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CONTENTS
Page No.
List of Abbreviations 3
List of Figure 4
List of Tables 5
1. Acknowledgement 6
2. Introduction 7
3. Structure of PTO. 8
4. About Organization 9
4.1 Aim
4.2 History of police Telecom.
5. Organization of Telecom Branch. 10
6. Trades in MP police telecom. 11
7. Communication services of MP police Telecom. 12
8. Availability of Wireless sets in State. 13
9. Future necessity. 14
10. Dial 100. 15
10.1 Call taker
10.2 Dispatcher
10.3 FRV
11. POLNET 22
12. VHF and Trunking. 26
13. TETRA 30
14. CCTV 33
15. Different communication Radio Sets. 37
16. Assignment completed during training. 41
17. Conclusion. 52
18. Problems and difficulties Encountered and 53
Guide line for the betterment/suggestions.
19. Bibliography 58
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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List of Abbreviations
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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Industrial Training Report
List of Figures
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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Industrial Training Report
LIST OF TABLES
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly I would wish to acknowledge Mr. Anil Maheshwari (Sr. Supdt. of Police - Radio,
Bhopal) for granting me the permission to undertake Industrial Training in this esteemed
organisation and for providing me all the facilities. I am highly thankful to him for helping me
during training and providing highly valuable technical acumen, constructive criticism and moral
support.
Sweety Sagar
(0103EC131114)
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The police telecommunication dept. of Bhopal is a head quarter of M.P, it is the central
Governing unit that governs all the dist. Of MP. The telecom section of the MP state police
use various type of communication they have POLNET, VHF, HF, Data Pro, Email,
Trunking, Tetra and Dial 100 for different purposes. The Police communication is a highly
secured type of communication mainly the police are using the two basic handsets that are
based on VHF and Trunking techniques. The most of the equipments used by the police are
the best technologies available in Present. Mostly the equipments are purchased from
Motorola.
Madhya Pradesh is the first state that is having Dial 100 facility state Government subscribes
to the view that development and security are two faces of same coin. Perception of safety
and security is very important to attract large scale investment. People feel secure only when
they believe that government agencies would be readily available at their service in case of
emergency. State has statutory responsibility to establish the State control room under
section 41-C of code of Criminal Procedure.
In emergency, people are generally made to contact local police station or police officers to
get police services. But contacting appropriate police station or right police officer is always
a challenge in the present police station centric system. Hence state government has
approved setting up of a state level dial 100 based police control room cum command and
coordination center at Bhopal to empower, people to connect to police and get police
assistance anytime, anywhere at very short response time. This service will be comparable
to legendary 9-1-1 service of United State of America.
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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CHAPTER 2
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF PTO
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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Industrial Training Report
CHAPTER 3
ABOUT ORGANIZATION
3.1 Aim
Police telecom organization provides satisfactory and quick communication to
maintain law and order of the state to take action against culprits, during VVIP
visits, elections and natural disaster.
1st November 1956 at the time of formation of MP state, 16 distt. Of M.P, Madhya
Bharat, Vindhya state and Bhopal state were included for existence of M.P. For the
communication facility to Police force, Radio unit established and it is headed by
Shri N.C Ray Senior superintends of police (Radio). At that time total 58 Radio
stations were established and disposal sets of Army were used.
In the year 1972 Government of India permitted to open new Radio stations under
police modernization scheme and provided some equipment for Anti Dacoity
operation and state government also purchased equipment under procurement of
allotted budget. Some force (man power) sanctioned under modernization scheme
of Government of India and some force sanctioned for operation and maintenance
purpose by the state Government also.
Apart from this, for the maintenance of equipments requirement for technicians
felt for this purpose. An aptitude test were conducted by the Police wireless
organization for qualified persons from science higher secondary and interested in
radio technician work and successful candidate were sent for training.
In view of the need of communication system for Anti Dacoit operation and for
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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Now as much as 171 wireless stations are in existence so far. In decade 1980s up to
Thana level Vhf Communication system had been established.
At that time disposal Army sets BC-191 and Valve type set was in operation mainly
BC-191 , BC-375 , Safi- 62 , HM -30 , MF-753 , GH- 650 ,GM-750 , LVS , GH-301
, Main Pack LVB -213 , LVM -208 , GV -650 etc . In decade 1980s Teleprinter,
AMSS, Solid state radio equipment, VHF lower band sets and repeaters equipped
with modern feature, 100 watt wireless sets, ETP and exchange were used. HF sets
were used as man pack sets and for maintaining secrecy cipher coding decoding
system used.
Under latest technology, for more secrecy in messaging system scrambler sets and
for safety purpose scanner sets were used. To make speedy and easy
communication in place of at present running Teleprinter System now introduced
computer based E-Mail system, Satellite based system (Polnet) and for major cities
Radio Trunking communication system and latest system are included step by step
under modernization plan.
