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On The Use of Anderson's Bridge for the Measurement of the Variations of the Capacity and

Effective Resistance of a Condenser with Frequency

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1921 Proc. Phys. Soc. London 34 1

(http://iopscience.iop.org/1478-7814/34/1/301)

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 The Use of ,4ndersoiz’s Bridge. I

1. O n T h e U s e of Anderson’s Bridge for the Measciremenl of the Variu.tions of the

Capacity and Eflective Resistance of a Condenser with Freqitencjr. By S . BUTTER-
v ~ o R m M.Sc.,
, R a t i o n a l Physical Laboratorj‘.
RECEIVEDJUI,Y 1 , 192 1

ABSTRACT.
An analysis of the effect of residuals and earth capacities in Anderson’s Inductance-
capacity bridge is made, and it is shown that if balances are obtained
( n ) by balancing the bridge with direct currents ;
( b ) by making the altemating current adjustments by means of a small series
resistance (s’) and parallel condenser (C’) in the condenser arm ;
then the changes required in s’ and C’ to hold the balance a t different frequencies are
equal and opposite to the variations of the effective (series) resistance and capacity of
the condenser with frequency.
The assumptions made in obtaining the above conclusions are that the residual induc-
tances and resistances of the ‘‘ non-inductive ” arms of the bridge are invariable with
frequency and that the resistance of the inductive arm vanes SLS the square of the frequenc y
S o knowledge of the absolute values of the residuals, &c., is required for the method.
The Inethod is illustrated by resnlts obtained with a condenser of capacity 0.5,u.F,
ancl details are given showing how the chief experimental trouble, viz., drift in D.C.
balanw owing to temperature rariations, may be overcome.
I.-Introdztction.
ALTHOCGH Anderson’s bridge has been used frequently in precision measurements
of inductance and capacity and the effects of the residual inductances of the arms
have been discussed,” a valuable property of this bridge seems t o have been over-
looked. -411 examination of the equations of balance of this bridge in which t h e
effects of residuals are included shows that if the balancing adjustments are carried
out in a particular manner, the only factors which necessitate a readjustment of
balance a t various frequencies of current are :
(a) the variation of the capacity of the condenser with frequency,
( b ) the variation of the effective resistance of the condenser with frequency,
(c) the variation of the inductance with frequency.
The assumptions upon which the above conclusions are based are t h a t t h e
resistances and residual inductances (or capacities) of the “ non-inductive ” arms.
are invariable with frequency a n d that the resistance of the inductive arm has a term
varying as the square of the frequency.
The observed variations of adjustment with frequency may therefore be used
t o determine the frequency variations of capacity and effective resistance of a con-
denser, the frequency coefficient of the inductance being supposed given. This
frequency coefficient may be determined b y a measurement of the self capacity of
the inductive coil if the coil is of stranded wire. The absolute magnitudes of t h e
residuals need not be known if the only quantities required are the variations of
capacity and effective resistance of the condenser.
11.
Andexson’s bridge is shown in Fig. l a in which XI, X,, X,,X , are resistances
having small inductances, X, is an inductive coil and X , is the condenser under test.
* Rosa and Grover, Bull. Bureau of Standards, Vol. I., p. “91 (1905).
VOL. S S S I Y . 13
2 MY. S. Butterworth o n
If X, is zero the bridge becomes Maxwell’s inductance-capacity bridge (Fig. l ( b ) ).
The latter bridge may also be derived from Anderson’s bridge by converting the
“ star ” conibination X I , X 2 , X , to its equivalent “ mesh,”* X’l, X f 2 , X’3=

(x,x,+x,x2+x2x,)/x,, x,, x, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)

the arm X‘, acting as a shunt across the detector.
It will first be shown that small constant residuals in the arms XI, X,, X ,
convert to small constant residuals in the equivalent arms XI1,X‘2, X’,and then the
complete conditions of balance, including residuals, in Maxwell’s bridge will be
obtained.
Let X,=R,+jwl,, (%=I, 2, 3)
Then X‘,=X1 i-x,+ x l X 3 / x 2
=RI +R3 +jw(ll +13) +(R,+jwll) (R,+j0d3) / ( R 2+ j o b )
=R1+R3+R1R31~,-tjw { h ( 1+R,/R,) +l3V +R,/R,) -12%tC3/R%2}
:z the first order of small quantities

U
FIG. l.-(cZ) ANDERSOS’S
BRIDGE. ( b ) MAXWELL’SBRIDGE.

