STEP Mark Schemes 2016

Mathematics

STEP 9465/9470/9475

November 2016
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Contents

STEP Mathematics (9465, 9470, 9475)

Mark Schemes Page

Introduction 4
STEP Mathematics I 5
STEP Mathematics II 18
STEP Mathematics III 45


Introduction

These mark schemes are published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate
the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which marks were
awarded by the Examiners and shows the main valid approaches to each question. It
is recognised that there may be other approaches and if a different approach was
taken in the exam these were marked accordingly after discussion by the marking
team. These adaptations are not recorded here.

All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected
approaches in candidates scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant
knowledge and skills demonstrated.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the published question papers and
the Report on the Examination.

The Admissions Testing Service will not enter into any discussion or correspondence
in connection with this mark scheme.


 STEP I 2016 MARK SCHEME

Question 1 (i)
x3  1 x5  1 x7  1 x9  1
B1 for at least 3 of q1(x) = , q2(x) = , q3(x) = , q4(x) = correct
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1

M1 A1 for p1(x) = ( x 2  2 x  1)  3x(1) ; = x 2  x  1 { q1(x)

M1 A1 for p2(x) = ( x 4  4 x 3  6 x 2  4 x  1)  5 x( x 2  x  1) ; = x 4  x 3  x 2  x  1 { q2(x)

M1 for attempt at binomial expansion of (x + 1)6 and squaring ( x 2  x  1 )

A1 for (x + 1)6 = x 6  6 x 5  15 x 4  20 x 3  15 x 2  6 x  1
A1 for ( x 2  x  1 )2 = x 4  2 x 3  3x 2  2 x  1
A1 for p3(x) = x 6  x 5  x 4  x 3  x 2  x  1 { q3(x) shown legitimately

M1 for valid method to show p4(x) q4(x)

Method I: p4(x) = x 8  x 7  x 6  2 x 5  7 x 4  2 x 3  x 2  x  1
while q4(x) = x 8  x 7  x 6  x 5  x 4  x 3  x 2  x  1
Method II: partial expansion showing one pair of coefficients not equal
19  1
Method III: e.g. p4(1) = 28 9.1.33 = 13 z q4(1) = 1
11
A1 A1 for correct/valid partial working; completely and correctly concluded

Question 1 (ii) (a)

M1 M1 A1 for use of p1(300) = q1(300); use of difference-of-two-squares factorisation; 271 u 331

Question 1 (ii) (b)

M1   
for use of p3 77 = q3 77

for identifying squares: >7 @  

3 2 2
M1 1  7 8 714  7 7  1
7

M1 for use of difference-of-two-squares factorisation

A1 A1 >7 7 3
@ > 3
@
 1  718  711  7 4  u 7 7  1  718  711  7 4 
  
or 7 21  3.714  3.7 7  1  718  711  7 4 u 7 21  3.714  3.7 7  1  718  711  7 4 


Question 2
For y ax 2
 
 bx  c ln x  1  x 2  dx  e  1  x 2 
M1 use of Product Rule twice
M1 A1 use of Chain Rule in 1st product for the log. term (allow correct unsimplified here)
dy
dx

ax 2  bx  c
1
x  1 x2

u 1  12 1  x 2 2 .2 x  2ax  b  ln x  1  x 2
1

> @  
M1 A1 use of Chain Rule in 2nd product (allow correct unsimplified here)
+ dx  e  12 >1  x 2 @ 2 .2 x  d 1  x 2
1

ax  bx c
2
> 1 x  x@ +  2

  xdx  e
>x  1 x @ u
dy
2ax  b  ln x  1  x 2 +  d 1 x2
dx 2
1 x 2
1 x 2

M1 cancelling the [-] terms

A1 A1 one mark for each term, correct and simplified
dy ( a  2 d ) x 2  (b  e) x  (c  d )
+ 2ax  b  ln x  1  x 2  
dx 1 x 2

Question 2 (i)
M1 A1 A1 for choosing a = d = 0, b = 1, e = 1 and c = 0 so that
dy (0) x 2  (0) x  (0)
+ 0  1 ln x  1  x 2  
dx 1 x 2

A1 and ln x  
1  x 2 dx = x ln x  1  x 2   1  x 2 (+ C) clearly stated

Question 2 (ii)
1
M1 A1 A1 for choosing a = b = e = 0 and c = d = 2 so that
dy (0  1) x 2  (0) x  (1)

+ 0  0  ln x  1  x 2 
dx 1 x 2

A1 and 1  x 2 dx = 1
2
 
ln x  1  x 2  12 x 1  x 2 (+ C) clearly stated

Question 2 (iii)
M1 A1 A1 for choosing a = 1
2 , b = e = 0 and c = 1
4 and d =  14 so that
dy
dx
( 12  12 ) x 2  (0) x  ( 14  14 )
1 x 2

+  x  0  ln x  1  x 2 
A1 and x ln x  1  x 2 dx =   1
2 x2  1
4
ln x  
1  x 2  14 x 1  x 2 (+ C) clearly stated 

Alternative: results for (i) and (ii) enable (iii) to be done using Integration by Parts:
I3 = x . ln x   1  x 2 dx

= x^x ln x  1  x   1  x ` 1 . ^ln x 
2 2

1 x2  1 x2 ` M1 A1
= x ln x  1  x   x 1  x I + (ii)
2 2 2
3

M1 for turning it round, collecting I3s etc. A1 for final answer (FT (ii))

Question 3 (i)
M1 for steps
A1 y-values change at integer x-values
A1 y-values at unit heights
A1 LH s and RH s correct
(ignoring 2 at ends)
A1 for very LH & RH bits correct

Question 3 (ii)
M1 for steps
A1 y-values change at integer x-values
A1 y-values at sin(ks), k
A1 LH s and RH s correct
(ignoring 2 at ends)
A1 for very LH & RH bits correct

Question 3 (iii)
M1 A1 for two main steps; endpoints in right places
A1 for all endpoints correct in these two lines
B1 for at  12 S , 1 with clear in line below
B1 for at  S , 0 

Question 3 (iv)
M1 for steps at integer y-values
A1 essentially correct domains (ignoring s and s)
A1 for all lines endpoints correct
B1 for at  12 S , 2 with clear in line below
B1 for at  S , 0 


Question 4 (i)
z
M1 use of Quotient Rule (or equivalent) on y
1 z2
A1 for correct use of Chain Rule for the diffl. of the denominator
dy 
1  z 2 .1  z. 12 1  z 2  1
2
.2 z
 1 z 
= 2
dz 2

1
A1 all correct and simplified:
1  z 
3
2 2

Question 4 (ii)
d2 y dz
2
M1 for using z
dy
in dx N to get dx N
1  z 
3 3
dx dy 2 2
2 2