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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CHAPTER 4
Organization of Telecommunication Branch
The Ranges are further divided into the Districts where the incharge of the radio
branch is of the rank of Inspector/Sub Inspector. Police Telecom organization
imparts technician and operators basic course, P.P course grade course and
advanced training to their staff at PRTS Indore, which has DIR (T/C) as head of
office. This Institute imparts training for constable to inspector for their technical
still up gradation.
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SP I 4 HC (M.T) 06
DSP I 21 HC (DR) 11
I I Tech 44 HC (GD) 12
I IOptr. 16 HC (T/M) 18
I ICpr. 4 C. IOptr. 785
S.I I Tech. 4125 C. (M.T) 22
S.I IOptr. 68 C. (DR) 13
S.I ICpr. 12 C. (GD) 62
S.I (M.T.) 1 C. I 73
ASI I Tech. 153 Boy Const 18
Total 2563
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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CHAPTER 5
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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CHAPTER 6
1. VHF Communication
All Districts HQs are directly connected with all Police Officers Mobile Handheld
/ vehicle mobile sets, their Police stations, all Out Posts and all SAF posts on Voice
Communication.
2. HF Communication
All Districts are directly connected with their Range HQ on HF communication
and Range HQs are also connected with State HQ Bhopal.
3.Polnet
Polnet is satellite based communication System for police dept. of India. It is
commissioned by the DCPW Home dept. of India under Modernization scheme.
Voice, Data, Fax facilities are being provided under this polnet scheme. BEL
Ghaziabad which is a Semi Govt. dept. of India has installed polnet . This polnet
scheme is provided for 38 old Dist. And is also necessary for 12 new Dist.
4. Data-Pro
All Districts are directly connected with their range HQs and Range HQs are
connected with state HQ BPL on computer based message communication on
HF/VHF frequency.
5.E-mail
All Districts (Except Dist. Dindori) are directly connected on Internet based E-mail
message communication with state HQ Bhopal.
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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Note:- 71% wireless sets available as per BPR scale and deficiency of 29% wireless
sets will be provided in coming years.
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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Future Necessity
1. Use of solar energy
Hundred percent rural PS/ Ops are not having sufficient power supply from
MPEB to operate communication equipment hence solar battery charger are
being provided for 350 rural PSs / Ops and 75 repeater stations. Remaining
PSs and Ops will be provided solar battery chargers in next financial year.
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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CHAPTER 7
DIAL 100
State Government subscribes to the view that development and security are two faces
of same coin. Perception of safety and security is very important to attract large scale
investment. People feel secure only when they believe that government agencies
would be readily available at their service in case of emergency. State has statutory
responsibility to establish the State control room under section 41-C of code of
Criminal Procedure.
In emergency, people are generally made to contact local police station or police
officers to get police services. But contacting appropriate police station or right police
officer is always a challenge in the present police station centric system. Hence state
government has approved setting up of a state level dial 100 based police control
room cum command and coordination center at Bhopal to empower, people to
connect to police and get police assistance anytime, anywhere at very short response
time. This service will be comparable to legendary 9-1-1 service of United State of
America.
Madhya Pradesh police is soon going to set up state level centralized dial 100 control
room cum command center in Bhopal for police related emergencies and other
services to help people in distress. The proposed center will be equipped with latest
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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technological tools like GIS MAP for whole state, CAD (Computer aided dispatch)
and GPS enabled 1000 first response vehicles to attend to handle public distress calls
for services. First response vehicles will be deployed across the State. Around 6000
to 8000 police personnels will be dedicated for the service equipped with wireless
Radios, CUG GSM connectivity and other model gadgets and weaponry.
As soon as a person makes a call on 100 number, it will be received at the center by
well trained staff who will take necessary person details, incident details, and location
details. Besides computer systems will also valid at the same on the basis of CLI
database, GIS MAP, Vehicle database, and other information available in public
domain.
The trained dispatcher would immediately dispatch nearest available one or more well
equipped first response vehicle. Each vehicle will be monitored and tracked through
the GPS based AVLS equipment fitted in the vehicle. Calls by women will be
attended by lady staff.
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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Each call and each activity would be recorded on centers voice logger and web
portal of activities.
Once the first response staff reached the destination, it will take necessary action
including taking down FIR on the spot as per standard operating procedure of the
center. After the action is taken, state PCRs dedicated feedback team will contact the
call maker and victim about the quality and satisfaction of the service provided by the
police teams. Voice logger would ensure post incidence appraisal and third party audit
of all call related information. There is also provision to facilitate the caller to be able
to talk to senior officer of concerned District using three party conferencing and
video conferencing.
