ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN: SP.

READ FOOTINGS, COMBINED FOOTINGS 103

3-6 DESIGN LIMIT ATIONS .

The design principie utilized has been that the spread footing is absolutely rigid, i.e.,
p
q=--
Arootin:

Nothing has been said about what footing proportions (depth, width, cantilevered
length from column face, modulus of elasticity) or material properties are necessary
to achieve rigidity. Studies [Schultze (J961)] and analysis based on the theory of
elasticity [Borowicka (1936, 1938)] have shown that the actual soil pressure is generaHy
not uniform but is somewhat as shown in Fig. 3-7. From this it is apparent that
footings on cohesionless materials and depending on the flexura! rigjdity El may
approach a uniform soil pressure. Footings on soils with cohesion tend to higher
edge pressures, depending again on the flexura! rigidity: The work of Borowicka
has been used [Bowles (1973)] to obtain approximate design edge pressures, as shown
in Fig. 3-8, if the designer feels this is appropriate.
The application of edge pressures with reduced average contact pressures <loes
not change the design as much as might be expected since the effect is somewhat
nulli:fiedthrough use of larger contact pressures in the conventional design. Another
mitigating factor is that footing rigidity is significantly increased by obtaining the
footing depth to satisfy concrete shear strength without the use of shear reinforcement.

3-7 COMBINED FOOTINGS

.
(RECTANGULAR).
Column footings adjacent to property lines may be eccentricatly loaded if the column
is placed as close as possible to the property boundary, as shown in Fig. 3-9a. .A
problem may exist where rectangular footings may interfere, as Fig. 3-9b. The situa-
tion of Fig. 3-9c may arise if the soil is of such low allowable bearing capacity that the
resulting footing dimensions conflict. In these three cases a possible solution i_s to
put more than one column on a combined footing. When more than one line of
columns is on the footing, it is termed a mat or raft, with a solution to be considered
later (Chap. 7). Sorne engineers are of the opinion, however, that it may be more
economical, even if the foundation site is saturated with footings, to use spread
footings, if at ali possible, to avoid placing both positive- and negative-bendiog steel.
A small side benefit in formwork savings may be obtained where footings are very
close by pouring alternate footings so that the poured footing can be used as a form
by inserting a thin spacer board between footings.
A combined footing may have more than two columns in a line ; however, this
chapter and its computer program consider only a two-column case. The reason will
be apparent later.
104 ANALYTICAL AND COMPUTER METHODS IN FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

r (circle) B/2

R = 4--=4(~)
(!..!)
1 - 1 6E, r 2

FIGURE 3-7
Footing pressures based on theoretical considerations. [A/ter Borowicka {1936,
1938).]

Combined footings may be of any shape; this section considers only rectangular
shapes, and Sec. 3-9 considers a trapezoid.
Combined footings may more properly be considered slabs or mats if the LJB
ratio is over about 2 to 2.25. The ACI Code does not provide much guidance on their
design except to leave it largely to the designer's judgment (art. 15.10). The design

0.4P

i0.6q 0 B 2
&\
0.6q 0

+ 4q,
iO.lPnB~

= q0B 2
B
0.6q0
1tB2
4
!-o.611o

+ nBq, = qo
~
11B2
4
1
0.8q 0 Ar
Fo.sq

+ 2Bq, = P
~0-~P

(a) (b) (e)

FIGURE 3-8
Altemative pressure distribution for footings on cohesive soil: (a) square;
(b) circle; (e) rectangle. [A/ter Bowles (1973).]
 ELEMENI'SOF STRUCTURALDE.SlGN: SPREAD FOOTINGS,COMBINEDFOOTINGS 105

Property line

Solution: combine two

columns on one ftg
1
Wall orcol. 1
results in l
eccentnc I lS:2'I
--;,t---tt- loading -+-,----+ ---+!ZSJ""""*-+--
- -
on this 1
footng
1
W/2~------J
(a)

r ,1
If footings are concentrically (b)
loadcd they ovelap
1
1

1
1
1
L ____________ j1

(e)

FIGURE 3-9
Sorne conditions whcre combincd footing may be the most practica! solution:
(a) column or load-bearing wall is so close to the property line that a footing
would be eccentrically loaded; (b) footings are so close togethcr that it may be
more practica! to combine them; (e) column loads are such that the resultin g
spread footings interfere.

