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the study will identify the most common accidents and workplace hazards. It will also determine
the prevalence and causes of occupational accidents, occupational diseases and effect of these
workplace hazards and diseases on workers productivity of the Textile Industries in Addis Ababa
city.
The main objective of the study is to investigate the existing occupational and health
practice of Textile Industries in order to assess the impact of occupational safety and health
on workers productivity in Textile Industries in Addis Ababa city.
1.4.1Specific objectives
To address the general objective of the study, the following specific objectives should be studied:-
Identifying the major causes of work related accidents and impact of occupational safety
and health on workers of textile industries in Addis Ababa city.
Identifying the effect of working environments on workers productivity in Textile
Industries in Addis Ababa city.
Analyzing prevalence of occupational illnesses and occupational accidents affecting the
employees productivity in Textile Industries in Addis Ababa city.
To investigate employees level of understanding of health and safety policies of the Textile
Industries in Addis Ababa city.
IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ON WORKER PRODUCTIVITY: THE CASE OF TEXTILE INDUSTRIES.
Chapter two
2. Literature review
2.1 Introduction
This chapter answerable for a theoretical concept of occupational safety and health and worker
productivity in global, national status. The chapter focuses carries out in developed and developing
countries and textile industries OSH situation.
ignoring rules and regulations and not wearing the correct personal protective equipment [19] .
Factory Act (1948) defined workplace accidents as any occurrence in an industrial establishment
causing bodily injury to a person which makes him unfit to resume his duties in the next 48 hours.
It further stated that accident is an unexpected, unwanted event which cannot be anticipated in
advance. It is always a sudden process and not a gradual one. The nature of workplace accidents
may vary from one occupation to another such as; an employee being caught in a machine while
working on it; falling from a sky scraper; accidents resulting from explosion from explosives.
These accidents may result in disablement or death. Disablement whether partial or total, may take
the form of a loss of ability to work or move. Such incapacity may be temporary or permanent. It
is an established fact that accidents are caused, they do not just happen out of nothing. Whenever
an accident occurs, there must be some cause, which maybe obvious, or difficult to trace. It has
been reported that large number of factors combines to cause an accidents
According to the global estimates, occupational accidents and work-related diseases result in over
2.3 million fatalities annually (see figure 1). In 2010, there were over 350,000 fatal occupational
accidents and over 1.9 million fatal work-related diseases [31]. Consequently, approximately 6,300
people die every day because of these causes; occupational accidents killed over 960 people and
approximately 5,400 died from work-related diseases. There were also over 313 million non-fatal
occupational accidents (with at least four days absence) in 2010 meaning that occupational
accidents cause injury or ill health for approximately 860,000 people every day [31].
(10%) has decreased quite dramatically from previous estimate of 25%.While the burden from
communicable diseases has reduced, circulatory diseases have increased. This is quite
understandable as life expectancy has increased with time and public hygiene has improved
contributing to lower deaths from communicable diseases [31].Recent research showed that
diseases attributed to work increases as a country transits from a developing phase to a more
developed state. Work-related cancers and circulatory diseases are the main concerns in all regions,
while communicable diseases are of higher concern in developing countries. The number of deaths
due to neuropsychiatric conditions has remained low, even though it was assumed that they will
increase in future [31] Developing countries are increasingly facing the same work-related diseases
as those of the developed countries. As developed countries move their productions to developing
countries, occupational injuries and work-related diseases are simultaneously transferred to them
[31]
FIGURE 0-2 GLOBAL ESTIMATE WORK RELATED MORTALITY BY CAUSE IN 2011 [31]
IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ON WORKER PRODUCTIVITY: THE CASE OF TEXTILE INDUSTRIES.
FIGURE 0-3 FATAL WORK RELATED MORTALITY BY REGION AND CAUSE IN 2011 [31]
IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ON WORKER PRODUCTIVITY: THE CASE OF TEXTILE INDUSTRIES.
Chapter three
3. Methodology
3.1 introduction
This chapter described the methods and procedures used to collect and analyze data in order to
determine the influence of occupational health and safety on worker productivity in Textile
Industry. Section of the chapter includes the design, population sample size and sampling
procedures, instrumentation, data collection procedures for analysis and presentation.
Primary data: - The primary data of this study will be collected through a well prepared open and
close ended questions. On the other hand primary data will be gathered from Ethiopian Textile
Industry Development Institute (ETIDI), Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs (MOLSA) and
Bureau of Labor and Social Affair (BLSA) Varies ways of collecting data such as face to face
interview with respondents will be used.
