Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
UniTest
2008
621.372.061
31.2
-75
:
. . , . . , . . , . . , . . ,
. . , . . , . .
-
-
"", 2007 .
:
;
- -
-75 . 1.0 [ ] : /
. . , . . , . . . . . (8 ).
: , 2008. ( : 56-2007 /
. . . . ). 1 . . (DVD). -
. : Intel Pentium ( -
) 1 ; 512 ; 8 -
; DVD ; Microsoft Windows 2000 SP 4 /
XP SP 2 / Vista (32 ) ; Adobe Reader 7.0 ( -
pdf).
ISBN 978-5-7638-1528-3 ()
ISBN 978-5-7638-1378-4 ( )
. 0320802741
22.12.2008 . ()
- -
, , ,
, , -
. , -
. .
: ; - (-
) ; ;
; k
m, ; ; -
.
210300.62 -
210000 , .
, 2008
. .
:
- ;
. -
. , , -
.
. 01.10.2008
8
: , 660041, , . , 79
............................................................... 10
1. ,
...................................... 11
. .................................................................................................... 11
. ................................................................................. 13
. .................................................................. 19
................................................................................................ 25
2. .
........................................... 26
. ........................................................................................ 26
. ...................................................................................................................... 27
. ................................................................. 28
................................................................................................ 30
3.
................. 31
. ............................. 31
. .............................................................................................. 32
. ......................................................................................................... 34
. ...................................................................................... 35
. ........................................................................... 38
................................................................................................ 41
4.
.............. 42
. ......................................................................................... 42
() . . 43
................................................................................................ 44
5. ... 45
. 45
. .......................................... 49
................................................................................................ 54
6.
......................................... 55
RLC. ............................. 55
RLC. ..................................... 58
................................................................................................ 60
. -3-
7.
...................................... 61
. ................................................................................................ 61
. ..................................................................................................... 62
. ................................................................................................. 63
. ........................................................................................................ 64
.
. .......................................................................... 65
................................................................................................ 68
8.
() .......................................... 69
. . ................. 70
. .................................... 72
. ...... 74
. ................... 79
................................................. 80
........................................... 81
. ........................................................ 83
................................................................................................ 84
9.
.................................... 85
. ............................................................................................. 88
. .................... 90
. ...................... 90
. .............................................................. 91
................................................................................................ 93
10.
................................................................ 94
. .................................................. 94
. .............................................................. 96
................................................................................................ 98
11. .
.......................................... 99
. ................................................................................................................... 99
. .................................................................................................. 100
. ........................................... 102
. ....................................................... 104
.............................................................................................. 105
. -4-
12.
...................................... 106
. ...................................................................................... 106
. ..................................................................................... 107
. ........................................................................................ 107
........................................................................................ 108
. ....................................................................................................... 108
. .................................. 109
.............................................................................................. 110
13.
...................................... 111
. ........................................................... 115
. ..................................................... 116
.............................................................................................. 119
14.
...................................... 120
. .......................................................................... 120
. .................................................................... 120
. .............................................................. 121
. ...................................................... 125
.............................................................................................. 127
15. ()
................. 128
. ........................................... 133
. ....................................................... 136
.............................................................................................. 138
16.
....................................... 139
. .............. 139
. ................................................................. 141
.............................................................................................. 142
17. . 143
. ....................................................... 143
. ....................................... 145
................................................. 146
- . .............. 147
- . .............. 148
. ................................................................................... 149
.............................................................................................. 152
. -5-
. -6-
. ..................................................................................................... 221
. ......................................... 227
. .................................................................................................. 230
.............................. 231
. ......................................... 232
.............................................................................................. 236
24.
.............................................. 237
. .......................................................... 237
. .......................................................... 239
............................................................ 240
.............................................................................................. 243
25. ............ 244
.
. ....................................................... 247
k. .......................................................................................................... 253
. ........................................................................................... 253
. ........................................................... 258
.............................................................................................. 264
26. ......... 265
. ........................................................................... 265
. ............................................................................. 267
.............................................................................................. 268
27. ................... 269
...................................................... 269
. ............................................. 270
. .......................................................................................... 274
.............................................................................................. 277
28. m ........................... 278
m. ............................................................................. 283
m. ............................................................................ 288
m..................................................... 291
.............................................................................................. 293
29. ..... 294
RC- . .................................................................................... 294
RC- . ................................................................................... 295
RC-........................................................................................... 296
RC-. ................................................................................... 298
.............................................................................................. 299
30.
...................................................... 300
. -7-
. ................................................................................................. 300
. .............................................................. 302
.............................................................................................. 305
31. .................. 306
. ....................................... 306
() . .................................... 310
.............................................................................................. 313
32. .................. 314
. .................................................................................................... 314
. .......................................................................................... 320
, . ........................................... 323
.............................................................................................. 327
33. ........... 328
. ................................................................................................ 333
. .......................................... 335
.............................................................................................. 337
34.
........................................... 338
. .............................................. 338
. ............................................... 338
.............................................................................................. 344
35.
................................................. 345
. ........................................................................................................ 347
......................... 349
. .......................................... 352
.............................................................................................. 355
36.
............................................ 356
. ................................................... 357
. ................................................................................ 360
.... 363
.............................................................................................. 372
37. ........... 373
. ............ 373
LC--. ................... 378
.............................................................................................. 388
38.
RC- ..................... 389
. -8-
. -9-
, -
, -
,
().