steps outlined in the following paragraphs are those considered to be accepted practice.
It is not unreasonable to consider a combined footing as a slab. The reader I!lY
make this comprison between the combined footing and the same footing analyzed
as a mat in Chap. 7.
Toe following steps constitute proportioning and finding the required steel area
as done in the computer program (included in this chapter).
Referring to Fig. 3-10, the assumption is one of uniform soil pressure beneath
the footing. If one can utilze the distance AK shown, then-either B or L may be
specified and the resultant of column loads can be made to coincide with the center of
the area. By making the assumption of uniform soil pressure the load resultant must
coincide with the center of area.
Some engineers have proposed two approaches to converting to USD from
working loads: (1) convert the Ioads and soil pressure to "ultimate" values and proceed
 106 ANALYTICAL AND COMP UTER MIITHODS IN FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

1
R = P, + P

4=:~=:~OL+11L4~c
pi 2
, X to cga p1

1
AK
~X
~ XM =:D_l__
l X= L/2 ~

-~-:::;;=:::~-----------..:-;.:::.:;;_JLITI ~
L B

FIGURE 3-10
Conventio nal analysis of combined footing. The load resultant R coincides with
the center of area (cga) for a uniform soil distributon beneath the footing.
Note location of botb positive and negative reinforcing steel.

or (2) use the working-load values then multiply the resulting shear and moment
values by a ratio

UR = 2 Pu1t
2 Pwotk
The author recommends using method (1) to ensure a better computed closure of
the moment diagram. It is found that method (2) will result in a small eccentricity
between the resultant location and the center of area . The difference is of no practica!
significance , but fa annoying in trying t obtain a moment-diagram closure as an
arithmetical check.
The first step is to find the footing dimensions. It will be necessary as a part of
the early computations to obtain the " ultimate" soil pressure as
qult = qa(UR)
RX =P 2 (XM)
from which X is found. Now X+ WI + AK = L/2 by inspection of Fig. 3-10.
If the footing width Bis not given (and note that the end distance AK may be zero),
L = 2(X + Wl + AK)
-R
B=~
Lq.,,t
If B is given (AK must not be Iimited),

L=~
Bquu
and one must compute AK.
 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL OESIGN: SPREAD FOOTINGS, COMBINED FOOTINGS 107

Once footing dimensions are established, the total soil pressure per linear foot
of footing (total load per foot, TLPF) is

TLPF = B%1,
as shown in Fig. 3-11.
Now the shear and moment diagrams can be constructed using conventional
mechanics-of-materials methods. This is a tedious operation and ideally suited for the
computer program , which fi.nds the moment at each 1 ft (0.3 m) along the member,
the maximum value at zero shear, and the values at the faces of tbe columns. Shears
are likewise found at the critical locations of column faces, and the pont of zero shear
is located .
Footing depth is computed considering both wide-beam and diagonal-tension
possibilities. Note that this can be a formidable endeavor since Fig. 3-11 indicates
four possible cases of wide-beam shear (all but one can be eliminated by visual
inspection and with only minor difficulty on the coroputer) and four cases (two at
each end) of diagonal tension. These four cases depend on the value of C and AK
producing a perimeter, which may be three- or four-sided. Remember that wide-
bearo allowable stress is 2<j)-/j; and diagonal tension is 4</>
.Ji: .

P1 Pi

Load C j~:j j1
I o111
TLPF
1 11 1, 1~
= q. 11B(kips/ft) ,
,:I
1,

Shear
1
\ 1
\ 1
; 1
' Possible criL for \.videbeam
1
1

Mom. !

FIGURE 3-11
Soil-pressure assumptions and quaJitative shear and moment diagram . Note
tbat critica! design locations are the same whether column loads are treated as
distribu ted or point loads.
-- - -- - - -- -- - - - - - -- -- - ---

108 ANALYTICAL ANO COMPUTER METHODS IN FOUNDATJON ENGINEERING

After obtaining the depth to satisfy shear without using shear reinforcement,
the next operation is to determine longitudinal steel requirements both positive (or
bottom steel) at the ends and negative (or top steel) between columns.
Steel for bending in the transverse direction must also be provided. Column
bearing stresses and dowels are checked aod provided in the same manner as for spread
footings.

