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and Downstream
Internet access technology refers to a data communications
system that connects an Internet subscriber to an ISP
such as a telephone company(DSL) or cable company
How is access technology designed?
Most Internet users follow an asymmetric pattern
a subscriber receives more data from the Internet than sending
a browser sends a URL that comprises a few bytes
in response, a web server sends content
Upstream to refer to data traveling from a subscriber to an
ISP
Downstream to refer to data traveling from an ISP in the
Internet to a subscriber
Figure 12.1 illustrates the definitions
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Internet Access Technology: Upstream
and Downstream
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Narrowband and Broadband Access
Technologies
A variety of technologies are used for Internet access
They can be divided into two broad categories based on the
data rate they provide
Narrowband
Broadband
In networking terms, network bandwidth refers to data rate
Thus, the terms narrowband and broadband reflect industry
practice
Narrowband Technologies
Broadband Technologies
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Narrowband and Broadband Access
Technologies
Narrowband Technologies
refers to technologies that deliver data at up to 128 Kbps
For example, the maximum data rate for dialup noisy phone lines is
56 Kbps and classified as a narrowband technology
Figure 12.2 (below) summarizes the main narrowband access
technologies
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Narrowband and Broadband Access
Technologies
Broadband Technologies
generally refers to technologies that offer high data rates, but the
exact boundary between broadband and narrowband is blurry
many suggest that broadband technologies deliver more than 1 Mbps
but this is not always the case, and may mean any speed higher than dialup
Figure 12.3 (below) summarizes the main broadband access
technologies
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Narrowband vs Broadband
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Internet connectionnarrow or broadband
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ISP Hierarchy
customer
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The Local Loop and ISDN
Local loop describes the physical connection between a
telephone company Central Office (CO) and a subscriber
consists of twisted pair and dialup call with 4 KHz of bandwidth
It often has much higher bandwidth; a subscriber close to a CO may be able
to handle frequencies above 1 MHz
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
ISDN offers three separate digital channels
designated B, B, and D (usually written 2B + D)
The 2 B channels (each 64 Kbps) are intended to carry
digitized voice, data, or compressed video
Both of the B channels can be combined or bonded to produce a
single channel with an effective data rate of 128 Kbps
The D channel (16 Kbps) is used as a control channel
Newer local loop technologies provide higher data rates at
lower cost, relegating ISDN to a few special cases
ISDN has little niche market in US, pretty popular in Japan &
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Europe
What is ISDN?
INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK
PPP
(Point to Point Protocol)
LABP
(Link Access Procedure Balance)
Using Modem>
Using ISDN>
Telecommuter/Remote Office
Components & Considerations
ISDN Router
Multiple remote users at the same location
ISDN Service
BRI (Basic Rate Interface)
Connection from the ISDN office to the user location provides for
access to three channels. The channels are two 64Kb B-channels and
one 16Kb D-channel
The B-channels and the D-channel provide the user with access to the
circuit switched network
ISDN Service
PRI (Primary Rate Interface)
ISDN Primary Rate Interface service provides digital access via a T1
line. A T1 line provides a 1.544 bandwidth. This bandwidth is divided
into 24 64Kb channels. The ISDN PRI service uses 23 B channel
access and uses the 24th (D) channel for signaling purposes
ISDN Protocols
Protocols which start with the following letter:
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What does ADSL mean
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Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
Technologies
DSL is one of the main technologies used to provide high-speed data
communication services over a local loop
Figure 12.4 (below) lists DSL variants
Because the names differ only in the first word, the set is collectively referred
to by the acronym xDSL
Currently, ADSL is most popular
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Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
Technologies
ADSL is the most widely deployed variant
and the one that most residential customers use
ADSL uses FDM to divide the bandwidth of the local loop
into three regions
one of the regions corresponds to traditional analog phone service,
which is known as Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS)
and two regions provide data communication
Figure 12.5 (below) illustrates how ADSL divides bandwidth
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How does ADSL work
ADSL exploits the unused analogue bandwidth
available in the wires
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Local Loop Characteristics and
Adaptation
Two of the upstream channels are reserved for control
information
There is a separate modem running on each sub-channel,
which has its own modulated carrier
Carriers are spaced at 4.1325 KHz intervals to keep the signals from
interfering with one another
To guarantee that its transmissions do not interfere with
analog phone signals
ADSL avoids using the bandwidth below 26 KHz
Two ends assess the signal quality at each frequency
Use the quality to select a modulation scheme
If a particular frequency has a high signal-to-noise ratio
ADSL selects a modulation scheme that encodes many bits per baud
If the quality on a given frequency is low
ADSL selects a modulation scheme that encodes fewer bits per baud
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Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line
Background
motivation for developing ADSL
historical development
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History of digital access in PSTN
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Digital access in PSTN (cont.)