It will also be integrated with other existing emergency number like Ambulance, Fire,
Women help line and Child help line etc. This software based system would also be
used for preparing daily patrolling plan, picket duty, point duty, traffic management
and better management of recourses in general.
Responding to call for service from people in distress is the core duty of Police. Toll
free number 100 facilitates citizens to get in touch with the Police. Madhya Pradesh
Police Department now envisages implementing a State wide centralized Dial 100
solution. Presently various Police control rooms are being operated at district level by
M.P police and some of the control rooms have been provided with automated dial
100 facility.
Calls for help to the police are made, primarily, by citizens walking into a Police
Station and in a small way by dialing 100. A call to 100 is handled by largely
unspecialized call takers and, except at few control rooms, there is no definite strategy
to handle the calls systematically. The technological solution installed and the
procedure followed in present case is not uniform across the state and there is a need
to upgrade the system using modern technologies like Computer Aided Dispatch
(CAD), Geographical Information System, Automated Vehicle Location System and
Computer Telephony Integration to provide a uniform and prompt response to
citizens in case of an emergency.
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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The proposed centralized dial 100 call center cum command and control room
denotes a computerized automated system, CAD (computer aided dispatch) at Bhopal
to handle Public Distress calls for services. Citizens of M.P acrossthe state would call
100 number in case of police emergency and all such calls will be routed to
centralized call center in Bhopal. First response vehicles across the state will be
dispatched to specific incident location using location data of caller, CLI (Caller line
identification) and automatic vehicle location system using GIS (geographical
information system) ensuring police response across the State which would be
standardized, prompt and efficient. It may use basic telephony, CDMA, GSM,
Wireless Media to dispatch the responders.
The techNo logical solution shall be scalable and optimized to provide round the
clock State wide coverage with adequate redundancy. Vision of M.P government is
such that the police services would be ultimately upgraded to such degree that citizens
would not be required to come to police station or police offices for registering FIR,
recording statement and other routine queries. This would ultimately lead to better
service delivery by police, satisfaction of citizens and transparency in police processes.
An Industry standard Centralized dial 100 call center cum command and control
room is envisaged to cater this requirement which can be used as a incident response
center for all sorts of exigencies across the State. Audio video feed from CCTV
cameras installed at important places in cities under mega city security& surveillance
scheme/traffic scheme, 3-d GIS images of city areas, data feeds from CCTNS, vehicle
registration data, AFPRS (Automatic finger print recognition system), various sensors,
alarms customized intelligence will be available as and when required and integrated
with incident response software at command
And control room to be set up by MP Police. This system would ensure planning,
operational supervision, debriefing, training, and coordination between agencies. The
proposed facility would have following components-
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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Tender Document for Setting up and Operating the Centralized Dial 100 Call Center cum
Command and Control Room and Fleet arrangement for MP Police . The initial telephone
calls for assistance from the public will be received at the Centralized Dial 100 Call
Center fully equipped with Integrated Communication Control System and calls other
than police will be forwarded to appropriate control rooms (Fire, Medical emergency)
via an appropriate interface like phone and email etc. (In future CAD should support
integration of all such emergency services/other relevant projects of MP Police and
other government agencies with the support of a common application or middleware)
The toll free number 100 will be the single point of contact for all police help seekers
irrespective of telecom service providers. Integration of other means of reporting like
SMS, MMS, Email
Walk-in, Snail mail, Sat Phone, Wireless, Fax...etc. to the Call Center has to be
achieved.
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Progressively in the project based on readiness level of other departments. For e.g.: in
case of report of fire at some farmers field during summerthe Fire Emergency
Control Room will take the lead.
All type of information and databases to be maintained so that the patrol officers will
be able to access data related to an incident. It will be a Central repository of all
information. Live / recorded feed from CCTV cameras located at various public
places spread all over State and at police station would be transported and stored in
this facility and that would be analyzed and retrieved as and when required. Similarly
the center would also have access to CCTNS data pertaining to crime and criminals.
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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5. Knowledge Base:
The state wise PCR would maintain a repository of standard operating procedures to
ensure uniformity and quality of response as ordained by law and expected by people.
This would be updated as and when required.
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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CHAPTER 8
POLNET
This is a combination of Satellite Communication and UHF Communication. Single
Satellite in Geo-stationary orbit work as an active repeater which covers the entire
country.
The VSATs (Very Small Aperture Terminal) are used for Satellite Communication.
MART (Multi-Access Radio Telephony) System is used for UHF Communication.
VOICE / DATA / FAX can work simultaneously by multiple users in the VSAT
Stations while MART is specially used for VOICE Communication from Police
Station to Police Station and District Station. The range is limited by 35 Kms Line of
Sight and repeater Stations will be used when required
.
In MESH System, any Earth Station can communicate with each other through the
Satellite Transponder directly. This system is provided in the State Head Quarters. In
this System, a dish antenna is required. The diameter of the dish is 3.8 Meters.
