International Journal for Research in Technological Studies| Vol.

2, Issue 11, October 2015 | ISSN (online): 2348-1439

Securing Multimodal Biometric Template using Visual Cryptography

A.Nandhinipreetha1 Dr.N.Radha2
1
Research Scholar 2Assistant Professor
1,2
Department of Computer Science
1,2
PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore
Abstract Authentication of the user is the major problem encryption and the second is decryption. The process of
in todays application. Biometric system provides high level splitting the secret image into shares is called encryption.
security operations. Single biometric system has variety of Then the shares are given to n number of users. The original
problems like noisy data, non-universality, intra class image is reconstructed only by stacking the correct shares.
variants and spoof attacks. To address these issues This process is called decryption. This visual cryptographic
multimodal biometric system is used and to avoid spoof scheme is applied for the biometric template to increase the
attack visual cryptographic technique is applied to the security. The security level is increased by applying this
biometric data. In this paper iris and signature biometric scheme, by splitting up the biometric template into shares.
are used. The images are preprocessed and features are In the proposed work to combine iris and signature
extracted for iris and signature images. Then the visual biometric feature level fusion technique is used.
cryptographic scheme is applied for the biometric template
to generate the shares. Visual cryptography acts as an II. RELATED WORKS
additional layer of security for multimodal biometric To provide more security for the biometric data visual
system. The proposed work is evaluated with evaluation cryptographic scheme is used. Some of the work that is
metrics FAR, FRR and Accuracy. related technique is listed below.
Keywords Biometrics, Visual Cryptography, IRIS, Naor and et. al[1] introduced visual cryptographic
Signature scheme, it is a simple secret sharing scheme used to encrypt
the visual information and the decryption is done by human
I. INTRODUCTION visual system. The shares are generated based on the pixel.
There are numerous techniques are developed for the For example to generate two share, share 1 and share 2, if
document security. One of the universal techniques to the pixel is black one of the two rows is selected from the
achieve the security is through encryption and table and If the pixel is white one of the above two rows are
authentication. Encryption is a process of changing the selected. This scheme is proposed for the secure
actual content using the keys. Authentication is the process authentication.
of verifying the person authenticity before accessing the
system. Biometric system is used to generate the patterns
from the user and it is verified through the same user
biometric patterns. Finger print, face, iris, retina etc are the
biometric traits used for the authentication process. There
are several applications where personal identifications are
used for authentication such as bank ATM, secure electronic
banking, mobile access etc. Unimodal biometric
authentication uses single biometric character such as face,
iris, finger print, palm print. Multimodal biometrics uses
more than one trait.
In the proposed work, iris and signature biometrics
are used for authentication process. Human iris has many
special optical and physiological characteristics which can
be exploited to defend against possible spoofing. It is a
unique pattern of identification. This iris authentication is
commonly used in border crossing, airport security and in
many biometric securities. Iris segmentation is important in Table 1: Naor and Shamir technique
iris recognition, the initial stage of the segmentation is to Julien binger et. al[2] applied visual cryptographic
detect the puple-iris boundary. Signature authentication is technique to finger print features. It is proposed for enabling
mostly used in banking and finance industry to avoid a blind alignment of the fresh image and the reference
duplicate signature frauds. Is has low error rate, cheap image. The encryption process is done by dividing the finger
hardware and it only requires little storage. One of the print image into shares based on visual cryptographic
significant issues in the biometric authentication is scheme and then the shares are stored in separate database.
protecting the biometric template of the user which is stored Visual cryptography which provides storage protection for
in the database. the data stored in separate location.
Visual cryptography is one of the secret sharing Arun ross et. al[3] proposed multiple biometric
schemes, used to hide the secrets from unwanted persons. system for preserving the digital biometric data (face image)
Naor and Shamir [11] introduced simple cryptographic using visual cryptographic scheme. To improve the security
method called visual cryptography for protecting the secrets. level in biometrics multiple faces are used. Secret image is
Visual cryptography has two main processes, the first is dithered into two other images, that two shares are stored in

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separate database. The secret face image is revealed only
when both the shares are available simultaneously. To
recover the original template XOR operator is used. It is
difficult to identify the secrets with one share.
Renu Poriye et. al[4] proposed visual cryptographic
scheme for binary image. Symmetric key is used to encrypt
the secrets and then it is divided into shares. By stacking the
shares alone does not give any information about the secrets.
