Visual arts

gions painting has been seen as relying to the highest de-

gree on the imagination of the artist, and the furthest re-
moved from manual labour in Chinese painting the most
highly valued styles were those of scholar-painting, at
least in theory practiced by gentleman amateurs. The
Western hierarchy of genres reected similar attitudes.

1 Education and training

Main article: Visual arts education

Training in the visual arts has generally been through vari-

ations of the apprentice and workshop systems. In Europe
the Renaissance movement to increase the prestige of the
artist led to the academy system for training artists, and
today most of the people who are pursuing a career in arts
train in art schools at tertiary levels. Visual arts have now
become an elective subject in most education systems.
(See also art education.)

Vincent van Gogh: The Church at Auvers (1890)

2 Drawing

The visual arts are art forms such as ceramics, Main article: Drawing
drawing, painting, sculpture, printmaking, design, crafts,
photography, video, lmmaking, and architecture. Many Drawing is a means of making an image, using any of
artistic disciplines (performing arts, conceptual art, a wide variety of tools and techniques. It generally in-
textile arts) involve aspects of the visual arts as well as arts volves making marks on a surface by applying pressure
of other types. Also included within the visual arts[1] are from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface using
the applied arts[2] such as industrial design, graphic de- dry media such as graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked
sign, fashion design, interior design and decorative art.[3] brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoals, pastels,
Current usage of the term visual arts includes ne art as and markers. Digital tools that simulate the eects of
these are also used. The main techniques used in draw-
well as the applied, decorative arts and crafts, but this was
not always the case. Before the Arts and Crafts Move- ing are: line drawing, hatching, crosshatching, random
ment in Britain and elsewhere at the turn of the 20th hatching, scribbling, stippling, and blending. An artist
century, the term 'artist' was often restricted to a per- who excels in drawing is referred to as a draftsman or
son working in the ne arts (such as painting, sculpture, draughtsman.
or printmaking) and not the handicraft, craft, or applied Drawing goes back at least 16,000 years to Paleolithic
art media. The distinction was emphasized by artists of cave representations of animals such as those at Lascaux
the Arts and Crafts Movement, who valued vernacular art in France and Altamira in Spain. In ancient Egypt, ink
forms as much as high forms.[4] Art schools made a dis- drawings on papyrus, often depicting people, were used
tinction between the ne arts and the crafts, maintaining as models for painting or sculpture. Drawings on Greek
that a craftsperson could not be considered a practitioner vases, initially geometric, later developed to the human
of the arts. form with black-gure pottery during the 7th century
[5]
The increasing tendency to privilege painting, and to a BC.
lesser degree sculpture, above other arts has been a fea- With paper becoming common in Europe by the 15th
ture of Western art as well as East Asian art. In both re- century, drawing was adopted by masters such as Sandro

1
2 3 PAINTING

Botticelli, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Leonardo da
Vinci who sometimes treated drawing as an art in its
own right rather than a preparatory stage for painting or
sculpture.[6]
3 Painting
sense it means the use of this activity in combination with
drawing, composition and, or, other aesthetic considera-
tions in order to manifest the expressive and conceptual
intention of the practitioner. Painting is also used to ex-
press spiritual motifs and ideas; sites of this kind of paint-
ing range from artwork depicting mythological gures on
pottery to The Sistine Chapel to the human body itself.

3.1 Origins and early history

Main article: History of painting

Like drawing, painting has its documented origins in

caves and on rock faces. The nest examples, believed
by some to be 32,000 years old, are in the Chauvet and
Lascaux caves in southern France. In shades of red,
brown, yellow and black, the paintings on the walls and
ceilings are of bison, cattle, horses and deer.

