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NPTEL Chemical Mass Transfer Operation 1

MODULE 3: MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS

LECTURE NO. 2

Equimolar counter-diffusion of A and B (NA =-NB)


N A kG/ ( pA1 pA2 ) k y/ ( y A1 y A2 ) kc/ (C A1 CA2 ) Gas phase (3.19)

N A k x/ ( xA1 xA2 ) kL/ (CA1 CA2 ) Liquid phase (3.20)

For gas phase diffusion we know,


DAB ( p A1 p A2 )
NA (3.21)
RT
Equating Equation (3.19) and Equation (3.21),
DAB
kG/ (3.22)
RT
Again,
DAB ( p A1 p A2 ) DAB P( y A1 y A2 )
NA (3.23)
RT RT
Equating Equation (3.19) and Equation (3.23),
DAB P
k y/ (3.24)
RT
Also,
DAB ( p A1 p A2 ) DAB (C A1 C A2 )
NA (3.25)
RT
DAB
Equating Equation (3.19) and Equation (3.25), k c/ (3.26)

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NPTEL Chemical Mass Transfer Operation 1

For liquid phase diffusion the flux can be written as


D AB
NA ( x A1 x A2 ) (3.27)
M av
DAB
Equating Equation (3.20) and Equation (3.27), k x/ (3.28)
M av
Also,
D AB D
NA ( x A1 x A2 ) AB (C A1 C A2 ) (3.29)
M av
DAB
k L/ (3.30)

Equating Equation (3.8) and Equation (3.17),



Conversions: kc/ RT kG/ ; k y/ P kG/ ; k x/ k L/
M av

Example problem 3.1: Hydrochloric acid (A) diffuses through a thin film of water
(B) 4.0 mm thick at 283 K. The concentration of HCl at point 1 on one boundary
of the film is 12 wt% and on the other boundary, at point 2 is 4 wt%. The
diffusivity of HCl in water is 2.5 x 10-9 m2/s. Calculate the flux of HCl considering
water to be stagnant. Density of the solutions at points 1 and 2 are 1060.7 kg/m 3
and 1020.15 kg/m3 respectively.

Solution 3.1:
Molecular weight of HCl, MA = 36.5 and MB = 18
At point 1, mole fraction of HCl
12 / 36.5
x A1 0.0629 , Therefore, x B1 1 0.0629 0.9371
12 / 36.5 88 / 18
Average molecular weight at point 1
100
M1 19.1662 kg / kmol
12 / 36.5 88 / 18

At point 2, mole fraction of HCl


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NPTEL Chemical Mass Transfer Operation 1

4 / 36.5
x A2 0.0201 , Therefore, x B1 1 0.0201 0.9799
4 / 36.5 96 / 18
Average molecular weight at point 2
100
M2 18.3728 kg / kmol
4 / 36.5 96 / 18
/ M 1 2 / M 2 1060.7 / 19.1662 1020.15 / 18.3728
C av 1 55.4336 kmol / m 3
M av 2 2
x x B1 0.9799 0.9371
x BM B 2 0.9596
ln( x B 2 / x B1 ) ln(0.9799 / 0.9371)

z = 4 mm = 0.004 m

Flux of HCl,
D AB C av (2.5 10 9 )(55.4336)(0.0629 0.0201)
NA ( x A1 x A2 ) 1.5452 10 6 kmol / m 2 s
x BM Z (0.9596)(0.004)

3.2 Mass transfer under laminar flow condition


Mass transfer coefficient does not play a big role in laminar flow condition as
molecular diffusion exists there. In laminar flow regime, the average liquid phase
mass transfer coefficient, kL,av is correlated with Sherwood number (Sh) and DAB
as follows:
DAB
k L ,av 3.41 (3.31)

k L ,av
Shav 3.41 (3.32)
DAB

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NPTEL Chemical Mass Transfer Operation 1

3.3 Mass transfer under turbulent flow past solids


Mass transfer under flow past solid is a practically useful situation. Several
theories have attempted to clarify the behavior of mass transfer coefficients. All
the theories have some assumptions and some drawbacks. Hence, these are
revised frequently. In turbulent flow medium, small fluid an element of different
sizes, called eddies, move randomly. These eddies form, interact among others
and disappear in the flow path. The total molar flux of a solute A due to
molecular diffusion and eddy diffusion, JA is as follows:
dC A
J A ( D AB DE ) (3.33)
dZ
where DE is eddy diffusivity. Eddy diffusivity depends on intensity of local
turbulence.

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