EXAMPLE 3-3 Desigo a combined rectangular footing for the conditions and data
shown in Fig. E3-3. l. Use the computer output of Figs. E3-3.3 and E3-3.4 to check
and/or obtain remaining desigo information.

r: = 3ksi
q.
f, = 60ksi
= 2.0 ksf
DL = 100k
._,L_L_=_I_00_
_ ___..:.;16::..:ft:.:..._
___ -f, =
DL 100k
LL = 100

P~O- 1 ft I ft =D-
nl,__I_____ ____.
L

FIGURE E3-3.1

The computer input is as follows:

Card Data

TITLE (see Fig. E3-3.3)

UTl-UTI
2 FT IN KIPS FT-KIPS KIPS/SQ FT KIPS/LIN FT LB/SQ IN
FUl-FUS
3 12. .144 2.00 4.00 87000. 200. .001 1.0
4 .50 .50 100. 100. 100. 100. 16.0 2.0
(Column half widths, DL, LL both columns, column spacing and allowable soil prcssure)
5 3000. 60000. 1.50 o.o

These five cards represent input data . Output is on Figs. E3-3.3 and E3-3.4.
Note that card UTI-UT7 and card FUI-FU8 are also used in tbe trapezoid footing
of the next section.
SOLUTION (partial): Find "ultimate" values for loads aod soil pressure
310
Pult = 140 + 170 = 310 kips and UR = 200 = 1.55

qult =2 X 1.55 = 3.10 ksf

 EUMENTS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN: SPREAD FOOTINOS, COMBINED FOOTINGS 109

Summing moments about column 1, we find the iocation of the load resultant and
center of footing area as
16(310)
X= - - = 8.00ft
620

Find the footing length L since it is now fixed:

L = 2(8 + 0.5 + 1.5) = 20.00 ft

Find B:

B = L Pull = 620 = 10.00 ft

Lqu11 20(3.10)
TLPF = 3.1 x 10 = 31.00 kips/lin ft
Based on the computed dimensions and using conventional methods the shear and
moment diagrams (author uses the computer printout) are comp leted as shown on
Fig. E3-3.4.
Wide-beam shear from the shear diagram by inspection ofvalues of232 .5 - 31d
(kips) is used to find the effective footing depth as 16.901 in. Diagonal-tension shear
similar to that for simple spread footings is investigated for two cases.
Case 1 four-sided perimeter.
Case 2 three-sided perimeter. lt should be evident that depending on the
value of AK, the punch-out zone could be three-sided.

Check the computer output for case 1 (either column from symmetry) and refer to
Fig. E3-3.2.

F, Ll
t
(w+d)(w+

- - -----------!,
w

Il
d D

FIGURE E3-3.2 P'

t
= (w + d)2
110 ANALYTJCAL AND COMPUTER METHODS IN FOUNDATION ENGINEERJNG

The perimeter shear resistance is

4(w + d)v 0 d = Fs
The upward soil pressure is

case 1

Summing vertical forces gives

F, + P' - Pu11 = O

By substitution we obtain

110.34d 2 + 113.44d = 306.9

- d = l.231 ft = 14.77 in checks computer output

Checking a case 2 possibility is left as an exercise for the reader.

The computation fer area of steel is similar to that fer a spread footing except
that here the computed moment is for the entire footing width of 10 ft; thus

a = A,f,.
0.85/;(120)

and the resulting computation for top or negative A, is

A, = 13.246 sq in per 10-ft width

The designer may select a series of bars to satisfy this requirement, e.g., seventeen
no. 8 bars at 7 in center to center:

A, furnished = 17(0.785) = 13.35 sq in > 13.25

The bars may be run all the way or terminated at the exterior column faces, as shown.
Positiv steel in the two cantilevered end zones is based on a mnimum of
200/f, = 0.0033. This gives

fis = 0.0033(120)(17) = 6.76 sq in

which is greater than the approximately 5.04 sq in shown in Fig. E3-3.3 as required
to_satisfy the bending moment .
 ELEMl!NTS 0F STRUCTURAL DES!GN: SPREAD FOOTINGS, C0MBINED FOOTINGS 111

JE 80WLES EXAHPLE 3- 3 COMB!NEO FOOTING DESIGN UStNG USO

FOOTING OES IGN INPUT DATA IS AS FOLLOWS:

COL NO l/2 WIOTH COL, FT DL, KIPS L. LOAD, KlPS
l 0.500 100 .0 100.0
2 0.500 100.0 100.0
OIST 8ETWEEN CDLS 16.000 FT
01ST ENO FTG TO LT FACE COL 1 l. 5 0 FT
FOOTING WIOTH, B = O.O FT
THE ALLOWABLE SOlL PRESSURE = 2.00 K/SQ FT
COLUMN TOTAL LOAOS ARE: COL l 200.0 KIPS COL 2 ZOO.O KIP S
CONCRETE ANO STEEL STRESSES : FlC 3000. L8/SQ IN FV 60000. LB/SQ IN

PULT COL l = 310.000 KIPS

PULT COL 2 = 3 10.000 KIPS
ULT LDAO/FT OF FTG = .H.000 K/LIN FT
COMPUTEO Foor DIHENSI ONS:
WIOTH =10.000 FT
LENGTH =20 .0 00 FT
THE L/8 RATI O =2 .C OO
THE SHEARAl LT FACE COL l 46.50 KJPS
THE SHEAR AT RT FACE COL l -232.50 KlP S
THE SHEAR AT LT FACE COL 2 = 232.50 KlPS
THE SHEAR AT Rl FACE COL 2 x -46 . 50 KIPS
THE MOHENT AT LT FACE COL l 34.87 FT-K
THE MOHENT AT RT FACE COL l = - 58- 12 FT-K
THE MOMENTAl LT FACE COL 2 -58 . 13 FT-K
THE MONENT AT RT F ACE COL 2 = 34.87 FT-K
THE MAX MOHENT -930.00 FT- K ATA 01ST = 10.000 FROM COL l ENO
MAX SHEAR USEO FOR WIDE BEAM = 232.500 KIPS
CEPTH OF CONCRETE FOR WIDE BEAM = 16.901 IN
DEPTH DF CONCRETE FOR CASE l ; COL 14. 771 IN
OEPTH OF CONCRETE FOR CASE iil COL 2 14.771 IN
DEPTH OF CONCRETE FOR CASE 2 ; COL l : 15.127 IN
DEPTH OF CONCRETE FOR CASE 2 iil COL 2 15.127 IN
OEPTH OF CONCRETE USED FOR DESIGN = 16.901
***** IN
AS= TOTAL STEEL AR.EA FOR FTG WIOTH OF 8
DISTANCE
FROM ENO
o.o
1. 0 0
SHEAR
o.o
MOHENT,FT-K

31.0000
. o.o
15.5000
AS,SQ-IN
0 .00 0
0 . 2 04
2.00 - 92.9999 23 .2 500 0 .306
3 .00 - 216 .99 98 -170.4999 2.212
4.CO - 185 . 9999 -371.9998 5.039
5. 00 -154.9999 -542 . 4998 7.456
6.00 -1 23 . 9999 -68 1. 9998 9.490
7. 00 -93 . 0000 -790.4998 lt.110
s.co -62 .0000 -867 . 9995 12,289
9.00 -31,0002 -914 .4 9 9 8 13. 006
10.00 -0 . 0002 - 929 . 9998 13 .246
ll.00 30.9998 -914.4998 13.006
12 . 00 61,9998 -867 .9998 12.289
13.00 92 . 9998 -790 . SCOO 11.11 0
14.00 12 3.9998 - 682 .00 02 9 .4 90
15.00 154. 9998 - 542 .5005 7.456
16.00 185.9998 -372 .0000 5.039
11.00 216.9995 - 170.503 9 2.212
18.00 92.9996 23.2461 0.306
19.00 -31.000 2 15.5002 0.20 4
20.00 -0 .0002 0.0005 0.000
MAX i STEEL =O . Ol 1: HA)( STEEL AREA = 32.520 SQ IN
MJN 1: STEEL :Q.003 i HIN STEEL AREA : 6.760 SQ IN

FIGURE E3-3.3
Computer output for Example 3-3.