, ,
-
. -
,
-
.
-
, -
, . -
, -
.
:
;
() ;
;
-
;
k m, -
;
;
-
.
-
.
.
.
. -10-
1.
,
. ( -
).
.
.
, -
-
. (-
) .
, ()
. (-
, , , ,
. .), (,
, , , - .) -
. ,
.
, ()
(,
, . .). -
, .
.
-
, -
. -
, -
, ,
. ,
.
. -
: -
. -
, . , , -
, , -
.
, -
. -
. -11-
1. ,
(
)
q dq
i = lim = ,
t 0 t dt
dq , dt .
().
dq -
dw = u dq. u
( )
. , -
-
. -
().
-
.
. -
-
, (. 1.1).
i
U
U
U = U
. 1.1
. ,
, ,
. -
-
.
U -
q,
: dw = u dq = ui dt.
, ,
, . . ,
. -12-
1. ,
.
.
,
,
dw dq
p= =u = ui
dt dt
.
, t1 t2,
t2
W = p dt .
t1
(),
().
.
.
,
( , ,
.), . . -
.
. 1.2.
i
R
U
. 1.2
, , -
u = Ri i = Gu .
R G -
, G = 1/R.
(), ().
, ,
PR = ui = Ri 2 = Gu 2 .
,
t1 t2, :
. -13-
1. ,
t2 t2 t2
WR = p dt = Ri dt = Gu 2 dt .
2
t1 t1 t1
i
0
. 1.3
, , -
- () -
. R , (. 1.3, ). R -
,
(. 1.3, )
.
, -
, .
-
, .
. 1.4.
L
i
. 1.4
(. 1.5, ), -
, S, i, -
= B ds ,
S
. -14-
1. ,
B S.
(), ().
:
B ds
L= = S
,
i i
. . , -
.
().
n (. 1.5, ),
()
= n ,
, .
S
i
S
i
'
'
'
n
'
. 1.5
. -15-
1. ,
. 1.6
n
L = .
i
(. 1.6, ), , .
, -
d
L = , -
dt
.
di
, u L = L = L -
dt
( ) .
,
t
1
iL (t ) = u L dt ,
L
. . , uL (. 1.7).
di
: pL = u Li = Li .
dt
,
t,
t t
Li 2
WL = pL dt = Lidi =
2
.
0
, t 0 .
. -16-
1. ,
i UL
t t
t1 t2 t3 t4 t1 t2 t3 t4
. 1.7
, L1, -
L2, , -
.
M = 12 = 21 .
i2 i1
,
d12 di
e1M = = M 2 ;
dt dt
d 21 di
e2 M = = M 1 .
dt dt
,
, .
().
,
. -
. 1.8.
UC
i
C
. 1.8
. -17-
1. ,
(. 1.9, ) -
+q,
.
E -
D
= Dds = q .
E -
U .
q
C= .
u
, , -
.
-
, . . (. 1.9, ).
, -
dq du
i = =C C .
dt dt
. 1.9
. -18-
1. ,
, -
. E
d
. = iCM .
dt
,
i = iCM = i .
,
.
t
1
uC = idt .
C
0
1
t = 0 uC (0) = idt .
C
t
1
, uC (t ) = uC (0) + idt .
C0
pC
du
: pC = uC i = CuC C .
dt
,
t,
t uC
CuC2
WC = pC dt = CuC duC = 2
.
0
, t =
uC( ).
.
R, L, C , -
, , -
. ,
.
u
R= = ,
i S
. -19-
1. ,
; ; S
.
-
, , , . -
.
, ,
, , -
. .
.
,
.
-
, ,
(. 1.10, ) -
.
, .
, . .
. , -
, . 1.10, .
, -
(. 1.10, ).
, -
.
. , -
, . ,
,
,
.
L r
r L r
. 1.10
. -20-
1. ,
. 1.11
,
.
(. 1.11).
. ,
, ,
.
. 1.12, .
. 1.12
+ . ,
(+q) -
+, () -
.
wC
= lim ,
q 0 q
wC , q.
. -21-
1. ,
, e(t), ,
e(t).
,
(. . -
).
, -
(. 1.12, ). -
-
. 1.13.
U =
0
U
I =
Ri
. 1.13
Ri
. 1.14
. -22-
1. ,
, ,
.
, , -
, -
. . 1.14, .
,
, , ,
, , .
-
(. 1.14, ).
U = IRi
0
I = I
. 1.15
-
. 1.15.
, ,
-
.
, -
.
-
() , . . , -
, ,
.
. -23-
1. ,
. (1 1')
(. 1.16, ),
(. 1.16, ), (2 2') -
. ,
(. 1.16, , ).
, , -
, , , , -
. : -
, (); , -
(); , (); -
, ().
I1
1 2 1 2
U1 HUU1 U2 HZI1 U2
I2 I1 I2
1 2 1 2
U1 HYU1 HiI1
(. 1.16, ) ,
I1 = 0,
U2 = HUU1, HU .
.
(. 1.16, ) I1 -
U2, : U1 = 0, U2 = HZI1, HZ
.
(. 1.16, ) I2 -
U1, I1 = 0 I2 U1 I2 = HYU1, HY -
.
. -24-
1. ,
(. 1.16, ) I1,
I2 U1 = 0, I2 = Hi I1, Hi .
.
1. ?
2. ?
3. - () ?
4. ?
5. ?
6. ?
. -25-
2. .
