Emily Stokes

February 7, 2017
G/T Independent Research
Annotated Source List
Bender, C., Braks, K., Detlef, C., Klenner, K., Svaldi, J., Tuschen-Caffier, B. (December 15,
2015). Selective visual attention during mirror exposure in anorexia and bulimia
nervosa. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145886
This article explains an experiment that was conducted to examine body dissatisfaction in
women with eating disorders. In this experiment women with anorexia, women with bulimia, and
women without an eating disorder were observed; women without an eating disorder were used
as the control group. All the women were asked to record the areas of least satisfaction and areas
of most satisfaction on their bodies. The women were then placed in front of a mirror and the
directions their eyes were looking were recorded. It was found that in the women with anorexia
and/or bulimia that their eyes were more focused on the areas of their bodies that disliked more
than their areas of satisfaction. While, in women without an eating disorders it was found that
most women looked at their bodies as a whole and never focused on a specific area of their
bodies.
The text is informative and used many other sources to support the claims made. The
article would be helpful for further research in body dissatisfaction or body distortions in people
with eating disorders. Also, learning more about these subjects could help care providers create a
more effective plan to help patients with body dissatisfaction and body distortion issues.

Boswell, R., Willis, M., & Willis S. T. (2004). Refeeding Syndrome in a Severely Malnourished
Child. Retrieved from: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/489090_4
The article discusses the functions that change when the body is starved and what
happens when food is reintroduced into the body. Insulin production decreases when the body is
starved and glucagon levels increase resulting in glycogen being converted to glucose instead of
glucose being ingested from food. When food is reintroduced insulin levels spike and other
metabolic levels increase as well. This sudden increase can often shock the body which is known
as refeeding syndrome. In order to decrease the likelihood of refeeding syndrome occurring in
patients the article recommends that metabolic levels are monitored throughout the refeeding
process.
The article provides an explanation as to why refeeding syndrome occurs and what
happens during it. This article would be helpful for doctors or people looking to see what
refeeding syndrome is. Doctors can use it in their research along with use it to help better explain
refeeding better explain refeeding syndrome to patients.
Brierley M-E, Brooks KR, Mond J, Stevenson RJ, Stephen ID (2016) The body and the
beautiful: Health, attractiveness and body composition in mens and womens bodies.
PLoS ONE 11(6): e0156722. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156722
It was once determined that men were attracted to the women with the healthiest body
mass index (BMI), but now men are more attracted to women below a healthy BMI. In this
article an experiment was conducted to determine if this claim holds true. Men were asked to
manipulate a virtual representation of the female body into its most attractive state to them, and
women were asked to do the same with male bodies. It was found, that men tended to manipulate
womens BMI to a below than healthy rate, but muscle mass in the women was not manipulated
as much as it was in the men. While, it was found that women tended to manipulate the male
body to a relatively normal BMI.
Women are told in order to be pretty they must be skinny. This article proves that it is not
in fact healthy to be as skinny as men want them to be. The text would be helpful to prove to
girls that expectations of women are not healthy, that it is healthier to have a good BMI than to
impress men.

Crook M.A. & Panteli J.V. (2001). The Importance of the Refeeding Syndrome. Retrieved from
http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/gim/_pdf/consult/refeeding_syndrome.pdf
In this article, the authors describe the process of starvation on a biological level and
what happens when food is reintroduced to the body. Treatment options and procedures doctors
are required to follow when refeeding a patient are also listed. Often associated with refeeding
syndrome are Hypophosphatemia, Hypomagnesemia, and Hypokalemia. Severely different
consequences associated with the development of these three disorders are listed as well. When
someone is without a sufficient amount of food for a prolonged time, the body starts to use fats
in the body as the main source of energy instead glucose which is ingested when food is eaten,
the transition back to glucose as the main source of energy when food is being introduces often
causes complications which are referred to as refeeding syndrome.
This article is full of advanced biology vocabulary; therefore, this article is not a good
resource for someone looking for an explanation of refeeding syndrome. Rather, someone with
an advanced background in biological functions would be better suited for the audience of this
article. This article could be useful as a source for a research paper.

Eating disorder treatment. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.eating-

disorder.com/treatments.php
This article is about the different methods of treatment for eating disorders. The different
types of treatment discussed in the article include art therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy,
culinary therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, family therapy, group therapy, individual
therapy, medical care, movement therapy, nutrition therapy, psychiatric care, and support groups.
By combining the different treatment methods, the areas covered will help the patient to recovery
from an eating disorders.
 This article provides an extensive amount of information for treatment. By having several
different options for treatment, the article can help people looking to learn about the different
methods available to help someone recover from an eating disorder. The article does not include
any trials or statistics making it not a useful resource to doctors, but since its intended audience is
to inform then the article serves its purpose.