- --- - - -- --- ---- --

112 ANALYTICAL AND COMPUTER METilODS IN FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

Compute transverse steel requirements. Note that the computer program <loes
not perform this step. Take an equivalent (see Chap. 7) beam 1 of

w + 3d = 1.00 + 4.23 = 5.23 ft say 5.0 ft

310
q~1, = = 6.20 ksf
50

62
M~ = (4.5) 2 = 62.8 ft-kips = 753.6 in-kips
2

Take an effective depth d of approximately d - l in to allow for bar diameters and

place this steel on top of the longitudinal bars:
d'. = d - I in = 17 - 1 = 16 in
Substituting into Eq. (3-2) and rearranging, we have

753 6
- A (16 - 0.98A) =
s s 0.9(60)
0.98A, - 16A, = - 13.96
A, = 8.17 - 7.25 = 0.92 sq in/ft
A , ,total = 5(0.92) = 4.60 sq in
Use eight no. 7 bars at 7.5 in center to center. Toe steel area furnished is

A, = 8(0.60) = 4.8 sq in > 4.60

For remainder of footing use minimum for flexure (ACI, art. 10.5.1)

A, = 0.0033(17)(12) = 0.68 sq in/ft

Total = 0.68 x 10 = 6.8 sq in
Use twelve no. 7 bars at 10 in center to center

A. furnished = 7.20 sq in > 6.80 sq in O.K.

Figures E3-3.3 and E3-3.4 illustrate typical computer output and final design sketch.
Note that no design has been made of column dowels to attach the columns to footing .
This p~rt of the design is omitted because it is identical to that of spread footings.
////
1
Keep in mind that by making this zone " stiffer '" t will tend to " attr ac t" moment
into a narrower width.
 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN: SPREAD FOOTINGS, COMBlNED FOOTINOS 113

(a)

1 1 t 1
1 1 17-8 @ 7in .C - C 1 1

Il
1 1 / 1 1
~----~----~ ---rr--- - -o ---~-----0--- ------rr
8-7 @7in. 1 \ 12-7@ 10 1 8-+?
/ m. -@ 7m ..-----..._
~-d-~_u _____ J:L ____ u_________________
..Q..~ _ __d._~
M

5 fi Run 50 % continuo us 10 ft 5 ft
1

(b)

FIGURE E3-3.4
(a) Shear and moment diagram s aiid (b) final-design sketch (not to scale).
Generally run negative steel and 50 percent positive steel ali thc way unless end
overhangs are large .

3-8 COMPUTER PROGRAM TO DESIGN COMBINED

FOOTING (CONVENTIONAL)
This program will design a continuous rectangular footing with two square columns
loaded with axial loads (no moments) at any Iocation bascd on USD and ACI 318-71.
Column 1 is the left column, and footing orientation should be such as to achieve this

-- -------- --- - - --
114 Al'IALYllCAL AND COMPUTIR METHODS IN FOUNDATI ON ENGINEERJNG

placement. Distance AK is from the left edge of the footing to the left face of the first
column. Final footing dimensions are symmetrical with respect to the resultant of
column widths. The program does not find requir ed steel areas in the short direction.
Toe designer may round dimensions for practica! consider.tions. Metric units can
be used with this program va use of cards UTl -UTI and FU1-FU8. The fps
equivalents are in ~xample 3-3, and the metric entries are listed in Example 3-4.

