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Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Journal of Applied Mathematics


Volume 2014, Article ID 193586, 12 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/193586

Research Article
The Smarandache Curves on 12 and Its Duality on 02

Atakan TuLkan Yakut,1 Murat SavaG,2,3 and TuLba Tamirci1


1
Department of Mathematics, Arts and Sciences Faculty, Nigde University, 51240 Nigde, Turkey
2
Department of Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
3
Department of Mathematics, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey

Correspondence should be addressed to Murat Savas; murat@math.columbia.edu

Received 20 March 2014; Revised 18 July 2014; Accepted 22 July 2014; Published 21 August 2014

Academic Editor: Fernando Simoes

Copyright 2014 Atakan Tugkan Yakut et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.

We introduce special Smarandache curves based on Sabban frame on 12 and we investigate geodesic curvatures of Smarandache
curves on de Sitter and hyperbolic spaces. The existence of duality between Smarandache curves on de Sitter space and Smarandache
curves on hyperbolic space is shown. Furthermore, we give examples of our main results.

1. Introduction in Euclidean and Minkowski spaces, but Smarandache curves


are getting more tedious and complicated when de Sitter
Curves as a subject of differential geometry have been space is concerned. A regular curve in Minkowski space-time,
intriguing for researchers throughout mathematical history whose position vector is associated with Frenet frame vectors
and so they have been one of the interesting research fields. on another regular curve, is called a Smarandache curve [1].
Regular curves play a central role in the theory of curves in In this paper, we define Smarandache curves on de Sitter
differential geometry. In the theory of curves, there are some surface according to the Sabban frame {, , } in Minkowski
special curves such as Bertrand curves, Mannheim curves, 3-space. We obtain the geodesic curvatures and the expres-
involute and evolute curves, and pedal curves in which sions for the Sabban frames vectors of special Smarandache
differential geometers are interested. A common approach curves on de Sitter surface. Furthermore, we give some
to characterization of curves is to consider the relationship examples of special de Sitter and hyperbolic Smarandache
between the corresponding Frenet vectors of two curves. curves in Minkowski 3-space.
Bertrand and Mannheim curves are excellent examples for
such cases. In the study of fundamental theory and the
characterizations of space curves, the corresponding relations 2. Preliminaries
between the curves are a very fascinating problem. Recently,
In this section, we prepare some definitions and basic facts.
a new special curve is named according to the Sabban frame
For basic concepts and details of properties, see [8, 9].
in the Euclidean unit sphere; Smarandache curve has been
Consider R3 as a three-dimensional vector space. For any
defined by Turgut and Yilmaz in Minkowski space-time
[1]. Ali studied Smarandache curves with respect to the vectors = (0 , 1 , 2 ) and = (0 , 1 , 2 ) in R3 the
Sabban frame in Euclidean 3-space [2]. Then Taskopru and pseudoscalar product of and is defined by , = 0 0 +
Tosun studied Smarandache curves on 2 [3]. Smarandache 1 1 + 2 2 . It is called 13 = (R3 , , ) Minkowski 3-space.
curves have also been studied by many researchers [1, 4 Recall that a nonzero vector 13 is spacelike if , > 0,
7]. Smarandache curves are one of the most important tools timelike if , < 0, and null (lightlike) if , = 0.
in Smarandache geometry. Smarandache geometry has an The norm (length) of a vector 13 is given by =
important role in the theory of relativity and parallel uni- |, | and two vectors and are said to be orthogonal
verses. There are many results related to Smarandache curves if , = 0. Next, we say that an arbitrary curve = () in
2 Journal of Applied Mathematics

13 can locally be spacelike, timelike, or null (lightlike) if all of Definition 1. A unit speed regular curve (()) lying fully in
its velocity vectors () are, respectively, spacelike, timelike, Minkowski 3-space, whose position vector is associated with
or null (lightlike) for all . If () = 0 for every , Sabban frame vectors on another regular curve (), is called
then is a regular curve in 13 . A spacelike (timelike) regular a Smarandache curve [1].
curve is parameterized by a pseudoarclength parameter
which is given by : R 13 , and then the tangent Based on this definition, if a regular unit speed curve :
vector () along has unit length; that is, (), () = R 12 is lying fully on 12 for all and its position
1 ( (), () = 1) for all . vector is a unit spacelike, then the Smarandache curve =
Let = (0 , 1 , 2 ), = (0 , 1 , 2 ) 13 . The Lorentzian (()) of curve is a regular unit speed curve lying fully on
vector cross-product is defined as follows: 12 or 02 . In this case we have the following:

0 1 2 (a) the Smarandache curve (()) may be a timelike

= 0 1 2 , (1) curve on 12 ,

0 1 2
(b) the Smarandache curve (()) may be a spacelike
and also the following relations hold:
curve on 12 , or
0 1 2
(i) , = 0 1 2 ,
0 1 2 (c) the Smarandache curve (()) is in 02 for all .
(ii) ( ) = , , ,
Let {, , } and {, , } be the moving Sabban frames of
where = (0 , 1 , 2 ), = (0 , 1 , 2 ), = (0 , 1 , 2 ) 13 .
and , respectively. Then we have the following definitions
We now define de Sitter 2-space by
and theorems of Smarandache curves = (()) given in
12 = { R31 : 02 + 12 + 22 = 1} (2) Section 3. In Section 3, we deal with Smarandache curves on
de Sitter and hyperbolic spaces for timelike curves. Similar
and hyperbolic space in Minkowski 3-space by results are given for spacelike curves in the Appendix.

02 = { R31 : 02 + 12 + 22 = 1, 0 > 0} . (3)


3. De Sitter and Hyperbolic Smarandache
We can express a new frame different from the Frenet frame Curves for Timelike Curves
for a regular curve. Let : R 12 be a regular unit
In this section we give different Smarandache curves on de
speed curve lying fully on 12 . Then its position vector is
Sitter and hyperbolic spaces in Minkowski-space. Let be a
spacelike, which implies that the tangent vector = is the
timelike curve on 12 ; then the Smarandache partner curve of
unit timelike, spacelike, or null vector for all .
is either timelike/spacelike or hyperbolic curve. We refer to
In our work, we are concerned with the vector =
the hyperbolic Smarandache curve of a timelike curve as
which may be the unit timelike or spacelike.
the hyperbolic duality of .
Let : R 12 be a regular unit speed curve To avoid repetition we use = 1 in the following
lying fully on 12 for all and its position vector a unit theorems in this section. If we take = 1, then the
spacelike vector; then = is a unit timelike and so is Smarandache curve is timelike or spacelike, and if we take
a unit spacelike vector. In this case, the curve is called a = 1, then is hyperbolic.
timelike curve. If = is a unit spacelike vector, then
is a unit timelike vector. In this case, the curve is called a Definition 2. Let = () be a unit speed regular timelike
spacelike curve and we have an orthonormal Sabban frame curve lying fully on 12 . The curve : R 12 ( :
{(), (), ()} along the curve , where () = () () is R 02 ) of defined by
the unit spacelike or timelike vector. Then Frenet formulas of
are given by
1
( ()) = ( () + 2 ()) (6)

0 1 0 2 1
[ ] = [ 0 ] [ ] , (4)

[ ] [0 0 ] [ ] is called the -Smarandache curve of and fully lies on 12 ,
where = 1, the curve is timelike for = 1 and spacelike where 1 , 2 R \ {0} and (12 + 22 ) = 2. If = 1; then
for = 1, and () is the geodesic curvature of on 12 , the hyperbolic -Smarandache curve is undefined since the
equation (12 + 22 ) = 2 has no solution in R.
which is given by () = det((), (), ()), where is the
arc length parameter of . This relation is also given by [10, 11]
Theorem 3. Let : R 12 be a regular unit speed
for = 1. In particular, by using equation (ii), the following
relations hold: timelike curve lying fully on 12 with the Sabban frame {, , }
and geodesic curvature . If : R 12 is the
= , = , = . (5) -timelike Smarandache curve of , then the relationships
Journal of Applied Mathematics 3

between the Sabban frames of and its -Smarandache curve It is easily seen that is a unit spacelike vector. On the other
are given by hand, differentiating (12) with respect to , we find
1
0 2

[ 2 2] = ( + ) (14)
[ ]
[ ] = [ 0 0 ] []
[ ] , (7)
[ ]
[ ] [ 2 1 ] [ ] and by combining (11) and (14) we have
0
[ 2 2 ]
2
where = 1 and its geodesic curvature is given by = ( + ) . (15)
1 + 2