Fulop, T. (January 4, 2016). Hypomagnesemia. Retrieved from

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2038394-overview
This article is about hypomagnesemia, this is an abnormality in magnesium level. This
can lead to ventricular arrhythmia, death, etc. Magnesium plays a vital role in many cellular
function and with an abnormal level can directly correlate to blood pressure. Magnesium is used
for activation in cellular functions and without, it can lead to more energy being exhausted then
normal. Magnesium is received by the body through many different foods, and without these
foods magnesium cannot be used in the body.
This article provides an extensive amount of information for hypomagnesemia. By
having several pages about this condition and thoroughly explaining it, the article can help
people looking to seek more information on this condition or help doctors or researchers to
further their research by providing a reliable, useful source.

Haas, V. (2012). Refeeding syndrome in anorexia nervosa. Retrieved from

http://www.espen.org/presfile/Haas_2012.pdf
In this presentation, the author list methods of refeeding a patient. The methods give
detailed steps for not only food intake for a patient, but also gives tips for medical monitoring to
help prevent refeeding syndrome. It is emphasized multiple times throughout the presentation
that constant monitoring of the patients vitals are important as well as many blood tests to track
P, K, Mg, Na, Ca, Glc and liver enzymes to watch for odd fluctuations. Not only does the author
present treatment programs to help reduce the risk of refeeding syndrome, but the author also
includes a treatment plan for anorexia if a patient does develop refeeding syndrome. The plan
helps the patient stay on track for recovery, but also helps fix the refeeding syndrome.
The multiple treatment options and case studies show give a wide array of possibilities
for anorexia treatment. The presentation is catered more towards professionals due to the
advanced vocabulary. The audience is not so much people that are looking for treatment options;
rather, it is for doctors to compare treatment plans.

Helms, R., Keizer, A., Dijkerman, C. H., & Van Elburg, A. (October 16, 2016). A virtual reality
full body illusion improves body image disturbance in anorexia nervosa. Retrieved from
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163921
The experiment conducted in this article tested a possible fix to body distortions in girls
with anorexia. Women were asked to give estimates of their body size before the test. During the
test, women's figures were scanned and then added in a computer which were then showed to the
individuals. After the women viewed their bodies on in this virtual reality program, they were
then asked to estimate the size of their bodies. It was observed that women did not change their
views of their body after this test was conducted. The article addresses possible explanations for
why women with anorexia experience distorted views of their bodies. The authors also explain
what regions of the bodies were often more distorted than others.
The article, although not extremely helpful from the results of the data, gives useful
information about body distortions in anorexia patients. The experiment could be useful to help
people that hope to further their research on body distortions, but this experiment would not be
helpful to people looking for ways to improve distortions. Although not successful, the article
provides a multitude of useful information.

Juregui-Garrido, B., & Juregui-Lobera, I. (February 15,2012). Sudden death in eating

disorders. doi: 10.2147/VHRM.S28652
In this article, it discusses the cause of most sudden deaths of people with eating
disorders. The cause of sudden deaths of people with eating disorder most times tends to be from
a cardiovascular complication. Many different complications such as acute ventricular
arrhythmia, bradycardia, and hypotension can all cause death in someone that has an eating
disorder. The author suggests possible ways of preventing these complications such as
monitoring patients closely during the refeeding stages of recovery; this can be done by
conducting various scans and tests on patients as well as monitoring blood pressure. Also, by
seeking help as soon as possible when one is experiencing an eating disorder can help to prevent
cardiovascular damage.
This article gives further knowledge on previously unknown reasons to deaths of people
with eating disorders. By publishing new information, the text can give reason to to unexplained
deaths that people have had in their families. This article gives multiple other sources therefore
this would be a good starting point to further someones research in this particular field.

