Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Grammar Book
by: Christine Voong
1
Under the Sea
Where
Grammar Can
Be Found All
Over
2
Table of Content
Title Page 2
Table of contents 3
Introduction 4
Section 1 Parts of Speech 5-14
Section 2 Phrases 15-16
Section 3 Clauses 16-19
Section 4 Sentences 19-25
Section 5 Paragraphs 25-28
Section 6 Essays 28- 30
Section 7 Capitalization 31- 33
Section 8 Punctuation 33-35
Section 9 Commonly Confused Words 35- 39
Glossary 40- 45
About the author 46
Work Cited 47
Dedication Back Cover 48
3
Introduction
4
GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 1
PARTS OF SPEECH
NOUNS
A. Types of nouns:
1. Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or idea.
Ex. Fish, ocean current, sand, burrows, anemone
2. Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or
idea (must be capitalized).
Ex. Goblin Shark, Pacific Ocean, Mariana trench
3. Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun.
Ex. Jellyfish, starfish, seabed, seaweed
4. Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places.
Ex. Dorsal fin, gills, swim bladder, scales
5. Abstract Nouns: name ideas, quality, emotions or attitudes.
Ex. Agility, intelligence, aggression
B. Noun identifiers:
1. Noun endings:
Aggressiveness Adaption Scientist Memory Optimism
Development Minister Unity Difference Appearance
Neighborhood Architecture Attitude
2. Following a noun marker (NM): a, all, an, both, each, every, her, his, my,
our, several, some, that, their, these, this, those, one, two, three, etc.
Ex: The multiple coloration found in lobsters are considered extremely rare.
Ex: Several of the factors that can lead to the disappearing coral reefs are: oil
spills, human contamination, algae bloom, etc.
3. Plural form:
Ex: Shells, corals, kelps, sea snails, under water caves
4. Possessive form:
Ex: Boats propeller, divers gear, crabs shell, dolphins mother
5. Following a preposition:
Ex: The baby dolphin quickly swam alongside his mother and the pod.
Ex: The crab placed the anemones on its shell.
Ex: The parrot fish hungrily bit into the sponge.
5
C. Functions (How nouns are used):
1. Subject (comes before the verb)
Ex: The sailfish swam after the school of anchovies.
Ex: After the group of sailfish spotted the school of anchovies they crowded them
towards the surface.
2. Direct Object (comes after the verb and answer what or whom)
Ex: Squids release ink at their pursuers whenever they feel threatened.
Ex: If attacked or threatened, octopuses and squids release ink at their enemies to
distraction and escape from them.
6
9. Adjectival (describes noun following it)
Ex: The flounder buried itself under the ocean floor.
Ex: Flounders burry themselves under the ocean floor to hide from predators and
preys.
1. Personal:
Ex: Many sea creatures, such as the moray eel, are highly territorial and would strike
anything that gets too close to its waters.
Ex: If you want to be able to play with stingrays you can go to Stingray City, Grand
Cayman for that experience.
2. Relative:
Ex: Sperm whales is a species of whale that feeds on squid instead of krill and
microorganisms like other whales do.
Ex: A marine biologist is someone who study various types of sea creatures and
microorganisms.
3. Interrogative:
Ex: What other creatures lies in the unknown deep is uncertain as of this day.
Ex: A stingrays diet mainly consists of sea crustacean which includes crabs and shrimps.
7
4. Reflexive:
Ex: The decorating crab attached pebbles and seagrass to itself for better camouflage.
Ex: Seahorses attach themselves to seaweeds or corals to prevent themselves from being
swept away by the current.
5. Demonstrative:
Ex: There was a disease that caused the limbs of sea stars to come apart from its body.
Ex: Marine biologist particularly prefer to study these types of fish due to their unique
abilities.
6. Indefinite:
Ex: Another underwater camera was set up in the mid-night zone.
Ex: Only a small portion of the ocean have been explored, so many new species of fishes
are being discovered each year.