Digital/analog switch
Using POTS
splitters
Next generation intelligent switch recognizes subscriber devices and adjusts its HW
parameters (PSTN telephone, voice-band modem, DSL modem)
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Short history of ADSL
1985 -- Bell Labs discovers a new way to make traditional copper wires
support new digital services - especially video-on-demand (VOD)
Phone companies start deploying High-Speed DSL (HDSL) to offer T1
1990 -- service on copper lines without the expense of installing repeaters -
first between small exchanges
Phone companies begin to promote HDSL for smaller and smaller
companies and ADSL for home internet access
1993 evaluation of three major technologies for ADSL:
QAM, DMT and CAP
1995 -- Innovative companies begin to see ADSL as a way to meet the need
for faster Internet access
DMT was adopted by almost all vendors following ANSI T1.413 -
1998 -- issue 2 (in contrast to CAP)
1999 -- ITU-T produced UADSL G.992.2 (G.lite) and G.922.1 (G.full)
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Generic DSL reference model
CO CP
repeater
Switch or LT MDF NID
multiplexer
ADSL repeater NT TE
Local loop
DSL
Voice Switch
ISP
Central Subscriber
Office premises
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Using
ADSL
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What is specified in ADSL standard?
ANSI T1.413 ADSL reference model:
T/S not defined by T1.413
Cross connections
PC
ADSL modem
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ADSL challenge:
bad quality local loop cables
Attenuation
Crosstalk
Near-end crosstalk (NEXT) appears when same
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ADSL meets local loop challenges
Restricted bandwidth
careful allocation of bits for each sub-carrier
High attenuation
Usage of relatively high bandwidth for transmission
Interleaving
Note: loading coils must
be removed from cables
Modulation (OFDM/DMT)
in order to ADSL to work
Echo cancellation
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The Data Rate of ADSL
How fast can ADSL operate? ADSL can achieve
a downstream rate of 8.448 Mbps on short local loops
and an upstream rate of 640 Kbps
Network control channel requires 64 Kbps
The effective upstream rate for user data is 576 Kbps
ADSL2 can download at close to 20 Mbps
Adaptation has an interesting property
ADSL does not guarantee a data rate
ADSL can only guarantee to do as well as line conditions allow
Those farther(physical distance) from a CO (or local loop passes near
sources of interference) lower data rates than subscribers who live near
the CO (or a local loop does not pass near sources of interference) thus
the downstream rate varies from 32 Kbps to 8.448 Mbps
the upstream rate varies from 32 to 640 Kbps
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ADSL Installation and Splitters
Analog phones operate at frequencies below 4 KHz
lifting a receiver can generate noise that interferes with DSL signals
ADSL uses an FDM device known as a splitter
It divides the bandwidth by passing low frequencies to one output
and high frequencies to another
A splitter is passive; it does not require power
A splitter is usually installed at the location where the local loop
enters a residence or business
Figure 12.6 illustrates the connection
A variation of ADSL wiring (DSL-lite) has become popular
it does not require a splitter to be installed on the incoming line
a subscriber can install DSL by plugging a splitter into a wall jack
and plugging a telephone into the splitter
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ADSL Installation and Splitters
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ADSL standards :
Pure Fibre
Hybrid Fibre/Copper
FTT
H
Enhanced
Copper FTTx,
VDSL2,
ADSL2plus
ADS
L
ISD
Voice band N
Modem
ADSL Range
In general, the maximum range for DSL without a repeater
is 5.5 km
As distance decreases toward the telephone company
office, the data rate increases
Data Rate Wire gauge Wire size Distance
1.5 or 2 Mbps 24 AWG 0.5 mm 5.5 km
1.5 or 2 Mbps 26 AWG 0.4 mm 4.6 km
6.1 Mbps 24 AWG 0.5 mm 3.7 km
1.5 or 2 Mbps 26 AWG 0.4 mm 2.7
For larger distances, you may be able to have DSL if your
phone company has extended the local loop with optical
fiber cable
ADSL Speed Factors
The distance from the local exchange
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Home Network connection
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The Data Rate of Cable Modems
How fast can a cable modem operate?