1 2
= . (8)
1 + 2 Consequently, the geodesic curvature of the curve = ()

is given by
Proof. By taking the derivative of (6) with respect to and by
using (4), we get 1 2
= det (, , ) = . (16)
1 1 + 2
( ()) = = ( + ) (9)
2 1 2

or equivalently Corollary 4. Let : R 12 be a regular unit


speed timelike curve lying fully on 12 . Then the -spacelike
1 Smarandache curve : R 12 of does not exist.
= ( + ) , (10)
2 1 2
Definition 5. Let = () be a regular unit speed timelike
where curve lying fully on 12 . Then the -Smarandache curve :
R 12 ( : R 02 ) of is defined by
1 + 2
= . (11)
2
1
( ()) = ( () + 2 ()) , (17)
Hence, the unit timelike tangent vector of the curve is given 2 1
by
where 1 , 2 R \ {0} and (12 22 ) = 2.
= , (12)
Theorem 6. Let : R 12 be a regular unit speed
where = 1 if 1 + 2 > 0 for all and = 1 if 1 + 2 < 0
for all . From (6) and (12) we get timelike curve lying fully on 12 with the Sabban frame {, , }
and geodesic curvature . If : R 12 ( : R
02 ) is the -timelike (hyperbolic) Smarandache curve of ,
= = ( + 1 ) . (13)
2 2 then its frame {, , } is given by

1 2
0
[ 2 2 ]
[ ]
[ 2 1 2 ]
[ ]
[ ] = [
[ 2 (22 2 ) 2 ( 2 2 ) 2 (
]
2 2 ) ] [ ] . (18)
[ 2 2 ]
[ ] [ [ 22 1 2 2
][ ]
]
[ ]
2 (2 (22 2 )) 2 (2 (22 2 )) 2 (2 (22 2 ))
[ ]

The geodesic curvature of curve is given by where


1 = 23 + 1 (2 22 2 ) ,

2 = 1 22 + (2 + 2 2 ) (2 22 2 ) , (20)
1
= 5/2
(22 1 1 2 2 + 2 3 ) , (19)
(2 (22 2 )) 3 = 23 2 + (1 + 2 ) (2 22 2 ) .
4 Journal of Applied Mathematics

Proof. We take = 1. By taking the derivative of (17) with Consequently, we have


respect to and by using (4), we get
= det (, , )
1
( ()) = = ( + 1 + 2 ) (21) 1 (30)
2 2 = (22 1 1 2 2 + 2 3 ) .
5/2
(2 22 2 )
or equivalently
The proof of = 1 case is similar.
1
= ( + 1 + 2 ) . (22)
2 2
The following corollary is proved by the same methods as
Taking the Lorentzian inner product in (22) we have the above theorem.

Corollary 7. Let : R 12 be a regular unit speed


2
1 timelike curve lying fully on 12 with the Sabban frame {, , }
, ( ) = (22 2 2) . (23)
2 and geodesic curvature . If : R 12 is the -
spacelike Smarandache curve of , then its frame {, , } is
If 22 2 < 2, then is a timelike vector. So given by

2 2

2 2 (24) [ ]
= .
2 [ ]
1 2
Therefore, the unit timelike tangent vector of the curve is 0
[ 2 2 ]
given by [ 2 ]
[ 2 1 ]
[ ]
1 [ ]
= [ 22 2 2 22 2 2 22 2 2 ]
= (2 + 1 + 2 ) . [ ]
2 22 2
(25) [ ]
[ 22 1 2 2 ]
[ ]
2 (2 2 2) 2 (2 2 2) 2 (2 2 2)
On the other hand, from (17) and (25) it can be easily seen [ 2 2 2 ]
that
[] .
1
= = (22 1 2 + 2) (26) []
4 222 2 (31)

is a unit spacelike vector. Differentiating (25) with respect to The geodesic curvature of curve is given by
, we obtain
1
= (22 1 1 2 2 + 2 3 ) ,
1 5/2 (32)
= ( 1 + 2 + 3 ) , (22 2 2)
3/2 (27)
(2 22 2 )
where 1 , 2 , and 3 can be calculated as in Theorem 6.
where
Definition 8. Let : R 12 be a regular unit speed
timelike curve lying fully on 12 . Then the -Smarandache
1 = 23 + 1 (2 22 2 ) ,
curve : R 12 ( : R 02 ) of is defined by
2 = 1 22 + (2 + 2 2 ) (2 22 2 ) , (28)
1
( ()) = ( () + 2 ()) , (33)
3 = 23 2 + (1 + 2 ) (2 22 2 ) , 2 1

and by combining (24) and (26) we get where 1 , 2 R \ {0} and (12 + 22 ) = 2.