Mosaic of Battle of Issus

Main article: Painting

Painting taken literally is the practice of applying

Raphael: Spasimo (1514-1516)

Paintings of human gures can be found in the tombs

of ancient Egypt. In the great temple of Ramses II,
Nefertari, his queen, is depicted being led by Isis.[7] The
Greeks contributed to painting but much of their work
has been lost. One of the best remaining representations
Nefertari with Isis are the hellenistic Fayum mummy portraits. Another ex-
ample is mosaic of the Battle of Issus at Pompeii, which
pigment suspended in a carrier (or medium) and a bind- was probably based on a Greek painting. Greek and Ro-
ing agent (a glue) to a surface (support) such as paper, man art contributed to Byzantine art in the 4th century
canvas or a wall. However, when used in an artistic BC, which initiated a tradition in icon painting.
3.5 Impressionism 3

3.2 The Renaissance

Main article: Italian Renaissance painting

Apart from the illuminated manuscripts produced by

monks during the Middle Ages, the next signicant con-
tribution to European art was from Italys renaissance
painters. From Giotto in the 13th century to Leonardo
da Vinci and Raphael at the beginning of the 16th cen-
tury, this was the richest period in Italian art as the
chiaroscuro techniques were used to create the illusion
of 3-D space.[8]

Claude Monet: Djeuner sur l'herbe (1866)

studied in Italy, worked for local churches in Antwerp and

also painted a series for Marie de' Medici. Annibale Car-
racci took inuences from the Sistine Chapel and created
the genre of illusionistic ceiling painting. Much of the
development that happened in the Baroque was because
Rembrandt: The Night Watch of the Protestant Reformation and the resulting Counter
Reformation. Much of what denes the Baroque is dra-
Painters in northern Europe too were inuenced by the matic lighting and overall visuals.[9]
Italian school. Jan van Eyck from Belgium, Pieter
Bruegel the Elder from the Netherlands and Hans Holbein
the Younger from Germany are among the most success- 3.5 Impressionism
ful painters of the times. They used the glazing technique
with oils to achieve depth and luminosity. Main article: Impressionism

3.3 Dutch masters Impressionism began in France in the 19th century with
a loose association of artists including Claude Monet,
Main article: Dutch Golden Age painting Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Paul Czanne who brought a
new freely brushed style to painting, often choosing to
paint realistic scenes of modern life outside rather than in
The 17th century witnessed the emergence of the great the studio. This was achieved through a new expression
Dutch masters such as the versatile Rembrandt who was of aesthetic features demonstrated by brush strokes and
especially remembered for his portraits and Bible scenes, the impression of reality. They achieved intense colour
and Vermeer who specialized in interior scenes of Dutch vibration by using pure, unmixed colours and short brush
life. strokes. The movement inuenced art as a dynamic, mov-
ing through time and adjusting to new found techniques
and perception of art. Attention to detail became less of
3.4 Baroque a priority in achieving, whilst exploring a biased view of
landscapes and nature to the artists eye.[10][11]
Main article: Baroque

The Baroque started after the Renaissance, from the late 3.6 Post-impressionism
16th century to the late 17th century. Main artists of the
Baroque included Caravaggio, who made heavy use of Main article: Post-Impressionism
tenebrism. Peter Paul Rubens was a emish painter who
4 4 PRINTMAKING

Edvard Munch, a Norwegian artist, developed his sym-

Paul Gauguin: The Vision After the Sermon (1888)
bolistic approach at the end of the 19th century, inspired
by the French impressionist Manet. The Scream (1893),
his most famous work, is widely interpreted as repre-
senting the universal anxiety of modern man. Partly as
a result of Munchs inuence, the German expressionist
movement originated in Germany at the beginning of the
20th century as artists such as Ernst Kirschner and Erich
Heckel began to distort reality for an emotional eect. In
parallel, the style known as cubism developed in France
as artists focused on the volume and space of sharp struc-
tures within a composition. Pablo Picasso and Georges
Braque were the leading proponents of the movement.
Objects are broken up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an
abstracted form. By the 1920s, the style had developed
into surrealism with Dali and Magritte.[13]

4 Printmaking

Edvard Munch: The Scream (1893)