Joanna Kay. (2015). Refeeding syndrome. Retrieved from http://www.mirror-

mirror.org/refeeding-syndrome.htm
This article defines, as well as gives an in-depth overview of, refeeding syndrome. This is
a medical complication that is developed when someone with anorexia nervosa is in the process
of gaining back the weight they have lost. This can cause heart attacks or death. When someone
is malnourished, they are receiving energy from the breakdown of fats inside their body, but
when food is reintroduced back to the patient, they shift from fats as a use of energy to
carbohydrates. This shifts from a previously catabolic pathway to the proper anabolic pathway.
This shift can cause a rapid fluctuation in electrolytes such as potassium which can cause severe
damage to the body. In order to prevent this from occurring in a patient during the process of
refeeding, the patient needs to increase their caloric intake gradually instead of starting a patient
off on a standard meal plan right away.
This article is helpful to educate as well as introduce the possibility of refeeding
syndrome in the treatment of anorexia. By limiting the amount of medical jargon, the author
makes this article accessible to anyone interested in refeeding syndrome weather its a mother
worried about her child, or someone conducting research.

Kaye, W. (2008). Neurobiology of Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa purdue ingestive behavior
research center symposium influences on eating and body weight over the lifespan:
Children and adolescents. Physiology & Behavior, 94(1), 121135.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.11.037
The journal discusses the neurological aspects behind anorexia along with bulimia. The
author explains how neuropeptides, serotonin, dopamine, and the neurotransmission are affected
when the body is deprived of essential nutrients. While the text does describe the biological
aspects of the neurological side to anorexia, it also addresses the way the brain chemistry of
people of anorexia affects their behavior towards the rest of the world. Anorexia has some
strange behaviors associated with it and the journal breaks down these behaviors and explains as
to why these behaviors arise in a person with anorexia or bulimia. With eating disorders, often
people suffering also suffer from body distortion which is where a person perceives their body
differently than how it actually is. In the journal, it describes possibly why people develop this
trait along with their eating disorder. Overall, the journal addresses the scientific reasons this
disorder occurs and the science behind what is going on in someone with and eating disorder.
This journal is a useful tool in the process of researching since it addresses the science behind
eating disorders. Although the terminology was rather advanced, it is an informative text. The
authors extensive research done to write this journal could be helpful for people that are well
versed in the science field and have an interest in perusing research in the eating disorder field.

Kleinman, S.(June 1, 2013).Challenging body distortions through the eyes of the body. Retrieved
from https://www.eatingdisorderhope.com/information/body-image/body-distortion-
control-treatment
The article introduces a woman, Megan, and brings the reader along in her process of recovery
from her eating disorder and improving her body image. The article is based on body distortions
and how the body distortions of people tend to affect how they act. People with body distortions
tend to hate their body and in turn, feel like they are not worthy of anything and act very
reserved. These claims made at the beginning of the text are backed up by Megan. She hated her
body, because of that she believed she did not matter and she did not deserve happiness. Megans
progress was tracked through many interviews and letters she wrote though her time in recovery.
The text includes many sources from previous experiments and articles. These could also be
helpful sources. The articles personal experiences evoke the reader to remember personal
experiences making it helpful to people who also struggle with body distortions. The author
includes a works cited meaning that this article can lead to further research in this field.

Le Grange, D. & Lock, J. Family-based treatment of adolescent anorexia nervosa: The Maudsley
Approach. Retrieved from http://www.maudsleyparents.org/whatismaudsley.html
 This article is about the Maudsley Method, which is a form of treatment for eating
disorders. This approach is divided into 3 phases. Phase 1: restoring a healthy weight, phase 2:
returning control of eating back to the adolescent, and phase 3: establishing a healthy identity for
the adolescent. Although the method has been proven affective, the author states that this
treatment option is best suited for adolescence who have had an eating disorder for less than
three years.
This article provides a detailed description of the Maudsley Method as well as proof of its
effectiveness. These aspects make this a good article for researchers to use as they continue their
research on Anorexia treatment approaches. This article would also be helpful for people who
want to learn more about the methods behind treatment for eating disorders.

Mayo Clinic. (May 7, 2014). Bradycardia. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-

conditions/bradycardia/basics/definition/con-20028373
This article, by The Mayo Clinic, defines bradycardia as well as gives symptoms, risk
factors, complications, and more. Bradycardia is a heart rate that is slower than normal; a heart
rate below 60 beats per minute is considered Bradycardia. By having a slower heart rate, this can
become a major problem since not enough oxygen-rich blood is being pumped throughout the
body. Some symptoms include dizziness, fatigue, and chest pains. A cause of bradycardia is an
imbalance of mineral-related substances necessary for conducting electrical impulses this can be
caused by not eating enough.
The article gives a complete and thorough description of Bradycardia by giving much
more than just a simple definition. This text can help someone who has little knowledge of
bradycardia because the language used is not full of jargon, rather, it is easy to understand.