. . -
.
-
(. 2.1), (R, L, C)
(e, i) . , -
, , , .
,
. -
, .
.
, .
,
.
L1 R3
C1
R2
e2
R4 L3
R1
L2 C2 L4
R5 i1
e1
. 2.1
. -26-
2. .
. -
.
(), -
, .
-
( ).
.
,
- () ().
; -
, . ,
. 2.1, . 2.2, .
, -
(. 2.2, ).
, (. 2.2, ).
-
,
. .
. 2.2
. 2.3
. -27-
2. .
, -
( ). . 2.3 -
(. 2.1).
, .
, -
, n = n 1.
, ( ), nBC = nB n =
= nB n + 1, nB , n .
.
,
, .
1. . R -
( ),
i R
U = R i.
2. . -
, , -
WR = U I t,
WR = 0,24U i t.
3. . , -
(. 2.4), .
i2
i3
i1
i4
i5
. 2.4
. -28-
2. .
( , , , .)
, -
.
n
i1 + i2 i3 + i4 i5 = 0 ik = 0 ,
k =1
k , .
, -
.
-
, ,
,
.
4. . -
, :
n m
U k = e p .
k =1 p =1
. -
, dq,
dq -
, .
U2 e2
U1
U4
e1
e3 U3
. 2.5
. -29-
2. .
(+),
( -
), (), . , (. 2.5)
U1 U2 U3 + U4 = e1 e2 e3.
,
, ,
:
n m
Rk ik = e p .
k =1 p =1
, ,
,
n
dik 1 m
k k k dt C k = e p .
R i + L + i dt
k =1 k p =1
1. ?
2. ?
3. ( )?
4. ?
5. ?
. -30-
3.
.
. . .
.
.
,
.
, p q , -
, . -
.
q 1 -
. q- ,
, -
.
p q + 1
(
).
,
, .
1. (. 3.1) .
( , -
- () ().
I1
I1 E1
R1
I2
I2 E2 I5
b
a c
R2 R5
I3 I4
R4 I6 R6
I3 E3
R3 d
. 3.1
. -31-
3.
,
(. 3.2).
a b
c
d
. 3.2
(-
. 3.2) .
(. 3.1),
( ):
I1 I 2 I 2 I 1 I 2 I 3 = 0 ;
I 2 + I 2 I 4 I 5 = 0 b;
I1 + I 1 + I 5 I 6 = 0 c;
E1 E2 = R1I1 R5 I 5 R2 I 2 I;
E2 E3 = R2 I 2 + R4 I 4 R3 I 3 II;
0 = R5 I 5 R4 I 4 + R6 I 6 III.
, ,
, .
(), -
.
.
,
.
.
, . . -
,
.
. -32-
3.
E1
R1 I1
I11
E2 I2
b I5
a c
R2 R5
I22 R4
I6
E3 I4 I33 R6
R3 I3 d
. 3.3
(. 3.3) :
E1 E2 = ( R1 + R5 + R2 ) I11 R2 I 22 R5 I 33 I;
E2 E3 = R2 I11 + ( R4 + R2 + R3 ) I 22 R4 I 33 II;
0 = R5 I11 R4 I 22 + ( R6 + R4 + R5 ) I 33 III.
,
I1 = I11 , I 2 = I 22 I11 , I 3 = I 22 , I 4 = I 22 I 33 ,
I 5 = I 33 I11 , I 6 = I 33.
,
,
, , -
.
n- n :
. -33-
3.
1 n
I kk = Eii ik ,
i =1
ik Rik,
k- i- -
(1)(i + k).
1
I11 = [ E1111 + E22 21 + ... + Enn n1 ],
1
I 22 = [ E1112 + E22 22 + ... + Enn n 2 ] ,
1
I nn = [ E111n + E22 2n + ... + Enn nn ].
k- , -
, , k-
. k- -
, :
1 n
I kk = Eii ik =E11 1k + E22 2 k + ... + Enn nk .
i =1
. -34-
3.
,
k- . , E11 1k -
k- , E11. -
, -
.
, k- , -
, , -
, . -
.
, -
.
: ,
, , -
.
.
, -
.
-
, -
, -
, -
.
-
, -
.
, -
. , -
, -
( ).
, -
, . . -
. -
,
.
. -35-
3.
( )
, -
, .
(. 3.4), 1.
I1
R1 I1
I2
I5
R2 b
a c
Ua I2 I4 Ub R5 Uc
I3 R4 I6 R6
R3
d
I3
. 3.4
a, b, ,
,
I 1 I 2 I 3 I1 I 2 I 3 = 0 ;
I 2 I5 I 4 + I 2 = 0 b;
I 1 + I1 + I 5 I 6 = 0 c,
I1, I2, I3 .
, ,
Ua Uc U a Ub Ua Ub
I1 = , I2 = , I3 = , I4 = ,
R1 R2 R3 R4
Ub Uc U
I5 = , I6 = c .
R5 R6
, :
I 1 I 2 I 3 g1 (U a U c ) g 2 (U a U b ) g3U a = 0;
I 2 g5 (U b U c ) g 4U b + g 2 (U a U b ) = 0;
I 1 + g1 (U a U c ) + g5 (U b U c ) g 6U c = 0;
gk = 1/Rk.
. -36-
3.