Ancient Chinese engraving of female instrumentalists

Towards the end of the 19th century, several young
painters took impressionism a stage further, using ge- Main article: Printmaking
ometric forms and unnatural colour to depict emotions
while striving for deeper symbolism. Of particular note
Printmaking is creating, for artistic purposes, an image
are Paul Gauguin, who was strongly inuenced by Asian,
on a matrix that is then transferred to a two-dimensional
African and Japanese art, Vincent van Gogh, a Dutch-
(at) surface by means of ink (or another form of pigmen-
man who moved to France where he drew on the strong
tation). Except in the case of a monotype, the same ma-
sunlight of the south, and Toulouse-Lautrec, remembered
trix can be used to produce many examples of the print.
for his vivid paintings of night life in the Paris district of
Montmartre.[12] Historically, the major techniques (also called media) in-
volved are woodcut, line engraving, etching, lithography,
and screenprinting (serigraphy, silkscreening) but there
3.7 Symbolism, expressionism and cubism are many others, including modern digital techniques.
Normally, the print is printed on paper, but other medi-
Main article: Modern art ums range from cloth and vellum to more modern mate-
rials. Major printmaking traditions include that of Japan
4.3 Development In Japan 1603-1867 5

The Chinese Diamond Sutra, the worlds oldest printed book (868
CE)

4.3 Development In Japan 1603-1867

Albrecht Drer: Melancholia I (1541)

(ukiyo-e).

4.1 European history

Main article: Old master print
Prints in the Western tradition produced before about
1830 are known as old master prints. In Europe, from
around 1400 AD woodcut, was used for master prints
on paper by using printing techniques developed in the
Byzantine and Islamic worlds. Michael Wolgemut im-
proved German woodcut from about 1475, and Erhard
Reuwich, a Dutchman, was the rst to use cross-hatching.
At the end of the century Albrecht Drer brought the
Western woodcut to a stage that has never been surpassed,
increasing the status of the single-leaf woodcut.[14]
4.2 Chinese origin and practice
Main article: Woodblock printing
Hokusai: Red Fuji southern wind clear morning from Thirty-
six Views of Mount Fuji
Main article: Woodblock printing in Japan
Woodblock printing in Japan (Japanese: , moku
hanga) is a technique best known for its use in the ukiyo-e
artistic genre; however, it was also used very widely for
printing books in the same period. Woodblock printing
had been used in China for centuries to print books, long
before the advent of movable type, but was only widely
adopted in Japan surprisingly late, during the Edo period
(1603-1867). Although similar to woodcut in western
printmaking in some regards, moku hanga diers greatly
in that water-based inks are used (as opposed to western
woodcut, which uses oil-based inks), allowing for a wide
range of vivid color, glazes and color transparency.

In China, the art of printmaking developed some 1,100 5 Photography

years ago as illustrations alongside text cut in woodblocks
for printing on paper. Initially images were mainly reli-
gious but in the Song Dynasty, artists began to cut land- Main article: Photography
scapes. During the Ming (13681644) and Qing (1616
1911) dynasties, the technique was perfected for both re- Photography is the process of making pictures by means
ligious and artistic engravings.[15][16] of the action of light. Light patterns reected or emit-
6 8 PLASTIC ARTS

ted from objects are recorded onto a sensitive medium technology is widely seen in contemporary art more as a
or storage chip through a timed exposure. The pro- tool rather than a form as with painting.
cess is done through mechanical shutters or electronically Computer usage has blurred the distinctions between
timed exposure of photons into chemical processing or illustrators, photographers, photo editors, 3-D modelers,
digitizing devices known as cameras. and handicraft artists. Sophisticated rendering and edit-
The word comes from the Greek words phos ing software has led to multi-skilled image developers.
(light), and graphis (stylus, paintbrush) or Photographers may become digital artists. Illustrators
graph, together meaning drawing with light or may become animators. Handicraft may be computer-
representation by means of lines or drawing. Tradi- aided or use computer-generated imagery as a template.
tionally, the product of photography has been called a Computer clip art usage has also made the clear distinc-
photograph. The term photo is an abbreviation; many tion between visual arts and page layout less obvious due
people also call them pictures. In digital photography, the to the easy access and editing of clip art in the process
term image has begun to replace photograph. (The term of paginating a document, especially to the unskilled ob-
image is traditional in geometric optics.) server.