Secondary data: - internal and external secondary data will be employed. Internal secondary data
will be gathered from the manual of the five selected companies, some management documents
and documents related to occupational safety and health. Various articles, magazines, book,
journal, newspaper and websites, will be also recorded data as the source of external secondary
data. On the other hand secondary data will be gathered reports from (Statistics, MOLSA, BLSA
and ETIDI) also considered as secondary data collection methods.
IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ON WORKER PRODUCTIVITY: THE CASE OF TEXTILE INDUSTRIES.
For the second objective sample size (n) was calculated by using in case of target population is
known.
2
/2 (1 ) 2 0
= ( 1) + /2( |1 ) = 1 + n0
2
= 1068/1+1068/3476=821.5
IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ON WORKER PRODUCTIVITY: THE CASE OF TEXTILE INDUSTRIES.
Selected study
subjects n=904
employees for protective against health and safety hazards at the time of interviews.
Occupational hazards: - a risk associated with the work that somebodys does.
Work related injuries: - any physical injury condition sustained on worker in connection with
performance of his/her work in textile industries.
Hazards: - a physical situation with a potential for human injury, damage to property, damage to
the environment or some combination of these.
Physical hazards: - this related to harm cause to the body from noise, vibration, light and
radiation.
Biological hazards: - this related mainly to illness resulting from bacteria, fungus and viruses.
Ergonomic hazards: - this related harm cause to the body repetitive movements and improper
setup of work station.
Health: - the general condition of the body or mind, especially in term of the presence or absence
of illnesses and injuries.
Safety: - it is relative freedom from danger, risk or threat of harm or loss to personnel or property.
Performance: - the act of carrying out or accomplishing something such as a task or action.
Accident: - an event that happens completely by chance with no planning or deliberate intent
will be completed. To limit the number of variable and unstable estimates in the subsequent model,
only variable with p- value <0.05 in the bivariate analysis were taken to the regression model.in
first model the effect of social demographic factors on occupational accidents will be assessed. In
second model, work environment related factors were included and their effect will be examined
in the presence of socio demographic lastly behavioral factors will be added to discover their effect
in the presence of socio demo -graphic and work environment related factors, in last model. Basic
odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals and significance level at P<0.05 will be used to see the
association between associated factors and of occupational accidents in work day. Used to odds
ratio with confidence interval and at P<0.05 as important level will be considered. The outcomes
of the analysis will be presented use diagrams, tables and charts.
The activities that will perform to accomplish the research are given in below the table with the
time required to perform it.
Contents
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ...................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Research Questions ................................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 The Objectives of the Research ............................................................................................................... 3
1.4.1Specific objectives ............................................................................................................................... 3
1.5Scope of the study ...................................................................................................................................... 4
1.6 Significance of the Study .......................................................................................................................... 4
Chapter two ......................................................................................................................................................... 5
2. Literature review ............................................................................................................................................ 5
2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................... 5
2.2. THE CONCEPT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ........................................................ 5
2.3.1 Biological hazard.................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3.2 Psychosocial Hazards............................................................................................................................. 7
2.3.3 Ergonomic Hazards ........................................................................................................................... 7
2.3.4 Physical hazards ................................................................................................................................. 8
2.3.5 Chemical hazards ............................................................................................................................... 8
2.4 Global trend of occupational accidents and fatal work-related diseases ............................................. 8
2.4. 1Occupational accidents by region ..................................................................................................... 9
2.5 Work-related Mortality by Causes.......................................................................................................... 9
Chapter three .................................................................................................................................................... 12
3. Methodology .................................................................................................................................................. 12
3.1 introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 12
3.2 Study area ................................................................................................................................................ 12
3.3 study design ............................................................................................................................................. 14
3.4 Sources of data ........................................................................................................................................ 14
3.5 Study population ..................................................................................................................................... 15
3.6 Source population ................................................................................................................................... 15
3.7 Sampling technique and sample size determination ............................................................................ 15
3.7.1 Sampling technique.......................................................................................................................... 15
3.7.2 Sample size determination .................................................................................................................. 15
3.8 Sampling procedures .............................................................................................................................. 16
IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ON WORKER PRODUCTIVITY: THE CASE OF TEXTILE INDUSTRIES.
List of Table
Table 1 cost break down of the research work ......................................................................................... 22
List of Figure
Figure 0-1 the number of occupational accidents 2010 by region ................................................. 9
Figure 0-2 global estimate work related mortality by cause in 2011 ........................................... 10
Figure 0-3 fatal work related mortality by region and cause in 2011 .......................................... 11
figure 0-4 administrative map of Addis Ababa ............................................................................ 13
Figure 0-5 schematic presentation of sampling procedure ........................................................... 17
IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ON WORKER PRODUCTIVITY: THE CASE OF TEXTILE INDUSTRIES.
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