Hence if r1,r2,l’, are the residual inductances of the equivalent arms x”,,XI2, X‘,
1’1=11(1 +R,/Rz) + 1 3 ( 1 +Rl/Rz)-1zRlR,;Rp2
1’2=12(1 +R,/R,) +1,(1 +Rz/Rl)-llR2R,,’R12
1’3=11(1+R2/R3) +12(1+R1/R,)-13R1Rz/R32j
‘1 . . . . . . (2)

If I,, 1,, I , are invariable with frequency, then to the first order of small quantities
Y1,rZ,,Z’ are also invariable.
For analytical simplicity it is convenient in certain cases to replace residual
inductances by residual capacities. Thus if 1 is the residual inductance of a resistance
R, the equivalent residual capacity acting as a shunt is
c=--IIR2 . . . . . . . . . . . (3)
111.-Conditions of Balance in Maxwell’s Bridge.
Maxwell’s bridge is redrawn in Fig. 2 with the residuals included.
R I is a resistance having residual inductance 1 ; R , is an inductive coil of in-
ductance L ; G, is a conductance with residual capacity c ; G, is a conductance
* G. A. Campbell, Trans. Am.I.E.E., Vol. XXX., p. 851 (1911).
 T h e U s e o f . Andersoffi’s Bridge. 3
shunting the ‘condenser C, its residual capacity being included in C . The condenser
C has leakage conductance g.
If the bridge is earthed at the point E the earth capacities (assumed t o be
sufficiently represented by condensers connecting the branch points t o earth) are
either included in c, C or are thrown across the whole bridge.
The vector equation of balance when using currents of frequency w/2n is
(Gi+g+joC)/(G,+joc)=(R,+jwL)/(R,+jol) . . . . . (4)
from which the two conditions of balance are
(GI +g)Ri --o’LC =G2R2 -W’LC . . . . . . . . . . . (6)
CRl+I(Gl+g)=cR2+LG2 . . . . . . . . . . . . (6)

FIG. 2 .--JIAX\\’ELL’S BRIDGE, INCLUDISG RESIDLTALS.

Now let the parallel combination of capacity C shunted by conductance g be

replaced by its equivalent series combination of capacity K in series with resistance
s, so that
g = s d K 2 / ( 1 + u A 2 K 2 ) , C=K/(1+02s2K2). . . . . . ( 7 )
Since normally SOX will seldom exceed 0.001, we may write to a n accuracy
g =S wZC2, K =C . . . . . . . . . . (8)
and the two conditions of balance are now
GlRl+~>2(C2sRl-lC+Lc) =G,R, . . . . . . . . (9)
CR1=LG,-lG1+cR, . . . . . . . . . . . (10)
products of residuals being ignored.
IV.
Apart from the variations of C and s with frequency all the factors in the
above equations are invariable with frequency except R , and L,and for a stranded
.wire coil we may write
L =Lo(1$-uoZ), R,=Ro(1+pw2) . . . . . . . . (11)
Suppose now that the condition
GlR,=G2R, . . . . . . . . . . . (12)
E 2
4 MY.S. Butterworth oia

has been satisfied by balancing with direct currents. Then, using (11) and (12)
and ignoring products of small quantities, (9) and (10) become

C~SR,-~C+L~C=G~R,/~ . . . . . . . . . . . (1 3)
CR,(1 - a d ) =L,G,--IG,+cR, . . . . . . . . - (14)
If, therefore, the alternating current balance is secured by having a small
adjustable air condenser C' in parallel with C and a small adjustable resistance s'
in series, equations (13)and (14) show that foy all frequencies,s+s' and C(1-aaw2)+C'
aye constant.
The variations required in s' and C' to restore balance at the various frequencies
will therefore be equal and opposite t o the variations of s and C ( l - - a d ) .