Line Operation

3 READ TITLE AND UTl-UTI (two cards)

7 READ FU1-FU8 (see Examples 3-3 and 3-4 for numeri cal values)
8 READ
WI, W2 = half widths of column s 1 and 2, ft; DLJ , XLLl, DL2 , XLL2 = column
dead and line loads, kips; XM = center to centcr column spacing, ft; QALL = allow-
able soil pressure , ksf (for metric problems use meter and kN units)
9 READ
FlC, FY = J;, f, in psi; AK = distance from left end to left face of column !, ft;
B = footing width if controlling. If B > O, then AK = O
17-29 Finds footing dmensions
44-53 Computes critica! shear and moment values at column faces
61-4!3 Finds footing depth to satisfy wide beam and two cases of diagonal tension at each end
86-120 Comput es shear and moments at 1-ft (or 0.3-m) intervals and corresponding reinfor cing
steel required
e J E 8 0WLES COHB! NED FOOTlNG BY USD (AC! 318 - 7 11 OES I GN-- LlM!T 2
e Wl,W2 = COL l / 2 WIOTHS , AK ALWAYS LEFT ENO
0001 DlMENSJON TI TLEl20 l
0002 OOUBLE PRECISION UT5,UT6 ,UT7,UT 8
0003 6000 READll,lOO O,ENO=l501TJTLE,UTl,UT 2 ,UT3 , UT4,UT5,UTb,UT7,UT8
0004 1000 FORMAT l20A4 / 41A4,6Xl,41A8,2Xll
0005 WRITE13 , l0011TITLE
00 0 6 100 1 F0 RHAT('l' ,//,T 5 , 20A4,//l
0007
0008
0009
:~:g:t: 5
!~~t:~~~LY;xC~!:6~1:~~ti~~~:~~~L
READI 1, 5 1 Fl C, FV, AK, 8
0010 5 FORHAT!8Fl0.4l
0011 Pt=Oll+Xlll
0012 P20L2+XLL2
0013 WR!TE13,500lUTl,UT3,UT 3 ,Wl,0Ll,XLll,W2,0L 2,Xll2,X M,UTl,A K,UTl,
l B,UTl,Q ALL,UTS
0014 500 FORMAT(l 25 ,'F OOTING OESIGN INPUT DATA IS AS FOLLDWS:/T5,'COL NO',
13 X-. 1 1/2 WIOTH COL, ' , A2,3X ~'Ol, ' ,A 4,3 X,' L LOAD, ', A4 , / Tb , ' l',
15:~~i~tr~~ tC~E~ l~tsF~ :!~!~3:f~:111
4COL l = ,F5.2,1X,A2/Tl0,'FCOTING
t~6:10T~~ :~1Ft~62/tb
WIOTH, B ',Fb.2,1X,A
6 1
Lt FAce
Tl5,
7
00 15 s ~~~et~;~Mt~~i . ~~i;P ~~f~~~c:~t~ ~F~;o~tA /l
0016 501 FORHATIT5,'COLUMN TOTAL LOAOS ARE: COL l = ',F6-l,1X, A4 ,3X,'COL 2
.. !. ' ,.F6, l, IX , A4 / T5 , ' CONCRETE ANO STEEL STRESSES: ', 3X, 'F lC =',
2 F7, 0 ,1X,A 6,3X , ' FY =' ,F7.0;lX,A8,//l
0017 UPl=l.4*0Ll+l . 7*XLll
00 18 UP2= l-4* 0 L2+1-7*XL L2
0019 XBAR = UP2 *XM/IUPl +UP2 l
0020 SOIR A = (UPl+UP2ltl?l+P2l
002 1 QULT = SOJRAQALL
00 2 2 AKC = O.
0023 IF\8.LE.O,lGO TO 6
002 4 TLEN = l UP l+ UP2l/lBOU LTJ
0025 AKC = TLEN/2 . - XBAR - Wt
0026 AK = AKC
0027 GO TO 7
00 28 6 TLEN = 2 -IAK + Wl +X8ARl
0029 B (UPl+UP 2 l/(TLEN*OULTl
0030 7 RATIO TLENl8
0031 TLPF=IUPl+UP Z llTLEN
0032 WRITE( 3 , 503 1UPl,UT3,UP2,UT3,TLPf,UT 6 ,8 , UTl, TLEN,UTl, RATJO
0033
so3i:2,~ti: Fr~
~~:
!0lh~~~~h~~F ~s~tttU.1
/i~~.eo~;u
PUL! Ho 3
FMf
i 'M~~~~ir~~,x}Yo ' ~!~~_3;~6-3,lX,A2/T9,'L ENGT~ ~ ,F6 .3, IX,A2 /
0034 ANO = TLEN/FUB
!NO~ ANO
P
00 6
0037
JFIJNO.EQ,ANOlN
IF(JNO.NE,ANOIN
INO+l
= !NO+ 2
0038 A ~ AK + XH + Wi - W2
 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL DESlON: SPREAD FOOTlNGS, COMBINED FOOTINGS 115