1 
dx
dz
M1 A1 for separating variables; correctly: N dx
1  z 
3
2 2

z
A1 for correct integration using (i)s result: N ( x  c) (+ c in any form)
1 z2
M1 for re-arranging for z or z2 : z 2 N 2 ( x  c) 2 ( z 2  1)
u
A1 correct: z r , u = N(x + c), any correct form (ignore lack of r throughout)
1 u2

dy dy du
M1 for attempt at .
dx du dx
du dy u
M1 A1 for use of the Chain Rule (e.g.) with N ; correct diffl. eqn. N r
dx du 1 u2

u
M1 for separating variables: N dy r
1  u2
du

u
M1 M1 A1 for method to integrate 1 u 2
du =  1  u 2

(by recognition, reverse chain rule or substitution) 

M1 for integrating and substituting for u : N y  d # 1  N 2 ( x  c)2

2 2

1  N 2 ( x  c) 2 or y 
d 1
M1 A1 for working towards a circle eqn. : (Ny  d ) 2  ( x  c)
2

N N
B1 for noting that radius of circle is the reciprocal of the curvature


Question 5 (i)
M1 for attempt at any of PR, PQ, QR using Pythagoras Theorem
PR = PQ + QR (a  c) 2  (a  c) 2 = (b  a ) 2  (b  a ) 2 + (c  b ) 2  (c  b ) 2

A1 A1 A1 for correct, simplified lengths: 4ac = 4ab + 4bc

1 1 1
A1 given answer legitimately obtained by dividing by 4abc : 
b c a

M1 M1 for working suitably on RHS of (*); substituting for b, e.g.

2
1 1 1 1
2
1 1 1  
2
  a  
a b c a ac c c
1 3 1 2 2
A1 = 4 2   2   any form suitable for comparison
a ac c a ac c ac
M1 for working suitably on LHS of (*) and substituting for b2, e.g.
1 1 1 2 2 1 4 6 4 1
A1 for correct b2 in 2 2  2  2  2  2 2     2
a c 2
b a c a a ac ac c ac c
4 12 4 8 8
A1 shown equal to RHS: = 2   2  
a ac c a ac c ac

1 1 1 1 1 2 1
Alternative:    M1 squaring
b c a b a ac c
2
1 1 1 4
  M1 M1 rearranging and squaring again
b a c ac
1 1 1 2 2 2 4
2  2  2    A1 correct LHS
a b c ab bc ac ac
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1
2 2  2  2 = 2  2  2    =   M1 A1
a b c a b c ab bc ca a b c
Question 5 (ii)
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
M1 If 2 2  2  2 =   then 2  2  2  
a b c a b c a b c ab bc ca
1 1 1
M1 Let x , y , z with or without actual substitution
a b c
so that x 4  y 4  z 4 2x 2 y 2  2 y 2 z 2  2z 2 x 2
M1 for recognition of conditions b < c < a y > z > x
for completing the square: x 2  z 2  y 2 
2
M1 A1 4x2 z 2
A1 x2  z 2  y2 r 2 xz
z # x 
2
y2
A1 for the four cases y = x z , y = z x , y = x + z or y = x z
E1 for use of conditions to show that only y = x + z is suitable
1 1 1
A1 for legitimately obtaining given answer: 
b c a

Question 6
E1 for explanation that x = ma since OX || OA
B1 for 0 < m < 1 (since X between O and A): dont penalise any equality interval endpoints
E1 for explanation that BC || OA c b = ka and so c = ka + b
B1 for k < 0 (since BC in opposite direction to OA)

B1 for correct set-up for D = OB AC: a + D (c a) = E b

1
M1 for equating coefficients: 1 D + Dk = 0 and D = E
1 k
1
A1 for d = b
1 k

1
B1 for correct set-up for Y = XD BC: ma + D b  ma = b + Ek a
1 k
D
M1 for equating coefficients: m Dm Ek = 0 and 1
1 k
A1 for y = kma + b from D = 1 k, E = m

B1 for correct set-up for Z = OY AB: (1 D)a + Db = E km a  b 

1
M1 for equating coefficients: 1 D kmE = 0 and D = E
1  km
km 1
A1 for z = a + b (Given Answer)
1  km 1  km

1 km 1 1
B1 for correct set-up for T = DZ OA: D a = b + E a b b
1 k 1  km 1  km 1  k
Ekm 1 E E
M1 for equating coefficients: D = and 0 = 
1  km 1  k 1  km
m m 1  km
A1 for t = a from D , E
1 m 1 m k (1  m)

m
M1 A1 for setting up all lengths: OA = a , OX = ma , OT = a ,
1  m
m2
a , TA =
1
TX = a , XA = (1 m)a
1 m 1 m
where |a| = a, which may (w.l.o.g.) be taken to be 1
1 1 1 1 1
A1 for 1st correctly derived result: 1  
OT a m OA OX
m 2 1
A1 for 2nd correctly derived result: OT . OA = a ( ma ) . a = OX . TA
1 m 1 m


Question 7 (i)
B1 B1 for S T = I ; S T = the set of positive odd numbers

Question 7 (ii)
M1 A1 for (4a + 1)(4b + 1) = 4(4ab + a + b) + 1 (which is in S)
M1 A1 for (4a + 3)(4b + 3) = 4(4ab + 3a +3b + 2) + 1 (not necessarily as shown here)
A1 for clearly demonstrating this is not in T

Question 7 (iii)
M1 M1 for attempting a proof by contradiction; method for establishing contradiction
Suppose all of ts prime factors are in S
B1 for no even factors
t = (4a + 1) (4b + 1) (4c + 1) (4n + 1)
A1 Then t = 4{ } + 1
E1 for convincing explanation that this is always in S
(may appeal inductively to (ii)s result)

Question 7 (iv) (a)

B1 for writing an element of T as products of T-primes
M1 for noting that every pair of factors in T multiply to give an element of S (by (ii))
A1 so there must be an odd number of them 

Question 7 (iv) (b)

M1 for recognisable method to find composites in S whose prime-factors are in T
M1 for recognition of the regrouping process
M1 A1 for correct example demonstrated:
e.g. 9 u 77 = 21 u 33 (= 693) where 9, 21, 33, 77 are in S
and 9 = 3 u 3, 21 = 3 u7, 33 = 3 u 11, 77 = 7 u 11 with 3, 7, 11 in T
B1 for correctly-chosen S-primes


Question 8 (i)
B1 for f(x) = 0  x  2 x 2  3x 3  ...  nx n  ...
M1 for use of (1  x) 2 1  2 x  3x 2  4 x 3  ...  nx n  1  ... (forwards or backwards)
A1 for given result correctly shown: f(x) = x (1  x) 2

M1 A1 for x(1  x) 3 
x 1  3 x  6 x 2  10 x 3  ...  12 n( n  1) x n  1  ... 
= 0  x  3 x 2  6 x 3  ...  12 n(n  1) x n  ...
A1 for un = 12 n 2  12 n

2x x
M1 A1 for use of first two results: 2 u (2nd) (1st) gives  with un = n2
(1  x) (1  x) 2
3

Question 8 (ii) (a)

Method I: B1 for f(x) a  (ka) x  (k 2 a) x 2  (k 3 a) x 3  ...  (k n a) x n  ...
1
M1 A1 for a u sum-to-infinity of a GP with common ratio kx : f(x) a
1  kx
B1 for showing (retrospectively) that f(x) = a + kx f(x)

Method II: B1 for f(x) = a  akx  ak 2 x 2  ak 3 x 3  ...  ak n x n  ...