VERBS:
A. How verbs are identified:
1. Verb endings:
humming, hunted, swims
2. Tense:
1. Simple past: did swam, did hunted, did protected
2. Past: swam, hunted, protected
3. Past perfect: had swam, had hunted, had protected
4. Past progressive: was swimming, was hunting, was protecting
5. Simple present: swims, hunts, protects
6. Present: swim, hunt, protect
7. Present perfect: have swam, have hunted, has protected
8. Present progressive: is swimming, are hunting, is protecting
9. Present perfect progressive: have been swimming, has been hunting, have been
protecting
10. Future: will swim, will hunt, will protect
11. Future perfect: will have swam, will have hunted, will have protected
3. Forms:
a. Forms of to be: is swimming, was spearing, being hunted
b. Forms of to do: done diving, did hunting, doing research
c. Forms of to have: have mated, had covered, have swam
4. Types:
a. Auxiliary verbs (helping verbs):
Ex: must, need, have
8
b. Linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connects the
subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence):
Ex: is, was, are
c. Lexical verbs (main verbs):
Ex: swim, dive, hide
d. Dynamic verbs (indicated action):
Ex: play, chase, swim
e. Stative verbs (describes a condition):
Ex: like, hate, belong
f. Finitive verbs (indicated verb):
Ex: swim, play, hide
g. Nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles):
Ex: swimming, hunted, sleeping
h. Regular verbs (weak verbs):
Ex: alert, stay, create
i. Irregular verbs (strong verbs):
Ex: swim, bit, break
j. Transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object):
Ex: lived, changed, fished
k. Intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects):
Ex: was living, have changed, was fishing
5. Voice:
Active:
Ex: researching, eating, creating
Passive:
Ex: researched by, eaten by, created by
IV. Adjectives
Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns.
1. Kinds:
1. Demonstrative (Demonstrating the pronouns/ nouns of the sentence
making it clear which pronoun/ noun is being talked about)
Ex: those divers, that fish, the shore
9
2. Common (is an adjective that is not capitalize)
Ex: colorful scales, powerful hurricane, shy octopus
3. Proper (An adjective that is capitalize and are often derived from proper
nouns)
Ex: Caribbean Island, Hawaiian waves, Galapagos Islands
2. Endings
-able -ible -ant -ent -ive -ing -ed -en
Ex: expandable, flexible, tolerant, different, aggressive, exciting, overwhelmed,
widened
5. Comparatives/ Superlatives:
Comparative adjective is the comparison of an item, and superlative adjectives are
used to compare three or more nouns.
1. Comparative ex: larger, faster, stronger
2. Superlative ex: largest, fastest, strongest
Adverbs
Adverbs modify verbs, adjective, and other adverbs.
a. Endings:
-ly, -wards, -wise
Ex: Swiftly, afterwards, otherwise
b. Conversions
Conversation occurs when the suffix -ly, -wise, or -wards is added to the adjective
and/or noun.
Ex: swift + ly =swiftly, swimming + ly= swimmingly, after + wards = afterwards
c. Types
1. Manner: (How did they swam?)
Basic: The pursued school of fish swam speedily away from the pursuer.
10
Advance: To escape from the pursuers, the school of fish swam speedily towards
the reef where they will be safe.
2. Time: (When will we leave):
Basic: The group of divers left immediately out to shore after they have
prepared for the dive.
Advance: Due to the change of the tide, the divers immediately left for the
Muck dive to get a better glimpse of the marine life.
3. Place: (Where was she?)
Basic: The octopus willingly stayed in the cave to protect her eggs.
Advance: To protect her eggs, the octopus willingly stayed in the cave without
eating and sleeping until they hatch.
4. Degree: (how good is she)
Basic: The recent discovery of the new species of fish was exceptionally
fascinating.
Advance: Although the recent discovery of the new species of fish was
exceptionally fascinating, not much credit was given the discoverer.
5. Frequency: (How often do they migrate?)
Basic: Salmons make a yearly migration upstream to mate.
Advance: In order to mate, salmons make a challenging yearly migration from
the ocean to the rivers they were born.
d. Conjunctive:
(A conjunctive adverb is an adverb that connects two independent clauses.)
Ex: also, in other words, for example
e. Intensifiers:
(An adverb that modifies an adjective and intensify the meaning it conveys.)
VI. Conjunctions
A. Coordinating(FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
A conjunction is a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words
in the same clause.
Basic: Divers put the oxygen tanks on their sides so they can fit into tight spaces of
underwater caves.
11
Advance: some underwater caves have narrow pathways, so divers attach the oxygen
tanks to their sides to be able to fit into tight spaces.
B. Correlative: either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/ and; whether/or; as/so
Conjunctions connect two balanced clauses, phrases, or words.
Basic: Moray eels are a type of eel that is both aggressive and territorial.
Advance: Puffer fish are neither safe nor cuddly due to the spikes that erect
when threatened and the poison with no known treatment.
C. Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order
that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas,
while subordinate conjunctions join a subordinate clause with the main clause.
Basic: As long as salmons reach their spawning ground, salmon will face any potential
danger.
Advance: The parrot fish would form a cocoon around itself before it sleeps to prevent
parasites from latching on to them.
Prepositions
Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions
are NEVER followed by verbs. There are one- word prepositions and complex prepositions.
These are some common prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across from,
after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as,
as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath,
beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down
from, except, excluding, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to,
in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead
of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on
top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to,
toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.
Ex: An underwater camera shot a video of an unknown organism floating in front of it,
the organism was later identified as a rare jellyfish.
Ex: In spite of all the dangers the salmons face, salmons travel up streams to the river
they were born at.
12
Ex: Beside the coral reef, the open water is also filled with marine life from the surface
to the bottom of the ocean floor.
13
7. Agreements-
Subject -verb: must agree with one another if one is singular so does the other
one
Noun- pronoun: noun is the antecedent of the pronoun and the noun and
pronoun must agree as to whether they are singular or plural.
Ex: To lay their eggs, sea turtles travel back to the beach where they hatched
from.
Interjection Quiz
Answers:
1. Antecedents
2. Indirect object
3. Noun- pronoun
4. Transitions
5. Modifiers
6. Complement
7. Explement
8. Subject- verb
9. Direct object
10. Interjection
14
GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 2
PHRASES
Phrases
A. Prepositional Phrase- is a phrase that contains a preposition that is a group of
words that begin with a noun, and is used as adjectives or an adverb.
Basic: Hoping to find new species of fish, the team ventured into the midnight zone.
Advance: Making up about 90% of the ocean not many is known about the aphotic zone,
so an expedition was organized to research what was under the twilight zone.
B. Appositive Phrase- A group of words that include all the words or phrases that
modify an appositive.
Basic: The cuttlefish, a Cephalopod, has the ability to change their colors and texture to
perfectly match their surroundings.
Advance: The cuttlefish, a Cephalopod, uses its pigment cells and circular muscles in
order to change the color and sculpture of their skin to camouflage.
C. Verbal: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun.
1. Gerund word ending in ing used as a noun.
Basic: Swimming the migratory route is important for whales.
Advance: Swimming the migratory route each year is important for whales because
of food and breeding.
3. Infinitive verb preceded by the word to (to go, to jump) used as noun,
adjectives, or adverbs.
Basic: To avoid being attacked from a shark, a shark shield was worn by each diver.
Advance: A fishing rod was only allowed for sport fishing so the caught fish can be
released back into the water to prevent over fishing.
Phrases Quiz
15
1. A prepositional phrase contains a preposition that is a group of words that begin with
a _______.
2. A gerund word ends in ______ and us used as a noun.
3. A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun is a ______.
4. ___________ ending in ing or ed used as an adjective.
5. What phrase include words or phrases that modify an appositive?
6. What type of verbs can be used as an adverb?
Match the type of phrases to the sentences that contains it.
7. Appositive a. Swimming the distance is typical for a whale.
8. Infinitive b. Edward Smith, the captain of the Titanic, decided to sink with the ship.
9. Gerund c. The crew sailed into uncharted water in search of new land.
10. Proposition d. To avoid breaking the aquarium, mantas shrimps arent used for display
Answers:
1. Noun
2. ing
3. Verbal
4. Participle words
5. Appositive phrase
6. Infinitive verbs
7. B
8. D
9. A
10. C
16
Advance: Many species of fish swim together in a group for safety in large
numbers.
1. Noun clause: used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a
predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an
appositive
Basic: Planktons is a critical part of the food chain, which help sustain many
organisms.
Advance: Finding Nemo, a Pixar film, is about a protective clown fish in search
of his son with the help of a blue tangs fish.
Advance: Corals and small openings in rocks are essentially important for minor
fishes who relies on them for protection and shelter.
Advance: Any species sea creatures who are unable to skillfully find a way to
survive will most likely become vulnerable to extinction.
17
5. Elliptical Clause: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted.
Basic: When diving, divers need to be fully geared with oxygen tanks and a suit.
Advance: When filming under water, one must encase the camera with an air
tight container to prevent it from getting wet.
7. Nonessential Clauses: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the
sentence.
Basic: Groupers, a fish that usually swims alone, can grow up to five feet long.