In order to get the information of secret, symmetric key
must be used.
Ganthimathi amirthalingam et. al[5] used
multimodal biometrics, which solves the problem of spoof
attacks, unacceptable error rates, intra class variations. Face
and ear biometrics are used to increase the robustness of the
recognition system. The authorization is done using fuzzy
vault. The unimodal disadvantages are rectified by this
multimodal biometrics.
Muthukumar et. al[6] introduced multimodal
cryptosystem to improve the authentication and security. To
form the cryptosystem fuzzy vault is combined with two
separate biometric images such as fingerprint and iris.
Evolutionary algorithm and partial swarm optimation
algorithm is used in this multimodal biometrics.
Vionthini et. al[7] introduced biometric based
visual cryptography scheme to solve the authentication
issues. Stenographed fingerprint image is used, which is
separated into two shares, one is stored in the bank database
and other one is given to the customer. Hash code is
generator for each customer shares and this code is stored in
the bank database. During the transaction the customer
wants to provide the shares. The shares are verified for the
transaction with the other share that is stored in the database
for the access. This improves the security level in
biometrics.
Bakhtiar Affendi Rosdi et. al [8] proposed personal
verification method using finger vein to provide more
security because it is inside the human body. Local Line
Binary Pattern (LLBP) is used for the feature extraction of
the finger vein. This method (i.e) Local Line Binary Pattern
which provides better performance when compared to Local
binary pattern (LBP) and Local derivative pattern (LDP).
Error rate of the Local Line Binary Pattern is lower than
LBP and LDP.
Thomas monoth et. al [9] proposed visual
cryptographic scheme for the finger print image for provide
secure transmission. The fingerprint image is broken into n
number of shares which does not provide any information
about the secret image. These shares are distributed to n
number of participants. The original fingerprint is recovered
only by combining min a number of shares. The
reconstruction of the secret image is based on XNOR
operation.
Thomas Hofmeister et. al [10] use (k, n) scheme to
compute exactly the best contrast of image. The optimal
trade between the contrast and the number of sub pixels will
be proved by using different approach via coding theory.
The main goal of this paper is to achieve security and
contrast. The usage of contrast optimal scheme helps to
solve the linear program problems. The efficient number of
sub pixel can be achieved by constructing contrast optimal
(k, n) scheme. By limiting the pixel value (i.e.) threshold
Securing Multimodal Biometric Template using Visual Cryptography
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value helps to reduce the pixel expansion. As a result of
using these combinations of technique which helps to
provide better security and it reduce the pixel expansion.
Shital. B. patil et. al [11] introduced biometric
privacy to protect important datas from attacks. By using
visual cryptographic technique face image is separated into
two host images and these shares are saved in two different
database. The original image is retrieved only by stacking
both the shares .The single share which does not provide any
information about the original biometric data.
Ankita Gharat et. al [12] used visual cryptography
with pixel sharing for the biometric data such as fingerprint
image. To protect the biometric data from unavoidable
hacking from the attackers visual cryptographic scheme is
applied in biometric data. Two shares are generated from the
biometric image that are stored in two separate database
after the encryption is applies. To recover the biometric
image XOR operator is used.
Sandeep katta et. al [13] uses recursive hiding
scheme for 3 out of 5 secret sharing. The secret
informations are selected according to their size that is
smaller image to larger and vice versa. At each consecutive
level the shares are distributed, its not easy for anyone to
access all the shares in the smaller image. In real cyber
world the method like recursive information hiding in visual
cryptography can be applied in many applications. By
implanting the final decryption process in human visual
system instead of complex computation is the major
advantages. The 3 out of 5 recursive hiding scheme can be
extended to a k out of n scheme.
III. METHODOLOGY
The process involved in this work is mainly for the purpose
of secure biometric authentication. The process involved in
this methodology is listed below.
IV. PREPROCESSING
The purpose of preprocessing phase is to make biometric
image standard and ready for feature extraction. The
preprocessing stage primarily involves some of the
following steps:
1) Segmentation: Circular Hough transform is used
for the segmentation of iris and also signature.
2) Normalization: Daughman Rubber sheet is applied
to normalize the iris image.
3) Binarization: Transformation from color to
grayscale, and then to binary.
4) Noise reduction: A low pass filter is applied to
remove the noise.