M1 
= a  kx a  akx  ak 2 x 2  ak 3 x 3  ...  ak n x n  ... 
A1 = a + kx f(x)
1
A1 for f(x) a
1  kx

Question 8 (ii) (b)

f
M1 A1 for summing, and splitting off initial terms: f(x) = 0  x  u n x n
n 2
f
M1 for use of given recurrence relation: = 0  x  u n  1  u n  2 x n
n 2
f f
M1 for dealing with limits: = x  x un 1 x n 1  x 2 un  2 x n  2
n 2 n 2
f f
A1 for re-creating f(x)s: = x  x u n x n  x 2 u n x n
n 1 n 0

A1 for correctly expressing all terms in f(x): = x  x^f ( x)  0` x 2 f ( x)

x
M1 A1 for re-arranging to get f(x) =
1 x  x2



Question 9
RP
B Diagram for Case 1:
FA G b P FP G between walls;
T a rod about to slip down LH wall
A RA

B1 for both FA = O RA and FP = P RP noted or used somewhere

M1 for resolving in one direction (with correct number of forces)

A1 e.g. Res.n W = FA + RP sinT + FP cosT
M1 for eliminating the Fs (e.g.): W = O RA + RP sinT + P RP cosT

M1 for resolving in second direction (with correct number of forces)

A1 e.g. Res.o RA = RP cosT FP sinT
M1 for eliminating the Fs (e.g.): RA = RP cosT P RP sinT

M1 for taking moments (with correct number of forces)

A1 e.g. A W a sinT = RP (a + b)
M1 for correct introduction of d: W a sin2T = RP d or other suitable distance

M1 A1 for getting W in terms of one other force: e.g. W = RP O cos T  OP sin T  sin T  P cos T 
M1 for eliminating W and that force from two relevant equations: e.g. these last two
A1 for legitimately obtaining given result: dcosec2T a[O  P ] cosT  [1  OP ]sinT 

For Case 2: G the other side of P; rod about to slide up LH wall

M1 M1 M1 FA o FA ; FP o FP ; a + b o a b (or switching signs of O and P)

A1 W = RP  O cos T  OP sin T  sin T  P cos T  and W a sin2T = RP d (e.g.)
M1 A1 for obtaining dcosec2T a [O  P ] cosT  [1  OP ]sinT 


Question 10 (i)

ou o0 0m um

A B C D

o vA o vB m vC m vD

For collision A/B For collision C/D

B1 B1 for CLM statements: m(Ou = OvA +vB) m(u = vC +vD)
B1 B1 for NEL/NLR statements: eu = vB vA eu = vC vD
Watch out for different signs from alternative choices of directions
M1 solving for at least vB and vC
O (1  e) O e
A1 A1 for vB u , vC 12 (1  e)u NB v A u and vD 12 (1  e)u not needed
O 1 O 1

o vB vC m

B C

o0 o wC
M1 A1 A1 for CLM and NEL/NLR statements: m(vB vC) = m wC and e(vB + vC) = wC
M1 for substituting previous answers in terms of e and u
O 1
M1 A1 for identifying e : e Given Answer legitimately obtained
3O  1
E1 for justifying that e < 1
3 (cant just show that e o 13 )

Question 10 (ii)
(1  e)(O  1)
NB wC = u correct from previous bit of work
2(O  1)
M1 for setting wC = vD in whatever forms they have (not just saying they are equal)
(1  e)(O  1)
A1 correct to here: u = 12 (1  e)u FT previous answers
2(O  1)
M1 for substituting for e (e.g.)
M1 A1 A1 for solving for O and e : O 5 2, e = 52


Question 11
gx 2
M1 A1 for stating, or obtaining, the Trajectory Equation: y x tan D 
2u 2 cos 2 D
M1 for setting y = h and re-arranging
gx 2
2
2h cos 2 D  2 x sin D cosD
u
A1 for legitimately obtaining given answer from use of double-angle formulae:
gx 2
h(1  cos 2D )  x sin 2D
u2

d gx 2 dx
M1 A1 for differentiating w.r.t. D : 2 h 2 sin 2D   x.2 cos 2D  sin 2D .
dD u dD
M1 for using both derivatives = 0
A1 for legitimately obtaining given answer x = h tan2D

gh 2 tan 2 2D
M1 for substituting back: h(1  cos 2D )  h tan 2D sin 2D
u2
M1 cancelling one h and (e.g.) writing all trig. terms in c = cos2D

A1

gh 1  c 2  1 c 
1 c
2
gh  ghc2 
u 2 c 2  c3  c  c3 
u 2c 2 c
M1 A1 for a quadratic in c : 0 u  ghc  u c  gh
2 2 2

M1 for solving attempt: 0 >u  gh c  gh@(c  1)

2

gh
A1 for cos2D =
u  gh
2

M1 for substituting x = h tan2D and y = h in '2 x2  y2

M1 A1 for use of relevant trig. result(s) = h2 sec22D i.e. ' h sec 2D
u  gh
2
M1 for use of previous result: ' h.
gh
u2
A1  h correct given answer legitimately obtained
g


Question 12 (i)
M1 for some systematic approach to counting cases
A1 A1 A1 for correct cases: e.g. p(A=0).p(B=1,2,3) + p(A=1).p(B =2,3) + p(A=2).p(B=3)
M1 for some correct probabilities: 14 u 78  2 u 14 u 84  14 u 18
1
A1 for correctly obtained answer, 2

If no other marks scored, B1 for 32 outcomes

Question 12 (ii)
M1 for some systematic approach to counting cases
A1 A1 A1 for identifying the correct cases and/or probabilities
e.g. 18 u  461641   83 u  61641   83 u  4161   18 u 161 
M1 for all cases/probabilities correct: 14 u 78  2 u 14 u 84  14 u 18
1
A1 for correctly obtained answer, 2

If no other marks scored, B1 for 128 outcomes

Question 12 (iii)
B1 for stating that, when each tosses n coins, p(B has more Hs) = p(A has more Hs) = p2
B1 for stating that p(AH = BH) = p1
B1 for statement (explained or not) that p1 + 2p2 = 1