Mayo Clinic Staff. (June 02, 2015). Teen eating disorders: Tips to protect your teen. Retrieved
from http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/tween-and-teen-health/in-depth/teen-
eating-disorders/art-20044635?pg=1
This article addresses eating disorders, specifically teen eating disorders. The author
explains the possible causes, although the author does mention that causes for eating disorders
are relatively undefined and the causes listed are more of possible contributing factors. The
Mayo Clinic Staff also provides preventative measures for parents to take to make it less likely
that their child will develop an eating disorder. The possible preventative measures listed include,
using food as a means of nourishment, rather than a reward or punishment; Promoting a healthy
body, and being open and talk about the dangers of dieting and emotional eating. The author also
lists possible warning signs of eating disorders and things that people should look out for in their
siblings, kids, mothers, fathers, friends, ect. These warning signs could be for someone with an
eating disorder starting to develop or someone that already has an eating disorder.
The article addressed many different topics pertaining to eating disorders which made it
extremely helpful. People who are interested in learning about eating disorder prevention and
people that are trying to figure out if someone has an eating disorder would strongly benefit from
it. The information was simple and easy to understand, yet it did not express any signs of
unintelligence which makes it a useful source to anyone, not just people with professions in the
field of eating disorders. Although the article did not go into great detail it is a great starting
point for people wishing to further their research in this field.

Mehanna, H.M., Moledina, J., & Travis, J. (2008 Jun 28). Refeeding syndrome: what it is, and
how to prevent and treat it. Doi: 10.1136/bmj.a301
The journal uses studies, trials, professional quotes, and more to explain refeeding
syndrome and how to help treat and prevent it. The journal starts off by addressing the fact that
this condition often goes unnoticed in patients, but it has the potential to become fatal. The
conditions in an imbalance in electrolytes and fluids. Unless these are checked frequently, there
is no external ques to hint towards refeeding syndrome. The journal also emphasizes that when
someone has been deprived of proper nutrition for a prolonged period of time, the patient should
start the refeeding process slowly which greatly decreases the risk for refeeding syndrome.
This journal can help people who are worried they may develop this as well as a good
resource for doctors or researchers looking to use this as a source. The journal includes studies
and expert opinion to reiterate the points already stated which helps validate the reliability of this
source.

M. Grohol, Psy.D. (July 17, 2016). Treatment for Anorexia. Retrieved from
http://psychcentral.com/lib/treatment-for-anorexia/2/
This article written by John M. Grohol addresses anorexia itself along with the varied
treatment options associated with anorexia. The treatment options include, but are not limited to,
psychotherapy, which addresses the underlying issues causing the anorexia; cognitive behavioral
therapy, which helps patients to understand how the negative thoughts they are experiencing are
directly related to their eating behaviors; family therapy, which often times the Maudsley Method
is used with families with adolescents or young adults, which is where the family takes
responsibility for the refeeding of their child; medication, which is not for anorexia specifically,
but more for the other mental illnesses associated with it; and hospitalization and residential
programs; this option is for people with life threatening cases of anorexia. Also, the author highly
suggests that the decision for which treatment option should be decided by someone with
experience in the field like a psychologist or a psychiatrist.
This article about treatment for anorexia is useful because it addresses the multiple
options for help with this illness. The article is descriptive in the fact that it goes in depth with
explanations and benefits and drawbacks with each treatment option; it would be extremely
helpful in answering questions referring to anorexia and treatment for it. Discussing symptoms
and causes for anorexia also helps in expanding the depth of information about anorexia and
gives a foreground for the rest of the article.
Morris, A. M., & Katzman, D. K. (2003). The impact of the media on eating disorders in
children and adolescents. Paediatrics & Child Health, 8(5), 287289. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792687/
This journal addresses the affect media has on eating disorders, specifically for teens and
adolescents. In the text, it is explained how medias portrayal of women being unhealthily skinny
is ok and that it is beautiful. Because of this belief, according to the author, this is a major
influence on what leads to eating disorders. The journal does not just describe the negativity of
the media he counters the pessimism by listing things that the media is good for to keep people
healthy. Also, things to do to keep the medias influence out of the ears of young children are
discussed. Many studies were referenced showing data that girls are all generally unhappy with
their bodies and want to be thinner. The points made in the text show the harsh impact of media
The journal was helpful since it went in depth into the medias influence on eating
disorders. The author included multiple studies to back up the claims made making the text
reliable. This article would be helpful for people who wish to further their research in this field
since the journal referenced a multitude of different sources.