0039 C=2.ow 1
0=2 .ow2
"
OO'tl
00 42
E AK + XM + Wl + W2
OPl UPl/(2.Wl)
00',3 OP2 UP2/ ( 2.W2 l
c COMPUTESHEAR ANO MOMENTAT CRJT!CAL LOCATlONS ALONGFOOf ING
00 44 VIL = TlPF*AI(
00 45 VlR ~ VIL+ (TLPF-OPllC
00 46 V2L TLPFA-UPl
00"7 V2R = TLPFE-UP1-UP2
004 8 01ST ~ AK + C - VlR/TLPF
0049 XMAXM = . 5TL PF(D!ST**2) - UPI*IOIST-(AK+Wlll
0050 EMOLl . STLPF*AK**2
0051 EMORl .STLPF(Al(+Cl2 - UPl*Wl
0052 EMOL2 . STLPFA**2 - UPl*(XM- W2l
0053 EMOR2= .STLPF*ITLEN-E l2
0054 WR!TE(3,505)Vll,UT3,VlR,UT3,V2L,UT3,V2R,UT3,EM0Ll,U T4,fMORl,UT4,
l EMOL2,UT4,EMOR2,UT4,XMAXM,UT4,DIST
0055 505
1;~R~1
1
A:'~r~
5t
3=',Fl0.2,lX,A4/T5,'THc
5
~E!~ .~I o ~J .~:~4 ? ~.ir~i~~~~i~tt
SHEAR AT RT FACE COL 2 =',F~0.2,1X,A4/
1iiir~5Ls~e
5
~l F~~EcSPMiN!,!~16~2~t~~AZ9~s~r~eF~gMiNtxl~ Lt
4 5
i~l~E c S~M~N!,~~l~

e
ix H~e~i
2 1
!?:;I~:2~?~:~l.~TA~TAF~~Tc~~.~7:;:~
COMPUTEMAXANO MIN STEEL REQUIREHENTS
1
~t
~R~M 1 4 1
{ ~~r~~,MA
c NOTE CONCRETELIMITEO TO FlC NOT MORE THAN 4000 PSI DUETO PB
0056 PB = ll.852l*FlC/FYlfFU5/IFU5 + FYll.75
0057 SMIN FU6/FY
0058 FYS FYFU7
0059 FlCP = FlC*FU7
0060 GG = O.SFYS/l0.85*FlCP*B*FUll
c WIDE SEAM SHEAR WBS---O!AGONAL TENSJON SHEAR PUNS
006 1 102 PUNS FU4*,85SQRTlF1Cl
0062 wes FU3-65SQRT(FlC)
006 3 VMAX AMAXllA6SIV1Ll,A8SIV1Rl,AB S( V2Ll,A8 S(V2Rl l
0064 104 veo W8SBFU2
0065 OWS FUlVMAX/ITLPF + VCOl
006 6
c OEPTH FOR 2-CASES: CASE l PERIM OF 4 SIDES; CASE 2 PERIM~AS 3
106 008 = 2. B
0067 AA PUNS*FU2 + QULT/4.
001>8 BBl = IPUNS*FU2 + QULT/2. ) *C
001>9 CCI -IUPL - QULT*C2l/4.
00 70 OPSl ~c.s(-6B1 + SQRT (8812 - 4.*AACCl))/AAlFUl
0071 882 = IPUNS*FU2 + QULT/2.lD
0072 CC2 -(UP2 - QULT*0**21/4.
0073 DPS2 =I.Sl-882 + SORT (8B2**2 - 4.AACC2) 1/AAlFUl
c *** CASE 2 COMPUTATIONS--3-S!DEO ZONE
007 4 108 CV PUNS*FU2/QULT
0075 AAA 2.cv + .5
0076 883 2-*AKCV + 3.ccv + AK + l-5C
0017 CC3 - UPl/QULT + AK*C + Cz
00 78 OPS3 =l,5* 1-883 + SQRT 1883* 2 - 4.AAA*CC3ll/AAAl*FUl
0079 11 O EXl TL EN-E
0080 884 2-EXTCv + 3.ocv + EXT + 1.50
0081 CC4 - UP2/0UL T + EXTO ~ 0**2
0082 DPS4 =I.Sf-684 + SQRT 1884*2 - 4.AAACC4) 1/AAAlFUl
00 83 OC AMAXllOWB,DPSl,OPS2,0PS3,0 PS4l
008', WR[TE13,300JV MAX,UT3,0M6,UT2 ,0P S1,UT2,0PS2,UT2,DP S3,UT2,0 PS4,UT2,
l DC,UT2
0085 300 FORMATITS, 'MAX SHEAR USEO FOR WIDE BEAM =,F9.3,1X,A4/T7,'0EPTH OF
l CONCRETEFOR WIDE BEAM= ' ,F7.3,lXA2//Tl0 1 0EPTH OF CONCRETEFOR
2CASE l ~ COL l ',F7.3,IX,A2//Tl0, OEPTH OF CONCRETEFOR CASE l@
3COL 2 ' ,F 7 ,3,1X,A2//Tl0,'DE PTH CF CONCRETEFOR CASE 2@ COL l =~
4F7.3,1X,A 2//Tl0 ,0EPTH OF CONCRETE FOR CASE 2@ COL 2 ,F7.3,lX,A
52//Tl O, DEPTH OF CONCRETEUSEO FOR DESIGN ' ,F7.3,IX ,A2//J
c COMPUTEMOMENTS@1-FT OR . 3 METER INCREMENTS--FINO REQ'O STEEL AR
0086 WRITEC3,44) UT4,UT2 .
0087 44 FORMAT(T5,'*** AS= TOTAL STEEl AREA FOR FTG W!OTH OF 8'/TS,'DISTA
lNCE'
X= O. / TS, 'FROM ENO'
. ,T21,'SHEAR'
.. ,T34 , MOMENT,'
. ,A4,T51,
. . 'AS,. SQ- ,A2/l
. -
0088
0089 DO 100 1 l ,N
0090 IF (I.EQ .N IX : TLEN
0091
0092 8 l~l~~ii110?10,9
0093 10 V TLPF*X
009', rM vx12.
0095 GO TO 60
009b 9 ADIST = C + AK
0097
0098 12 tF!xrt~i~r~1~tl~F~gP1>1x-AK1
0099 TM ~ TLPFIX**2l/2. - DPl*(IX-AKl21/2.
OlOO GO TO 60
OlOl 20 IF(X-A)25,25,30
0 102 25 V TLPF*X - UPl
0103 TM: .sTLPFxz - UPl*(X-Wl-AK)
0104 GO TO bO
0105 30 lflX-El35,35,40
0106 35 V TLPFX - UPl -OP2*1X-AI
0 107 TH ~ .sTLPFxz - UPl*IX - Wl-AKI - .5*0P2*1X-Al**2
0108 GO TO 60
0 109 40 V~ TLPFX - UPl - UP2
0110 TM .sTLPFx2 - UPl*IX-Mt-AK) - UP2*1X-E+W2)
0111 60 ULII ~ TM
0112 IFITH.LT OOOOllULM = -TM
Oll3 Fl ULM*FU1/l.9*FYSI
 ------------ --- -- - --- - -

