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Greg Fasshauer
Fall 2010
Generalized multiquadric
Remark
We need to exclude N0 since this would lead to polynomials of
even degree (see the related discussion in Example 2 and in HW 1).
Remark
For the plots of the MQs we used the shape parameter = 1.
Remark
By a theorem we will discuss below we can also solve the scattered
data interpolation problem using the simpler expansion
N
X q
Pf (x) = ck 1 + kx x k k2 , x Rs .
k =1
This is what Hardy proposed to do in his work in the early 1970s (see,
e.g., [Hardy (1971)]).
Radial powers
2+s/2 ( s+
2 )
() = kks , 6= 0,
(/2)
of order m = d/2e.
This shows that the basic function (x) = kxk2 used for the
distance matrix fits earlier are strictly conditionally positive definite
of order one.
Figure: Radial cubic (left) and quintic (right) centered at the origin in R2 .
Remark
Radial cubics ( = 3) are strictly conditionally positive definite of
order 2,
quintics ( = 5) are strictly conditionally positive definite of order 3.
fasshauer@iit.edu MATH 590 Chapter 8 14
Example 2: Radial Powers
Remark
We had to exclude even powers in (2).
This is clear since an even power combined with the square root
in the definition of the Euclidean norm results in a polynomial
and we have already decided that polynomials cannot be used for
interpolation at arbitrarily scattered multivariate sites.
Note that radial powers are not affected by a scaling of their
argument. In other words, radial powers are shape parameter
free.
This has the advantage that the user need not worry about finding a
good value of .
On the other hand, we will see below that radial powers will not be
able to achieve the spectral convergence rates that are possible
with some of the other basic functions such as Gaussians and
generalized (inverse) multiquadrics.
If the even radial powers are multiplied by a log term, then we are
back in business (see next example).
of order m = + 1.
The resulting interpolant will be exact for data coming from a bivariate
linear function.
Figure: Classical thin plate spline (left) and order 3 thin plate spline (right)
centered at the origin in R2 .
Remark
Classical thin plate splines (with = 1) are strictly conditionally
positive definite of order 2,
(x) = kxk4 log kxk (with = 2) is strictly conditionally positive
definite of order 3.
Remark
There is no result that states that interpolation with thin plate splines
(or any other strictly conditionally positive definite function of order
m 2) without the addition of an appropriate degree m 1 polynomial
is well-posed.
The later theorem mentioned several times before covers only the
case m = 1.
References I
Buhmann, M. D. (2003).
Radial Basis Functions: Theory and Implementations.
Cambridge University Press.
Fasshauer, G. E. (2007).
Meshfree Approximation Methods with M ATLAB.
World Scientific Publishers.
Iske, A. (2004).
Multiresolution Methods in Scattered Data Modelling.
Lecture Notes in Computational Science and Engineering 37, Springer Verlag
(Berlin).
Wendland, H. (2005a).
Scattered Data Approximation.
Cambridge University Press (Cambridge).
References II
Duchon, J. (1976).
Interpolation des fonctions de deux variables suivant le principe de la flexion des
plaques minces.
Rev. Francaise Automat. Informat. Rech. Opr., Anal. Numer. 10, pp. 512.
Hardy, R. L. (1971).
Multiquadric equations of topography and other irregular surfaces.
J. Geophys. Res. 76, pp. 19051915.