In the STAR System, the Earth Stations cannot communicate with each other directly
through the Satellite Transponder. In this system, HUB is required. In POLNET,
HUB has been proposed at Delhi. This is an Earth Station with large dish antenna of
11 Meters diameter and powerful transmitter up to 2 KW. The signal from one Base
Station for another Base Station is transmitted to the Satellite which sends signal to
the HUB where it is boosted, routed by Network Management System and is
retransmitted to the Transponder Satellite, which in turn sends the signal to the
desired Base Station.
At present, total 833 VSAT Stations have been included under this scheme. The
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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FTP: File Transfer Protocol is used for exchanging all types of files / folders.
Webmail: It is a Mail / Information exchange System among all States / District Head
Quarters using an IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) Server based on Linux
platform through the allotted mailboxes located at POLNET HUB at New Delhi.
Network size:
At present 961 NO. of VSATs are operational and network can support upto 1500
VSAT terminals.
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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Services:
VOICE
1. Using VOIP on H.323 protocol & G.723.1 Coder in TDM/TDMA (Star
Topology).
2. SCPC in Mesh topology.
DATA COMMUNICATION
1. Using TCP/IP protocol over Ethernet
2. Over x.25 network using Serial port
Connectivity:
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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CHAPTER 9
VHF AND TRUNKING SYSTEM
The Police Radio Organization has been rendering very dedicated and exemplary
services during emergencies to the Government machinery by providing highly
reliable and un-interrupted communications. This Organization is making special
communication arrangements on large scale during (1) Natural calamities like floods
(2) Major road/rail accidents, (3) Law and Order disturbances like Strikes,
Demonstrations, Communal disturbances etc. (4) General Elections to the Parliament,
Assembly and Local bodies and (5) VVIP/VIP visits (6) Huge gatherings like
Sophists. It is also handling the important messages of Civil Administration besides
maintaining reliable communication for maintenance of Law & Order and prevention
and detection of Crime and for countering extremist activities in the State of M.P.
VHF Voice communication is a very useful facility provided to all Police stations in
the state to exchange information instantaneously, like Hotline telephone from One
Police station to another Police station and also, to the District Headquarters round-
the-clock. To extend the range of communication; an Automatic VHF Repeater
station is provided at all district Hqrs. Speech scramblers are incorporated to the VHF
sets functioning at strategic places to have secure communications and avoid
monitoring by un-social elements using commercial receivers. At present more than
5000 VHF static/mobile/Hand held and 40 VHF Repeater stations are working in the
state.
VHF provides line of sight communication within the range of 30 to 300 MHz.
Presently VHF is working in the state within the range of 136MHz to 174MHz with
total 29 alotted channels to distinct districts and regions. Man-pack wireless sets are
used as Transreceiver which are available in two configurations as follows:
25Watts (operating on 12 volts)
5Watts (operating on 5W)
Repeaters are used at certain distance that takes a radio signal (for example from your
portable radio) and re-transmits it at higher power for extended coverage.
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0db
5dB
13 dB
The more is the dB the more is the strength of the received signal.
Long-Haul Radio communications take place in the high-frequency (HF) range of 2.0
to 30 MHz. The radio waves can propagate as sky waves in this band, which are
refracted from the earths ionosphere and enabling radio communications over very
long distances without the use of repeaters or satellites. This unique ability of HF
Radios can be utilized in tactical arena where ad hocradio communications is required
with minimal assets and planning.
MP police operated APCO 25 based radio trunking system at 800 MHz + frequency
in Ujjain city. System caters to 2000 Channels and 25 talk group and is able to handle
5000 sets at a time at its peak load capacity without loss of signal quality.
Introduction :
M.P Police has installed Fully Digital Open Standard DMR, TIER-3,800 MHz
Radio Trucking System, fully ready for Wide Area Multisite Operations. The M.P
Police desires to utilize standards-based protocols for the life of the radio system.
The system provides a minimum of two voice calls per channel.
a) System infrastructure and control room site equipment should be IP based.
b) Flexibility : The system have flexibility to upgrade up to 20 RF channels as the
system is expected to serve the communication for the next 10 years.
Dispatch Center:
Dispatch console allows users to configure multiple setups to meet specific need
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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and uses IP technology. Dispatch consoles is based upon the latest digital switching
technology.
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CALL TYPES
1. Selective Call:
The trunked system shall permit any properly equipped subscriber radios to
selectively call another radio, regardless of their talk group affiliations or
locations within the wide area system. Without involving other subscriber radio
users in the system, this shall provide privacy to the parties involved in the
private conversation. The two radios communicating in the selective call mode
shall be capable of displaying the other radio ID on the radio display. Optional-
The selective call shall not be assigned to users who are not active on the
system and audio alert given to caller.
