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Research Article
The Smarandache Curves on 12 and Its Duality on 02
Received 20 March 2014; Revised 18 July 2014; Accepted 22 July 2014; Published 21 August 2014
Copyright 2014 Atakan Tugkan Yakut et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.
We introduce special Smarandache curves based on Sabban frame on 12 and we investigate geodesic curvatures of Smarandache
curves on de Sitter and hyperbolic spaces. The existence of duality between Smarandache curves on de Sitter space and Smarandache
curves on hyperbolic space is shown. Furthermore, we give examples of our main results.
13 can locally be spacelike, timelike, or null (lightlike) if all of Definition 1. A unit speed regular curve (()) lying fully in
its velocity vectors () are, respectively, spacelike, timelike, Minkowski 3-space, whose position vector is associated with
or null (lightlike) for all . If () = 0 for every , Sabban frame vectors on another regular curve (), is called
then is a regular curve in 13 . A spacelike (timelike) regular a Smarandache curve [1].
curve is parameterized by a pseudoarclength parameter
which is given by : R 13 , and then the tangent Based on this definition, if a regular unit speed curve :
vector () along has unit length; that is, (), () = R 12 is lying fully on 12 for all and its position
1 ( (), () = 1) for all . vector is a unit spacelike, then the Smarandache curve =
Let = (0 , 1 , 2 ), = (0 , 1 , 2 ) 13 . The Lorentzian (()) of curve is a regular unit speed curve lying fully on
vector cross-product is defined as follows: 12 or 02 . In this case we have the following:
0 1 2 (a) the Smarandache curve (()) may be a timelike
= 0 1 2 , (1) curve on 12 ,
0 1 2
(b) the Smarandache curve (()) may be a spacelike
and also the following relations hold:
curve on 12 , or
0 1 2
(i) , = 0 1 2 ,
0 1 2 (c) the Smarandache curve (()) is in 02 for all .
(ii) ( ) = , , ,
Let {, , } and {, , } be the moving Sabban frames of
where = (0 , 1 , 2 ), = (0 , 1 , 2 ), = (0 , 1 , 2 ) 13 .
and , respectively. Then we have the following definitions
We now define de Sitter 2-space by
and theorems of Smarandache curves = (()) given in
12 = { R31 : 02 + 12 + 22 = 1} (2) Section 3. In Section 3, we deal with Smarandache curves on
de Sitter and hyperbolic spaces for timelike curves. Similar
and hyperbolic space in Minkowski 3-space by results are given for spacelike curves in the Appendix.
between the Sabban frames of and its -Smarandache curve It is easily seen that is a unit spacelike vector. On the other
are given by hand, differentiating (12) with respect to , we find
1
0 2
[ 2 2] = ( + ) (14)
[ ]
[ ] = [ 0 0 ] []
[ ] , (7)
[ ]
[ ] [ 2 1 ] [ ] and by combining (11) and (14) we have
0
[ 2 2 ]
2
where = 1 and its geodesic curvature is given by = ( + ) . (15)
1 + 2
1 2
= . (8)
1 + 2 Consequently, the geodesic curvature of the curve = ()
is given by
Proof. By taking the derivative of (6) with respect to and by
using (4), we get 1 2
= det (, , ) = . (16)
1 1 + 2
( ()) = = ( + ) (9)
2 1 2
1 2
0
[ 2 2 ]
[ ]
[ 2 1 2 ]
[ ]
[ ] = [
[ 2 (22 2 ) 2 ( 2 2 ) 2 (
]
2 2 ) ] [ ] . (18)
[ 2 2 ]
[ ] [ [ 22 1 2 2
][ ]
]
[ ]
2 (2 (22 2 )) 2 (2 (22 2 )) 2 (2 (22 2 ))
[ ]
2 = 1 22 + (2 + 2 2 ) (2 22 2 ) , (20)
1
= 5/2
(22 1 1 2 2 + 2 3 ) , (19)
(2 (22 2 )) 3 = 23 2 + (1 + 2 ) (2 22 2 ) .
4 Journal of Applied Mathematics
2 2
2 2 (24) [ ]
= .
2 [ ]
1 2
Therefore, the unit timelike tangent vector of the curve is 0
[ 2 2 ]
given by [ 2 ]
[ 2 1 ]
[ ]
1 [ ]
= [ 22 2 2 22 2 2 22 2 2 ]
= (2 + 1 + 2 ) . [ ]
2 22 2
(25) [ ]
[ 22 1 2 2 ]
[ ]
2 (2 2 2) 2 (2 2 2) 2 (2 2 2)
On the other hand, from (17) and (25) it can be easily seen [ 2 2 2 ]
that
[] .