M1 for considering what happens when B tosses the extra coin

A1 p(B has more Hs) = p(B already has more Hs) u p(B gets T)
A1 + p(B already has more, or equal Hs) u p(B gets H)
A1 correct probs. used = p2 u 12  ( p1  p2 ) u 12
A1 for correct answer, fully justified: 1
2 ( p1  2 p2 ) 1
2


Question 13 (i)
For the i-th e-mail,
M1 for integrating f i (t ) Oe  Ot
A1 for Fi (t )  e  Ot + C
M1 A1 for justifying or noting that C = 1 (from F(0) = 0)

For n e-mails sent simultaneously,

M1 A1 for F(t) = P(T d t) = 1 P(all n take longer than t)
B1 for  n
= 1  e Ot i.e. the product of n independent probabilities
A1 for = 1  Oe Ont
M1 A1 for differentiating this: f(t) = nOe Ont

f
Ont
M1 for attempt at E(T) = 0 t u nOe dt

f
M1 A1 A1 for use of integration by parts: E(T) =  te Ont > @ + nOe O
f
0
 nt
dt
0

 e Ont f
A1 = 0 +
On 0
1
A1 for E(T) =
nO
NB anyone able to identify this as the Exponential Distribution can quote the
Expectation (or from the Formula Book) and get 6 marks for little effort

Question 13 (ii)
M1 for observing that 2nd email is simply the 1st from the remaining (n 1)
1
A1 with expected arrival time
(n  1)O
E1 for careful explanation of the result
1 1 1 1 1
A1 for a legitimately obtained given answer  
nO (n  1)O O n (n  1)


 STEPII2016 MARKSCHEME

Question1

 Ifthevalueoftheparameteratisandthevalueoftheparameteratis: 
 M1
Gradientoflineis andsimilarlythegradientofis.

 Iftheangleatisarightangle,then  A1
 

 ,  M1

 A1
Therefore 

 Equationoftangentatthepoint  M1
A1


 M1



 
 A1


 Substitutefor: M1



 A1


  
 Use :



 B1


  
 M1

A1
  
 If and meetthentheremustbeavalueof suchthat: B1

 

M1
 A1
 B1
Therefore,pointsofintersectiononlywhen 

 Graph: B1
B1
B1


M1 Anexpressionforthegradientofthelinefromtheorigintoapointonthecurve.
IfapplyingPythagorastoshowthattheangleisarightangle,theawardM1foracorrect
expressionforthedistancefromtheorigintoapointonthecurve.
A1 Correctlydeducingthat 
M1 Differentiationofbothfunctions.
A1 Divisiontoobtaincorrectgradientfunction.
M1 Attempttofindtheequationofatangenttothecurveatoneofthepoints.
A1 Correctequation.
M1 Eliminationofonevariablebetweenthetwotangentequations.
A1 Correctexpressionforeitherorfound.
M1 Substitutiontofindtheothervariable.
A1 Correctexpressionsfoundforbothvariables.
B1 Usingtherelationship foundearlier.
M1 Anattempttoeliminatetheparameter
A1 Fullycorrectreasoningleadingtotheequationgiveninthequestion.
B1 Conditionforcurvestomeetidentified.
M1 Attempttofactorisetheequation.
A1 Correctlyfactorised.
B1 Pointsofintersectionidentified.
B1 Correctshapefor .
B1 Correctshapefor .
B1 Graphsjusttouchattwopoints.
 


Question2

 Let : M1

 
 M1
 Therefore isafactorof(*) A1
 
 Bysymmetry, and mustalsobefactors. B1
 So(*)mustfactoriseto  M1
 Toobtainthecorrectcoefficientof ,  M1
 (*)factorisesto  A1
 
(i) Tomatchtheequationgiven,weneed M1

, and .

 A1


 Theequationthereforefactorisesto M1

 A1
 
(ii) Let in(*): 
isafactorof
 
 Whichis: M1


  M1
 Whichis .Therefore isafactorof: A1

  
 Bysymmetry, and mustalsobefactors,soitmustfactoriseto: M1

 Toobtainthecorrectcoefficientwerequire . A1
 
 Tomatchtheequationgivenweneed M1
, and 
 A1
 Theequationthereforefactorisesto M1

 A1


 


M1 Substitutionof .
M1 Clearalgebraicstepstoshowthatthevalueofthefunctionis0.
A1 Conclusionthatthismeansthat isafactor.
B1 Identificationoftheotherfactors.
M1 Correctformofthefactorisationstated.
M1 Considerationofanyonecoefficienttofindthevalueof.
A1 Correctfactorisation.
M1 Identificationoftheequationsthat,andmustsatisfy.
A1 Correctselectionof,and.
M1 Correctfactorisation.
A1 Solutionsoftheequation.
M1 Substitutionintotheequationandrearrangementintotheexpressionofthequestionand
anextraterm.
M1 Simplificationoftheextratermandfactorisation.
A1 Conclusion.
M1 Identificationoftheotherfactors.
A1 Correctcoefficientfound.
M1 Identificationoftheequationsthat,, and mustsatisfy.
A1 Correctselectionof,,and.
M1 Factorisationoftheequation.
A1 Solutionsfound.
 


Question3

(i) B1


  
(ii) Ifisarootoftheequationthen  B1
 Eachofthetermsofwillbepositiveif . M1
 Therefore  A1
  
(iii) M1
,andsimilarlyfor.

A1
 Sinceandarebothnegative, and musthavethesamesign. M1
M1
 Therefore  A1
 Twocases(positiveandnegativegradients) B1
Sketchneededforeach B1
 Sincethegraphiscontinuous,theremustbeanadditionalrootbetweenand. M1
A1
 Thiswouldimplyinfinitelymanyroots. M1
 But isapolynomialofdegree,sohasatmostroots M1
 Thereforethereisatmostoneroot. A1
  
 Ifisoddthen as and as M1
Thereisonerealroot. A1
 Ifiseventhen as and as M1
Therearenorealroots. A1
 


B1 Someexplanationofthegeneraltermisrequiredforthismark.
B1 Statedorimpliedelsewhereintheanswer(suchaswhendrawingconclusion).
M1 Clearstatementabouttheindividualterms.
A1 Clearlystatedconclusion.
M1 Attempttorelatefunctiontoitsderivative
A1 Correctrelationship
M1 Statementthatthesignsmustbethesame.
M1 Considerationofthedifferentcasesfor.
A1 Conclusionthattheproductispositive.
B1 Sketchofgraphwithtworootswiththecurvepassingthroughwithpositivegradienteach
time.
B1 Sketchofgraphwithtworootswiththecurvepassingthroughwithnegativegradienteach
time.SecondB1maybegivenifonlyonegraphsketchedwithaclearexplanationofthe
similaritiesthattheothergraphwouldhave.
M1 Anattempttoexplainthattheremustbearootbetweenthetwo.
A1 Clearexplanationincludingreferencetocontinuity.
M1 Statementthatthiswouldimplyinfinitelymanyroots.
OR
Statementthatthegradientwouldbenegativeor0atthatrootiftheothertworootshad
positivegradients.
M1 Statementthatthereareatmostroots.
OR
Statementthatanegativeorzerogradientattherootinbetweenwouldgiveapairofroots
contradictingtheearlierconclusion.
A1 Conclusion.
M1 Correctidentificationoftheoutcomefor odd.
A1 Acorrectjustificationfortheconclusion.
M1 Correctidentificationoftheoutcomeforeven.
A1 Acorrectjustificationfortheconclusion.