Theorem 9. Let : R 12 be a regular unit


2
= ( 1 + 2 + 3 ) . (29) speed timelike curve lying fully on 12 with the Sabban frame
2
(2 22 2 ) {, , } and geodesic curvature . If : R 12
Journal of Applied Mathematics 5

( : R 02 ) is the -timelike (hyperbolic) Smaran- On the other hand, from (33) and (41) it can be easily seen
dache curve of , then its frame {, , } is given by that

1
= = (2 + 1 2 12 ) (42)
[ ] 42 212
[ ]
1 2 is a unit spacelike vector. Differentiating (41) with respect to
0 , we find
[ 2 ] 2
[ ]
[ 2 1 ]
[ 1 ] 1
[ ] = ( 1 + 2 + 3 ) , (43)
=[
[ 22 12 2
22 1 2
22 1 ]
] (22 12 )
3/2
[ ]
[ ]
[ 2 1 2 12 ]
[ ] where
2 2 2
2 (2 1 ) 2 (2 1 ) 2 (2 1 )
2 2 2
[ ] 1 = 21 + 2 (22 12 ) ,

[] . 2 = 22 2 + (1 + 2 + 1 2 ) (22 12 ) , (44)
[]
(34) 3 = 21 2 + (2 2 + 1 ) (22 12 ) ,

The geodesic curvature of curve is given by and by combining (40) and (43) we get

1 2
= 5/2
(2 1 + 1 2 2 12 3 ) , (35) = ( 1 + 2 + 3 ) . (45)
2
(22 12 ) (2 2 12 )
where As a result, we have
1 = 21 + 2 (22 12 ) ,
= det (, , )
2 = 22 2 + (1 + 2 + 1 2 ) (22 12 ) , (36) 1 (46)
= 5/2
(2 1 + 1 2 2 12 3 ) .
3 = 21 2 + (2 2 + 1 ) (22 12 ) . (22 12 )

Proof. Let = 1. By taking the derivative of (33) with respect The proof of = 1 case is similar.
to and by using (4), we get
Corollary 10. Let : R 12 be a regular unit speed
1
( ()) = = (1 + 2 + 1 ) (37) timelike curve lying fully on 12 with the Sabban frame {, , }
2 and geodesic curvature . If : R 12 is the -
or equivalently spacelike Smarandache curve of , then its frame {, , } is
given by
1
= ( + 2 + 1 ) . (38)
2 1
[ ]
Taking the Lorentzian inner product in (38) we have
[ ]
2 1 2 1 2
, ( ) = (1 22 ) (39) 0
2 [ 2 2 ]
[ ]
[ 2 1 ]
and is a unit timelike vector for 22 > 12 . It follows that [
[
1 ]
]
[
= [ 2 22 ]
12 22 12 22 ]
2 2 [ 1 ]
2 1 (40) [
[ 2 1 2 12
]
]
= . [ ]
2
2 (12 22 ) 2 (12 22 ) 2 (12 22 )
Therefore, the unit timelike tangent vector of the curve is [ ]
given by
1 [] .
= (1 + 2 + 1 ) . (41) []
22 12 (47)
6 Journal of Applied Mathematics

The geodesic curvature of curve is given by curve : R 12 ( : R 02 ) of is defined


by

1
( ()) = ( () + 2 () + 3 ()) , (49)
1 3 1
= 5/2
(2 1 + 1 2 2 12 3 ) , (48)
(12 22 )
where 1 , 2 , 3 R \ {0} and (12 22 + 32 ) = 3.