1
= = (22 1 2 + 2) (26) []
4 222 2 (31)
is a unit spacelike vector. Differentiating (25) with respect to The geodesic curvature of curve is given by
, we obtain
1
= (22 1 1 2 2 + 2 3 ) ,
1 5/2 (32)
= ( 1 + 2 + 3 ) , (22 2 2)
3/2 (27)
(2 22 2 )
where 1 , 2 , and 3 can be calculated as in Theorem 6.
where
Definition 8. Let : R 12 be a regular unit speed
timelike curve lying fully on 12 . Then the -Smarandache
1 = 23 + 1 (2 22 2 ) ,
curve : R 12 ( : R 02 ) of is defined by
2 = 1 22 + (2 + 2 2 ) (2 22 2 ) , (28)
1
( ()) = ( () + 2 ()) , (33)
3 = 23 2 + (1 + 2 ) (2 22 2 ) , 2 1
and by combining (24) and (26) we get where 1 , 2 R \ {0} and (12 + 22 ) = 2.
( : R 02 ) is the -timelike (hyperbolic) Smaran- On the other hand, from (33) and (41) it can be easily seen
dache curve of , then its frame {, , } is given by that
1
= = (2 + 1 2 12 ) (42)
[ ] 42 212
[ ]
1 2 is a unit spacelike vector. Differentiating (41) with respect to
0 , we find
[ 2 ] 2
[ ]
[ 2 1 ]
[ 1 ] 1
[ ] = ( 1 + 2 + 3 ) , (43)
=[
[ 22 12 2
22 1 2
22 1 ]
] (22 12 )
3/2
[ ]
[ ]
[ 2 1 2 12 ]
[ ] where
2 2 2
2 (2 1 ) 2 (2 1 ) 2 (2 1 )
2 2 2
[ ] 1 = 21 + 2 (22 12 ) ,
[] . 2 = 22 2 + (1 + 2 + 1 2 ) (22 12 ) , (44)
[]
(34) 3 = 21 2 + (2 2 + 1 ) (22 12 ) ,
The geodesic curvature of curve is given by and by combining (40) and (43) we get
1 2
= 5/2
(2 1 + 1 2 2 12 3 ) , (35) = ( 1 + 2 + 3 ) . (45)
2
(22 12 ) (2 2 12 )
where As a result, we have
1 = 21 + 2 (22 12 ) ,
= det (, , )
2 = 22 2 + (1 + 2 + 1 2 ) (22 12 ) , (36) 1 (46)
= 5/2
(2 1 + 1 2 2 12 3 ) .
3 = 21 2 + (2 2 + 1 ) (22 12 ) . (22 12 )
Proof. Let = 1. By taking the derivative of (33) with respect The proof of = 1 case is similar.
to and by using (4), we get
Corollary 10. Let : R 12 be a regular unit speed
1
( ()) = = (1 + 2 + 1 ) (37) timelike curve lying fully on 12 with the Sabban frame {, , }
2 and geodesic curvature . If : R 12 is the -
or equivalently spacelike Smarandache curve of , then its frame {, , } is
given by
1
= ( + 2 + 1 ) . (38)
2 1
[ ]
Taking the Lorentzian inner product in (38) we have
[ ]
2 1 2 1 2
, ( ) = (1 22 ) (39) 0
2 [ 2 2 ]
[ ]
[ 2 1 ]
and is a unit timelike vector for 22 > 12 . It follows that [
[
1 ]
]
[
= [ 2 22 ]
12 22 12 22 ]
2 2 [ 1 ]
2 1 (40) [
[ 2 1 2 12
]
]
= . [ ]
2
2 (12 22 ) 2 (12 22 ) 2 (12 22 )
Therefore, the unit timelike tangent vector of the curve is [ ]
given by
1 [] .
= (1 + 2 + 1 ) . (41) []
22 12 (47)
6 Journal of Applied Mathematics
1
( ()) = ( () + 2 () + 3 ()) , (49)
1 3 1
= 5/2
(2 1 + 1 2 2 12 3 ) , (48)
(12 22 )
where 1 , 2 , 3 R \ {0} and (12 22 + 32 ) = 3.
