5/1/2017 BergeronLineModelOpenElectrical

BergeronLineModel
FromOpenElectrical

Contents
1 Introduction
2 SinglePhaseLines
2.1 LosslessLines
2.2 GenericLinesandhowtheBergeronModelBreaksDown
2.3 WorkaroundforLossyLines
3 MultiConductorLines
3.1 LosslessLines
3.2 LossyLines
4 References
5 RelatedTopics

Introduction
TheBergeronlinemodelisadiscretetimerepresentationofthetravellingwavemodelwithconstantlineparametersthatis
conducivetocomputerimplementation.ThemodeltakesitsnamefromLouisBergeron,whofirstthedevelopeddiscretetime
modelsinthe1940s[1].Prof.HermannDommel(http://power.ece.ubc.ca/index_Hermann.html)thenappliedthetechniqueto
theEMTPprograminthelate1960s.

WefirstderivetheBergeronmodelforalosslesssinglephaselineandthenexplainwhythismodelisunsuitableforageneric
lossyline.Welookataworkaroundtorepresentlossylinesandlastlyextendthemodeltomulticonductorlines.

SinglePhaseLines
LosslessLines

Consideralosslesssinglephasetransmissionlineofdistancel metresfromstartingnodekandendingatnodem,i.e.

Figure1.Losslesssinglephaselineoflengthl

Recallfromthetravellingwavelinemodelthefollowingpairofvoltageandcurrentequations:

+
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+
I (x, t) = i (x vt) + i (x + vt)

+
V (x, t) = Zc [i (x vt) i (x + vt)]

IfweaddZc I (x, t) tothevoltageequation,weget:

+
V (x, t) + Zc I (x, t) = 2Zc i (x vt) ...Equ.(1)

Similarly,ifwesubtractZc I (x, t) fromthevoltageequation,weget:

V (x, t) Zc I (x, t) = 2Zc i (x vt) ...Equ.(2)

LookingatEquation(1),wecanseethatthelefthandsideV (x, t) + Zc I (x, t) remainsconstantif(x vt) isalso

constant.SimilarlyforEquation(2),V (x, t) Zc I (x, t) remainsconstantif(x + vt) isalsoconstant.

ThekeyinsighttotheBergeronmodelisthis:(x vt) or(x + vt) isconstanttoanobserverthatistravellingatthe

sameconstantspeedv andinthesamedirectionasthetravellingwave.

Toprovethis,considerthedistancextravelledbyanobservermovingatthesamespeedanddirectionalongthelineasthe
travellingwaveoversometimet:

x = x 0 + vt

Wherex 0 isthestartinglocationoftheobserverontheline.Rearrangingthisequation,wecanseethatx vt = x0 isa

constant.

Giventhelengthofthelinel andspeedv ,wecancalculatethetraveltimeoftheline :

l
= = lLC
v

Sinceittakes secondsforawaveformtotravelthelinefromnodektonodem,wecanconcludethatifanobserver
travellingwiththeforwardtravellingwaveseesavalueofV + Zc I asheleavesnodekattime(t ) ,thentheobserver
willseethesamevaluewhenhearrivesatnodemattimet .

Mathematically,wegetthefollowingrelationshipbetweenthenodeskandm:

Vk (t ) + Zc Ik,m (t ) = Vm (t) Zc Im,k (t) ...Equ.(3)

(NotethatthenegativesignontherighthandsideissimplytoreflectthedirectionofcurrentIm,k asshowninFigure1).

Followingthesamelogicforthebackwardtravellingwave,weget:

Vm (t ) + Zc Im,k (t ) = Vk (t) Zc Ik,m (t) ...Equ.(4)

WecanrearrangeEquations(3)and(4)tosolveforIk,m andIm,k :

Vk (t) Vm (t )
Ik,m (t) = Im,k (t )
Zc Zc

Vm (t) Vk (t )
Im,k (t) = Ik,m (t )
Zc Zc

Theaboveequationscanberewrittenasfollows:
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Vk (t)
Ik,m (t) = + Ik (t ) ...Equ.(5)
Zc

Vm (t)
Im,k (t) = + Im (t ) ...Equ.(6)
Zc

Vm (t )
WhereIk (t ) = Im,k (t )
Zc

Vk (t )
andIm (t ) = Ik,m (t )
Zc

NoticethattheexpressionsforIk (t ) andIm (t ) arecomposedofvaluesfromthepast.Thisispreciselywhat

makestheBergeronmodeleasytoimplementinacomputerprogram,sincepastvaluesofvoltageandcurrentcanbestoredin
memoryassocalled"historyvectors".

Lastly,thereasonforrewritingtheequationsasaboveissothatwecanrepresentEquations(5)and(6)astheNorton
equivalentcircuitinFigure2below.

Figure2.Bergeronmodelequivalentcircuit(singlephaseline)

GenericLinesandhowtheBergeronModelBreaksDown

Considerthegenericsinglephasedistributedparameterlinemodeloflengthl metresshowninFigure3.Notethatthemodel
isrepresentedasfunctionsofbothdistanceandtime.

