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Summary. This paper presents a model for analysis of changing wellbore storage during well testing. Our model is based on a modifi-
cation and extension of a model for wellbore phase redistribution. The result is a general solution in Laplace space that can be used
to add changing storage to a variety of weill reservoir models. Increasing and decreasing storage cases can be accounted for analytically.
We present several field examples to show the application to well tests with changing wellbore storage.
Introduction
Changing wellbore storage during well testing has been reported lim Pq,D=O, ..................................... (3a)
in the technical literature for more than 30 years. This class of prob- ' .... 0
lems includes wellbore phase redistribution 1.2 and increasing or lim Pq,D = Cq,D' ................................. (3b)
decreasing storage in connection with injection well testing. 3 ' .... 00
Decreasing storage, usually caused by decreasing wellbore fluid and lim (dpq,DldtD) =0, ............................ (3c)
compressibility, frequently is encountered during pressure-buildup ' .... 00
testing. Low-permeability gas wells that build up over a large pres- where Cq,D is a constant. Further, if (PD) is the Laplace trans-
form of a desired reservoir model (with s=O and CD=O-i.e., no
sure range often show this effect. Although simultaneous measure-
skin or storage), then
ment of downhole rate and pressure can reduce the severity of
changing storage, it does not eliminate the problem when wellbore Z(PD)+S
volume is appreciable below the production logging tool. (PD's,CD )= ............... (4)
Changing storage makes application of analysis techniques based z{ 1+ CDZ[Z(PD)+s]}
on a constant-storage assumption, such as type-curve matching,
difficult. Use of these techniques usually results in a systematic mis- [z(PD)+s][1 +Z2CD (Pq,D)]
and (PD,S,CD,Pq,D)= ... (5)
match of the model to the measured data at early times. When a z{1 +CDZ[Z(PD)+S]}
well test is run long enough to develop infinite-acting radial flow
in the reservoir, the most serious side effects of the early-time mis- Therefore, (PwD), the Laplace transform of the dimensionless
match will be a visual impact on the observer and reduced confi- wellbore pressure drop, can be obtained directly from Eqs. 4 (con-
dence in the interpretation. Furthermore, numerous situations arise stant storage) or 5 (changing storage). Provided that the changing-
where well-test data are considered uninterpretable because of the storage pressure function. Pq,D' is Laplace transformable, then
combined effects of changing well bore storage and insufficient tran- changing storage can be added in Laplace space to any reservoir
sient data (tests stopped too soon. equipment failures, etc.). model whose solution also is a Laplace transform. 1
In 1972, Ramey and Agarwal 4 presented an analytical solution Fair used an exponential form for the changing-storage pressure
for a step change in wellbore storage. In 1981, Fair 1 presented a function,
solution for an exponential increase in storage, which he used to Pq,D = Cq,D(1-e -tDiOlD), . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6)
model wellbore phase redistribution. Fair said that phase redistri-
bution caused an apparent lowering of the wellbore storage coeffi- with the Laplace transform
cient. The storage coefficient could become negative, indicating
a reversal in flow direction. Cq,D Cq,D
(Pq,D)=-- .......................... (7)
In this paper, we present a model for analyzing increasing or Z z+llaD
decreasing wellbore storage. The model is based on a modifica-
tion and extension of Fair's approach. The result is a general solu- At early time (tD-O, z-oo), Eq. 5 (with Eq. 7) reduces to
tion in Laplace space that can be used to add changing storage to
a variety of reservoir models (PD functions). Field examples show 1 Cq,D
(PD,S.CD,Pq,D)=--+--' ................... (8)
the applicability of the model to well tests with changing wellbore z2CD Z2 aD
storage.
and inverting yields
Mathematical Development PwD = tD I CaD ..................................... (9)
As van Everdingen and Hurst 5 showed. the effects of constant
well bore storage can be described by . 1 1 Cq,D
With - - = - + - - ............................. (10)
CaD CD aD
qsJ dPwD
- = I - CD - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
q dtD
Eq. 9 indicates that, at early time. a well with changing storage
will act like a well with constant storage but with a storage coeffi-
In his study of wellbore phase redistribution. Fair modified Eq. cient of CaD' A transition period dominated by the changing
1 by adding a term to account for the pressure change caused by storage will follow; then, at late times, the well again will exhibit
phase redistribution: constant storage, controlled by CD alone.