Advance: The manatees, a kind and gentle creature, was often mistaken as a
mermaid during the time of Columbus voyage.
Clauses Quiz
Answers:
18
1. Independent
2. Adjective
3. A nonessential clause are clauses that are not necessary for the meaning of the sentence.
4. An adverb clause can modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
5. Subordinate clauses are clauses that cannot stand on its own as a complete sentence.
6. Answer may vary.
7. D
8. A
9. C
10. B
2. Simple Subject is the main word or words in a subject. It does not include
any of the modifiers that might describe the subject.
Basic: The parrot fish create a cocoon around itself when it sleeps.
Advance: To prevent any parasites from disturbing it, the parrot fish creates a
cocoon around itself when it sleeps.
Basic: Sharks and remora share a symbiosis where the remora feed off of
parasites attached to the sharks and the shark protects them in return.
Advance: Fresh water crocodiles and salt water crocodiles share many
similar traits, but salt water crocodiles are able to venture into the sea.
19
II. Predicate
1. Complete predicate includes the verb or verb phrase but also all the
words that give more information about it.
Basic: The aggravated puffer fish inflated itself to drive of the pursuers.
Advance: Stingrays are cartilaginous fish which are closely related to sharks,
that have a barb it uses to pierce it enemies from above.
2. Simple predicate are sentences where the main verb in the predicate that
tells what the subject does.
Advance: Nudibranch reuses the toxin that it gains from eating poisonous
creatures such as the Portuguese Man-o-War.
3. Compound predicate is two or more verb or verb phrases that share the
same subject and are joined by a conjunction.
Basic: The cuttlefish can change its skin color and texture.
Advance: Mudskippers dig burrows in order to shelter and protect their eggs
and young ones.
b. Sentence Types
I. Declarative sentence is a sentence in the form of a statement.
Basic: The jellyfish bloom occurs when the population grows exponentially after
a certain time period.
Advance: Sailfish can maneuver with great speed due to their slenderness and
spear like body.
Basic: What is the ratio of lobster that have these rare multicolored genes?
Advance: Do you have the coordinates of the shark that we tagged several days
ago?
Basic: Prepare all the diving materials we need for the observation tomorrow.
20
Advance: Quietly approach the crack so the fish wont be frightened as easily.
Basic: Im afraid the hurricane is going to greatly delay our diving trip.
Advance: During the deep-sea exploration, we have found over one-hundred new
species of fish!
Sentence Patterns
1. Simple Sentence: A sentence that is just one independent clause.
Basic: The fish that was thought to have gone extinct was recently rediscovered in an
unexplored part of the ocean.
Advance: Researchers are researching Bull sharks behaviors to figure out why they have
suddenly started moving into fresh water.
3. Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one
dependent clause.
Basic: A fish sometimes become stress while its being handles, it can die.
Advance: Whales and dolphins would migrate to warmer waters, to give birth and to find
food.
5. Loose Sentence: A sentence that contains and independent clause plus a subordinate
clause (either a clause or a phrase).
Basic: Corals are not plant lives; they are made up of colonies of individual polyps.
Advance: The salmons upstream to spawn, despite the number of dangers they will face,
the fish will courageously reach their destination.
21
6. Periodic Sentence: A sentence in which the independent clauses parallel each other
by the sentence to create interest or generate suspense.
Basic: After five hours of biting and pushing, the other male sea turtles eventually gave
up on the female.
Advance: The thundering and rumbling of the storm forced many creatures to seek
shelter in crevasses in rocks.
7. Parallel Sentence: A sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two or
more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend
what is being written
Basic: The baby dolphin is playing, swimming, and jumping happily in the sea.
Advance: On a clear and sunny day, the public was swimming, playing, and tanning on
the beach.
8. Balanced Sentence: A sentence where phrases or clause parallel each other by their
likeness of structure, meaning, or length.
Basic: Sea louses primarily feed on muscles, they would attach themselves onto hosts and
use them as a food supply.
Advance: The stone fish is said to be one of the most venomous fish in the sea, it can
cause swelling pain and even death if not treated.
10. Asyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each
other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose.
Basic: She ran beside the water, she swam in the sea, she laid in the sand.
Advance: It leaped into the air, it swam along the boats, it played in the water.
11. Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each
other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose.
Basic: Stingray eat crabs, and shrimps, and lobsters, and fishes.
Advance: The mudskipper is a unique fish that can live on land, and underground, and in
water.