Theorem 12. Let : R 12 be a regular unit speed


where 1 , 2 , and 3 can be calculated as in Theorem 9. timelike curve lying fully on 12 with the Sabban frame {, , }
and geodesic curvature . If : R 12 ( : R
Definition 11. Let : R 12 be a regular unit speed 02 ) is the -timelike (hyperbolic) Smarandache curve of ,
timelike curve lying fully on 12 . Then the -Smarandache then its frame {, , } is given by

1 2 3
[ 3 3 3 ]
[ 1 + 3 2 ]
[ 2 ]
[
[ ] = [ ] []
] , (50)
[ ]
[ ]
[ ] [ 2 + ( + ) + ( + ) 2 ] [ ]
2 3 1 3 1 2 2 3 1 1 3 2
[ 3 3 3 ]

where = (1 + 3 )2 22 22 2 . If we take = 1 1, then 1


( ()) = = ( + (1 + 3 ) + 2 ) (53)
the Smarandache curve is timelike or hyperbolic, respectively. 3 2
Furthermore, the geodesic curvature of curve is given by
or equivalently
= ((22 32 1 3 ) 1 + (1 2 + 2 3 ) 2

+ (12 + 1 3 22 ) 3 ) 1
= ( + (1 + 3 ) + 2 ) . (54)
3 2
2 5/2 1
(( ((1 + 3 ) 22 22 2 )) ) ,
Taking the Lorentzian inner product in (54) we have
(51)

where 2 1 2 2 2 2
, ( ) = (2 + 2 (1 + 3 ) ) . (55)
3
1 = (2 (3 (1 + 3 ) + 22 )
2
+ (1 + 3 ) ((1 + 3 ) 22 22 2 )) , For (1 + 3 )2 > 22 + 22 2 , is a unit timelike vector. It
follows that
2 = ( (1 + 3 ) (3 (1 + 3 ) + 22 )
2 2 2 2 2
+ (2 + 3 + 2 2 ) ((1 + 3 ) 22 22 2 )) , (1 + 3 ) 2 2 (56)
= .
3
3 = (2 (3 (1 + 3 ) + 22 )
Therefore, the unit timelike tangent vector of the curve is
+ ( (1 + 3 ) + 2 )
given by
2
((1 + 3 ) 22 22 2 )) .
(52) 1
= (2 + (1 + 3 ) + 2 ) .
2
(1 + 3 ) 22 22 2
Proof. We take = 1. By taking the derivative of (49) with
respect to and using (4), we get (57)
Journal of Applied Mathematics 7

On the other hand, taking the cross-product of (49) with (57) 3 = 2 (3 (1 + 3 ) + 22 )


it can be easily seen that
+ ( (1 + 3 ) + 2 )
= 2
((1 + 3 ) 22 22 2 ) ,
= ((22 + 3 (1 + 3 )) + (2 3 1 2 ) (60)

+ (1 (1 + 3 ) 22 ) ) (58) and by combining (56) and (59) we get


1
3
2
( 3 (1 + 3 ) 322 322 2 ) . = 2
( 1 + 2 + 3 ) . (61)
2
((1 + 3 ) 22 22 2 )

This means that the is a unit spacelike vector. In order to Finally, the geodesic curvature of the curve = (())
obtain the tangent vector of let us differentiate (57) with is given by
respect to . We find
= det (, , )
1
= 3/2
( 1 + 2 + 3 ) , = ((22 32 1 3 ) 1 + (1 2 + 2 3 ) 2
2
((1 + 3 ) 22 22 2 ) (62)
(59) + (12 + 1 3 22 ) 3 )

2 5/2 1
where (((1 + 3 ) 22 22 2 ) ) .

The proof of = 1 case is similar.


1 = 2 (3 (1 + 3 ) + 22 )
2
Corollary 13. Let : R 12 be a regular unit speed
+ (1 + 3 ) ((1 + 3 ) 22 22 2 ) , timelike curve lying fully on 12 with the Sabban frame {, , }
and geodesic curvature . If : R 12 is the -
2 = (1 + 3 ) (3 (1 + 3 ) + 22 ) spacelike Smarandache curve of , then, for = 22 + 22 2
2 (1 + 3 )2 , its frame {, , } is given by
+ (2 + 3 + 2 2 ) ((1 + 3 ) 22 22 2 ) ,

1 2 3
[ 3 3 3 ]
[ ]
[ 1 + 3 2 ]
[ 2 ]
[
[ ] = [ ] []
] . (63)
[ ]
[ ] [ [ 2
][ ]
]
[ 2 + 3 (1 + 3 ) 1 2 + 2 3 1 (1 + 3 ) 22 ]
[ 3 3 3 ]

Furthermore, the geodesic curvature of curve is given by Example 14. Let us consider a unit speed timelike curve on
12 defined by

() = (2 sinh , cosh , sinh ) . (65)


= ((22 32 1 3 ) 1 + (1 2 + 2 3 ) 2
Then the orthonormal Sabban frame {(), (), ()} of can
+ (12 + 1 3 22 ) 3 ) be calculated as follows:
(64)
1
2 5/2 () = (2 sinh , cosh , sinh ) ,
((22 + 22 2 (1 + 3 ) ) ) ,
() = (2 cosh , sinh , cosh ) , (66)

where 1 , 2 , and 3 can be calculated as in Theorem 12. () = (1, 0, 2) .