V.-Bridge Details foor Effective Resistance Measwements.

The bridge arrangements when used for the measurement of the variations in
effective resistance of & microfarad condensers are shown in Fig. 3. The arms
corresponding to X,, X , in Fig. l ( a ) were similar non-inductive coils each of 100 ohms.
The inductive arm was made up of an inductance coil R2,L and a non-inductive 10-
ohm resistance. The coil L consisted of a single layer 7/36 stranded wire coil of

I?----

* I
FIG.3.--AxDERSOK'.S OE 3 p F
BRIDGEFOR E l T E C T I V C RESIS'~'ASCE COSDESSERS.

inductance 780 microhenries and resistance approsiniately 2. G ohms. Its self-

capacity, including the connecting leads, was 20 micro-microfarads, so that its increase
in effective inductance at a frequency of 2,000 cycles per second was 3/106. The
arm adjacent t o the inductive arm was made up of a non-iiiductive 10-ohm coil and
a non-inductive copper coil R , of resistance slightly greater than that of the coil I-?,.
The coil R I was shunted by a resistance box (Siz.). The inductive coil R , and t h e
copper coil R, were enclosed in the same wool-lined box so that their temperature
variations would be as nearly as possible identical, the function of R,being to balance
any changes of resistance due to temperature variations of R,. (See Section VII.)
C was the condenser under test of nominal value 8 microfarad. It was shunted
b y an adjustable air condenser C' whose capacity ranged from 60 to 260 niicro-
microfarads, and the combination was in series with a constant inductance rheostat
s' ranging from 0.1 to 1.1 ohm which could be read t o 0.001ohni. The resistaiice
R' corresponding to X , in Fig. l ( a ) was for purposes of preliminary balancing. It
could be adjusted by steps of 0.01 ohm to 100 ohms.
 The Use of Andersou’s Bridge. 5
VI.-Modifications fov the Measurenzent of Variaiions of Capacity with Frequency.
The above arrangements required modification when the capacity variations
were being studied. Any inductance in the condenser arm will introduce a frequency
variation in the effective capacity of this arm, so that the presence of the constant
inductance rheostat s‘ in the condenser arm is a disadvantage. However, the
direct current balancing condition is no longer ol importance, so that if s’ is trans-
ferred to the inductive arm R, and the fine adjustments are made by s’ in R z and
C’ in parallel with C , then, since in (14) we may replace R, by R, to the order of
accuracy required, small variations of R,* will only introduce second order errors
in the capacity equation as R, is associated only with the residual capacity c. The
capacity arm C may then be made to include only the condenser and its leads, and
only a small correction is required for the inductance of the leads.
These modifications were accordingly used when capacity variations were being
measured.

VI1.-Temperat w e Variations.
The chief source of trouble in the effective resistance measurements was the
difficulty experienced in holding the direct-current balance throughout the alter-
nating-currcnt adjustments, the balance tending t o drift because of the large tem-
perature coefficient of the resistance of the inductive coil in R,. This difficulty
was largely overcome by the use of the balancing coil R I of Fig. 3, both R I and
R, being shielded from stray temperature variations by enclosing them together.
I t was found necessary also to shield the leads to these coils. For similar reasons
the current supplied to the bridge, whether direct or alternating, was made to
have the same R.R.I.S. value. Even with these precautions a small drift in balance
often occurred SO that observations were taken in a definite order, and a correction
applied for mant of D.C. balance. An examination of equation (9) shows that a
departure from condition (12) introduces a n error in s proportional to 1/(02, and is
thus more serious a t the lower frequencies. For this reason it was found advisable
to take the lower frequency observations immediately after securing the D.C. balance.
Also by deliberately throwing the D.C. balance out of adjustment and observing
the change in s’ required to re-balance with alternating currents of known frequency,
the correction for a given want of balance could be determined. The method is
illustrated by the follo\~ingexample.

VIII.-Example Showing Correction JOY Drift zn D.C. Balance.