Wecanrepresenttheserieselementsasanimpedanceandtheshuntelementsasanadmittanceasfollows:

z = R + jL = R + jX

1
y = + jC = G + jB
R sh

WhereR istheseriesresistance(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance)(/m)

X istheseriesreactance(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_reactance)(/m)
G istheshuntconductance(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductance)(S /m)
B istheshuntsusceptance(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susceptance)(S /m)

Ifweonlyconsiderthismodelinthesteadystate(i.e.thefrequencydomain),thentimecanbeneglectedandthemodelis
exactlyliketheconventionalsinglephasedistributedparameterlinemodel.

Recallthatthesolutiontothevoltageandcurrentofthesteadystatemodelisasfollows:

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Figure3.Agenericsinglephasedistributedparameterlinemodel

Vm I m,k Zc Vm + I m,k Zc
Vk = ( )e
l
+ ( )e
l
...Equ.(7)
2 2

Vm I m,k Zc Vm + I m,k Zc
I k,m Zc = ( )e
l
( )e
l
...Equ.(8)
2 2

Where =
zy = (R + jL)(G + jC )

z (R + jL)
Zc = =
y (G + jC )

Thingstonote:

1)Voltageandcurrentarecomplexphasorshencetheyareinbold.
2)Theequationshaveslightlydifferentsignstothosederivedinthedistributedparameterlinemodel.Thisisbecause
thedirectionofcurrentIm,k (t) inFigure3issetintheoppositedirectioninthismodel.

Likewedidaboveinthelosslessmodel,wecanaddEqu.(7)toEqu.(8)toget:

Vk + I k,m Zc = (Vm I m,k Zc ) e

l
...Equ.(9)

Similarly,wecansubtractEqu.(8)fromEqu.(7)toget:

Vk I k,m Zc = (Vm + I m,k Zc ) e

l
...Equ.(10)

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RearrangingEqu.(9)andEqu.(10)tosolveforthecurrentsI m,k andI k,m :

Vm Vk l l
I m,k = e I k,m e ...Equ.(11)
Zc Zc

Vk Vm l l
I k,m = e I m,k e ...Equ.(12)
Zc Zc

FromFourierTransformtheory(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform#Functional_relationships),weknowthat
multiplyingbyacomplexexponentialinthefrequencydomainisequivalenttoatimeshiftinthetimedomain.Therefore,the
equations(11)and(12)aboveinthefrequencydomaincanbemadeequivalenttoequations(5)and(6)inthetimedomainif
andonlyifthelineislossless,i.e.R=G=0.

Inthelosslesscase,theexponentialpartofel is:



l = zy l = (jL)(jC )l = jLC l = j

Where isthetraveltimethatwecalculatedabove.

Thecharacteristicimpedanceisalsoascalarfrequencyindependentconstant:


z (jL) L
Zc = = =
y (jC ) C

Howeverifthelineisnotlossless,thenwecanseethatthepropagationconstantandcharacteristicimpedancearefrequency
dependent,i.e.


= zy = (R + jL)(G + jC )

z (R + jL)
Zc = =
y (G + jC )

Sincetheseparametersarecomplexandfrequencydependent,themodeldoesnotsimplifytoasimpletimeshiftinthetime
domainaswesawinthelosslesscase,i.e.thesignalsareattenuatedanddistortedinthelossycase.ThereforetheBergeron
modelcannotbeusedforthegeneric(lossy)distributedparameterlineandafrequencydependentlinemodelisrequired.

WorkaroundforLossyLines

WesawabovethattheBergeronmodeldoesn'tworkforlossydistributedparameterlines.However,wecanworkaroundthis
limitationbyassumingthattheshuntconductancesarenegligibleandtheseriesresistancesarelumpedattheendsoftheline
andinthemiddle.ThelineisthereforemodelledastwolosslessBergeronequivalentcircuitswithlumpedresistancesatthe
middleandends(seeFigure4below).

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Figure4.Bergeronmodelforalossyline

R
Thisworkaroundmodelisreasonablyaccuratewhen << Zc .However,ifthisdoesn'thold(forexample,atveryhigh
4
frequencieswhenskineffectsleadtohighresistances)and/orshuntconductancesaresignificant,thenthelineneedstobe
brokendownintosmallersections.

MultiConductorLines
LosslessLines

Asdescribedinthearticleonthetravellingwavemodel,thesinglephaselosslesslinecanbeextendedtoamulticonductor
linebyusingamodaltransformationtodecouplethephases.Theresultingmodal(012)quantitiesformthreedecoupled
Bergeronequivalentcircuitsthatcanbethensolvedindependently.Finally,theparametersaretransformedbacktothephase
domain.Figure5showshowthemulticonductorBergeronmodelisstructured.

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Figure5.MulticonductorlosslessBergeronmodel

LossyLines

Likeinthesinglephasecase,themulticonductorBergeronmodelisnotsuitableforgenericlossylinesandaworkaround
mustbeusedwhereseriesresistancesarelumpedatthemiddleandendsoftheline.NotethattheshuntconductanceGisstill
assumedtobenegligible.

References
[1]Bergeron,LouisJeanBaptiste"DuCoupdeBlierenHydrauliqueAuCoupdeFoudreenElectricit
(Waterhammerinhydraulicsandwavesurgesinelectricity)",1950,Paris:Dunod(inFrench)(Englishtranslationby
ASMECommittee,NewYork:JohnWiley&Sons,1961.)

RelatedTopics
OverheadLineModels
TravellingWaveLineModel
DistributedParameterLineModel
FrequencyDependentLineModel

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Categories: Modelling/Analysis OverheadLines

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