6 Filmmaking 8 Plastic arts

Main article: Filmmaking Main article: Plastic arts

Filmmaking is the process of making a motion-
picture, from an initial conception and research, through
scriptwriting, shooting and recording, animation or other
special eects, editing, sound and music work and -
nally distribution to an audience; it refers broadly to the
creation of all types of lms, embracing documentary,
strains of theatre and literature in lm, and poetic or ex-
perimental practices, and is often used to refer to video-
based processes as well.
7 Computer art
Plastic arts is a term, now largely forgotten, encompass-
ing art forms that involve physical manipulation of a plas-
tic medium by moulding or modeling such as sculpture or
ceramics. The term has also been applied to all the visual
(non-literary, non-musical) arts.[17][18]
Materials that can be carved or shaped, such as stone or
wood, concrete or steel, have also been included in the
narrower denition, since, with appropriate tools, such
materials are also capable of modulation. This use of
the term plastic in the arts should not be confused with
Piet Mondrian's use, nor with the movement he termed,
in French and English, "Neoplasticism.

Main article: Computer art

8.1 Sculpture
Visual artists are no longer limited to traditional art me- Main article: Sculpture
dia. Computers have been used as an ever more com-
mon tool in the visual arts since the 1960s. Uses include
Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created by shap-
the capturing or creating of images and forms, the editing
of those images and forms (including exploring multiple ing or combining hard and/or plastic material, sound,
and/or text and or light, commonly stone (either rock or
compositions) and the nal rendering and/or printing (in-
cluding 3D printing). marble), clay, metal, glass, or wood. Some sculptures are
created directly by nding or carving; others are assem-
Computer art is any in which computers played a role in bled, built together and red, welded, molded, or cast.
production or display. Such art can be an image, sound, Sculptures are often painted.[19] A person who creates
animation, video, CD-ROM, DVD, video game, website, sculptures is called a sculptor.
algorithm, performance or gallery installation. Many tra-
ditional disciplines are now integrating digital technolo- Because sculpture involves the use of materials that can
gies and, as a result, the lines between traditional works be moulded or modulated, it is considered one of the
of art and new media works created using computers have plastic arts. The majority of public art is sculpture. Many
been blurred. For instance, an artist may combine tradi- sculptures together in a garden setting may be referred to
tional painting with algorithmic art and other digital tech- as a sculpture garden.
niques. As a result, dening computer art by its end prod- Sculptors do not always make sculptures by hand. With
uct can be dicult. Nevertheless, this type of art is be- increasing technology in the 20th century and the pop-
ginning to appear in art museum exhibits, though it has ularity of conceptual art over technical mastery, more
yet to prove its legitimacy as a form unto itself and this sculptors turned to art fabricators to produce their art-
 7

works. With fabrication, the artist creates a design and Cave painting
pays a fabricator to produce it. This allows sculptors to
create larger and more complex sculptures out of mate- Child art
rial like cement, metal and plastic, that they would not be Collage
able to create by hand. Sculptures can also be made with
3-d printing technology. Comics
Composition
9 United States of America copy- Conceptual art
right denition of visual art Contemporary art
Craft
In the United States, the law protecting the copyright over
a piece of visual art gives a more restrictive denition of Crowdsourcing creative work
visual art. The following quote is from the Copyright
Law of the United States of America- Chapter 1:[20] Dcollage
Decorative arts
A work of visual art is
(1) a painting, drawing, print or sculpture, ex- Design
isting in a single copy, in a limited edition of
200 copies or fewer that are signed and con- Eastern art history
secutively numbered by the author, or, in the Environmental art
case of a sculpture, in multiple cast, carved, or
fabricated sculptures of 200 or fewer that are Fine art
consecutively numbered by the author and bear
the signature or other identifying mark of the Found object
author; or Grati
(2) a still photographic image produced for ex-
hibition purposes only, existing in a single copy Graphic design
that is signed by the author, or in a limited edi-
tion of 200 copies or fewer that are signed and Handicraft
consecutively numbered by the author. History of art
A work of visual art does not include
(A)(i) any poster, map, globe, chart, technical History of graphic design
drawing, diagram, model, applied art, motion
History of lm
picture or other audiovisual work, book, mag-
azine, newspaper, periodical, data base, elec- History of painting
tronic information service, electronic publica-
tion, or similar publication; History of sculpture
(ii) any merchandising item or advertising, pro-
Illustration
motional, descriptive, covering, or packaging
material or container; Indigenous Australian art
(iii) any portion or part of any item described
in clause (i) or (ii); Installation art
(B) any work made for hire; or Interactive art
(C) any work not subject to copyright protec-
tion under this title. Islamic art
Landscape art
10 See also Mail art
Mathematics and art
Main article: Outline of visual arts
Media (arts)