( g1 + g 2 + g3 )U a g 2U b g1U c = I 1 I 2 I 3 ;
g 2U a + ( g 2 + g 4 + g5 )U b g5U c = I 2 ;
g1U a g5U b + ( g1 + g5 + g 6 )U c = I 1.
, , -
, , -
, ,
, .
, -
.
, q :
1 q 1
U k = I ii ik ,
i =1
ik gik,
k- i- -
( 1)(1 + k).
. -37-
3.
:
1
U1 = I1111 + I 22 21 + ... + I q 1,q 1 q 1,1 ,
1
U 2 = I1112 + I 22 22 + ... + I q 1,q 1 q 1,2 ,
1
U q 1 = I111n + I 22 2 n + ... + I q 1,q 1 q 1,q 1 .
, -
,
, . . ,
, -
.
, . . . -
, -
.
, -
, .
-
(. 3.5). -
, , -
.
: -
.
.
, -
, , -
,
, ,
,
.
. -38-
3.
.
(. 3.5, ).
,
R E1 E2,
(. 3.5, ) , , -
, .
: I = I1 + I2 (. 3.5, ). I1 -
E1. , I1 = 0,
. . .
I I E1 E2
R R
I1 E1 I2 E2
R R
I2 E2 = U Ri
. 3.5
I2 (. 3.5, ), E2
( -
), -
E2 U
I2 = I = = XX ,
Ri + R Ri + R
. -39-
3.
Ri ,
-
. , -
-
(. 3.5, ).
(. 3.5, ) , -
E
I = .
Ri
,
-
U
Ri = XX .
I
-
,
.
,
(. 3.6).
Ri I I
R U I Ii Ri R U
. 3.6
(. 3.6, )
E = RIi + U U = E RiI.
(. 3.6, )
. -40-
3.
. -
,
, ,
, -
, , -
, .
-
:
E
I = = I = GiU XX ,
Ri
G = 1/Ri .
I Ri
U RRi 1 Ri
I= = I = I .
R R + Ri R R + Ri
1. ,
?
2.
?
3.
?
4. ?
5. ?
. -41-
4.
. () -
.
.
,
u = Umcos(t + )
u = Umsin(t + ).
.
. 4.1 Um ( )
= 1/f, f .
= t + -
, . -
, -
.
f;
2f.
, . .
d 2
= , (/). = 2f = .
dt T
Umcos
. 4.1
. -42-
4.
t = 0 -
u(0) = Umcos.
()
.
T
1
FCP = f (t )dt .
T0
, ,
f(t) ,
-
.
.
u = Umcos
T
4 T
2 2U 2
U CP =
T T U m cos tdt = T m sin t 4T = U m 0,637U m .
4
4
()
T
1
F=
T0 [ f (t )]2 dt .
, F2
[f(t)]2 , . . -
, , [f(t)]2
.
i = Imcost
. -43-
4.
()
T T T
1 1 2 I m2 I
2 2
I= [i (t )] dt = I m cos tdt = (1 + cos 2t )dt = m .
T0 T0 2T 0 2
, , -
,
T T T
T
W = Pdt = uidt = Ri 2 dt =RI m2 .
0 0 0
2
2
W = RI const T.
,
T I
RI m2 = RI const
2
T , I = I const = m , . . -
2 2
-
, , R
, , i.
1. ?
2. ?
3. ()
?
. -44-
5.
-
. (
, ).
.
-
,
.
, -
,
. -
.
-
U m
(. 5.1)
.
Im
u(t) = Umsin(t + )
t2
t1
Re
t2 t1 0 0
0
t1
t2
u(t) = Umcos(t + )
. 5.1
. -45-
5.
-
,
U(t) = Umcos(t + ),
U(t) = Umsin(t + ).
-
:
U m = ReU m + j ImU m , j = 1 ;
U m =| U m | e j , U m ; ;
U m =| U m | cos + j | U m | sin .
U ( t ) = U m e j e j t ;
U ( t ) = U m cos ( t + ) + j U m sin ( t + ) .
, -
(. 5.2).
. -46-
5.
Im Im
u(t) = jUmsin(t + )
jt jt
u(t) = Umcos(t + ) jt
Re 0 Re
jt jt
. 5.2
e j ( t + ) + e (
j t + )
u ( t ) = U m cos ( t + ) = U m
2
*
U m j t U m j t
u (t ) = e + e ,
2 2
*
U m = U me j , U m = U me j - .
e j ( t + ) e j ( t + )
u (t ) = U m sin(t + ) = U m
2j
*
1 U m jt U m jt
u (t ) = e e .
j 2 2
(
(. 5.2) , , ,
,
.
, -
, -
-, -
. -47-
5.
-
.
I
. 5.3
-
,
t = 0.
. 5.3
.
,
, .
U I
:
U
Z BX = .
I
, ,
1 I
YBX = = .
Z BX U
U m j( U i )
, U m = U me jU I m = I me ji , Z BX = e .
Im
Um
(); U i
Im
.
, -
, -
:
Z BX =| Z BX | e j ,
. -48-
5.
Z BX = RBX + jX BX ,
R ;
X ;
Z BX = Z BX cos + j Z BX sin .
,
2 2 X BX
Z BX = RBX + X BX , = arctg .
RBX
.
.
R,
U U
I = , I = I me ji = m e jU ,
R R
Um
. . I m = ,
R
= U i.
(. 5.4) -
; Z BX = RBX = R, X BX = 0 , YBX = 1/ R .