 


Question4

(i) M1

A1




 B1


  

 M1







M1


 M1
Minimumvalueof is4,therefore 
A1
  
 canbewrittenas forsomevalueof. M1
A1

 Therefore  A1
  
 
 M1
 A1
Criticalvaluesare: 




  
(ii)
If ,then 

 M1


 A1

,so 

  
 Since ,thevalueofmustbethevalueofwhen B1
iswrittenas .
 M1
Therefore 
A1
 
 Tofind: M1


 
 Since ,and thissimplifiesto: M1

 Sowehaveeither or A1
 


M1 Substitutionforinto .
A1 Correctlysimplified.
B1 Correctsimplificationof .
M1 Relationshipbetween and .
M1 Simplificationofthemultiplier.
M1 Justificationthattheminimumvalueis4.
A1 Conclusionthatthegivenstatementiscorrect.
M1 Calculationoftheamplitudeof .
A1 Correctvalue.
A1 Usetodemonstratetherequiredresult.
M1 Rearrangementtogivequadraticinequality.
A1 Solveinequalityandconcludetherangegiven.
M1 Substitutionofintothetwoexpressions.
A1 Demonstrationthattheequationholds.
B1 Statementthatthismustbeanoccasionwhere takesitsmaximumvalue.
M1 Calculationofthevalueof .
A1 Correctsimplification.
M1 Substitutiontofind.
M1 Simplificationoftheequationtoeliminate.
A1 Valuesoffound.


 


Question5

(i) M1
Coefficientof is 

M1
or or  A1

 Expansionistherefore: B1


or


 
  B1
 Thereforethecoefficientof intheexpansionof isthesumof M1
thecoefficientsofthetermsupto intheexpansionof . A1





 
(ii) Write as . B1
 Whenmultiplyingthetwoexpansions,termsin willbeobtainedbymultiplyingthe M1
termin fromoneexpansionbythetermin intheotherexpansion. 
 M1
Thecoefficientof intheexpansionof is 

 M1
Thecoefficientof intheexpansionof is 
 M1
Thecoefficientof intheexpansionof is 
 Therefore,summingoverallpossibilities: A1





 
(iii) Write as  B1
 M1
Thecoefficientof intheexpansionof is 

 M1
Thecoefficientof in is 
A1
 M1
Thecoefficientof in is 

 Therefore M1





 Andso, A1





 


M1 Fullcalculationwrittendown.
M1 factorsinalltermsdealtwith.
A1 Correctexpression.
B1 Expansionwrittenusingsummationnotation.
B1 Expansionof .
M1 Sumthatwillmakeupthecoefficientof identified.
A1 Fullexplanationofgivenresult.
B1 Correctsplittingoftheexpression.
M1 Identificationofthepairsthataretobemultipliedtogether.
M1 Correctstatementofthecoefficientintheexpansionof 
M1 Correctstatementofthecoefficientintheexpansionof 
M1 Correctstatementofthecoefficientintheexpansionof 
A1 Correctconclusion.
Notethattheanswerisgiven,soeachstepmustbeexplainedclearlytoreceivethemark.
B1 Correctsplittingoftheexpression.
M1 Correctstatementofthecoefficientintheexpansionof .
M1 Attempttogetthecoefficientintheexpansionof awardthemarkifnegative
signisincorrect.
A1 Correctcoefficient.
M1 Correctstatementofthecoefficientintheexpansionof .
M1 Combinationofalloftheaboveintothesum.
A1 Correctsimplification.


 


Question6

(i) 


 B1
If ,then andsoLHSbecomes


 ,sotheboundaryconditionisalsosatisfied. B1
  
(ii)


 M1
If ,then andsoLHSbecomes

 A1

 ,sotheboundaryconditionisalsosatisfied. B1
  
(iii) M1
If ,then 

A1
 SubstitutingintotheLHSofthedifferentialequation: M1



 M1
 A1

 Since isasolutionof(*)when : A1


 Since ,isasolutionto(*)when  M1
 A1
Therefore 
 
(iv) B1


 SubstitutingintoLHSof(*)with M1




 M1



 M1

From(*), 

 Therefore,wehave: 



 Let ,thenthissimplifiesto M1



 Andbyapplying(*)when ,thissimplifiesto ,sosatisfies(*)when A1
.
 ,so  A1
 


 B1 Checkthatthefunctionsatisfies thedifferentialequation.
B1 Checkthattheboundaryconditionsaresatisfied.
M1 Differentiationandsubstitution.
A1 Confirmthatthefunctionsatisfiesthedifferentialequation.
B1 Checkthattheboundaryconditionsaresatisfied.
M1 Differentiationof.
A1 Fullycorrectderivative.
M1 SubstitutionintoLHSofthedifferentialequation.
M1 Appropriategrouping.
A1 Expressedtoshowtherelationshipwiththegeneraldifferentialequation.
A1 Useofthefactthat isasolutionofthedifferentialequationtosimplifytotheRHS.
M1 Checktheboundarycondition.
A1 Concludetherequiredrelationship.
B1 Differentiationof.
M1 Substitutionintothecorrectversionofthedifferentialequation.
M1 Groupingoftermstoapplythefactthat isasolutionofadifferentialequation.
M1 Useofthedifferentialequation.
M1 Simplificationoftheresultingexpression.
A1 Conclusionthatthissimplifiedto 
A1 Checkofboundaryconditionandconclusion.


 


Question7

 Let : 
 Limits: B1
 
 
 B1


 


 Swappinglimitsoftheintegralchangesthesign(andwecanreplace byinthe B1
integralontheright:



  
(i) Using(*): M1









 A1




 Therefore M1
A1












 A1




  
(ii) Using(*): 









 M1

 M1

A1




 M1




 A1


 


(iii) Using(*): M1
















 M1
Therefore,if ,then 


 A1




  
(iv) Using(*): M1














 M1


 A1

 Therefore A1






 


B1 Considerationofthelimitsoftheintegral.
B1 Completionofthesubstitution.
B1 Clearexplanationaboutchangingthesignwhenswitchinglimits.
M1 Applicationofthegivenresult.
A1 Simplificationofthetrigonometricratios.
M1 Useoftherelationshipbetweenthetwointegrals.
A1 Integrationcompleted.
A1 Finalanswer.
M1
Correctreplacementofeither or 

M1 Allfunctionsof replaced.