Art materials Mixed media

Asemic writing Nave art

Avant-garde Old master print
8 13 EXTERNAL LINKS

Portraiture [17] ART TERMINOLOGY at KSU

Process art [18] Merriam-Webster Online (entry for plastic arts)".

Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
Recording medium
[19] Gods in Color: Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiq-
Sketch (drawing) uity 22 September 2007 Through 20 January 2008, The
Arthur M. Sackler Museum Archived 4 January 2009 at
Sketchbook the Wayback Machine.
Sound art [20] Copyright Law of the United States of America- Chapter
1 (101. Denitions)". Copyright.gov. Retrieved 2011-10-
Textile arts 30.
Video art
Kandyan Era Frescoes 12 Bibliography
Barnes, A. C., The Art in Painting, 3rd ed., 1937,
11 References Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., NY.

[1] An About.com article by art expert, Shelley Esaak: What
Is Visual Art?
[2] Dierent Forms of Art- Applied Art. Buzzle.com. Re-
trieved 11 Dec 2010.
[3] Centre for Arts and Design in Toronto, Canada.
Georgebrown.ca. 2011-02-15. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
Bukumirovic, D. (1998). Maga Magazinovic. Bib-
lioteka Fatalne srpkinje knj. br. 4. Beograd: Naro-
dna knj.
Fazenda, M. J. (1997). Between the pictorial and the
expression of ideas: the plastic arts and literature in
the dance of Paula Massano. N.p.

[4] Art History: Arts and Crafts Movement: (1861-1900).
From World Wide Arts Resources. Retrieved 24 October
2009.
[5] History of Drawing. From Dibujos para Pintar. Retrieved
23 October 2009.
[6] Drawing. History.com. 2006. Archived from the origi-
nal on 14 March 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
[7] History of Painting. From History World. Retrieved 23
October 2009.
[8] History of Renaissance Painting. From ART 340 Paint-
ing. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[9] https://www.ashgate.com/pdf/SamplePages/Rethinking_
the_Baroque_Intro.pdf
[10] http://www.impressionism.org
Gern, C. (2000). Enciclopedia de las artes plsti-
cas dominicanas: 1844-2000. 4th ed. Dominican
Republic s.n.
Oliver Grau (Ed.): MediaArtHistories. MIT-
Press, Cambridge 2007. with Rudolf Arnheim,
Barbara Staord, Sean Cubitt, W. J. T. Mitchell,
Lev Manovich, Christiane Paul, Peter Weibel a.o.
Rezensionen
Laban, R. V. (1976). The language of movement: a
guidebook to choreutics. Boston: Plays.
La Farge, O. (1930). Plastic prayers: dances of the
Southwestern Indians. N.p.
Restany, P. (1974). Plastics in arts. Paris, New
York: N.p.

[11] Impressionism. Webmuseum, Paris. Retrieved 24 Octo- University of Pennsylvania. (1969). Plastics and
ber 2009 new art. Philadelphia: The Falcon Pr.