Im
U = i
Re
0
. 5.4
u ( t ) = U m cos ( t + U ) ,
U
i = m cos ( t + U ) .
R
, ,
. -49-
5.
PR = ui = U m I m cos 2 ( t + ) = UI 1 + cos 2 ( t + ) ,
. . PR (. 5.5).
. 5.5
T T
1 1 U I
PA = PR dt = m m 1 + cos 2 ( t + ) dt = UI = RI 2 .
T0 T0 2
.
U I
( U = m I = m .)
2 2
. -
,
di
UL = L .
dt
,
. -50-
5.
UL = L
(
d I me ji e jt ) = jLI me ji e jt = U me jU e jt ,
dt
j i
j i + j
U Lm = jLI me = LI me 2
, j = e 2 = cos + j sin .
2 2
,
ULm = LIm = XLIm,
1
XL = L , bL = -
L
.
, . . = U i =
2
(. 5.6).
2
Im
2
U
i
Re
0
. 5.6
U I m e j i j
Z BX = = j L j i
= j L = L e 2 = jX ,
L
I I me
.
i(t) = Imcos(t + ).
di
uL = L = LI m sin ( t + ) = U m cos t + + .
dt 2
. -51-
5.
, , :
PL = ui = U m I m sin ( t + ) cos ( t + ) =
U m Im
= 2sin ( t + ) cos ( t + ) = UI sin 2 ( t + ) .
2
. 5.7
Li 2 LI m2 LI 2
WL = = cos ( t + ) =
2
1 + cos 2 ( t + ) ,
2 2 2
. . ,
(. 5.7), -
, , ,
.
. -52-
5.
. -
dU
iC = C .
dt
,
IC = C
(
d U me jU e jt ) = CU m e jU j e jt = I m e ji e jt ,
dt
j U +
ji jU
I = I me = jCU me = CU me 2
.
,
Um
I m = CU m = bCU m = ,
XC
1
bC = C , X C = .
C
= U i = ,
2
. . /2 (. 5.8).
Im
2
i
U
Re
0
. 5.8
,
U U me jU 1 1 1 - j2
Z BX = = = = j = e ,
I jCU me jU j C C C
. -53-
5.
1
XC = .
C
,
P = ui = U m I m cos ( t + ) cos t + + = UI sin 2 ( t + ) .
2
CU 2 CU m2 CU 2
WC = = cos ( t + ) =
2
1 + cos 2 ( t + ) .
2 2 2
, -
, ,
, .
1. -
?
2. -
?
3. -
?
4. ?
. -54-
6.
RLC. -
RLC.
RLC.
. -
( ) ( ) ( )
i1 ( t ) = Re I m1e jt , i2 ( t ) = Re I m 2e jt , ... , in ( t ) = Re I mne jt ,
n
Re ( I mk e jt ) = 0 .
k =0
-
,
n
Re I mk e jt = 0 .
k =0
,
t = 0.
n
I mk = 0 .
k =0
, .
, -
,
.
(. 6.1)
di 1
e ( t ) = Ri + L
dt C
+ idt .
. -55-
6.
RLC
. 6.1
E = Eme jt , I = I me jt ,
Em I m .
( )
Re( Eme jt ) = R Re I me jt + L
d
dt
( ) 1
( )
Re I me jt + Re I me jt dt .
C
-
-
, :
( ) d 1
Re Eme jt = Re RI me jt + L I me jt + I me jt dt .
dt C
:
( )
Re Eme jt = Re RI me jt + jLI m e jt +
1
jC
I m e j t .
eit, -
1
Em = RI m + jLI m + I m , -
j C
,
Em = U Rm + U Lm + U Cm .
:
1
Em = R + jL + I m = ZI m ,
j C
Z .
. -56-
6.
RLC
.
n n
Z k I k = Ek ,
k =1 k =1
Z k I k
k- , Ek k- .
RLC- (. 6.2).
. 6.2 :
1 1
U R = RI , U L = jLI , U C = I =j I.
j C C
1 1 X
L > X = L > 0, = arctg > 0 , -
C C R
-
, ,
(. 6.2, ).
1 1 X
L < X = L < 0, = arctg < 0 , -
C C R
,
(. 6.2, ).
Im >0 Im <0
2
2
0
0
0 Re 0 Re
. 6.2
. -57-
6.
RLC
Im Im
U p = U L + UC
>0 >0
0 0
Re <0 Re
Ua =
. 6.3
,
, (-
(. 6.3, ).
-
> 0 (. 6.3, )
X < 0 (. 6.3, ).
RLC.
R, L, C (. 6.4) :
U U
I = I R + I L + IC = + + jCU = YU .
R jL
. 6.4
I R U ; -
I L ; I C -
2
.
2
. -58-
6.
RLC
1
Y = g j C = g jb -
L
; g = 1/R ; b
.
I = YU .
RLC-
(. 6.5).
1
L < -
C
I U (. 6.5, ).
1
L >
C
I U (. 6.5, ).
Im
Im
2
2
< 0
>0
Re Re
0 0
. 6.5
Im
Im Im
<0
Re Re
0 >0 0 >0 0 Re
. 6.6
I A = I R ,
I P = I L + I C I (. 6.6, ).
. -59-
6.
RLC
,
1
; L <
C
1
(. 6.6, ) (. 6.6, ) L > .
C
1. ?
2.
?
3.
?
. -60-
7.
. . .
. -
. .
RX (. 7.1), -
.