A1 Expressionwrittenintermsof .
M1 Integrationcompleted.
A1 Limitssubstitutedandintegralsimplified.
M1 Simplificationoftheintegral.
M1 Useofpropertiesoflogarithmstoreachanequationin.
A1 Correctvalue.
M1 Rearrangementandsplitintotwointegrals.
M1
Rearrangetowriteintheform .

A1 Correctintegration.
A1 Correctvaluefortheoriginalintegral.


 


Question8


M1

A1


 B1
Sketchof 

 B1
Rectangledrawnwithheight andwidthgoingfrom to 

 B1
Rectangledrawnwithheight andwidthgoingfrom to 

 Atleastoneotherrectangleinbetween,showingthatnogapsareleftbetweenthe B1
rectangles.
 Anexplanationthattherectangleareasmatchthesum. B1
 
(i) M1
Taking andaverylargevalueof,theapproximationsforis 

 Thereforewith , as  A1
 M1
If , as 

 A1
Thereforeanapproximationforis 

 
Similarly,if , as 

 A1
Thereforeanapproximationforis 

  
(ii) M1


 A1



 M1
Theerroris forlargevaluesof.

A1
  
 Theerrorintheestimatefor isapproximately B1





 M1
Using ,







 Therefore: M1

A1



 


M1 Functionintegratedcorrectly.
A1 Limitsapplied.
B1 Sketchonlyrequiredforpositive.
B1 Rectanglemusthavecorrectheight.
B1 Rectanglemusthavecorrectheight.
B1 Itmustbeclearthattherearenogapsbetweentherectangles.
B1 Clearjustification.
M1 Correctexpressionforlarge.Awardthismarkifthefirstintegralfromthequestionisused
inthesubsequentestimates.
A1 Correctexplanationoftheestimateinthiscase.
M1 Valueofintegralforthecase .
A1 Addthefirstvalue.
A1 Applythesameprocessfor .
M1 Evaluationoftheintegralwithappropriatelimits.
A1 Correctexpression.
M1 Calculationoftheerror.
A1 Clearexplanationthatthegivenvalueisthecorrectapproximation.
B1 Expressionoftheerrorasasum.
M1 Useofmostaccurateestimatefrompart(i)
M1 Rearrangementtomakethesumthesubject.
A1 Correctanswer.


 


Question9

(i) Kineticenergylostbybulletis  M1

 Workdoneagainstresistancesis M1
 Energylost=Workdone M1
 A1
Therefore .

  
(ii) Letbethevelocityofthecombinedblock andbullet oncethebullethasstopped M1
movingrelativetotheblock. A1
Momentumisconserved,so 
 Inthecasewheretheblockwasstationary,thebulletcomestorestoveradistanceof M1
A1
,soitsaccelerationis .

 Considerthemotionofthebulletuntilitcomestorestrelativetotheblock: M1
A1



 Since  M1




 Andso: A1




 Theaccelerationoftheblockmustbe timestheaccelerationofthebulletinthe M1

casewheretheblockwasfixed.

 Therefore,theblockacceleratesfromresttoaspeedof overadistanceof. M1

  M1
A1


 Therefore: A1



andso



 Substitutingtoget: M1




 M1


 A1


 


M1 CalculationoftheKineticEnergy.
M1 Calculationoftheworkdone.
M1 Statementthatthetwoareequal.
A1 Rearrangementtogiveexpressionfor.
M1 Considerationofmomentum.
A1 Correctrelationshipstated.
M1 Attempttofindtheaccelerationofthebullet.
A1 Correctexpressionfound.
M1 Applicationoftheaccelerationfoundtothemotionofthebulletwhentheblockmoves.
A1 Correctrelationshipfound.
M1 Useoftherelationshipfoundfrommomentumconsiderations.
A1 Eliminationoffromtheequation.
M1 Statementoftherelationshipbetweenthetwoaccelerations.
M1 Correctidentificationoftheotherinformationrelatingtotheuniformaccelerationofthe
block.
M1 Useof 
A1 Relationshipfound.
A1 Simplificationtogetexpressionfor.
M1 Substitutionintootherequation.
M1 Rearrangementtomakethesubject.
A1 Correctexpression.


 


Question10

 Findthecentreofmassofthetriangle: M1
Letthetwosidesofthetrianglewithequallengthhavelengthandtheotherside
havelength.
Let bethedistanceofthecentreofmassfromthesideandalongthelineof
symmetry.
 M1

M1
 A1


  
 Letthepointofcontactbetweenthetriangleandthepegbeadistance fromthe B1
midpointof. B1
Lettheweightofthetrianglebe,thereactionforceatthepegbeandthe B1
frictionalforceatthepegbe.
Lettheanglebetweenandthehorizontalbe.
 Resolvingparallelto: M1
 A1
 Resolvingperpendicularto: M1
 A1
 B1


 Topreventslipping: M1

 A1
  
 Therefore M1
A1


 andcantakeanyvalueupto,sothelimitoniswhen . M1



 Since  M1
 M1

A1
 


M1 Notationsdevisedtoallowcalculationstobecompleted.Maybeseenonadiagram.
M1 Correctpositionsofcentresofmassesforindividualpieces.
M1 Correctequationwrittendown.
A1 Positionofcentreofmassfound.
B1 Specificationofavariabletorepresentthepositionofthecentreofmass.
B1 Notationsforalloftheforces.
B1 Anappropriateangleidentified.(Allthreeofthesemarksmaybeawardedforsightofthe
featuresonadiagram).
M1 Resolvinginonedirection.
A1 Correctequationstated.Mustuseangle.
M1 Resolvinginanotherdirection.
A1 Correctequationstated.Mustuseangle.
B1 Statementofthevalueof .
M1 Useofcoefficientoffriction.
A1 Correctconclusion.
M1 Substitutionfortheangle.
A1 Correctinequality.
M1 Identificationofthelimitingcase.
M1 Eliminationofthesidelengths.
M1 Inequalityonlyintermsoffound.
A1 Correctanswer.


