Air Rage

The first recorded case of an airline passenger turning seriously violent during a flight, a
phenomenon now widely known as air rage, happened in 1947 on a flight from Havana to
Miami. A drunk man assaulted another passenger and bit a flight attendant. However, the
man escaped punishment because it was not then clear under whose legal control a crime
committed on plane was, the country where the plane was registered or the country where
the crime was committed. In 1963, at the Tokyo convention, it was decided that the laws of
the country where the plane is registered take precedence.
The frequency of air rage has expanded out of proportion to the growth of air travel. Until
recently few statistic were gathered about air rage, but those that have been indicate that
passengers are increasingly likely to cause trouble or engage in violent acts. For example, in
1998 there were 266 air rage incidents out of approximately four million passengers, a 400%
increase from 1995. In the same period American Airlines showed a 200% rise. Air travel is
predicted to rise by 5% internationally by 2010 leading to increased airport congestion. This,
coupled with the flying publics increased aggression, means that air rage may become a
major issue in coming years.
Aside from discomfort and disruption, air rage poses some very real dangers to flying. The
most extreme of these is when out of control passengers enter the cockpit. This has actually
happened on a number of occasions, the worst of which have resulted in the death and
injury of pilots or the intruder taking control of the plane, almost resulting in crashes. In
addition, berserk passengers sometimes attempt to open the emergency doors while in
flight, putting the whole aircraft in danger. These are extreme examples and cases of air
rage more commonly result in physical assaults on fellow passengers and crew such as
throwing objects, punching, stabbing or scalding with hot coffee.

Look at the words in the table and decide which word will fit in the reading gap fill
summary.

predicted rose incident passenger found assault

established occurring hoped increased injury passengers

The first time that an (1) of air rage was recorded was in the 1940s, but
the passenger was never actually charged for an offence because there were no
clear rules in place to specify where to prosecute. It was later (2) that it
would be the country where the plane is registered. Air rage has (3)
significantly since this time, growing by a staggering 400% from 1995 to 1998. Air
rage is (4) to be a major problem in the future as air travel increases,
as do levels of aggression. Angry (5) can put everyone in danger
including the pilots, the crew and the other passengers, with some form of
(6) being the most common consequence.
 Pitcairn Island
The Pitcairn Islands are 1)_________ located in the South Pacific Ocean, about
halfway 2) ____________ between Peru and New Zealand. The larger island of
Pitcairn was 3) _____________ discovered in 1767 by the British and settled in
1790 by the mutineers from the English ship 'Bounty' and their Tahitian companions. Pitcairn was the
4) _____________ first Pacific island to become a British colony (in 1838) and today
5) _____________ remains the last vestige of the British empire in the South Pacific. The
population of about 50 are the 6) _____________ descendants of the Bounty
mutineers and their Tahitian wives. English is the official language, but many islanders communicate
in Pitcairnese (a pidgin language comprising of elements of 18th century English and a Tahitian
dialect).
The 7) ______________ inhabitants of this tiny island exist on fishing, subsistence
farming, handicrafts, and postage stamps. The fertile soil of the valleys produces a wide 8)
_____________ variety of fruits and vegetables, including citrus, sugarcane, watermelons,
bananas, yams, and beans. Bartering is an 9) ________________ important part of
the economy. The major sources of revenue are the sale of postage stamps to collectors and the sale
of handicrafts to passing 10) _______ ships . It has no port or 11)
______________ natural harbour; and supplies must be transported by rowed longboat
from larger ships stationed 12) ______________ offshore .
1 a) located b) sited c) stationed d) settled
2 a) middle b) between c) centre d) close
3 a) uncovered b) discovered c) created d) invented
4 a) opening b) premiere c) beginning d) first
5 a) remains b) remnant c) spare d) residue
6 a) ancestors b) descendants c) heir d) successor
7 a) dwellers b) tenants c) inhabitants d) public
8 a) different b) variety c) types d) diversity
9 a) crucial b) important c) major d) vital
10 a) cars b) planes c) motor-boats d) ships
11 a) natural b) pure c) native d) creation
12 a) offshore b) inshore c) shore d) coast
-------------------------