8 Journal of Applied Mathematics

The geodesic curvature of is 0. In terms of the definitions, and if we take 1 = 2, 2 = 22, and 3 = 3, then the
we obtain Smarandache curves according to Sabban frame on -Smarandache curve is a hyperbolic curve and given by
12 .
Firstly, when we take 1 = 1 and 2 = 1, then the timelike 1
( ()) = (2 sinh + 4 cosh 3,
-Smarandache curve is given by 3

1 2 cosh + 22 sinh , (74)


( ()) = ( 2 sinh 1, cosh , sinh 2) (67)
2
2 sinh + 22 cosh 6) .
and the Sabban frame of the -Smarandache curve is given
by On the other hand, in the last case, if we take 1 = 1, 2 = 2,
and 3 = 2 (i.e., 1 < 2 < 3 ), then the -Smarandache
1 1
[ 2 0 2 ]
curve is spacelike and given by
[ ]
[ ] 1
[ ] = [ 0 1 0 ] [ ] , (68) ( ()) = ( 2 sinh + 2 cosh 2,
[ ]
[ ] 3
[ ] [ 1 0 1 ] [ ]
2 2 cosh + 2 sinh , (75)
[ ]

and its geodesic curvature is 1. Here the hyperbolic - sinh + 2 cosh 22) .
Smarandache curve is undefined.
Secondly, when we take 1 = 3 and 2 = 7, then the The Sabban frames and geodesic curvatures of , , and
timelike -Smarandache curve is given by -Smarandache curves can be easily obtained by using a
similar way to the above. Also we give the curve and its
1 Smarandache partners in Figure 1.
( ()) = (32 sinh + 14 cosh ,
2

3 cosh + 7 sinh , 3 sinh + 7 cosh ) , Appendix


In this section, we give as a table different Smarandache
(69) curves on de Sitter space or on hyperbolic space for spacelike
curves in Minkowski-space. We give the theorem about
and if we take 1 = 7 and 2 = 3, then the hyperbolic - undefined Smarandache curve below. The other -, -, -,
Smarandache curve is given by and -Smarandache curves on 12 and -, -, -
1 Smarandache curves on 02 and their corresponding Sabban
( ()) = ( 14 sinh + 32 cosh , frames and geodesic curvatures are similar to those in the
2 previous section.
7 cosh + 3 sinh , 7 sinh + 3 cosh ) .
Theorem A.1. Let : R 12 be a regular unit speed
(70) spacelike curve lying fully on 12 . Then the -Smarandache
curve : R 02 of does not exist.
Thirdly, when we take 1 = 2 and 2 = 2, then the spacelike
-Smarandache curve is given by
Proof. Let : R 12 be a regular unit speed spacelike
curve lying fully on 12 . Then the -Smarandache curve :
( ()) = (2 (cosh 1) , sinh , cosh 2) (71)
R 02 of can be written as follows:
and if we take 1 = 2 and 2 = 2, then the hyperbolic - 1
Smarandache curve is given by ( ()) = ( () + 2 ()) , (A.1)
2 1
( ()) = (2 cosh 1, 2 sinh , 2 (cosh 1)) . (72)
1 , 2 R \ {0}, and 12 + 22 = 2 which is contradiction.
Finally, when we take 1 = 2, 2 = 2, and 3 = 1, then the
-Smarandache curve is a timelike curve and given by The Smarandache curves of a regular unit spacelike curve
are given in Table 1.
1
( ()) = (22 sinh + 2 cosh 1, Example A.2. Let us consider a unit speed spacelike curve
3
on 12 defined by
2 cosh + 2 sinh , (73)
( 1)2 ( 1)2
() = ( , 1, 1) . (A.2)
2 sinh + 2 cosh 2) , 2 2
Journal of Applied Mathematics 9

is a timelike curve on S12


is a timelike or spacelike curve is a hyperbolic curve

-Smarandache curve -Smarandache curve is undefined

t-Smarandache curve t-Smarandache curve

t-Smarandache curve (spacelike) t-Smarandache curve

t-Smarandache curve (timelike) t-Smarandache curve

Figure 1: Smarandache curves of a timelike curve .