. 7.1
u = Umcos t ( = 0)
i = Imcos (t ).
, P = ui = U m I mcost cos ( t ) =
U I
= m m cos + cos ( 2t ) : -
2
U I U I
m m cos m m cos ( 2t ) , -
2 2
.
. 7.2 , -
.
. -61-
7.
cos
0
. 7.2
, . 7.2,
, -
(. 5.7), , , . 5.7, , -
, -
. ,
R, , -
(. 5.5).
-
X, .
P = ui = U m I m cos t [ cos t cos + sin t sin ] =
UmIm U I
= cos (1 + cos 2t ) + m m sin sin 2t.
2 2
, -
, . . , -
.
.
,
T
1 U I
PA = uidt = m m cos = UI cos .
T0 2
. -62-
7.
, ,
PA = UI = RI2, PA < UI.
,
, cos ,
. , cos ,
.
-
U I
Q = m m sin = UI sin .
2
Q . Q > 0,
; Q < 0,
.
U I
, Q = m m = UI ,
2
U m Im
Q < .
2
X I I m2 X
sin = = X , Q = = I2X .
Z U 2
- ().
, ,
2 LI m2
QL = UI sin = LI = = WL max ,
2 2
WL max ,
.
, ,
2 CU m2
QC = UI sin = CU = = WC max ,
2 2
WC max ,
.
, ,
Q = (WL max WC max).
. -63-
7.
,
S = UI,
- ().
PA = UIcos = Scos, Q = UIsin = Ssin, ,
S = PA2 + Q 2 ;
2
Q
tg = .
PA
-
,
.
Z
U m = U me jU -
I m = I me ji .
U m = U me jU , -
*
I m = I me ji .
,
U m I m j( U ji ) U m I m j U m I m U I
S= e = e = cos + j m m sin .
2 2 2 2
,
PA, Q.
(. 7.3), -
.
-
, :
*
U m I m U m I m j( i U ) U m I m j U m I m U I
= e = e = cos j m m sin .
2 2 2 2 2
*
U m Im
= PA jQ .
2
. -64-
7.
Im
Re
0
. 7.3
, -
1 * *
1 * *
PA = U m I m + U m I m , Q = U m I m U m I m .
4 4j
1 * * 1 * *
PA = U I + U I , Q = U I U I .
2 2j
. .
(. 7.4)
Z i = Ri + jX i Z H = RH + jX H .
Zi
I Z
. 7.4
Em
I m = .
( Ri + RH ) + ( Xi + XH )
2 2
. -65-
7.
.
, ,
1 2 1 RH Em2
PA = RH I m = .
2 2 ( Ri + RH )2 + ( X i + X H )2
, PA
XH = Xi.
, ,
1 RH Em2
PA max = .
2 ( Ri + RH )2
RH ,
,
( ) :
dPA max 1 Em ( Ri + RH ) 2 ( Ri + RH ) RH Em
2 2 2
= = 0.
( i H)
4
dRH 2 R + R
Ri = RH.
Em2 E2
PA m m = = m .
8 Ri 8 RH
,
RH + jXH = Ri jXi.
, ,
.
. 7.5 PA max RH/RI.
, -
,
.
:
PA
= ,
Pi + PA
Pi , .
. -66-
7.
.
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
R
0 1 2 3 4 5 Rt
. 7.5
1 1
, PA = RH I m2 Pi = Ri I m2 ,
2 2
RH 1
= = .
Ri + RH 1 + Ri
RH
RH/RI . 7.5.
(Ri = RH) -
, 50 %, . . -
, , -
. RH > Ri -
RH,
, .
,
, RH > Ri.
,
Ri = RH.
. -67-
7.
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. -
?
. -68-
8. ()
. .
. -
. -
. -
. -
.
.
-
() .
-
, ,
.
(. 8.1).
. 8.1, ,
, -
.
.
f1 f2 f3 f4
f1 f2 f3 f4
f
. 8.1
. -69-
8. ()
, . 8.1, . -
, f. , -
, f f3,
.
(. 8.1, ) -
.
-
, f .
,
(. 8.1, ), ,
(. 8.1, ) -
, () .
. .
, -
,
, (. 8.2).
. 8.2
E = Eme jt
E 1
I = , Z = R + jL + = R + jX ,
Z j C
X 1
Z =| Z | e j , | Z |= R 2 + X 2 , = arctg , X = L .
R C
R -
. -
1
X = L L,
C
C, (. 8.3).
. -70-
8. ()
.
0 0
. 8.3
>0
0 0
<0
. 8.4
:
1
1) L > , X > 0, -
C
, (. 8.4, );
1
2) L < , X < 0, -
C
, (. 8.4, );
1
3) 0 L = , X = 0,
0C
(. 8.4, ), .
. -71-
8. ()
.
1
L 0 = ,
LC
.
Z = Z p = R , -
E
I p = .
R
:
1 LE 1 E
U LP = U CP = 0 LI P = I P , U LP = 0 , U CP = ,
0C R 0C R
U LP U CP 1 L
= = 0 L = = = ,
IP IP 0C C
.
>> R, U LP = U CP E , -
.
U LP U CP 1 R
= = = Q , d = = -
E E R Q
.
.
= 0,
U LP = U CP .
iP = ImPcos 0t, -
U CP = U CmP sin 0t .
2
, -
:
LiP2 LI m2 P
WL = = cos 2 0t ,
2 2
CU C2P 2
CU Cm
WC = = P
sin 2 0t .