In theory, a cable system can support data rates of 52 Mbps
downstream and 512 Kbps upstream.
In practice, the rate can be much less
The data rate of a cable modem only pertains to
communication between the local cable office and the
subscriber's site
The bandwidth is shared among a set of N subscribers (the
size of the set is controlled by the cable provider)
sharing the bandwidth with other subscribers can be a disadvantage
because the effective data rate available to each individual subscriber
varies over time
if N subscribers share a single frequency
the amount of capacity available to an individual subscriber will be 1/N
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Cable Infrastructure
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Cable Modem Installation
Cable modem installation is straightforward
Cable modems attach to the cable wiring directly
The FDM hardware in existing cable boxes and cable
modems guarantees that data and entertainment channels
will not interfere with one another
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Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC)
HFC can provide high-speed data communications
a HFC system uses a combination of optical fibers and coaxial cables
fiber used for the central facilities and coax used for connections to
individual subscribers
An HFC system is hierarchical
It uses fiber optics for the portions that require the highest bandwidth
and it uses coax for parts that can tolerate lower data rates
Trunk to refer to the high-capacity connections between the
cable office and each neighborhood area
Feeder circuit to refer to the connection to an individual
subscriber
Trunk connections can be up to 15 miles long
Feeder circuits are usually less than a mile
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Hybrid Fiber Coax
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Access Technologies That Employ
Optical Fiber
There are available a variety of technologies that either
employ optical fiber in a hybrid system or deploy optical fiber
all the way to each subscriber
Figure 12.8 summarizes names of key technologies
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Access Technologies That Employ
Optical Fiber
Fiber To The Curb (FTTC)
it uses optical fiber for high capacity trunks
the idea is to run optical fiber close to the end subscriber
and then use copper for the feeder circuits
it uses two media in each feeder circuit to allow the cable system to
provide an additional service, such as voice
Fiber To The Building (FTTB)
it will use optical fiber to allow high upstream data rates for businesses
Fiber To The Home (FTTH)
uses optical fiber to deliver higher downstream data rates to
residential subscribers
The emphasis is on many channels of entertainment and video
Fiber To The Premises (FTTP)
A generic term, FTTP, encompasses both FTTB and FTTH
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Head-End and Tail-End Modem
Terminology
An access technology requires a pair of modems
with one at the subscriber's site and one at the provider's site
Head-end modem to refer to a modem used at the CO
Head-end modems are not individual devices
Instead, a large set of modems is built as a unit that can be
configured, monitored, and controlled together
A set of head-end modems used by a cable provider is known as a
Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS)
Tail-end modem to refer to a modem used at the subscriber
Data Over Cable System Interface Specifications (DOCSIS)
specifies both the format of data that can be sent as well as the
messages that are used to request services (e.g., pay-per-view)
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