10 Journal of Applied Mathematics

Table 1: Classification of the Smarandache curves for spacelike curve .

is a spacelike curve on 12
is a spacelike or timelike curve is a hyperbolic curve
1 1
( ()) = ( + 2 ), ( ()) = ( + 2 ),
2 1 2 1
12 22 = 2 12 22 = 2
1
( ()) = ( + 2 ),
2 1 undefined
12 + 22 = 2
1 1
( ()) = ( + 2 ), ( ()) = ( + 2 ),
2 1 2 1
12 22 = 2 12 22 = 2
1 1
( ()) = ( + 2 + 3 ), ( ()) = ( + 2 + 3 ),
3 1 3 1
12 + 22 32 = 3 12 + 22 32 = 3

Then the orthonormal Sabban frame {(), (), ()} of can The {, , } Sabban frames and geodesic curvatures are
be calculated as follows: similar to the above section. Secondly, we take 1 = 1 and
2 = 1; then the spacelike Smarandache- curve is given by
( 1)2 ( 1)2
() = ( , 1, 1) , 1 ( 1)2 ( 1)2
2 2 ( ()) = ( + 1, + 2, ) .
2 2 2
() = ( 1, 1, 1) , (A.3) (A.7)

( 1)2 ( 1)2 Here the hyperbolic -Smarandache curve is undefined.


() = ( + 1, , 1) . Thirdly, we take 1 = 2 and 2 = 2; then the spacelike
2 2
-Smarandache curve is given by
The geodesic curvature of is expressed as 1 2
( ()) = ( ( 1)2 + 2 2 + 2,
2 2
() = 1. (A.4)
2
( 1)2 + 2 2, 2 ( 1) + 2) ,
2
In terms of the definitions, we obtain Smarandache curves
according to Sabban frame on 12 . Firstly, we take 1 = 2 and (A.8)
2 = 2; then the spacelike -Smarandache curve is given and also when we take 1 = 2 and 2 = 2, then the hyperbolic
by -Smarandache curve is given by
1
2 + 1 ( ()) = (( 1)2 + 2 ( 1) + 2,
( ()) = (( ) ( 1)2 + 1, 2
2
( 1)2 + 2 ( 1) , 2 ( 1) + 2) .
2 + 1
( ) ( 1)2 2, ( 1) (2 + 1) ) , (A.9)
2
(A.5) Finally, when 1 = 2, 2 = 2, and 3 = 3, then the -
Smarandache curve is a spacelike curve and is given by
and also when we take 1 = 2 and 2 = 2, then the hyperbolic 3
1
-Smarandache curve is given by ( ()) = (( 1)2 ( + 1) + 2 ( 1) + 3,
3 2
2 + 1 3
( ()) = (( ) ( 1)2 + 2, ( 1)2 ( + 1) + 2 ( 1) 2,
2 2
2 + 1
( ) ( 1)2 1, ( 1) (2 + 1) ) . ( 1) (3 + 2) + 2)
2
(A.6) (A.10)
Journal of Applied Mathematics 11

is a spacelike curve on S12


is a timelike or spacelike curve is a hyperbolic curve

-Smarandache curve -Smarandache curve

t-Smarandache curve t-Smarandache curve is undefined

t-Smarandache curve t-Smarandache curve

t-Smarandache curve t-Smarandache curve

Figure 2: Smarandache curves of a spacelike curve .


12 Journal of Applied Mathematics

and also when we take 1 = 2, 2 = 2, and 3 = 3, then the


hyperbolic -Smarandache curve is given by
1 5
( ()) = ( ( 1)2 + 2 ( 1) + 3,
3 2
5
( 1)2 + 2 ( 1) 3, (A.11)
2

5 ( 1) + 2) .

The Sabban frames and geodesic curvatures of the , ,


and -Smarandache curves can be easily obtained by
using methods similar to those in the previous section.
Furthermore, we give curve the and its Smarandache
partners in Figure 2.

Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests
regarding the publication of this paper.

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