12. Anaphora: A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a
phrase at the beginning of the several successive clauses in order to place emphasis
and draw attention.
22
Basic: The day was bright and sunny, the day was full of laughter, the day was ruined by
a storm.
Advance: The whale swam smoothly in the water, the whale sang beautifully to the
fishes, the whale glanced gently at the crowd.
13. Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same
word or words.
Basic: It was the storm that brought them to shore, it was the storm that damaged the sea
bed.
Advance: It comes as a storm bringing a cycle of warm and cold temperature, it stays as a
storm heavily damaging anything in its path, and it leaves as a storm leaving a tragic
result.
Incorrect: After the storm have passed. The coral reef was greatly damaged.
Correct: The coral reef was greatly damaged after the storm have passed.
Incorrect: Pelicans have a very large beak which has a pouch it can use the pouch
to easily scoop fish out of the water.
Correct: Pelicans have a very large beak which has a pouch. It can use the pouch
to easily scoop fish out of the water.
III. Fused Sentence is a sentence in which two sentences are run together.
Incorrect: The cone snail stores a venomous harpoon it is powerful enough to kill
a human.
Correct: The cone snail stores a venomous harpoon. It is powerful enough to kill a
human.
Incorrect: The animal nutritionist gave a squid to the orca that contained a vitamin
supplement.
23
Correct: The animal nutritionist gave a squid that contained a vitamin supplement
to the orca.
V. Comma Splice occurs when two independent clauses are connected with only
a comma.
Incorrect: The male angler fish have a shorter lifespan than the females, the males
would attach themselves to the female to deliver their sperm even after death.
Correct: The male angler fish have a shorter lifespan than the females so the
males would attach themselves to the female to deliver their sperm even after
death.
VI. Double Negative is the nonstandard usage of two negatives used in the same
sentence so that they cancel each other and create a positive.
Incorrect: Frog fish doesnt have a peculiar evolution which enable them to not
walk on the sea bed.
Correct: Frog fish have a peculiar evolution which enable them to walk on the sea
bed.
Sentence Quiz:
1. ________ is the main word or words in a subject. It does not include any of the modifiers
that might describe the subject.
2. ________ occurs when two independent clauses are connected with only a comma.
3. ________ a sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other
between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose.
4. ________ is a word, phrase, or clause that is improperly separated from the word it
modifies / describes.
5. ________ is a sentence in which two sentences are run together.
6. ________ a sentence that contains and independent clause plus a subordinate clause
7. ________ are sentences where the main verb in the predicate that tells what the subject
does.
8. ________are a group of words that looks like sentences but isnt.
9. ________ is a sentence in the form of a statement.
10. ________ feature several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words.
24
Answers:
1. Simple subject
2. Comma splice
3. Asyndeton
4. Misplaced modifiers
5. Fused sentence
6. Loose sentence
7. Simple predicate
8. Fragment
9. Declarative sentence
10. Epistrophe
25
1. Ex. It was widely believed that the oceans large mass would not be
affected by pollution.
v. Generalization (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always,
every, never, none, most, half avoid using this type of thesis
statement)
1. Ex. Most of the damages received by the reef and the ocean are caused
by human activities.
vi. Document Based (cites a specific source and its position on a topic)
1. Ex. In the Great Barrier Reef, they stated and explained the factors that
have caused the reef to be sick.
26
2. Ex. Summary Pollution is harming the Reef.
e. Abstract examples (hypothetical, what if examples AVOID)
1. Ex. The Great Barrier Reef can be saved if we saw water and reduce pollution.
f. Concrete examples (actual, reference-able examples)
1. Ex. A observation was made in September 2016 that cleaner water assisted a
portion of the reef to recover from bleaching.
g. Closing sentences (must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph
with a transition or culminating word -possibly an adverb- and should echo the
thesis of the essay)
1. Ex. Fortunately, the situation was taken to considerate and the pollution situation
is being handled.
3. Closing Paragraphs (conclusions should not be mere summarizes of the previous
paragraphs of you essay)
a. Consequences of Disregarding the Thesis (establishing the potential
consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis)
1. Ex. If the ocean pollution continues there would be a mass extinction of marine life.
b. Statement(s) of Extension (extending the consequences of disregarding the
implication of the thesis)
1. Ex. As such, the destruction of the ocean is mainly linked to the carelessness of
humans.
c. Establishing the Significance of the Thesis
1. Ex. As a society, we can work together to reduce the amount of pollution, saving the
oceans and the creatures as well.
d. Final Sentence (connects to the book)
1. Ex. Given how pollution can greatly damage the reef and marine life, Saras favorite
vocation spot might not be as enjoyable anymore.