2. Group Call:
The system shall allow subscriber radios to be grouped into talk groups/sub-
groups. Under normal operation, group members will communicate with the
dispatch console operator as well as with other members in the same talk
group. The subscriber radio user shall be able to talk to other talk groups that
are preprogrammed on the radio by manual selection on the radio. The
proposed subscriber radios should receive and display the ID of the
transmitting radio.
3. Emergency Call:
The proposed system shall immediately allocate a voice channel on priority to
the authorized radio subscriber even when all the channels are busy, by
pressing a single button on the subscribers radio. The emergency channel
assigned will remain with the radio subscriber for a preset period of time.
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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CHAPTER 10
TETRA
Terrestrial Trunked Radio
The TETRA (Terrestrial Trunked Radio) standard is implemented in Europe and is
spreading to other parts of the world. TETRA was specifically designed to meet the
needs of Public Mobile Radio (PMR), Walkie-Talkie. It has a large number of
features designed for Safety and emergency use.
The band (from 385//395 MHz downwards) to allow international compatibility. For
the European non-emergency services, TETRA frequencies are mainly allocated in
the 410 to 430MHz band with some countries allocating frequencies in the 450 to 470
MHz band. Countries that are not members of NATO can sometimes allocate radio
frequencies in the 385-390//395-399.9 MHz band for non-public safety TETRA
users.
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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Industrial Training Report
The captive POLNET satellite network has further broadened its utility on
satisfactory inputs / requirements from the users i.e. States / UTs and CPMFs.
The CPMFs specially found enhanced scope for exploring the POLNET
capabilities for their organizational requirements. Accordingly the technology
up-gradation in the POLNET has been undertaken by inducting 109
Broadband VSATs with latest technology i.e. DVB-S by providing Out route of
2Mbps data rate and In route of 512Kbps data rate for providing highly
enriched quality of voice and data services with efficient utilization of the
Bandwidth.
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CHAPTER 11
CCTV PROJECT
The purpose of SCMRC & ISSS is to safeguard public areas, to minimize impact of
natural threats and disasters, to prevent manmade threats, and to act as an aid,
prevent, control and detect crime. This includes monitoring of sensitive areas (hot
spots) as well as busy traffic.
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Fig11: CCTV
The Madhya Pradesh police are installing CCTV cameras in 250 police stations in
urban areas across the state to monitor behavior of police personnel.
According senior superintendent of police (radio) Amit Saxena to One camera would
be installed near the lock-up, one near the department of head constable who registers
the case, and one near the entry and exit point in each 250 police stations.
Installation was launched after the state government allotted budget for the project.
The state government allots budget every year for the project.
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The decision to install the CCTV cameras was taken after a Supreme Court order and
cognizance of the human rights commission. It would not only help to curb incidents
of custodial deaths and torture in the custody but also help the police force to prevent
lock-up breakouts.
The installation of the CCTV cameras in police stations started in the state after the
Supreme Court in a judgment in July last year directed state governments to put police
stations and interrogation rooms under surveillance of CCTV cameras.
During the ruling, the apex court also laid down some specific rules for the police to
follow while arresting, detaining and interrogating a person to obviate the possibility
of torture in custody.
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CHAPTER 12
RADIO COMMUNICATION DEVICES
Law enforcement communications devices are an essential tool for performing their
job effectively. They use them to respond to dispatch calls and rush to crime scenes
and traffic accidents. They also use them to screen suspects, check driver
identification and vehicle ownership. Calling for emergency medical services and law
enforcement backup is also a function of law enforcement communication devices.
Law enforcement communications have evolved in significant ways since the
beginning of the 1980s when they carried 3-channel radios that were about the size of
a brick. This handheld radio, their car radio, and any phone they could find were their
only communications sources in the days prior to the advent of cell phones and other
sophisticated devices.
Today the most commonly used law enforcement communications device is the two-
way radio with as much as 700-megahertz. The 9/11 terrorist attacks prompted law
enforcement agencies all over the U.S. to upgrade their radio communications
significantly because of serious inefficiencies that became obvious during that crisis.
That event made it obvious that emergency medical personnel, firefighters and law
enforcement personnel needed radios that were able to communicate with each
other. While there are still more upgrades needing to be made in many municipalities,
significant communications improvements have occurred in a large number of places.
Personal data assistants (PDAs) are also a relatively new law enforcement
communications device. They help officers in a variety of ways, including doing
language translations for non-English speaking people they come in contact with.
They also help law enforcement to verify information, keep track of court
appearances and file reports.
The advent of law enforcement communications in the form of mobile data terminals
in their cars has transformed the way many law enforcement functions are conducted.