[12] Post-Impressionism. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Re-

trieved 25 October 2009.
13 External links
[13] Modern Art Movements. Irish Art Encyclopedia. Re-
trieved 25 October 2009. ArtLex - online dictionary of visual art terms.
[14] The Printed Image in the West: History and Techniques. Calendar for Artists - calendar listing of visual art
The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 25 October
festivals.
2009.

[15] Engraving in Chinese Art. From Engraving Review. Re-

Art History Timeline by the Metropolitan Museum
trieved 23 October 2009. of Art.

[16] The History of Engraving in China. From ChinaVista.

Retrieved 25 October 2009.
 9

14 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

14.1 Text
Visual arts Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts?oldid=782695475 Contributors: Mav, Robert Merkel, Koyaanis Qatsi, An-
dre Engels, Deb, Karen Johnson, SimonP, Merphant, Caltrop, Danielcboyer, Daniel C. Boyer, Camembert, Ichimunki, Montrealais,
Quintessent, Michael Hardy, Minesweeper, Pagingmrherman, Haakon, Docu, Jiang, Grin, Alex756, Raven in Orbit, Pema~enwiki, Alex
S, Ike9898, JCarriker, Aion, Maximus Rex, Hyacinth, Sushimatsuda, Spinster, Wetman, Robbot, AlainV, Mayooranathan, Gidonb, Brian-
shapiro, Borislav, Michael Snow, Kenny sh, Alison, Varlaam, Mboverload, Solipsist, Gerd Richter, Knutux, Quadell, MattDal, Mike Rosoft,
Ham II, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Ahkond, Dbachmann, STLEric, Walden, Gorn~enwiki, Viriditas, Maurreen, Physicistjedi, Nsaa,
Mdd, Ranveig, Jumbuck, BanyanTree, Clubmarx, Nex O-Slash, RainbowOfLight, Brunberg, Scriberius, Robert K S, Stefanomione, Man-
darax, DavidPartt, Graham87, Sparkit, WBardwin, BD2412, Shadowhillway, Tarnas, Adjusting, Allen Moore, FlaBot, RexNL, Srleer,
Chobot, Visor, PKM, YurikBot, Wavelength, RobotE, Bhny, Stephenb, Jenblower, Zwobot, BOT-Superzerocool, Tomisti, Robertbyrne,
User27091, GraemeL, Tyrenius, That Guy, From That Show!, Whyaduck, SmackBot, Bobet, Mister X, SarcasticDwarf, HalfShadow,
Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Rlevse, Thx2005, Cobain, Grhabyt, Artistpres, Radagast83, JGS, Dogears, SingCal, Bjankuloski06en~enwiki, Fil-
ippowiki, The Man in Question, Johnmc, TastyPoutine, Dl2000, JeW, OnBeyondZebrax, Wizard191, Iridescent, Linkspamremover,
MarylandArtLover, Cryptic C62, Lile, GangstaEB, Omicronpersei8, TAG.Odessa, Trev M, PKT, Thijs!bot, Barticus88, Cosmopolitan-
cats, Edal, P.gibellini, Jack Bethune, RoboServien, Escarbot, AntiVandalBot, Ericpfund, Modernist, Alphachimpbot, JAnDbot, MER-C,
The Transhumanist, Grgory Leclair, Xeno, Freshacconci, Mikepanhu, Mrs Scarborough, Father Goose, Swpb, Odonata, Teapotgeorge,
Edward321, Oicumayberight, WriterArtistDC, S3000, PhantomS, Jim.henderson, Sm8900, Bus stop, CommonsDelinker, Cyrus Andiron,
Penguinwithin, Johnbod, Apostle12, Ipigott, The Transhumanist (AWB), Juliancolton, Black Shoop, Treisijs, Bonadea, Idioma-bot, Fu-
nandtrvl, Gwazda, Je G., Philip Trueman, Argusmom, TXiKiBoT, Oshwah, Berthold Werner, Broadbot, BwDraco, Artaxerex, Synthebot,
Freiwilliger, AlleborgoBot, Symane, D. Recorder, Artincontext, SieBot, Show007, Jdaloner, OKBot, Laurghita, Prof saxx, Gantuya eng,
Thais1, Simenzo, ImageRemovalBot, ClueBot, Nb99, LAgurl, Niceguyedc, LizardJr8, I8munkies, Excirial, ResidueOfDesign, 123pecca,
Arjayay, Cowboy456, Melaniesharrison, Versus22, CurtisNeeley, Apparition11, XLinkBot, WikHead, Necz0r, Addbot, Lithoderm, Fg-