As mentioned previously, Fair's model (with CD>CaD and
q; = I-CD ( d: t
: - d:t
: ) . ....................... (2)
Cq,D > 0) generates an exponential increase in wellbore storage.
Fig. 1 shows sample type curves for increasing storage. In the course
of this study, we found that setting CD < CaD and Cq,D < 0 gener-
Thus, phase redistribution was modeled as a changing-wellbore- ated an exponential decrease in wellbore storage. Fig. 2 shows a
storage phenomenon. The changing-storage pressure function, set of curves for decreasing well bore storage.
PD' has the following properties: Application of the increasing/decreasing-wellbore-storage model
to field data led to the conclusion that, in some cases, a sharper
Copyright 1993 Society of Petroleum Engineers (than exponential) changing-storage pressure function was required.
Po
I Po
I
1.0-
"I i
!
10 0.1-
1!
i
01 i
I!
001 I
01 10 10 100 1000 10000 01 10 10 100 1000 10000
Fig. 1-Homogeneous system with exponential storage In Fig. 3-Homogeneous system with errorfunctlon storage
crease: initial C ao =20; final C o =100; $=2; and C.o =0.1, = = =
decrease: initial CaD 100; final Co 20; $ 2; and C. o =
1, and 10. -0.1, -1, and -10.
1 0 , . . - - - -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - - ,
TABLE 1-WELL AND TEST DATA FOR FIELD EXAMPLE 1
Well Data
Test type Drillstem Porosity, % 10
Depth, ft 10,350 Hole size, in. 8 3A
Net thickness, ft 12 Temperature, of 223
Flow rate, BID 115 Test sequence 1.04-hour
Oil density, API 42 flow followed
I CONSTANT Cn-20 , \ , '
Water (mud) cut, % 17 by 1.97-hour
0]1 GOR, scf/bbl 510 shutin
Pressure Data
Shut-In Time Pressure Shutln Time Pressure
001-
(hours) (psi) (hours) (psi)
0.00000 494.80 0.62400 4,670.0
0.00767 678.08 0.65200 4,687.4
0.01567 873.21 0.68933 4,706.5
0001-"--_ _ _ _- - -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - "
0.03183 1,416.6 0.71483 4,717.9
0] ] 0 10 100 1000 10000
0.03967 1,667.9 0.74900 4,730.7
0.05050 2,059.0 0.78150 4,744.3
0.05783 2,279.2 0.81950 4,758.0
Fig. 2-Homogeneous system with exponential storage 0.06617 2,537.7 0.86167 4,769.4
decrease: initial CaD = 100; final Co = 20; $ = 2; and C. o = 0.07217
0.08083
2,721.9
2,949.0
0.89683
0.93983
4,782.2
4,793.6
-0.1, -1, and -10.