National Institute of Mental Health. (February 2016). Eating disorders. Retrieved from
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/eating-disorders/index.shtml
This article is about eating disorders. The author gives a definition for eating disorders
then gives different symptoms and risk factors for each individual eating disorder; Anorexia
Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and binge eating disorder. The information provided also includes
treatment options and suggestions. The author also addresses the common misconception among
people that do not have extensive knowledge on eating disorders that the eating disorder is a life
style choice. Eating disorders are in fact serious mental illnesses and can potentially be fatal.
This article provides a brief explanation for multiple categories related to eating
disorders. Doing this instead of picking one or two topics to discuss in detail provides the reader
with an over view of eating disorders rather than in depth knowledge. This can be helpful for
people who are uneducated about eating disorders, but this article would not be helpful for
doctors or researchers to use since not much detail is provided.

Piryankova IV, Wong HY, Linkenauger SA, Stinson C, Longo MR, Blthoff HH, et al. (2014)
Owning an overweight or underweight body: Distinguishing the physical, experienced
and virtual body. PLoS ONE 9(8): e103428. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103428
In this article an investigation was conducted to determine what would happen when
women were given a virtual body. Women would claim ownership of this body. After the
experiment women were asked to give their own representation of their bodies and it had
changed from before the experiment. Women were given either a larger or a smaller body than
they already had which either negatively or positively affected how they viewed themselves.
Also, the during the experiment, the experimenters tried to determined which sensual cues
affected body perception.
 This article explains how sensual cues affect a persons body perception. The information
stated could be helpful for further research. Anyone looking to further their research in the field
of body perception could use this article to help them in research

Refeeding Syndrome: Prevention and Management. (June 21, 2013).

http://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/_policies/pdf/2013-7036.pdf
This article explains the risks as well as the symptoms of refeeding syndrome.
Complications include, congestive heart failure, acute respiratory failure, ventilator dependency,
altered red blood cell function, hypertension, decreased muscle strength, ect. Symptoms for
refeeding syndrome include, vitamin deficiency, abnormal fluid balances, and abnormal glucose
metabolism. The article also states that refeeding syndrome can occur up to two weeks after a
patient has transferred from an insufficient amount of nutrition to a proper amount meaning that
tests and observation should be continued for at least two weeks following the reintroduction to
food.
This article uses tables and data to throughout the text which gives the article more
reliability as well as convenience for readers. The text would be helpful for anyone looking to
research refeeding syndrome and use this for further research, the symptoms list is not too
extensive meaning that this article would not be good for someone looking to identify refeeding
syndrome in someone.

Smith, Emily. (January 12, 2014). How to prevent relapse in recovery from anorexia. Retrieved
from: http://www.eatingdisordersonline.com/articles/anorexia/how-to-prevent-relapses

This article is about how to prevent eating disorder relapse. The author lists signs of
relapse as well as different precautionary steps to take in order to prevent relapse. Different
warning signs of relapse include, being dishonest about acting on symptoms, feeling hopeless,
perceiving yourself as fat, and restricting food intake. Possible ways to prevent relapse are,
having help from a professional throughout recovery, look forward to something whether it be a
TV show, an instrument, ect. The author also stresses throughout the text that relapse is part of
recovery and should not be seen as a weakness.
The article lacks professional aspects such as data collection and outside sources therefor
would not be helpful for doctors or people looking to do further research; however, it could be
useful to people who are beginning to relapse or a loved on is beginning to relapse.

Top Documentary Films. (January 6,2016). Anorexia nervosa documentary the deadly life of an
anorexic. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=35A0686PBLk
This documentary is about anorexia; symptoms, complications, causes, treatment, and
personal accounts. The video interviews many girls that are suffering or suffered from this
disorder along with professionals in the field including, medical doctors, psychological doctors,
and therapists. The doctors discuss possible breakthroughs in the treatment for anorexia and they
explain the steps currently in place for treatment and the most successful ways for patients to
progress through recovery. The psychologists in the documentary also discuss key personality
traits in people with anorexia. The documentary follows people through their recovery and
discusses the medication use through the treatment. Speakers talk about statics and how the
media impacts peoples ideal body size. Not only does the film talk about anorexia, but it also
discusses bulimia nervosa, and anorexia nervosa exercise type.
The personal accounts along with the information in the presentation makes it a powerful
resource for research along with prevention. The stories of patients are very poignant towards the
audience and the information is highly packed, making the documentary extremely useful to
anyone wishing to forward their research in this field.