TRINITY COLLEGE
Trinity College was 1) ___________ by Sir Thomas Pope in 1555. A devout catholic with no
surviving children, Thomas Pope saw the Foundation of an Oxford college as a means of 2)
___________that he and his family would always be remembered in the prayers and
masses of its members. He came from a family of small 3) _____________ in Oxfordshire,
trained as a lawyer, and rose rapidly to prominence 4) ____________ Henry VIII. As
Treasurer of the Court of Augmentations he handled the estates of the monasteries
5) _______________ at the Reformation, and amassed a considerable personal 6)
_____________. Pope was a discreet and trusted privy counsellor of Mary Tudor, and it was
from Mary and Philip that he 7) ______ Letters Patent and royal approval for his new
foundation. Pope died in 1559. Although his religious 8) ______ were never fully realised -
Elizabeth I had succeeded her sister and England 9) __________ to the Protestant faith -
nonetheless the memory of his name, like his college, has endured the fluctuating fortunes
of over 400 years. His wife, Lady Elizabeth Pope, was a particularly influential 10)
___________ in Trinity's early years. Pope's foundation was for a President, twelve Fellows
and twelve scholars, all supported by the income from his 11) ______________ endowment
of lands, and for up to twenty undergraduates. The Fellows, all men, were required to take
Holy Orders and remain unmarried. The College Statutes set out rules for a simple monastic
life of religious observance and study. The Garden was an informal grove of trees, mainly
elms, amongst which the members of the College could 12) ______________ and meditate.

1 a) founded b) set c) begin d)starting

2 a) securing b) ensuring c) clinching d) verifying
3 a) owners b) landownersc) freeholdersd) mistresses
4 a) with b) on c) under d) because
5 a) dissolved b) disintegrated c) crumbled d) withered
6 a) fortune b) wealth c) rich d) money
7 a) inherited b) conferred b) received d) excepted
8 a) ideals b) examples c) belief d) value
9 a) rejoined b) repeated c) returned d) reinstated
10 a) outline b) symbol c) shape d) figure
11 a) generous b) generosity c) bounty d) teeming
12 a) prowl b) walk c) promenade d) yomp

English in Europe
English has without a 1) ______________ become the second language of Europe and the
world. European countries which have most 2) ______________ assimilated English into
daily life are England's neighbours in Northern Europe: Ireland, the Netherlands, Sweden,
Norway, and the 3)____________ of Scandanavia.
The situation is so 4) ______________ that any visitor to the Netherlands will soon be 5)
______ of the pressure of English on daily life: television, radio and print 6) __________ it
into every home and the schoolyard 7) _____________ of children; advertisers use it to 8)
__________ up their message, journalists take refuge in it when their home-bred skills 9)
___________ them. Increasingly one hears the 10) ______________ that Dutch will give
way to English as the national tongue within two or three generations ...
1 a) question b) doubt c) problem d) thought
2 a) successfully b) victorious c) successful d) lucrative
3 a) rest b) additional c) remaining d) extra
4 a) plain b) open c) blatant d) marked
5 a) ignorant b) aware c) oblivious d) acquainted
6 a) guide b) bring c) shift d) haul
7 a) conversation b) head-to-head c) consultation d) dialogue
8 a) life b) energy c) enthusiasm d) pep
9 a) succeed b) fall c) fail d) fizzle
10 a) feeling b) posture c) judgement d) view
Choose from the following sentences to fill the spaces in the text. There is

one extra.

A. Using a microwave for cooking a large food mass is difficult due to limited penetration of

microwaves.

B. This can be overcome by leaving the food to stand for a few minutes when cooking is

completed.

C. It is advised that the water should be poured slowly into another container that already

contains the powder.

D. In this way, buying a microwave oven with a turntable ensure the food is cooked

throughout.

E. Conversely the microwaves do not heat glass, ceramic and plastic containers.

F. If the microwaves are not absorbed inside the oven, the oven can be damaged by

electrical arcs and overheating of the microwave source.