0.08767 3,111.3 1.0122 4,810.9
0.09567 3,251.2 1.0462 4,819.1
Among the class of functions that obey properties in Eqs. 3a through 0.10983 3,470.5 1.0832 4,827.8
3c. the following exhibited characteristics representative of the field 0.11550 3,538.0 1.1243 4,835.5
0.12300 3,622.8 1.1595 4,841.9
data: 0.13117 3,694.8 1.1990 4,848.7
Pq,D=Cq,D erf(tD1aD)' ............................ (11) 0.14217 3.789.7 1.2317 4,853.8
0.15450 3,869.0 1.2668 4,859.7
The Laplace transform of this' 'error function" changing-storage 0.16150 3,908.7 1.3045 4,865.6
pressure function is 0.18033 4,010.3 1.3452 4,872.5
0.19933 4,091.5 1.3725 4,876.6
Cq,D " 0.21500 4,143.9 1.4193 4,882.9
(Pq,D)=--e Oi j):-/4 erfc (aDzI2) . ................. (12) 0.23633 4,210.9 1.4568 4,888.0
z 0.25633 4,261.1 1.5418 4,897.5
0.27450 4,303.0 1.5837 4,904.8
At early time (tD ->0, z-+ 00), Eq. 5 (with Eq. 12) reduces to 0.29267 4,340.4 1.6227 4,908.9
0.31650 4,383.7 1.6588 4,913.0
1 Cq,D 2 0.33717 4,414.7 1.6928 4,916.7
(PD,S,CD,Pq,D)=--+-- I ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . (13)
2 0.36667 4,455.8 1.7362 4,920.3
Z CD Z 2 Ci.D '\I7r
0.38967 4,485.8 1.7677 4,923.1
and inverting again yields PwD=tD1CaD but with 0.41350 4,511.8 1.8027 4,927.6
0.44050 4,540.6 1.8428 4,930.4
1 1 Cq,D 2 0.47267 4,568.8 1.8798 4,934.0
CaD = CD + aD .J;' .......................... (14) 0.49867 4,591.2 1.9102 4,937.2
0.53017 4,613.0 1.9413 4,939.0
0.55750 4,632.6 1.9745 4,939.5
Fig. 3 shows a set of curves for decreasing well bore storage with 0.58900 4.650.9
the error-function transition. Figs. 4 and 5 show pressure deriva-
Po " Po "
DERIVATIVE -Po DERIVATIVE -Po
-_.. Pt!
..:/''''' ........................................
&0. PD
:/../ ..............................
1.0 1.0~
. / ../ .:
.../
... . ...
...
0.1 .../' 01
...../ ..
001
0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 1000C 0.1 1.0 to 100 1000 10000
Fig. 4-Homogeneou5 system with exponential storage Fig. 5-Homogeneou5 system with error-function storage
decrease: Initial CaD = 140; final Co =20; 5=3; and C.;o = -3. decrease: Initial CaD = 140; final Co = 20; s = 3; and C.;o = - 3.
gas].
Complex variable-storage models can be generated by use of mul-
tiple changing-storage pressure functions, P<l>Dl' P<l>D2 .... For ex-
1.0
... ~ ... po
//
...
ample, Fig. 6 shows decreasing wellbore storage at early time
followed by increasing storage. Gas wells that produce some liq- 01
uid can exhibit this type of storage behavior during a buildup test. Skin = 3
At early time, decreasing gas compressibility causes decreasing well- (Final) C n = 20
bore storage; later, as liquid falls back and the phases redistribute, Error Function
Field Examples
Example 1. The first example is a drillstem test (DST) from cen-
Fig. 6-Decreaslng wellbore storage (C./C=7 and C<po = -3)
tral California. The DST valve was open for 1 hour, during which
followed by increasing wellbore storage (C./C=0.5 and
the zone produced 5 bbl of oil and gas-cut mud. The flow was fol- =
C<po 10).
lowed by a 2-hour buildup. Fig. 7a shows log-log and Homer plots
10,------------------------,
000 ~p
000 Ap
Po" 10 II
Po" .lax Ap
J:ZJ: 6p
DERrvAnvE DERIVATIVE
10 1.0
01~---~~-------- _____________ ~
01
01 10 100 1000 01 1.0 100 1000
5300,--------------------------'""] 5300,---------------------,
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
(PSIA)
(PS1A)
3700 3700
o
o
o
2100 2100
a b
Fig. 7-(a) Example 1, match with constant-storage model, C o e 2 =570. (b) Example 1, match with decreasing-storage model:
C o e 2 =265; CeO/CO =3.33; and C<po = -2.84.