Paragraph Quiz:
Match the definition to the word(s)
1. anecdotal a. lead
2. query based b. a brief story to set the mood and intro the topic
3. thesis statement c. the purpose of a piece of writing
4. Hook d. question that brings the reader to the topic
5. assertion e. claim
27
6. A theory is a statement that can be _______.
7. An ________ is a brief story to set the mood and intro to the topic.
8. an abstract example are hypothetically _______ examples.
9. The final sentence should __________.
10. _______ examples should have reference-able examples.
Answers:
1. B
2. D
3. C
4. A
5. E
6. Tested
7. Anecdotal
8. what if
9. Connect to the hook
10. Concrete
29
5. End with a strong conclusion.
ii. Research/Evaluation of Source
1. Understand the prompt/ question before researching.
2. Look for reliable sources.
3. Make sure you cite the quotes from websites and journal articles correctly.
4. Cite the sources correctly at the end of the writing.
Essay quiz
1. What are expository essays based on?
2. What is a timed essay?
3. What must be avoided while writing an expository essay?
4. What is the purpose of a persuasive essay?
5. An interpretive essay use examination and analyzation to __________.
6. Personal anecdotes are mainly used to_____________.
7. In an analytical essay, you must ___________.
8. A compare and contrast essay____________.
9. A cause and effect essay ____________.
10. When writing a research paper, you must ___________.
Answers:
1. They are based on facts and analyzation.
2. Essays written in a limited amount of time while achieving all given criteria.
3. Opinions and emotions must be avoided.
4. To persuade the audience to favor or go against a subject.
5. Develop a possible definition.
6. Interest the readers and to draw them in to the topic.
7. Express the writers opinion or evaluate the subject.
8. Highlights the similarities and differences between two subjects.
9. Consults with the reason an event happen and the results of the event.
10. Cite the source of the information used.
30
GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 7
CAPITALIZATION
1. Capitalize the first words of a sentence.
Ex: Although sightings of the prehistoric Megalodon have been seen, there are no
evidence that it still exists.
3. Capitalize important words in the titles of books, articles, and songs (nouns,
pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs).
Ex: In the book, Moby Dick, the captain has been hunting down a white whale
seeking revenge.
4. Capitalize religious figures, name of God(s), specific deities, and holy books.
Ex: Poseidon, the god of the sea, has the power to create destructive hurricanes
and vast earthquakes.
5. Capitalize directions that are names, such as North, South, East, and West when
used as sections of the country.
Ex: In fish markets of South Korea there are a variety of fresh sea foods such as
scallops, squids, and eels.
31
11. Capitalize names of national, political, racial, social, civic, and athletic groups.
Ex: The Mekong giant catfish is sacred to the Taiwanese culture, there are even
paintings of this symbolic fish ion the walls of Buddhist temples.
13. Capitalize the first word in a sentence that is a direct quote, even if the direct quote
comes in the middle of a sentence.
Ex: Jacques Yves Cousteau stated, The best way to observe a fish is to become a
fish.
17. Capitalize salutations and closings in letters - first word only unless proper name is
used.
Dear Destiny,
Sincerely,
Dory
32
21. Capitalize continents, countries, districts, cities, towns.
Ex: The jellyfish bloom cased a despicable dilemma in Japan because the jellyfish
annoyingly surrounded the waters and made fishing nearly impossible.
25. Capitalize the first letter of hyphenated words at the beginning of a sentence.
Ex: Five hundred- year-old Ming was reported as the oldest mollusk ever
discovered.
3. Period( .) - the period is placed at the end of declarative sentences, statements thought to
be a complete and after many abbreviations.
Ex: Mantis shrimps are not kept in aquariums due to the risk of having the aquarium walls
cracking from the intensity of their hits.
33
4. Comma (,) - is used to show a separation of ideas or elements within the structure of the
sentence.
Ex: Iceberg, rare albino whale, was recently spotted after four years after his last sighting in
2012.
7. Colon (:) is used to separates two clauses and when introducing a quotation or list of
items.
Ex: During the trip to Hawaii, she brought many souvenirs: a shell necklace, a straw hat,
a floral-patterned shirt, and new snacks.
8. Semi colon (;) is used to separate major elements of a sentence or two independent
clauses.