G. When water in that state is disturbed, it can suddenly and unexpectedly boil violently.

TEXT:

Microwaving is a method of cooking where food is bombarded by microwaves, usually within

an appliance called a microwave oven which excite the water, fat and sugar molecules,
thereby heating (cooking) both the outside and center of the food at the same time. (1)
______ (A common myth is that a microwave oven cooks from the center of the food
outward. This appears to happen because heat generated at the surface escapes more
readily from the surface of the food into the surrounding air.) One advantage of microwaving
is that small amounts of food can be heated very quickly, making it useful for reheating
leftovers.
The disadvantage is that food which is microwaved does not undergo some of the chemical
reactions, such as browning, which makes the food visually attractive. Primitive microwave
ovens often do not cook evenly, leading to a concern that bacteria easily killed by more
traditional cooking methods may survive the quick cooking time in "cold spots", though the
food item as a whole is cooked to a safe average temperature. (2) ______ Some high-end
microwave ovens are combined with a convection oven which basically cook the food using
microwave and hot air simultaneously to achieve both the fast cooking time and browning
effect.
(3) _________ However microwave ovens are used in some fast food chains and special
microwave bags are available for cooking fowl or large joints of meat.
Professional chefs generally recommend using microwaves for a limited set of tasks,
including: melting fats (such as butter) and chocolate, cooking grains like oatmeal and grits,
cooking rice, thawing frozen meats and vegetables before cooking by other methods and
quickly reheating already-cooked foods.
Using a microwave to boil water is potentially dangerous, due to superheating. In a
microwave, water can be raised quickly to a temperature above the boiling point before
major bubbles form, especially if it is purified and in a very clean glass vessel. (4) _______
This effect is rare, even for scientists who try to deliberately recreate it, and any seed
whatsoever for boiling is likely to prevent the problem. Boiling water with, for instance, a
teabag already in it will prevent any dangers by providing a seed, as will using a mug that is
not perfectly clean.
The risk greatly increases when water has already been boiled once in the same container.
This situation can occur if the user of the oven boiled the water once, forgot about it, then
came back later to boil it again. The first time the water boils, the seed bubbles (microscopic
bubbles of air around which larger steam bubbles grow) are used up and largely eliminated
from the water as it cools down. When the water is heated again, the lack of seed bubbles
causes superheating, and a risk of a steam explosion when the water's surface is disturbed.
Placing something in the water before heating can mostly alleviate this risk. If you are
planning to mix something with the water, say tea or hot chocolate, adding it before heating
will insure that the water boils. Otherwise, placing a wood object, for instance a chopstick, in
the water before heating will also work.
Care should be taken when removing heated water from a microwave. Make sure that the
hands are protected from possible liquid boil-over, place the container on a level, heat-proof
surface and stir liquid with a warm spoon. Also, never add powdered substances (such as
instant coffee or cocoa mix) to the container taken from the microwave, due to the addition of
all those seed bubbles and the potential for violent, spontaneous boiling. (5) ________
Metal objects, such as metal utensils, in a microwave oven can lead to dangerous situations.
Metals do not absorb microwaves effectively. Instead, metals reflect microwaves, thereby
preventing the latter from reaching the food. (6) __________ Thin metal layers, such as
metal foil and mugs with metal trim can melt or burn due to the strong electrical currents that
are generated in metal objects. However, small solid metal objects, such as spoons, in
combination with a large amount of absorbing food or liquid, normally do not lead to
problems.
____________________
My name's Hannah and I'm twenty years old. I've got a daughter ___________Nicole. She's
___________three now. I live in a small flat _________the city centre. It isn't a nice place to live. It's
very noisy and dirty and there is ____________for Nicole to play.

I want to move out of the city and live in the countryside. But it's very expensive to live there. I will

need to earn Selectanythisenough money to buy a house. There aren't ____________flats for
sale in the small villages near here. I will need to buy a car ___________

That's why I study at college. I'm studying Business. While I am at college, my mum looks
________________Nicole. My mum really likes spending time with her. In the evening, I work as a
cleaner. I clean people's houses. Nicole comes with me. She plays ______________with her toys
while I work.

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