They allow them to check vehicle-registration records and screen for stolen cars and
arrest warrants. They also allow them to communicate with dispatch officers and law
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enforcement headquarters. Law enforcement cars are also equipped with video
cameras to record pullovers. These can verify information in the event that an officer
is injured, killed or accused of misconduct. Theyre also used to supply evidence in
court cases
A two way radio is a radio that can both transmit and receive (a transceiver), unlike
a broadcast receiver which only receives content. A two-way radio (transceiver) allows
the operator to have a conversation with other similar radios operating on the same
radio frequency (channel). Two-way radios are available in mobile, stationary base and
hand-held portable configurations. Hand-held radios are often called walkie-talkies,
handy-talkies, or just hand helds.
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Two-way radio systems usually operate in a half-duplex mode; that is, the operator
can talk, or he can listen, but not at the same time. A push-to-talk or Press to
Transmit button activates the transmitter; when it is released the receiver is active. A
mobile phone or cellular telephone is an example of a two-way radio that both
transmits and receives at the same time, i.e. in full-duplex mode. Full-duplex is
generally achieved by the use of two different frequencies or by frequency-sharing
methods to carry the two directions of the conversation simultaneously. Methods for
mitigating the self-interference caused by simultaneous same-frequency transmission
and reception include using two antennas, or dynamic solid-state filters.
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CHAPTER 13
MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION
(ASSIGNMENT COMPLETED DURING TRAINING)
The most popular devices for generating microwaves are magnetrons and klystrons.
They produce microwaves of low power and require the use of an amplification
device, such as a maser (microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation).
Like radio waves, microwaves can be modulated for communication purposes.
However, they offer 100 times more useful frequencies than radio.
Microwaves can be easily broadcast and received via aerial antennas. Unlike radio
waves, microwave signals can be focused by antennas just as a searchlight
concentrates light into a narrow beam. Signals are transmitted directly from a source
to a receiver site. Reliable microwave signal range does not extend very far beyond the
visible horizon.
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Bandwidth Consideration
Bandwidth is a measure of how much spectrum your microwave system can respond
to. Bandwidth is often given in megahertz or gigahertz, calculated from a low
frequency FL to an high frequency FH, the bandwidth is given by (FU-FL). Bandwidth is
expressed a number of other ways, which we will define here:
Three-dB bandwidth: for a network that has a non-ideal frequency response (which
includes all physical networks), the three-dB bandwidth is where the transmission
coefficient S21 falls off from its highest peak by three db. Similarly, you could
describe a network by its two-dB or one-dB bandwidths.
Percentage bandwidth: for a system that works from a low frequency FL to an high
frequency FH, the percentage bandwidth is given by 100%x(FH-FL)/FC. FC is the
center frequency, equal to (FH+FL)/2. Note that it is possible to have more than
100% bandwidth by this definition; an amplifier that works from 100 MHz to 10 GHz
has a bandwidth of 200%.
Octave bandwidth: It implies that the upper frequency of operation is double the
lower frequency of operation, for example, an amplifier that works from 2 to 4 GHz
has one octave bandwidth. The origin of the word octave goes back to music theory,
where an octave is an interval of eight notes in the major scale. For reference, the
interval from middle C to high C on a piano is an octave; high C is double the audio
frequency of middle C.
Frequency considerations
Mixers are the devices that are used to convert from one frequency to another. Up
conversion means you are increasing the frequency of your signal, and down
conversion means you are decreasing it.
The table of frequencies used by different systems, such as police radar, XM radio,
automotive radar, etc.
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A microwave link is a communications system that uses a beam of radio waves in the
microwave frequency range to transmit information between two fixed locations on
the earth. They are crucial to many forms of communication and impact a broad
range of industries. Broadcasters use microwave links to send programs from the
studio to the transmitter location, which might be miles away. Microwave links carry
cellular telephone calls between cell sites. Wireless Internet service providers use
microwave links to provide their clients with high-speed Internet access without the
need for cable connections. Telephone companies transmit calls between switching
centers over microwave links, although fairly recently they have been largely
supplanted by fiber-optic cables. Companies and government agencies use them to
provide communications networks between nearby facilities within an organization,
such as a company with several buildings within a city.
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One of the reasons microwave links are so adaptable is that they are broadband. That
means they can move large amounts of information at high speeds. Another
important quality of microwave links is that they require no equipment or facilities
between the two terminal points, so installing a microwave link is often faster and less
costly than a cable connection. Finally, they can be used almost anywhere, as long as
the distance to be spanned is within the operating range of the equipment and there is
clear path (that is, no solid obstacles) between the locations. Microwaves are also able
to penetrate rain, fog, and snow, which means bad weather doesnt disrupt
transmission
Advantage of certain principles that are impractical to apply at lower frequencies. One
example is the use of a parabolic or dish antenna to focus a microwave radio beam.
Such antennas can be designed to operate at much lower frequencies, but they would
be too large to be economical for most purposes.