Sh=400 ohms. R,=3 ohms.
An increase of 10 ohms in S h causes an increase in deflection of the D.C. galvano-
meter of 35 divisions, and to restore the A.C. balance at a frequency of 500 r~ per
second requires a diminution in s‘ of 0.129 ohm.
Hence for a want of balance represented by 1 division of the scale of the D.C.
galvanometer the correction on s‘=0.0037 ohm.

* It is essential, however, t h a t I?, shall reinsin of constant i~zdrtctancethroughout the adjust-

ments, so t h a t s‘ must be of t h e type specified.
b M r . S. Butterworth 09%

The correction is applied as in the following table :-

-

I 1
__

’
___-
D.C. observations. A.C. observations.
-
1 .-
_____.___
Deduced.
I
I

Source. 1 deE;iE?s. Frequency. I 5’ohms. I-ZG.-i

1 zero.
Want of
balance.
j
I
I o
1
2
4
6
+
...
! +2.0

z::
...
-5.0 I
...
...
...
500
...
1
...
...
...
0.520*
...
+2.S
...
...
...
...
...
...
-1.8
...
-7.5
7 +10.0 ... ... +2.5 ...
8 +
T~ -5.0 1 ... I
I
... ,.. .*.

I
c--c1000 Correction I c--c,o,,
Uncorrected I Corrected
N per sec. PPF. P[LF.
VPF. IZV.
c

500 132 +46 +3

675 154 +24 + 2G
830 164 +14 + 16
1,000 178 0 0 0
1,170 185 -7 -1
1,510 193 -15 -3
2,000 193 -1 5 -2 5

The correction in the fourth column is for the variation of the inductive coil L
* Mean of source and telephone reversals.
Buttenvorth, Proc. Phys. Soc., Vol. S S X I I I , p. 346, 1921.
 The Use of Anderson's Bridge. 7
with frequency and for the residual inductance of the leads t o the condenser. As
regards the latter, if 1. is the inductance of the leads, the effective capacity of the
whole condenser arm is C ( l +w"C). I n the above observations 1.=0.38 microhenry,
SO that using C=+pF,
o21C=3O x
at a frequency of 2,000 cycles per second. Now the correction due to L (section 5)
~ (equation 14) acts oppositely to the 3. correction, so that the whole
is 3 x ~ O -and
+ 50

.c-c,ow
LVF

-50 1000 2 90
Frequency N per Second.
FIG. 4.-cH.4SGE O F CAPACITY OF 4pF CONDEKSER WITH FREQUENCY.

correction is 27 x 10-6 at 2,000 N per second. For a &,uFcondenser this leads to a

negative correction of 13.5 p p F . The corrections for the lower frequencies follow
from the square law. The corrected variations are plotted against frequency in
Fig. 4. I t is seen that the smoothed curve never differs by more than five parts
111 a million from the observed values.

DISCCSSION.
Prof. FORTESCUE, referring to t h e typical results for t h e change in effective resistance of a
condenser given in section IX. of t h e Paper, remarked t h a t telephone engineers usually assume t h a t
t h e power factor of a condenser is constant, and mould be specially interested t o see t h a t this
assumption is incorrect. H e enquired as t o t h e type of condenser used.
Dr. D. OWES congratulated the author on his valuable contribution, and expressed a belief
t h a t his methods would be adopted as the standard practice. It would be of interest t o apply
them t o types of bridge other than t h a t of Anderson. H e asked if a sufficient number of con-
densers had been tested t o determine whether the frequency coefficient of mica condensers is a
definite quantity, or varies from one condenser t o another like t h e temperature coefficient.
Mr. S. BTTTER~VORTH, in reply t o t h e discussion, stated t h a t the results quoted in illustration
of t h e method were obtained with a standard mica condenser. The power factors of four other
mica condensers were also obtained, and t h e results varied between 0.0001 and 0.0007. Only
one condenser was tested in regard t o variation of capacity with frequency. However, a large
number of mica condensers h a r e been measured by H . L.Curtis (Bureau of Standards Circular.
S . L 3 i ) , and his results are regarded as standard. The results of Curtis depend on the perfection
of an air condenser of 0.1 yfd. capacity.