Ex: The water was extremely clean and well nourished; there are an abundance of life
seen near the reef.
10. Exclamation point/ mark (!) is used when a there is a sudden interjection to indicate a
strong feeling.
Ex: The performance performed by Shamu at Sea World was amazing!
11. Apostrophe () is used to indicate the omission of a letter or letters from a word, the
possessive case, or the plurals of lowercase letters.
Ex: The aftermath of storms arrival was the destruction of homes, trees, and the coral
reef.
34
12. Quotation marks ( ) represent a spoken language, title of an article, or when being
sarcastic.
Ex: She excitedly screamed, Look at the beautiful fish during the trip at the aquarium.
35
Ex: The effect of the pollution is the death of many breath-taking reefs and the extinction
of many fascinating marine creatures.
6. Accept/ except- Accept is consent or receive. Except is to not include.
Ex: The professor accepted the contribution offered by another research group interested
in the study of marine life.
Ex: The professor is willing to be assisted with the study, except he is to oversee the
entire research.
7. Should have/ Should of- Should have means something that would have been
beneficial to do. While should of is referring to shoulda or musta, which is
grammatically incorrect. It should be said as should have
Ex: The school of fish should of swam away from the surface to avoid being easily
targeted.
Ex: The school of fish should have swum away from the surface to avoid being easily
targeted.
8. Loath/ Loathe- Loath means to be unwilling or reluctant. Loathe is to feel disgust for or
intense dislike.
Ex: She had a loathe attitude towards the cloudy and unsanitariness of the ocean water.
Ex: Despite the unsanitariness of the water, she loathly entered to cool off from the
summer heat.
9. Infer/ imply- Infer means to deduce or conclude from evidence and reasoning. Imply
means strongly suggest the truth or existence of something.
Ex: Based on the examination of the inner ears of dead whales and dolphins, it was
inferred that the cause of the massive beaching was an effect of sonar testing.
Ex: Due to some sightings of a large shark-like body in the deep sea, it was implied that
the megalodon probably still exist.
10.Weary/ Wary- Weary means feeling or showing tiredness. Wary means feeling or
showing caution about possible dangers or problems.
Ex: After swimming for miles, the weary sea turtle finally arrived at the beach where it
was born at to lay her eggs.
Ex: The wary mimic octopus positioned itself to impersonate the shapes of poisonous sea
creatures to avoid being eaten.
36
11. Proceed/ precede- Proceed means begin or continue a course of action. Precede means
come before in time.
Ex: After gathering, the sea slugs proceeded with the mating ritual.
Ex: The male pufferfish allowed the female to precede into the mating circle that it had
beautifully made.
12. Discrete/ Discreet- Discrete means individually separate and distinct. Discreet means
careful and circumspect in ones speech or actions to avoid causing offense or to gain an
advantage.
Ex: The public stayed at a discrete distance from the water after hearing about the shark
attacks.
Ex: When examining an unknown specimen, scientists are discreet with word choses
such as mermaids or sea monsters.
13. Conscience/ conscious- Conscience is an inner feeling or voice viewed as acting a guide
to the rightness or wrongness of ones behavior. Conscious is to be aware of and
responding to ones surroundings.
Ex: Two foolish boys had a bad conscience that told them to mistreat the gentle creatures
that lives in the river.
Ex: Many creatures are conscious of their surroundings to avoid and portentous dangers.
14. Can/ may- Can means to be able to. May means expressing possibility.
Ex: Octopus contain no exterior or inner structure, so they can easily squeeze through
even the tightest space.
Ex: The fishing boat may have to remain in the port for a few more day due to the
possibility of a storm.
15. Of/ off- Of means to express the relationship between a part and a whole. Off is to run
away into the distance or to remove or separate.
Ex: Gooseneck barnacles are a type filtering creatures that usually grow from the side of
cliffs.
Ex: To avoid any damages to the reef, it has been decided that the ship should be left
alone off the coast.
37
16. By/ buy- By means to be close or next to, or up to and beyond. Buy is to obtain through
payment.
Ex: The whale carcass was dealt by the bacteria and small crustaceans dwelling on the
ocean floor.
Ex: Wanting to shoot some underwater photos, she decided to buy a water-proof camera.
17. To/too/two To is a preposition, too refer to a higher degree, and two is the second
number.
Ex: To survive, the smaller spices of fish must cleverly develop some sort of adaptation
or mutation.