1 2 3
[ 3 3 3 ]
[ 1 + 3 2 ]
[ 2 ]
[
[ ] = [ ] []
] , (50)
[ ]
[ ]
[ ] [ 2 + ( + ) + ( + ) 2 ] [ ]
2 3 1 3 1 2 2 3 1 1 3 2
[ 3 3 3 ]
+ (12 + 1 3 22 ) 3 ) 1
= ( + (1 + 3 ) + 2 ) . (54)
3 2
2 5/2 1
(( ((1 + 3 ) 22 22 2 )) ) ,
Taking the Lorentzian inner product in (54) we have
(51)
where 2 1 2 2 2 2
, ( ) = (2 + 2 (1 + 3 ) ) . (55)
3
1 = (2 (3 (1 + 3 ) + 22 )
2
+ (1 + 3 ) ((1 + 3 ) 22 22 2 )) , For (1 + 3 )2 > 22 + 22 2 , is a unit timelike vector. It
follows that
2 = ( (1 + 3 ) (3 (1 + 3 ) + 22 )
2 2 2 2 2
+ (2 + 3 + 2 2 ) ((1 + 3 ) 22 22 2 )) , (1 + 3 ) 2 2 (56)
= .
3
3 = (2 (3 (1 + 3 ) + 22 )
Therefore, the unit timelike tangent vector of the curve is
+ ( (1 + 3 ) + 2 )
given by
2
((1 + 3 ) 22 22 2 )) .
(52) 1
= (2 + (1 + 3 ) + 2 ) .
2
(1 + 3 ) 22 22 2
Proof. We take = 1. By taking the derivative of (49) with
respect to and using (4), we get (57)
Journal of Applied Mathematics 7
This means that the is a unit spacelike vector. In order to Finally, the geodesic curvature of the curve = (())
obtain the tangent vector of let us differentiate (57) with is given by
respect to . We find
= det (, , )
1
= 3/2
( 1 + 2 + 3 ) , = ((22 32 1 3 ) 1 + (1 2 + 2 3 ) 2
2
((1 + 3 ) 22 22 2 ) (62)
(59) + (12 + 1 3 22 ) 3 )
2 5/2 1
where (((1 + 3 ) 22 22 2 ) ) .
1 2 3
[ 3 3 3 ]
[ ]
[ 1 + 3 2 ]
[ 2 ]
[
[ ] = [ ] []
] . (63)
[ ]
[ ] [ [ 2
][ ]
]
[ 2 + 3 (1 + 3 ) 1 2 + 2 3 1 (1 + 3 ) 22 ]
[ 3 3 3 ]
Furthermore, the geodesic curvature of curve is given by Example 14. Let us consider a unit speed timelike curve on
12 defined by
The geodesic curvature of is 0. In terms of the definitions, and if we take 1 = 2, 2 = 22, and 3 = 3, then the
we obtain Smarandache curves according to Sabban frame on -Smarandache curve is a hyperbolic curve and given by
12 .
Firstly, when we take 1 = 1 and 2 = 1, then the timelike 1
( ()) = (2 sinh + 4 cosh 3,
-Smarandache curve is given by 3
and its geodesic curvature is 1. Here the hyperbolic - sinh + 2 cosh 22) .
Smarandache curve is undefined.
Secondly, when we take 1 = 3 and 2 = 7, then the The Sabban frames and geodesic curvatures of , , and
timelike -Smarandache curve is given by -Smarandache curves can be easily obtained by using a
similar way to the above. Also we give the curve and its
1 Smarandache partners in Figure 1.
( ()) = (32 sinh + 14 cosh ,
2
is a spacelike curve on 12
is a spacelike or timelike curve is a hyperbolic curve
1 1
( ()) = ( + 2 ), ( ()) = ( + 2 ),
2 1 2 1
12 22 = 2 12 22 = 2
1
( ()) = ( + 2 ),
2 1 undefined
12 + 22 = 2
1 1
( ()) = ( + 2 ), ( ()) = ( + 2 ),
2 1 2 1
12 22 = 2 12 22 = 2
1 1
( ()) = ( + 2 + 3 ), ( ()) = ( + 2 + 3 ),
3 1 3 1
12 + 22 32 = 3 12 + 22 32 = 3
Then the orthonormal Sabban frame {(), (), ()} of can The {, , } Sabban frames and geodesic curvatures are
be calculated as follows: similar to the above section. Secondly, we take 1 = 1 and
2 = 1; then the spacelike Smarandache- curve is given by
( 1)2 ( 1)2
() = ( , 1, 1) , 1 ( 1)2 ( 1)2
2 2 ( ()) = ( + 1, + 2, ) .
2 2 2
() = ( 1, 1, 1) , (A.3) (A.7)
5 ( 1) + 2) .
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests
regarding the publication of this paper.
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