2 2
, -
WL WC . 8.5.
. -72-
8. ()
ip, UCp
UCp ip
Imp UCmp
WLmax
WCmax
0
. 8.5
22 2
LI m2 P L U CmP L U CmP CU Cm
= = = P
,
2 2 0 L 2 1 2 2
L
LC
WL max = WC max, . .
.
, -
20,
:
LI m2 P LI m2 P 2
CU Cm
WL + WC =
2
( cos 2 2
0t + sin 0t = ) 2
=
2
P
.
, -
, L C
, .
L C -
R.
Z = Z = R
, -
, R.
. -73-
8. ()
(R = 0),
,
.
1 2
0 L L I mP W W
Q= = = 0 2 = 0 L max = 2 L max ,
R R 1 PA PAT0
R I m2 P
2
1 2
T0 = = .
f 0 0
, -
, , WR,T = PAT0,
R T0.
E, L, C, R
E E
I ( ) = = .
2 2
1 1
R 2 + L L
C C
R 1+
R2
I ( ) 1 E
n ( ) = = , I P = ,
IP X
2 R
1+
R
() X R -
.
X
() = arctg .
R
X X
n . 8.6.
R R
. -74-
8. ()
. 8.6
-
, /0.
R ,
(. 8.7):
1 1
n = = =
0 1
2
L 1
2
L 1+ 0
C
1+ R 0 0 LC
R2
1 0
= , = arctg Q .
2
0 0
2
0
1+ Q
0
. 8.8
(L = 20 , = 10 , = 1 ).
:
E
U L ( ) = LI ( ) = Ln ( ) I P = Ln ( ) ,
R
1 1 1 E
U C ( ) = I ( ) = n ( ) I P = n ( ) .
C C C R
. -75-
8. ()
n
0
Q = 50 0
Q = 200 Q = 100
Q = 50
Q = 100
0 0
Q = 200
. 8.7
UR, =1
1,0
Q = 40 (R = 40 )
0,75
20 (80 )
0,5 10 (160 )
8 (200 )
0,25
0 f,
7 10 14
,
100
Q = 40
20
50
10
8
0 f,
7 10 14
50
100
. 8.8
UL UC -
L = 20 , = 10 , = 1 -
. 8.9.
. -76-
8. ()
UL, UC,
=1
10
R = 160
7,5
240
5,0
320
U
400
2,5 UL
0 f,
7 max 10 max 14
. 8.9
,
( )
(, -
UL = UC = QE) , -
. -
, :
1 f0
fC max = f 0 1 f L max = .
2Q 2 1
1
2Q 2
, -
.
. 8.10 , -
,
L = 20 , = 10 , R = 800 .
,
, -
, , , -
, U CP = QE .
. -77-
8. ()
UL, UC,
1
XC =
2fC
2,4
XL = 2
2fL
UC UL
1,8
1,2 =1
I
0,6
0 f0
6 fC max 10 fL max 15 f,
. 8.10
,
, -
, .
-
, ,
, U LP = QE ,
.
, ,
L C .
0.
0 X
Q = = ,
0 R
.
,
0 2 02 ( + 0 )( 0 ) ( + 0 )
= = = 2 , = 0 -
0 0 0 0 0
, 1 ( 0)
0
. -78-
8. ()
2 1
=Q n ( ) = , () = arctg .
0 1+ 2
X X
n .
R R
1 0
Z = R + jX = R + j L = R 1 + j = R [1 + j] .
C R 0
Z
Z
0
0
. 8.11
- , -
.
Z = R 1 + 2 (. 8.11).
= arctg .
2
R 1 + 2Q
Z .
0
. -79-
8. ()
.
,
1
2
(. 8.12).
1 1
n () = = = 1 ,
1+ 2 2
Q 0 = 1, Q 0 = 1 ,
0 0
n()
1
1
2 2
0
H 0 B
()
90
45
0
H 0 B
45
90
. 8.12
d d2 d d2
= 0 + 1 + , = 0 + 1 + ,
2 4 2 4
1
d = , 2 = = 0 d = 0 .
Q Q
. -80-
8. ()
= 1 (1) = 45, . .
45 = H +45 = B.
.
-
(. 8.13, )
0
jQ
U E 1 1 1 .
KC = C = = =
E Z j C E 0 1 + j
jCR 1 + jQ
0
. 8.13
0
Q
K C = = n Q 0 .
1 + 2 0
C = arctg .
2
-
(. 8.13, )
jQ
U E 1 j L 0
K L = L = jL = = ,
E Z E 0 1 + j
R 1 + jQ
0
Q
0
K L = = n Q , L = arctg .
1 + 2 0 0 2
. -81-
8. ()
-j
K CP = Qe K CP = Q, C = ,
2,
2
j
K LP = Qe 2 , K LP = Q, L = .
2
. 8.14.
0 0
. 8.14
, L -
, .
1
KCmax C max = 0 1 ,
2Q 2
0
K Lmax L max = .
1
1
2Q 2
1
Q >> 1 0 K Lmax = K Cmax = Q .
2Q 2
. -82-
8. ()
.
(. 8.15) -
Q = < Q = , ,
R + Ri R
-
(. 8.16).
RH,
,
.
QH -
RH = 0
(. 8.17).
