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ABSTRACT: Planar transmission line is one of the physical medium used to transmit high frequency signal. The signal
flow through the transmission line depends on the important electrical parameter, the frequency. As the signal frequency
increases in a conductor, current carriers start to move towards the edges of the conductor. Flow of carriers on the
conductor synchronizes with the substrate to achieve better efficiency. The signal flow in the transmission line depends
on the dielectric constant of the material and the loss tangent value. The paper shows the simulation studies on return loss
and insertion loss of planar transmission lines with constant frequency of 10GHz. To design planar transmission lines
different dielectric materials are being selected. In our design, parameters like input impedance, conductor (silver)
thickness and conductor height are kept constant. The design and analysis is done using Applied Wave Research (AWR)
tool. The obtained results shows unique response and it depends on the type of dielectric medium selected.
Keywords: Planar Transmission Line, Applied Wave Research Tool, S-Parameters, Insertion Loss, Return noise, Printed
circuit board
I. INTRODUCTION
Transmission lines are used to transmit the signal efficiently from one point to another in integrated circuits (IC) [1-2].There
are different types of transmission lineslike coaxial cable, twisted pair wires, optical fiber and planar transmission lines. At
high frequency applications,planar transmission lineis preferable.Design of a transmission line depends on physical and
electrical characteristics of the dielectric material and on the conductor used. In our discussion, we consider the electrical
characteristics of the dielectric material. In an ideal dielectric material there is no leakage current and magnetic effect.There is
apossible way to reach near-ideal condition when better synchronization between conductor strip and dielectric material is
achieved. This synchronization helps to get low loss output [3]. The substrates have unique dielectric constant value. These
substrates are used to build different planar transmission lines [4]. The characteristics of transmission line can be analyzed
with respect to changing dielectric material. The analysis reflects changes in an insertion and reflection of signal flow on the
transmission line.
In our design we consider silver as conducting material and various dielectric materials like GaAs, Alumina, Germanium,
Silicon and RT/Duroid to study the insertion and reflection losses. The design of microstrip line, stripline and CPW is done
using Applied Wave Research (AWR) tool, and also the responses are graphed using S-parameters measuring technique.
The paper is organized as follows,in section II the basics of the planar transmission lines and types are discussed. Section III
briefly explains theory of scattering parameters. Section IV highlights designing a transmission lines by considering constant
frequency. In section V the simulation results are discussed.
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If the microstrip line dimension is known, then the characteristic impedance ( ) is calculated using below equations.
Where,
- Relative dielectric constant.
w - Width of the conductor.
h- Height of dielectric.
Using these equations, it is easy to design microstrip line for specific frequency applications.
B. Strip line
The strip line is being used for miniaturized microwave integrated circuits.The photo lithographic technique is used
tofabricate strip lines. The structure of the strip line is shown in Fig.2, b is the height of dielectric and t is the thickness of the
conductor. The dielectric is etched in its center to place the conductor.
C. Coplanar Waveguide
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III.
IV.
V.
VI. Where = characteristic impedance.
VII. = effective dielectric constant.
VIII. = relative dielectric constant.
IX. = elliptical integrals.
X. =components of .
III. S - PARAMETERS
S-parameter is the essential part of high frequency design. This is one of the techniques described to measure two port
networks [10]. Signal insertion loss and reflection loss can be measured effectively using S-parameters. A set of scattering
parameters can be seen in linear two port networks. For example, consider general two port network as shown below in figure
4. This network has two ports; port1 has a1and b1 terminals,and similarly port 2 has a2 and b2 terminals.
The two port network can be analyzed usingS-parameters, namely S11, S12, S21 and S22, to measure losses in the
network.These parameters are calculated using the following equations [11].
+S12a2
+S22a2
Equivalently, these equations can be represented in matrix form as
The two port network technology shows the incident, reflected and transmitted electromagnetic waves. The port 1 and port 2
is given by its S-parameters equivalent as[12, 13].
Input reflection coefficient (Return loss)
Reverse transition coefficient (Insertion loss)
Forward transition coefficient (Insertion loss)
Output reflection coefficient (Return loss)
In this paper, we concentrate on S11 and S12 loss on planar transmission lines (but S12=S21).
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Table 1
A plot of loss versus dielectric substrates for planar transmission lines is given below. Fig 15 corresponds to reflection loss
and Fig. 16 to insertion loss.
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-100 Stripline
CPW
-150
-1
V. CONCLUSION
The dielectric materials and metal strips are used to design transmission lines;the dielectric has unique dielectric constant and
loss tangent value. The design is centeredon 10GHz frequency. Various dielectric substrates were tried for design and the
corresponding results are tabulated and graphed for three different planar transmission lines.
From the obtained results, the following observations are made:
1. For microstrip line and strip line, GaAs dielectric substrate induces low return loss and Al substrate induces low
insertion loss.
2. For a CPW, RT/Duroide dielectric substrate causes low return and insertion loss.
The design can also be extended to analyze printed circuit board, hybrid integrated circuits and monolithic microwave
integrated circuits.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the ICON design Automation Pvt Ltd, for their assistance in carrying this work
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