116 ANALYTICAL AND COMPUTER METHODS IN FOUNDATION ENOINEERJNG

0ll<t AS IDC- SQRTIOC Z-4 .*FL GGll/ 12.GGl

0115 WRITEl3,50JX,V,TH,A S
0116 100 X~ X+FU8
0117 50 FORHATIT8,F5 .2, Tl 8, F9.4, B6,Fl0.4, TSl, F7.31
0118 ASHAX = PBBFUlOC
0119 ASMlN SHINBFUlDC
0120 WRITE13,55lPB,ASHAX, UT2, 5MlN,ASMIN, UT2
0121 55 FORHAT(/T5,'MAX ? STEEL 1 ,FS.3,' 1',T3 0 ,MAX STEEL AREA =,FS.3,
i: ~g:!~~j5,''11N 'I: STEEL = ,FS. 3,' :l:',T30,'MIN STEEL AREA = 1 ,F S .3,
0122 GO TO 60 00
0 123 150 STOP
0124 END

3-9 TRAPEZOID FOOTING DESIGN

When it is necessary to use a combined footing and the distance AK of Sec. 3-7 is
Iimted or the column loads are unequal, the resultant of the column loads may fa ll
at a distance less than L/2 from one end of the footing (Fig. 3-12). If the distance
Xis
L - L
- >X<-
2 3
one may use a trape zoid-shaped footing to obtain tbe assumed cond ition of load
resultant coincident with the center of the area. 1 As with the rectangular combined
footing of Sec. 3-7, the assumption is made that the footing is rigid and soil pressure
uniform.
Equat ions can be derived (see any text on plane geometry) for a trapezoid to give

X= L 2m + n locate center of gravity of area (3-8)

3 m + n

area of trapezoid (3-9)

The proportioning and design of a trapezoidal foot ing follow.

J Convert loads to ultimate and find the ultimate load ratio (UR of Sec. 3-7)
and the ultimate soil pressure

q utt = q.UR
2 Locate the load resultant on the footing to obtain X .
3 Solve Eqs. (3-8) and (3-9) simultaneously for m and n.
1
It shoul d be evident that if X= L/2, the solution of Sec. 3-7 is obtained; if X =
L/3, the resulting footing is triangula r.