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In a microwave link the transmitter produces a microwave signal that carries the
information to be communicated. That informationthe inputcan be anything
capable of being sent by electronic means, such as a telephone call, television or radio
programs, text, moving or still images, web pages, or a combination of those media.
The transmitter has two fundamental jobs: generating microwave energy at the
required frequency and power level, and modulating it with the input signal so that it
conveys meaningful information. Modulation is accomplished by varying some
characteristic of the energy in response to the transmitters input. Flashing a light to
transmit a message in Morse code is an example of modulation. The differing lengths
of the flashes (the dots and dashes), and the intervals of darkness between them,
convey the informationin this case a text message.
The second integral part of a microwave link is a transmission line. This line carries
the signal from the transmitter to the antenna and, at the receiving end of the link,
from the antenna to the receiver. In electrical engineering, a transmission line is
anything that conducts current from one point to another. Lamp cord, power lines,
telephone wires and speaker cable are common transmission lines. But at microwave
frequencies, those media excessively weaken the signal. In their place, engineers use
coaxial cables and, especially, hollow pipes called waveguides.
The third part of the microwave system is the antennas. On the transmitting end, the
antenna emits the microwave signal from the transmission line into free space. Free
space is the electrical engineers term for the emptiness or void between the
transmitting and receiving antennas. It is not the same thing as the atmosphere,
because air is not necessary for any type of radio transmission (which is why radio
works in the vacuum of outer space). At the receiver site, an antenna pointed toward
the transmitting station collects the signal energy and feeds it into the transmission
line for processing by the receiver.
Antennas used in microwave links are highly directional, which means they tightly
focus the transmitted energy, and receive energy mainly from one specific direction.
This contrasts with antennas used in many other communications systems, such as
broadcasting. By directing the transmitters energy where it's neededtoward the
receiverand by concentrating the received signal, this characteristic of microwave
antennas allows communication over long distances using small amounts of power.
Between the links antennas lies another vital element of the microwave linkthe
path taken by the signal through the earths atmosphere. A clear path is critical to the
microwave links success. Since microwaves travel in essentially straight lines, man-
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made obstacles (including possible future construction) that might block the signal
must either be overcome by tall antenna structures or avoided altogether. Natural
obstacles also exist. Flat terrain can create undesirable reflections, precipitation can
absorb or scatter some of the microwave energy, and the emergence of foliage in the
spring can weaken a marginally strong signal, which had been adequate when the trees
were bare in the winter. Engineers must take all the existing and potential problems
into account when designing a microwave link.
At the end of the link is the final component, the receiver. Here, information from the
microwave signal is extracted and made available in its original form. To accomplish
this, the receiver must demodulate the signal to separate the information from the
microwave energy that carries it. The receiver must be capable of detecting very small
amounts of microwave energy, because the signal loses much of its strength on its
journey.
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Industrial Training Report
Frequency Planning
In the older Frequency Division Multiplex (FDM) microwave radio link systems, only
a single pair of frequencies were allocated to the whole link network, with an
alternating polarization isolation arrangement from more distant stations in the
network. This meant that at a single microwave repeater station, the link transmitters
operate on the same frequency, but with antennas pointed in different directions, and
with opposite antenna polarization.
The same frequency planning logic still applies to modern digital microwave radio
links, with a close eye on the 'emission' bandwidth / designator. Frequency planning
may also have restrictions from the Regulator (FCC / ACMA / Ofcom / PTT's), so
extensive consultation is required before any commitments can be made.
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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The design and construction of a microwave radio link network is based on a number
of factors. These include:
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Industrial Training Report
Microwaves are radio waves radio waves with wave lengths ranging from as long as
one meter to as short as one millimeter, or equivalently, with frequencies between 300
MHz (0.3 GHz) and 300 GHz.
This broad definition includes both UHF and EHF (millimeter waves), and various
sources use different boundaries. In all cases, microwave includes the entire SHF
band (3 to 30 GHz, or 10 to 1 cm) at minimum, with RF engineering often putting
the lower boundary at 1 GHz (30 cm), and the upper around 100 GHz (3 mm). The
prefix "micro-" in "microwave" is not meant to suggest a wavelength in the
micrometer range. It indicates that microwaves are "small" compared to waves used in
typical radio broadcasting, in that they have shorter wavelengths. The boundaries
between far infrared light, terahertz radiation, microwaves, and ultra-high-frequency
radio waves are fairly arbitrary and are used variously between different fields of
study. Microwave technology has wide range of application areas. Traditionally it has
been used for telecommunication/communication purposes but it is also used for
different kinds of sensing and imaging applications. Heating of different substance
such as food is another area. The application areas are many can be categories in
different ways.