nievinski, Reidlophile, Ronhjones, Fluernutter, Sara USA, LaaknorBot, CarsracBot, ChenzwBot, Tassedethe, Tide rolls, Luckas-bot,
Yobot, Taxisfolder, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, AnakngAraw, Evaders99, Eric-Wester, Noq, Philip1966, Rubinbot, Kingpin13, Ma-
terialscientist, Citation bot, JBirken, Dingbusan, Birchcli, Xqbot, Jyusin, Research Method, HN45, 4twenty42o, J04n, Armbrust, Om-
nipaedista, Reveller, Velblod, FrescoBot, Avoris, Dana smk, Cannolis, Mantanera, Gnostril, Jean-Franois Clet, Skol r, RedBot, Masti-
Bot, Enriquevi16, Jauhienij, FoxBot, Notpietru, Dinamik-bot, DrGML, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Look2See1,
Dewritech, Faolin42, Dasari srinath, K6ka, HiW-Bot, Allforrous, Aeonx, Averaver, Erianna, Sahimrobot, L Kensington, Donner60, Chuis-
pastonBot, Ghgugi, Xanchester, ClueBot NG, This lousy T-shirt, Millionwampumbaby, Delusion23, Artsconnections, Markataxis, Widr,
Gob Lofa, Zisette, BG19bot, Vagobot, Mark Arsten, Casa5tavira, Crh23, Heatherawalls, Bradbusheld, WhiteNebula, Pratyya Ghosh,
Goldesign, Vibhabamba, ZappaOMati, Rinkle gorge, Gomez09023, Isarra (HG), Msjgp06, CsDix, Backendgaming, PlanetKev, Duckduck-
stop, Ugog Nizdast, Vinny Lam, Dctrzl, Vivekt9, Hejkwkeek, SlavaBest, Bama Dissy, Ranmarublazit420, Trackteur, ProfessionalArt1979,
KH-1, Crystallizedcarbon, Spylass, Elyciaa, Jiten Dhandha, TaqPol, D'PRINCE (Omoba), Hanirich, Bayu Angora, King muh, SolutionsIn-
data, Simplexity22, Howhontanozaz, InternetArchiveBot, Yasith Silva, Llcoolj89, GreenC bot, Kgroot, Wardiverde, IlyassAitAli, Epsfam-
ily, Philhistory08, ShanePEC, Justeditingtoday, Shanek88, Wowapp, Kndes and Anonymous: 298

14.2 Images
File:Ancientchineseinstrumentalists.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/
Ancientchineseinstrumentalists.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Ankh_isis_nefertari.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Ankh_isis_nefertari.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: public domain Original artist: died 4000 years ago
File:Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/c/c3/Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Berthold Werner
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
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cense: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: Albrecht Drer
File:Jingangjing.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Jingangjing.jpg License: Public domain Contribu-
tors: Zoomable image from the British Librarys Online Gallery. Originally uploaded to en:Wikipedia (log) in January 2008 by Fconaway
(talk) and in November 2009 by Earthsound (talk). Original artist: The colophon, at the inner end, reads: Reverently [caused to be] made
for universal free distribution by Wang Jie on behalf of his two parents on the 13th of the 4th moon of the 9th year of Xiantong [i.e. 11th
May, CE 868 ].
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main Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by DIRECT-
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10 14 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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southern_wind_clear_morning.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://visipix.dynalias.com/cgi-bin/view?s=5&userid=
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tributors: Vectorized version of Image:WPVA-khamsa.png by User:Sparkit Original artist:
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