Well Data
Test type Buildup Porosity, % 7
Depth, ft 13,420 Hole size, in. 6112
Net thickness, it 58 Temperature, of 214
Flow rate, MscflD 710 Test sequence 76-hour flow
Gas specific gravity 0.60 followed by
Gas impurities, % H 2 S 0.4 66-hour shut-in
Pressure Data
Shut-In Time Pressure Shut-In Time Pressure Shut-In Time Pressure
(hours) (psi) (hours) (psi) (hours) (psi)
0.00000 1,867.3 3.1433 3,905.2 8.8455 7,572.2
0.01767 1,885.0 3,2495 3,991.8 9.1110 7,620.0
0.03550 1,904.5 3.3647 4,083.8 9.3678 7,666.0
0.06200 1,923.9 3.4887 4,181.1 9.6247 7,708.4
0.08850 1,948.7 3.6125 4,267.8 9.9345 7,758.0
0.11517 1,971.7 3.7542 4,368.6 10.236 7,802.2
0.15050 1,998.2 3.8338 4,446.5 10.537 7,841.1
0.18600 2,023.0 3.9313 4,524.3 10.900 7,887.1
0.21250 2,051.3 4.0465 4,612.7 11.289 7,926.0
0.25683 2,081.4 4.1703 4,703.0 11.794 7,963.2
0.30100 2,113.2 4.2855 4,787.9 12.343 7,995.0
0.34533 2,150.3 4.4095 4,871.0 12.998 8,030.4
0.39850 2,192.8 4.6485 5,042.6 13.662 8,065.8
0.46050 2,240.6 4.7813 5,143.4 14.291 8,101.1
0.51350 2,281.2 4.9142 5,233.6 15.043 8,133.0
0.56667 2,329.0 5.0558 5,323.9 15.902 8,161.3
0.63750 2,380.3 5.1887 5,428.2 16.743 8,186.1
0.70833 2,424.5 5.3303 5,522.0 17.470 8,210.8
0.77917 2,472.3 5.4720 5,628.1 18.346 8,237.4
0.86767 2,523.6 5.6048 5,729.0 19.550 8,262.1
0.95633 2,574.9 5.7287 5,819.2 20.604 8,281.6
1.0360 2,624.4 5.8527 5,905.9 21.737 8,306.3
1.1068 2,666.9 5.9767 5,992.5 23.570 8,332.9
1.1953 2,716.4 6.1007 6,089.8 25.279 8,359.4
1.2573 2,757.1 6.2423 6,181.8 27.076 8,382.4
1.3370 2,806.6 6.3573 6,286.2 28.538 8,400.1
1.4343 2,859.7 6.4990 6,385.3 30.521 8,419.6
1.5495 2,921.6 6.6053 6,477.2 32.460 8,439.0
1.6647 2,981.8 6.7027 6,569.2 35.054 8,462.0
1.7885 3,043.7 6.8178 6,659.4 37.480 8,479.7
1.9037 3,121.5 6.9507 6,763.8 39.915 8,499.2
2.0365 3,195.8 7.1012 6,878.8 42.527 8,513.3
2.1693 3,266.6 7.2960 6,984.9 45.706 8,538.1
2.2933 3,335.6 7.4553 7,082.2 48.513 8,555.8
2.4172 3,413.4 7.6502 7,184.8 51.550 8,568.1
2.5500 3,496.5 7.8272 7,268.0 54.675 8,585.8
2.6740 3,585.0 7.9955 7,333.4 58.137 8,603.5
2.8068 3,673.4 8.1813 7,393.6 61.785 8,621.2
2.9220 3,745.9 8.3850 7,453.7 66.000 8,631.8
3.0370 3,822.0 8.6595 7,524.5
for the buildup. Table 1 lists well/reservoir and test data. The data Early-time buildup data again show evidence of decreasing well-
were matched with a constant-wellbore-storage model with bore storage. with the log-log plot exceeding unit-slope in some
homogeneous reservoir behavior. The early-time buildup data show places and the derivative exceeding t:.m(p). The match with the
evidence of decreasing wellbore storage; the log-log plot exceeds constant-storage model is so poor that it would be difficult to place
unit-slope in some places and the derivative curve exceeds the t:.p a high degree of confidence in the results.