Telecom
Point-to-point communication, Satellite, Cellular access technologies
Space
Sensing/Spectroscopy, Communication, Radio astronomy
MedTech
Diagnostics, imaging, and treatment applications.
Defense
Radar, Communication
Security
Car avoidance radar, Traffic surveillance, Air traffic security cameras
Navigation, Positioning & Measurement
GPS
Food
Heating & detection of foreign bodies in food New and novel application areas
are constantly being added.
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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Advantages of Microwaves
Large Bandwidth: The Bandwidth of Microwaves is larger than the common low
frequency radio waves. Thus more information can be transmitted using Microwaves.
It is very good advantage, because of this, Microwaves are used for Point to Point
Communications.
Small Size Antenna: Microwaves allows to decrease the size of antenna. The antenna
size can be smaller as the size of antenna is inversely proportional to the transmitted
frequency. Thus in Microwaves, we have waves of much higher frequencies and hence
the higher the frequency, the smaller the size of antenna.
Low Power Consumption: The power required to transmit a high frequency signal is
lesser than the power required in transmission of low frequency signals. As
Microwaves have high frequency thus requires very less power.
Disadvantages of microwaves
Microwave communications are not an option for most users because of their many
disadvantages. Specifically, a few disadvantages make microwave communications
viable for only a few groups of people. Some of these disadvantages include the
following:
between sender and receiver. Generally speaking, the signal cant be bounced off any
objects.
Line-of-sight will be disrupted if any obstacle, such as new buildings, are in the
way
Signal absorption by the atmosphere. Microwaves suffer from attenuation due
to atmospheric conditions.
Towers are expensive to build.
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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CHAPTER 14
Conclusion
The industrial training at Police Telecommunication department, Bhopal has given me
an exposure to the activities at a large public sector undertaking unit. This being a
large organization deals with wide spectrum of wireless communication technologies.
The exposure on microwave transmission and dial 100 has given me great confidence
and knowledge. Also communication radio sets used for data transmission has helped
me a lot in understanding the basic concept of wireless data transmission
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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Industrial Training Report
CHAPTER 15
Duties and responsibilities of the police organization in the State are mandated in the
Police Act 1861 and various central and state laws as well as directions issued by the
constitutional courts (Supreme Court of India and State High Court) and various
statutory commissions. It essentially boils down to a whole gamut of instructions/
directions/ guidelines/orders to be implemented/ enforced by the police organization
to afford and promote rule of law in the state. This mandate of duties and
responsibilities can be broadly sub-divided into following categories:
1. Prevention and detection of crime
2. Maintenance of public order and prevention of disorder
3. Protection of weaker sections especially members of SC, ST, women, children,
physically and mentally challenges persons.
4. Traffic management
5. Security and safety of vital installations and protected persons
6. Coordination and cooperation with different departments and agencies in the
state to attain synergy against the law breakers in the overall process of
enforcement activities.
7. Making well-coordinated and connected efforts to ensure filing of charge sheet
in the court in the criminal cases after thorough investigation and pursuing the
same for their expeditious disposal.
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5. Revolution in the field of IT, Communication and social media has enhanced
escalation potential of crime occurring in one corner of the state or even out of
the state to impact and consequently provoke/ incite people in other parts to
rise in arms against that specific crime and create significant L/O situation to
be tackled by the police in jurisdictions well beyond the jurisdiction in which
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crime has actually taken place. Therefore, well thought and coordinated action
shall be required to be taken in various parts of the state to maintain public
order.
6. The police investigation comes under criticism very often for failure of
prosecution case in the court. This is partly due to some defects in the
investigation and partly due to unsatisfactory pleadings made by the
prosecution which is no longer a part of police organization. The existing
arrangements between the police and prosecution shall need review to achieve
higher success rate in prosecution cases and to ensure justice to the victims of
crime and overall strengthening of overall social defense mechanism.
7. Police officers remain on duty 24 hours in all 7 days of a week to perform their
mandatory tasks related to safety and security of the citizens and protecting as
well as maintenance of the public order. It is very common that individual
police officer shall hardly be getting enough time for rest and recuperation and
quality time with their family. This certainly tells upon their physical, emotional
and mental health. To keep their morale and physical fitness high in order to
ensure expected level of professional performance in service of citizens it is
imperative that the organization designs and implements very well thought of
schemes to promote their and particularly their families welfare needs. But for
this it will be very difficult to attract and retain good quality citizens to Police
organization mandated to discharge such responsibilities as are of utmost
importance for the sound socio-economic and political health of the society.
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal
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CHAPTER 16
BIBLIOGRAPHY
directorate-coordination-police-wireless
https:/wikipedia.orq/wiki/microwave_transmission
www.mppolice.gov.in/Dynamic/Mstr_ShowTender.aspx
http://www.motorolasolutions.com/en_us/products/two-way-radios.html
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