A. Segmentation of IRIS
1) To detect the Circle Object
Ig (x, y) = ( I2 gh (x, y) + I2 gv (x, y))1/2 --- (1)
Where (a, b) is the centre of the circle, and r is the radius. If
a point in the (x, y) is fixed, then the parameters can be
found according to (1).
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2) The operator finds the maximum pixel intensity value
change (J) by searching the image within the defined radius
parameters with a circular integral centred on the point (x0,
y0), with radius r of the radial derivate of the original image
blurred with a Gaussian kernel G.
3) J, in this case corresponds to the iris-sclera (white)
boundary. The pixel intensity change is so great between
those regions.
4) The pupil boundary is then found within the iris-sclera
boundary. The pupil boundary corresponds to the second
largest value of J.
(2)
5) Eyelid Removal
An edge map of the image is created using canny
edge detection.
A line is fitted to both eyelids using the Linear
Hough Transform.
Another line is drawn to bisect the first line at the
iris edge closest to the pupil.
6) Eyelashes are removed by thresholding since they are
usually darker than the eyes. All values less than the
threshold value were set to N.
B. Normalization of IRIS
1) The segmented iris is normalized using
(3)
where
Emin = the minimum value for variable E
Emax = the maximum value for variable E
If Emax is equal to Emin then Normalized (ei) is set to 0.5.
C. Segmentation of Signature
(4)
Where
i= selected writing point
()= angle with the left(right) neighbourhood
k= selected neighboring writing point
n=first observed neighboring writing point
max=limiting angle
1) This separates the curve lines of a signature in
areas of nonzero values spaced by areas of zero
values.
2) Nonzero domain is used to characterize the
important area of signature and it is represented by
the point of maximum significance.
3) (s) of a writing angle depends on the neighboring
angle.
D. Normalization of Signature
1) The signature is normalized using
(5)
Securing Multimodal Biometric Template using Visual Cryptography
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2) This Min-Max normalization is used to obtain
normalized cross correlation and is used to maintain the
original data values.
E. Binarization
Binarization is the process of converting original image into
binary image.
1) Feature Extraction of IRIS
Iris feature extraction is done using Gabor Filter by
convolving the normalized iris pattern into one dimensional
Log-Gabor wavelets.
G (u, v) = exp {-(log (u1/u0)2/2log (k/u0)2)} exp (-v12/2v)
(6)
In the above equation represents orientation of
modified Gabor filter, u0 represents center frequency, k
represents the bandwidth of the filter in the u1 direction and
v represents the bandwidth of the filter in v1 direction.
F. Feature Extraction of Signature
The feature extraction of the signature is done using
principle component analysis. The sign of the signed
curvature k indicates the direction in which the unit tangent
vector rotates as a function of the parameter along the curve.
If the unit tangent rotates counter clockwise, then k > 0. If it
rotates clockwise, then k < 0.The signed curvature depends
on the particular parameterization chosen for a curve.
(7)
Fig. 1: Enrolment process of proposed work
G. Fusion
Feature level fusion is obtained by concatenating the
features points obtained from both the iris and signature
images. In the iris and signature, features were extracted for
each biometric image. Both features are concatenated and
stored for the authentication purpose.
H. Share Generation
Every secret pixel of the image is converted into four sub
pixels of two share images and is recovered by using the
logical OR operation between the shares as illustrated in
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table.1. The four sub pixels are generated from a pixel of the
secret image in a way that two sub pixels are white and two
sub pixels are black. The black or white pixel selection is
based on random selection.
Fig. 2 Authentication process of proposed work
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The proposed system is evaluated in MATLAB 2014a.
Evaluation of the system is done by measuring False
Acceptance Rate (FAR), False Rejection Rate (FRR) and
Genuine Acceptance Rate (GAR). Visual cryptographic
scheme is applied for the fused template for preserving the
original biometric data. So, that the security of the system is
increased with low FAR of 3%, FRR of 2.7% and accuracy
of 97%. The result of the proposed system is mentioned in
figure.5.
Fig. 3 Performance of proposed system
VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
The proposed work is to improve the accuracy of the
secured biometric system with iris and signature. The
biometric images are pre-processed and features are
extracted from iris and signature images using Gabor filter
and principle component analysis simultaneously. By
applying visual cryptographic technique, security level gets
increased. Thus the experimental result of the proposed
system achieves secure authentication result. In future, the
proposed work can be done by applying different visual
Securing Multimodal Biometric Template using Visual Cryptography
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cryptographic scheme and decrease the FAR and FRR
which will improve the authentication level.
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