curve. The match with the constant-storage model is poor during The data set was rematched with the decreasing-well bore-storage
this period. model by use of the error-function storage transition. Fig. 8b shows
The buildup was rematched with the decreasing-wellbore-storage this match. The addition of decreasing storage has allowed the en-
model by use of the error-function transition CEq. 11). Fig. 7b shows tire buildup to be matched. Although computed results are similar
this match. With the addition of decreasing storage, the entire build- for the two interpretations, a much higher degree of confidence can
up could be matched, improving overall confidence in the interpre- be placed in the final results because decreasing storage has been
tation. Note that with the decreasing-storage model compensating accounted for in the early-time buildup data.
for the higher storage at early time (CaD> CD), a lower value for
CD e 2s has been determined for the buildup. Thus, the computed Example 3. This example is a DST from the Rocky Mountains.
damage (skin factor) is lower. After a 2-hour flow, during which the well produced 3 bbl of oil,
a 2-hour buildup was conducted (Table 3). Fig. 9a shows log-log
Example 2. The second example is an Oklahoma gas well that and Horner plots for the buildup, along with the match using a
flowed at 710 MscflD for 76 hours, then was shut in at surface constant-wellbore-storage model (homogeneous reservoir behavior).
for a 66-hour buildup (Table 2). Fig. 8a shows log-log and Hor- The early-time buildup data are severely distorted by decreasing
ner plots for the buildup. The data were matched with a constant- storage, again making it difficult to place any confidence in the type-
wellbore-storage model with homogeneous reservoir behavior. curve match.
01 olj
001
0.01 01 1.0 10 100 1000
...I 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100 1000
to/CD to/CD
3.3x10 8 3.3x10"
m(p) m(p)
(PSI 2 jCP) (PSI 2;CP)
/
22xlO" 2.2xl0"
~I
1.1XI0" 1.1xl0"
cDOooOo
o 0 ooooooQ!"1O'OO
0
4.0 3.2 2.' I.e D." 0.0 4.0 32 2' 16 0.8 0.0
Fig. 8-(a) Example 2, match with constant-storage model, C o e 2 =42,000. (b) Example 2, match with decreasing-storage
model: C o e 2 = 19,700; C.oIC o =7.67; and C.o = - 30.2.
100r---------------------------------------, 10r---------------------------------------,
Po " I 000ltop
Po "
OOO.6p
DERIVATIVE , sn.6p :IS':&: .6p'
DERIVATIVE
I
I
10- 10
10-
Ol~------~ __--------__--------~--------~
01 10 10 100 1000
to/CD
PRESSURE I PRESSURE
(PSIA.) I i (PSIA)
3450
1 I I 3450
I 0
i
0
i 0
I
i ~
0
0
1850 ",0 18500
~
,0
250 ____ _____________________ _
.4
~
~-
1.8 12 06 00 18 1.2 0.6 00
Fig. 9-(a) Example 3, match with constant-storage model, C o e 2S = 4.1 x 10 8 (b) Example 3, match with decreaSing storage
(error function): C o e 2S = 1,220; C.oIC o =20.3; and C.o = -17.
The buildup was rematched with the decreasing-wellbore-storage storage transition (Fig. 9b) provides a superior match of the test
model by use of the error-function storage transition. Fig. 9b shows data.
this match. As in the previous examples, addition of the decreas-
ing storage allowed the entire buildup to be matched. The Conclusions
decreasing-storage match resulted in a significantly lower value for 1. A model for analyzing changing wellbore storage during well
CD e 2s and a corresponding significantly lower value for skin testing has been presented. Increasing- and decreasing-storage cases
damage (s=2.9 vs. s=8.7 for the constant-storage match). can be accounted for analytically.
Fig. 10 shows the match with the exponential-function storage 2. The Laplace space solution allows the addition of changing
transition. Although this match is an improvement over the constant- wellbore storage to a variety of well/reservoir models (homogene-
storage match of Fig. 9a, the buildup data exhibit a sharper, more ous, two porosity, hydraulic fracture, multilayer, etc.) whose so-
abrupt transition than the exponential model. The error-function lutions also are in Laplace space.