 


Question11

(i) Sincetheparticlescollidethereisavalueofsuchthat M1


 Multiplythefirstequationbyandmakethesubject: M1

 Multiplythesecondequationbyandmakethesubject: M1

 Equating: M1

andso:

 M1
where  A1
A1
and 

 M1
where  A1
A1
and 

 Since : M1
 A1
andsince 

  
(ii) Vertically: M1

Bulletsheightabovethegroundattimeis  M1

A1
Targetsheightabovethegroundattimeis 


Thereforethecollisionmustoccurwhen 

 
Theverticalheightofthetargetatthistimeis 
A1
 Ifthisisbeforeitreachestheground: M1




 Therefore:

 A1
  
 Boththebulletandtargetareaffectedequallybygravity,soanycollisionwould B1
correspondtothetimeforthestraightlinemotioninpart(i)
 Inpart(i)therecanclearlyonlybeacollisionif B1
 


M1 Pairofequationsstated.
M1 Makethesubjectofthefirstequation.
M1 Makethesubjectofthesecondequation.
M1 Putthetwotogether.
M1 Rewriteintheform .
A1 Correctvalueof.
A1 Correctvalueof .
M1 Rewriteintheform .
A1 Correctvalueof.
A1 Correctvalueof .
M1 Identifythatthetwovaluesofareequal.
A1 Usetherelationshipbetweenthevaluesof toreachthecorrectanswer.
M1 Considerthemotionofthebulletvertically.
M1 Considerthemotionofthetargetvertically.
A1 Findthevalueofforwhichthecollisionoccurs.
A1 Substitutethevalueofintooneoftheexpressionsfortheheight.
M1 Stateasaninequality.
A1 Rearrangetoreachtherequiredinequality.
B1 Relationshipwithpart(i)identified.
B1 Requiredconditionforacollisiontotakeplacein(i)identified.


 


Question12

  M1
 ) M1

  M1
 Therefore: A1


  
 B1
B1



 

(i)  B1

  
(ii) Thereareatotalofarrangementspossible. M1
 ofthesewillhavethethandthinthecorrectposition. M1
 A1


 
(iii) M1
Bysimilarreasoningto(ii)theprobabilitywillbe 

  M1
  A1
  
 Atleastonecardisinthepositionasthenumberitbearsistheunionofallofthe s B1
 M1



 M1
 M1





 A1



 
 Theprobabilitythatnocardsareinthesamepositionasthenumbertheybearis M1



 Thereforetheprobabilitythatexactlyonecardisinthesamepositionasthenumber
itbearsis theprobabilitythatnocardfromasetof isinthe
samepositionasthenumberitbears.
 A1


 


M1 Applicationofthegivenresultappliedforsomesplittingof intotwosets.
M1 Correcthandlingoftheintersectionterminpreviousline.
M1 Intersectionscorrectlyinterpreted.
A1 Fullycorrectstatement.
B1 Allpairwiseintersectionsincluded.
B1 Allothertermsincluded.
B1 Correctanswer.
M1 Totalnumberofarrangementsfound.
OR
Atreediagramdrawn.
M1 Numberofarrangementswheretwoareintherightplacefound.
OR
Correctprobabilitiesonthetreediagram.
A1 Correctprobability.
M1 Totalnumberofarrangementsfound.
OR
Atreediagramdrawn.
M1 Numberofarrangementswheretwoareintherightplacefound.
OR
Correctprobabilitiesonthetreediagram.
A1 Correctprobability.
B1 Identificationoftherequiredeventintermsoftheindividual s.
M1 Useofthegeneralisationoftheformulafromthestartofthequestion(precisenotationnot
required).
M1 Atleastoneoftheindividualsumsworkedoutcorrectly.
M1 Allofthepartsofthesumworkedoutcorrectly.
A1 Correctanswer.
M1 Probabilityofnocardincorrectpositionfound.
A1 Correctanswer.


 


Question13

(i) B1
isapproximatedby,so 

B1
 A1
Intermsof,thisis 

 Theprobabilityisthereforegivenby M1








 M1
Thiscanbeapproximatedasarectanglewithawidthof andaheightof .

A1
Theareaistherefore 




 
(ii) B1
canbeapproximatedby ,so 

B1
 Inthesamewayaspart(i) canbeapproximatedbyarectangleofheight M1
A1
.Thewidthwillnowbe .

 Therefore: M1
A1
 A1

 Rearranginggives: B1



  
(iii) B1
canbeapproximatedby ,so 

 Inthesamewayaspart(i) canbeapproximatedbyarectangleofheight M1
A1
.Thewidthwillnowbe .Theareaistherefore .

 Therefore:
 M1

A1
 Whichsimplifiesto: A1

 


 B1 Correctapproximation.
B1 Probabilitywithcontinuitycorrectionapplied.
A1 Convertedtostandardnormaldistribution.
M1 Expressionoftheprobabilityasanintegral.
M1 Useofarectangletoapproximatethearea.
A1 Correctanswer.
B1 Correctapproximation.
B1 Probabilitywithcontinuitycorrectionapplied.
M1 Useofarectangletoapproximatethearea.
A1 Correctdimensionsintermsof.
M1 UseofformulaforBinomialprobability.
A1 Correctsubstitution.
A1 Correctvalueforapproximation.
B1 Rearrangetogiveanswerfromthequestion.
B1 Correctapproximation.
M1 Onedimensionfortheapproximatingrectanglecorrect.
A1 Correctapproximation.
M1 UseofformulaforPoissonprobability.
A1 Correctsubstitution.
A1 Simplificationtotherequiredform.



 ^dW///DARK^CHEME

1. (i)








M1A1







M1A1 M1






A1*  (6)
(ii)






M1A1

 



M1A1


 


M1

 


A1

A1*(7)

(iii)Suppose forsomeintegerk, 


B1

Then 


M1






soresulttruefork+1.M1A1

For ,



 

  M1A1


whichisthecorrectresult.

Soresulthasbeenprovedby(principleof)(mathematical)induction.dB1(7)

 



2.(i) 

 


So 

Thus,thegradientofthenormalatQis.M1A1

ButthisnormalisthechordPQandsohasgradient M1A1

So whichrearrangesto A1*(5)

(ii) Similarly, 

 B1

Makingpthesubjectofeachresult, 

So 



As , M1A1

ThelineQRis 

Thatis 



Again,as ,and , M1A1

Because ,QRis 

Sowhen , andthus isasuitablefixedpoint.B1(6)

(iii)Because and subtractinggives



Again,as , M1A1

SothelineQRis M1

ThelineOPis i.e. B1

ThustheintersectionofQRandOPisat ,whichlieson .B1(5)



Suppose ,then  M1


Asthisequationhastwodistinctrealroots,qandr,thenthediscriminantispositiveM1

andso

A1so thatis whichmeansthatthedistanceofthatpointof


intersectionislessthan fromthexaxis.A1*(4)

 


3.(i)



Itisrequiredthat soitfollowsthat

    M1A1

Thus,

Letting , so andthusQhasafactor asrequired.

   M1A1(4)

Supposethatthedegreeofispandthatofisq.   M1

Thenthedegreeofis andofis 
So hasdegreep, hasdegree ,hasdegree ,
hasdegree ,andthus hasdegree 

      A1

hasdegree 

Thus whichmeansthat asrequired.  A1(3)

If , ,andso

    M1A1

Thatis 

andso  B1

Therefore  M1

andequatingcoefficients

 

     A1

Theseequationsareconsistent,with so  A1(6)

(ii)ForsuchPandQtoexist, 


andso

     M1

and


     A1

Letting , so andthusQhasafactor asbeforein(i).

