GAS SUMMIT 2017

26.05.2017

Transportation of
LNG/ LPG

Capt Yogesh Puri

 History of Gas
In 1000 BC -
Greece
In about 1000 B.C., the
famous Oracle at
Delphi, on Mount
Parnassus in ancient
Greece, was built where
natural gas seeped from
the ground in a flame.
 Historical sights
In 500 BC China
Around 500 B.C., the
Chinese started using crude
bamboo pipelines to
transport gas that seeped to
the surface and to use it to
boil sea water to get
drinkable water.
 First Commercial Use
Around 1785, the British used natural gas
produced from coal to light houses and
streets.

In 1816, Baltimore, Maryland used this type of

manufactured natural gas to become the first
city in the United States to light its streets
with gas.
 During most of the 19th century, natural
gas was used almost exclusively as a source
of light, but in 1885, Robert Bunsen's
invention of what is now known as the
Bunsen burner opened vast new
opportunities to use natural gas.
Once effective pipelines began to be built in
the 20th century, the use of natural gas
expanded to home heating and cooking,
appliances such as water heaters and oven
ranges, manufacturing and processing
plants, and boilers to generate electricity.
 Exploration

Seismic Surveys
Exploration Wells
Gravity and
Geomagnetic Surveys
Properties / Composition

Gas Properties LPG Natural

Gas
(Propane) (Methane)
Chemical Formula C3H8 CH4
Energy Content: MJ/m3 93.2 38.7
Energy Content: Btu/ft3 2572 1011
Energy Content: MJ/kg 49.58 52.5
Boiling Temp: C -42 -161.5
Flame Temp: C 1967 1950
Flame Temp: F 3573 3542
Gas Volume: m3/kg 0.540 1.499
Specific Gravity 1.5219 0.5537
Density @15C: kg/m3 1.899 0.668
What is LPG made of: LPG
Composition

Propane
Butane
Isobutane
 LPG is not made or manufactured, it
is found naturally in combination
with other hydrocarbons.
LPG is produced during natural gas
processing and petroleum refining.
Once refined, LPG is stored as a
liquid under pressure in gas bottles
or tanks.
LPG processing involves the
separation and collection of the gas
from its petroleum base.
About 60% is produced from the natural
gas stream that comes out of the wellhead.
The other 40% is produced during the crude
oil refining process.
LPG is isolated from the hydrocarbon
mixtures by its separation from natural gas
or by the refining of crude oil.
Natural gas liquids (NGL) range from 1% to
10% of the natural gas flow.
Similarly, LPG produced from crude oil
refining constitutes between 1% and 4% of
the crude oil processed.
LPG Carrier
 How LPG is Transported
Bulk Transport by Ship
Transported in Intermodal ISO Tank Containers
Transported by Rail in Bulk and ISO Tanks
Pipeline Transport of LPG
Transported by Road Tankers
Transport by Local Bobtail Tankers
Cylinder Truck Delivery
LPG Delivery by Beasts of Burden
LPG Transport via People Power
LNG Carrier
 How LNG is transported
Natural gas can be transported on land via
pipeline or on water via ship.

Most of the worlds natural gas is delivered

by pipeline. Large networks of pipelines
quickly deliver natural gas on land to
major processing facilities and end
consumers. This complex network includes
three types of pipelines along the
transportation route:
 Gathering pipeline system - the gathering
system includes low pressure small pipelines that
transport raw natural gas from the wellhead to
the processing plant.
Intrastate/interstate pipeline system -
Pipelines can be classified as intrastate or
interstate. Their technical and operational
characteristics are substantially similar, and they
both have the same goal: to transport natural
gas from the processing plant to the centers of
its consumption.
Distribution pipeline system - the distribution
pipeline system has the purpose of delivering gas
to the end-consumers.
 Where natural gas cannot be delivered on land, it
can be liquefied and delivered by ship. Compared
to gas pipelines, liquefied natural gas
(LNG)shipping is preferred for international
transport because, in a liquid form,natural
gas takes up less volume, making it easier for
shipment and storage.
LNG infrastructure includes a gas pipeline leading
to the seaside, gas liquefaction plant, storage
facilities and an LNG terminal for shipment. After
being liquified and transported to the area of
demand,LNG is returned to gas form at
regasification plants at the terminal.
Gas Field at Sea
Gas Field over land
GAS Chain
Unloading of LNG at Terminal
Ship to Ship Transfer of LNG
Loading on Trailers for Road
Transportation
 Transportation
Transportation by Bobtail
tankers Rail transportation in ISO Tanks
 Uses of Natural Gas

Electric power sector

Industrial sector
Residential sector
Commercial sector
Transportation sector
 World over consumption
Rank Country NaturalGas- cons (m/year) YEAR

World 3,468,600,000,000 2015.

1 United States 778,000,000,000 2015.
2 Russia 391,500,000,000 2015.
3 Iran 191,200,000,000 2015.
4 China 177,300,000,000 2015.
5 Japan 113,400,000,000 2015.
6 Saudi Arabia 106,400,000,000 2015.
7 Canada 102,500,000,000 2015.
8 Mexico 83,200,000,000 2015.
9 Germany 74,600,000,000 2015.
10 Italy 71,400,000,000 2015.
14 India 50,600,000,000 2015.
 Precautions and safety measures
Escape of LPG / LNG on deck
Whether a spillage of liquid or a leak of vapour, the
priorities of the Emergency Party are to:
a) Stop the flow of gas
b) Prevent ignition
c) Disperse the vapour cloud

The flow of gas from a source which is between two valves

on the Emergency Shut Down system will be limited.
However, personnel advancing to close a valve manually
close to the source of a spillage or leak must:
a) Wear breathing apparatus and protective clothing.
b) Be protected by a massive water wall
Care must be taken to avoid cargo coming into contact
with the skin.
Boil Off / Inside view of LNG Carrier
 Sources of ignition
Smoking
Portable Electrical Equipment.
Communication Equipment.
Hot work, hammering, chipping and
power tools.
Ship to Shore Bonding.
Auto Ignition.
Static Electricity.
Steam.
Carbon Dioxide.
 THANKS
Watch a small movie on
berthing of LNG Ship at
Dabhol LNG Terminal

Sea Transportation of LNG

Any Questions please