Gate IC7432 3
3. THEORY:
Digital Computers, Microprocessors and other digital systems are binary operated
whereas our language of communication is in decimal numbers and alphabetical characters
only. Therefore, the need arises for interfacing between digital system and human operators.
To accomplish this task, Encoder is used.
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Encoder
Lgic Diagram:
Truth Table:
INPUT OUTPUT
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A B C
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
Outputs:
A = D4 + D5 + D6 + D7
B = D2 + D3 + D6 + D7
C = D1 + D3 + D5 + D7
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4. PROCEDURE:
5. RESULTS:
INFERENCE:
CONCLUSION:
6. REVIEW QUESTIONS:
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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF DECODER
EXPERIMENT:12.b DATE:
1. OBJECTIVE :
To construct and verify the decoder / driver along with seven segment LED display unit and
verify the results.
2. REQUIREMENTS :
Decoder IC 7447 1
1.
Resistors 330 7
3.
3. THEORY:
The 7-segment LED display is the most popular display device used in digital systems.
To use this device the data that is in the BCD form has to be changed suitably. For this
purpose a BCD to 7-segment decoder is required. The IC7447 is a BCD to 7-segment pattern
converter. . The 7447 converts the four input bits (BCD) to their corresponding 7-segment
codes. The outputs of the 7447 are connected to the 7-segment display.
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4. PROCEDURE:
5. RESULTS:
INFERENCE :
A decoder / driver unit along with 7 segment display unit is constructed and the
results were verified.
CONCLUSION:
6. REVIEW QUESTIONS:
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EXPERIMENT: 13 DATE:
1 . OBJECTIVE:
2. REQUIREMENTS:
3. THEORY:
Synchronous Counter
Clock input is applied simultaneously to all flip-flops. The output of the first FLIP-FLOP is
connected to the input of second FLIP-FLOP and so on.
Step 1: Find the number of flip-flops required. For an n-bit counter, n- flip-flops is
required.
Step 3: Determine the flip-flop inputs, which must be present for the desired next State
from the present state using excitation table of flip-flops.
Step 4: Prepare K-map for each flip-flop input in terms of flip-flop output as input
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Pin Diagram
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Truth Table:
Clock Q2 Q1 Q0 Clock Q2 Q1 Q0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
2 0 1 0 2 1 0 1
3 0 1 1 3 1 0 0
4 1 0 0 4 0 1 1
5 1 0 1 5 0 1 0
6 1 1 0 6 0 0 1
7 1 1 1 7 0 0 0
4. PROCEDURE:
5. RESULTS:
INFERENCE:
Thus the counters were constructed and their truth tables verified.
CONCLUSION:
6. REVIEW QUESTIONS
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IMPLEMENTATION OF SISO, SIPO, PISO AND PIPO SHIFT REGISTERS
EXPERIMENT: 14 DATE:
1. OBJECTIVE:
To implement the 4 bit shift register using flip flops and to study the operations in the
following modes.
2. REQUIREMENTS:
3. THEORY:
SHIFT REGISTER:
A register is a device capable of storing a bit. The data can be serial or parallel. The
register can convert a data from serial to parallel and vice versa shifting then digits to left and right is
the important aspect for arithmetic operations,
A register capable of shifting its binary information either to the right or to the left is
called a shift register. An N bit shift register consists of N flip-flops and the gates that control the
shift operation. A shift register can be used in four different configurations depending upon the way
in which the data are entered into and taken out of it. These four configurations are:
a. Serial-input, Serial-output
b. Parallel-input, Serial-output
c. Serial-input, parallel-output
d. Parallel-output, parallel-output
The serial input is a single line going to the input of the leftmost flip-flop of the register. The
serial output is a single line from the output of the rightmost flip-flop of the register, so that the
bits stored in the register can come out through this line one at a time.
The parallel output consists of N lines, one for each of the flip-flops in the register, so the
information stored in the register can be inspected through these lines all at once.
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PIN DIAGRAM:
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Logic Diagram for Serial in Parallel Out:
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TRUTH TABLE FOR PISO SHIFT REGISTER:
CLK Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 O/P
0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 1
4. PROCEDURE:
5. RESULTS:
INFERENCE:
Thus the operation of 4 bit shift register for SISO, SIPO, and PIPO was
studied and verified.
CONCLUSION:
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VIVA QUESTIONS
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43. FET is unipolar or bipolar?
44. Draw the symbol of FET?
45. What are the applications of FET?
46. FET is voltage controlled or current controlled?
47. Draw a hybrid model for a BJT. (2)
48. What is the relationship between bandwidth and rise time? (2)
49. What are the high frequency effects? (2)
50. If the rise time of a BJT is 35 nano seconds, what is the bandwidth that can be obtained
using this BJT? (2)
51. Explain the usefulness of the decibel unit. (2)
52. Define the term bandwidth of an amplifier? (2)
53. State various capacitances in the hybrid model? (2)
54. Define the term bandwidth of an amplifier? (2)
55. Why it is not possible to use the h- parameters at high frequencies? (2)
56. What do you mean by the half power or 3 db frequencies? (2)
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DATA SHEETS
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NPN general purpose transistors BC107; BC108; BC109
FEATURES
APPLICATIONS
amplification.
DESCRIPTION
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QUICK REFERENCE DATA
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