However,letting ,then   M1

andso

Letting , ,but asPandQhavenocommonfactors,andso

whichmeansthatRinturnhasafactor .  A1

ThusQmusthaveafactorof .

Suppose ,where and  M1

Then


becomes

Dividingbythefactor gives,

     A1

Letting , ,but , and givinga

contradictionandhencenosuchPandQcanexist.  E1

 


4.(i)



     B1

Therefore




   M1    M1A1

As ,as ,   M1

So




         A1*(6)

(ii)



     M1

Thus



      A1

Soif ,M1





      A1  A1

Thus





       




      M1A1*(7)

(iii)

     M1A1

 A1       M1A1

     M1   A1(7)

 


5.(i)



       B1

      M1

      M1

andhence     A1*(4)


(ii) isaninteger.  E1

Ifpisaprimegreaterthan andlessthanorequalto ,thenpisafactorof 

          E1

andisnotafactorof ,E1andsoitisafactorof . E1


Therefore, ,whichistheproductofsuchprimes,divides .  E1


Hence, where isaninteger,M1andhence


 ,i.e.  A1*(7)

(iii)  M1

i.e. andso applyinggivenconditionE1

By(ii),  M1

Thus, asrequired. A1*(4)

(iv)Suppose forall forsomeparticular .  E1

Thenif , by(iii).    E1

(equalityas isnotprime)using(iii). E1

Soif , . E1

andhencerequiredresultistruebyprincipleofmathematicalinduction.dE1(5)

 


6.


Sowerequire  and  whichispossibleif 

Thus and . B1

If ,then  B1

If ,then  canbewritten

 

requiring  and  .

So and   B1

If ,then  B1

IF ,then  canbewritten 

requiring  and  ,so and B1(5)

(i)   M1

Thus   A1

So  usingfirstresultofquestion M1


 

M1

andso

A1*(5)

(ii)

 M1A1(2)


(iii)Forintersectiontooccurattwodistinctpoints,werequiretwosolutionstoexisttothe
equationsconsideredsimultaneously.Consideringthetwographs,therecanbeatmostonlyone
intersection,whichwouldoccurfor ,if .

Thuswerequire and   M1

Thatis .  A1

Similarlyviceversa,iftheseconditionsapply,thentherearetwosolutionsandhencetwo
intersections.  E1(3)

(iv)Totouch,werequiretwocoincidentsolutions.i.e. 

Thatis ,andequally,ifthisappliesthentheywilltouch,  E1

so



     M1

andthus 

   A1    M1 A1(5)

 


7.If



thenif ,

      M1

So  arethenrootsof ,thatisof . A1

Thus isafactorof      B1

Hence andcomparingcoefficientsof , 

          M1

Soasrequired   A1*(5)

(i)Withoutlossofgenerality,let berepresentedby    M1

Thenwillberepresentedeitherby ,or with  M1

   

          M1

  A1    A1      A1*

or as becausen

iseven.  E1(7)

So asrequired.

Fornodd,



           M1A1

or

         B1

if ,and if A1(4)


(ii)


         M1

But

andso

          M1

          A1

istrueforallsofor , A1*(4)

 


8.(i) 

Let ,then 

i.e. 

Let ,then asrequired.  E1

Substitutingforfromtheequationjustobtainedintheoriginal, M1

Thus ,andhence   M1A1

Verification: asrequired. B1(5)

(ii) 




    M1  M1    A1*(3)

asrequired.

So




         M1

Thatis



         A1

Sosubstitutingfor fromtheequationjustobtainedintheinitialequationM1





    M1A1*(5)

Notrequiredverification:




asexpected.

(iii)



   (EquationA)

      M1A1

Thus



   (EquationB)

Then



      M1A1

Thatis



   (EquationC)


A+CBgives     M1



     A1

So



     A1(7)

Notrequiredverification:



asexpected.

 



9. oralternatively  M1A1

Sotheextensionis .     A1*(3)

Displacingadistancetowards,willbe M1A1

andthusthetensioninwillbe




       M1A1*(4)

Thecosineoftheanglebetweenandproducedwillbe




    B1

sotheequationofmotionfor,resolvinginthedirectionis

       M1A1A1(4)

so

    M1A1


















      A1

      M1A1

      M1






     A1

Thisisapproximatelytheequationofsimpleharmonicmotionwithperiod

asrequired.M1A1*(9)

 


10.Resolvingupwardsalongalineofgreatestslopeinitially,ifthetensioninthestringis,



   M1  M1B1A1(4)

Resolvingperpendiculartotheslope,ifthenormalcontactforceis,


     M1A1(2)

Theparticlewillnotimmediatelyleavetheplaneif .  M1

Thisis


     A1

So





     M1

Thatis



whichbecomes   M1

or,asrequired,     A1*(5)

Anecessaryconditionfortheparticletoperformacompletecirclewhilstincontactwiththeplaneis
thatthestringremainsintensionwhentheparticleisatitshighestpointinthemotion.E1

Ifthespeedoftheparticleatthatmomentisv,thenconservingenergy,



      M1A1

andthus 

Resolvingdownwardsalongalineofgreatestslope,ifthetensioninthestringisnow,



      B1



  

    M1

whichmeansthat



Thus        A1(6)

Aswealreadyhave 

 

       M1

So  

i.e.  or,asisrequired,   M1A1*(3)

 


11.(i)Suppose forsomeconstant

Thenas , giving  B1

As ,     M1

Separatingvariables,



      M1

So



      M1A1

So



      M1A1

Thus



      M1A1(9)

(ii)Suppose forsomeconstant

Then giving   B1

Again,as ,




      M1


So



     M1A1




Thus      M1A1(6)

(iii) = 

      M1

 A1   M1   A1

So islargerthan    A1(5)

 


12.(i)   B1

So M1A1and M1A1

So 

   M1   M1A1

SobyChebyshev, asrequired.A1*(9)

(ii)Suppose  B1

Then B1and  B1

ByChebyshev, 

solet andhence 

M1   A1

 
 

 M1   A1   A1


So   M1A1


andhence  A1*(11)

 


13.Let ,then  B1

       B1

       B1

sothekurtosisof is



whichisthesameasthatfor     B1*(4)

(i)If thenithaspdf




So




     M1A1

Byparts,

    M1A1

    A1

Sothekurtosisis





asrequired.     (5)


(ii)

     M1A1

wherethesummationisoverallvalueswithoutrepetition.
AstheYsareindependent,theexpectationofproductsareproductsofexpectationsandas

 ,

     M1

     A1*(4)

(iii)



Let thenbythefirstresult,thekurtosisof is,

i.e.



so   M1A1

and

    B1


sothekurtosisof



is



     M1

Let



Thenwerequire



whichby(ii)is




     M1A1

     A1*(7)



.

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