Ex: Wanting to try new activities, he decided to ride and fish in the boat too.
Ex: There are two different types of tide; low tide is when the sea level drops and high
tide where the sea level rises.
18. A lot/ allot- A lot refers to more than needed. Allot means to distribute, give or assign.
Ex: A lot of large sea creatures would migrate to warmer waters to find food or give birth
such as the whale.
Ex: Before leaving for the expedition, the group was allotted with different assignments
to ensure safety in the submarine.
38
4. ___________ is used to separate major elements of a sentence or two independent
clauses.
5. ___________ is used to show a separation of ideas or elements within the structure of the
sentence.
6. ___________ omits words or word from a quote or a sentence.
Answers:
1. Colon
2. Period
3. Hyphen
4. Semi colon
5. Comma
6. Ellipsis
7. Recently, biologists discovered bioluminescent sea turtles.
8. To keep warm in the freezing water, divers wear heavy dry suits.
9. The mimic octopus, a shape changing cephalopod, is constantly wary of any danger.
10. As a secondary method to escape predators, cuttlefish eject ink similar to an octopus.
39
Glossary
A
Abstract nouns- is a name of ideas, quality, emotions or attitudes
Adjectival- is a noun that describes a noun following it
Adjective clause- used to modify a noun in an independent clause
Adverb clause- used to modify verbs, adjective, and adverbs, in an independent clause
Adverbial object- comes after the verb and answers when
Analytical/ Critical essay- is an essay that expresses the writers opinion or evaluation about the
text.
Anaphora- a sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the
beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention.
Anecdotal- is a brief story to set the mood and intro the topic
APA Format- is a format for academic documents such as journal articles and books.
Apostrophe () is used to indicate the omission of a letter or letters from a word.
Appositives is a noun that renames nouns, separated by a comma
Assertion- is a claim
Asyndeton- a sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a
rhetorical purpose.
Balanced sentence- a sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their
likeness of structure, meaning, or length
Belief- is a social, religious, or political in nature- an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it
is not necessarily.
Body Paragraph- must have echoes of the thesis in each and present evidence to support or
expand on the thesis
40
C
Linking verb- is a verb that connects the subject of a sentence to the complement.
Loose sentence- a sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate constriction
M
42
MLA Format- is a way to cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities.
Narrative essay- A narrative shares the story of a personal experience which provides an
opportunity understand one-self better.
Nonessential clause- a clause or phrase that is not necessary for the meaning of the sentence
Parallel structure- a sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or
ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written
Paraphrase- is rewording of a quote into ones own words of the without quotation marks
Parentheses( () )- it is used when a writer wants to add detail to the information to a sentence that
will give greater detail to the information presented, although it is not necessary.
Past- a tense expressing an action that has happened
Period( .) - is placed at the end of declarative sentences, statements thought to be a complete and
after many abbreviations.
43
Periodic sentence- a sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence
to create interest or generate suspense
Persuasive essay- is an essay utilizing logic and reason to show that one idea is more legitimate
than another idea.
Phrase- is a small group of words standing together as a conceptual unit, typically forming a
component of a clause.
Polysyndeton- a sentence that uses multiple conjunctions near each other between words,
phrases, or clauses
Preposition- links nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence.
Present- a tense expressing an action that is currently occurring
Present perfect- is say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now.
Present progressive- specifies continuing action and is formed with a to be verb.
Proper nouns- is the name or title of a person, place, object, or idea.
Semi colon (;) is used to separate major elements of a sentence or two independent clauses
44
Square Brackets ( [] )- is a mark thats used to set a word or phrase aside from the rest of the
sentence or to add information to a quotation.
Subject- the main topic of the sentence
Subject Complement- is a noun that follows a linking verb
Subordinate clause- a clause that begins with a subordinate conjunction
Subordinate conjunctions- a conjunction that connects words, phrases, or clauses
Thesis statements is the purpose of a piece of writing- usually one sentence in length- and
something that is arguable.
Timed writing essay- writing essays in a given amount of time Topic sentence- must specifically
indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and area of evidence or support.
45
About the Author
46
Works Cite
About Education
http://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/futperftense.htm
EnglishPage.com
http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepresent.html
Library Online
http://libraryonline.com/?pID=48
Dictionary
http://www.dictionary.com
Merriam- Webster Dictionary
http://www.merriam-webster.com/
47
This book is dedicated to all the students hoping to build upon their
grammar skills.
48