. 8.15
n
2 0
2
0,707
n
Q
Q n
0
0
. 8.16
. -83-
8. ()
R R
. 8.17
(. 8.17, , )
1
RH
j C RH RH RH2 0C
Z RHC|| = Z RBHC = = = j ,
1 + 1 + ( 0 RHC ) 1 + ( 0 RHC )
2 2
RH + 1 j R
0 H C
j C
1
= << RH.
0C
RH2
RH 2 1 2
Z RHC|| = j 2 = j = RBH j , RBH = .
RH
2
RH RH 0C RH
2
Q = < Q , =
2 R + R
R+
R
-
.
1. ?
2. -
?
3. -
?
4. -
?
. -84-
9.
. .
.
-
.
(. 9.1), -
, -
.
. 9.1
Ri = 0, E = U K -
I = I L + I C ,
E E
I L = , IC = .
RL + jL 1
RC +
j C
,
1
, . . RL << L RC .
C
1
XL = L X C =
C
.
1 E E
L > I L = .
C RL + jL jL
. -85-
9.
L
L = arctg , -
R
L 2
RL << L.
E
I C = jCE .
1
RC +
j C
1
I C C = arctg , -
R
C C 2
1
RC .
C
, IC > IL. I -
, . . -
.
. 9.2, .
L L
L
=0
. 9.2
1
L < , IC < IL. I (. 9.2, )
C
, . .
.
. -86-
9.
1
0 L = , IC IL. I (. 9.2, )
0C
, . .
. ,
,
.
RL RC
1 1
YB = + = g jb ,
RL + jL RC + 1/ jC
L 1/ C
b = .
+ ( L ) + (1/ C )
2 2
RL2 RC2
b = 0 0 ,
0 =
1
( L / C ) RL2 =
1
2 RL2
.
LC ( L / C ) RC2 LC 2 RC2
RL = RC RL << ,
RC << ,
1
, 0 0 = , . .
LC
,
U
L C. I L P I CP K = I K .
(RL = RC = 0) I L P = I CP -
, , -
.
-
-
.
. -87-
9.
( RL +jL ) ( RC + 1/ jC )
Z B = ,
RL + RC + j ( L 1/ C )
1
RL <<L RC ,
C
L/C 2 2
Z = = = ,
R + j ( L 1/ C ) Z . R (1 + j )
Z . = RL + RC + j ( L 1/ C ) -
, .
2
Z = R = = Q , Q = 100200
R
= 1001000 , Z = R = 10 200 .
-
, :
R R R
Z = = 2 j 2 = R jX .
1 + j 1 + 1+
R
Z = .
2
1+
Z 1
- = = n ( )
R 1+ 2
, ;
.
. -88-
9.
R X Z
, ,
R R R
Z
1
R
R
R 90
0,5
1
=
0 2Q
1 0 0 0
=
0 2Q 0
0,5 X 90
R
. 9.3 . 9.4
Z / R , RB / R , X / R -
. 9.3.
XBX
2
dX B R 1 + R 2
=
(= 0,
)
d 1+ 2 2
( )
1
1 + 2 2 2 = 0 , = 1 = 2Q = 1 = .
0
0 m 2Q
= arctg () . 9.4.
(
)
IR
U K = IZ = , U K max = IR ,
1 + j
UK Z BX 1
= = = n(),
U K max R 1+ 2
UK
. . = n() -
U K max
, R, -
.
. -89-
9.
I L U K / jL Z B
K IL = = = ( RL L ) .
I U K / Z B jL
Z BX 0 R 0 2
K IL = = n ( ) = Qn ( ) 0 ,
L 0 R R
.
I C U K / ( jX C ) Z
K IC = = = B ( RC 1/ C ) .
I U K / Z B jX C
K IC = Q n ( ) ,
0
, -
.
IK
= 0, n(0) = 1, I LP = I CP = I P , K IL = K IC = = Q ,
I
. . Q , -
.
, -
E
I L , I C jCE .
jL
(Q = 13) -
,
(. 9.5).
,
, -
, , , -
, -
.
. -90-
9.
L max 0 C max
. 9.5
,
,
, , , -
, -
.
-
, ,
, , -
.
RH, , -
,
Q 2
QH = = = < Q , RBH =
R + RBH 2 1 + R RH
R+
RH RH
. -91-
9.
, , -
.
. (. 9.1) -
, , -
Ri,
, .
Q
Q = = < Q . -
2 R
R+ 1+
Ri Ri
, -
.
(Ri = ), Q = Q,
-
. 9.7.
(Ri = 0)
, -
E
I P = (. 9.7).
R
E
IP =
I = I R
0 0 0 0
. 9.6 . 9.7
. -92-
9.
U Ri = 0 I
E Ri = 0
Ri < R
Ri < R
E
E R Ri = R
2 Ri = R E
Ri > R Ri > R
2 R
Ri =
0 0 0 0
. 9.8
-
, (. 9.8).
1. ?
2. -
?
3. -
?
4. -
?
. -93-
10.
.
.
. , -
Ri = RH.
, Ri -
, -
,
R .
II III -
. 10.1.
C1
L1 L2
C2
R1 R2 R1 R2
. 10.1
L1 L2, C1 C2 .
,
, X1 = X2. II (. 10.1, )
1
0 L1 = 0 L2 ( R1 X 1 R2 X 2 ) .
C
0
1 1 0
0 ( L1 + L2 ) = 0 0 = f0 = ,
0C LC 2
L = L1 + L2.
. -94-
10.
L1
p = , X1 = 0L1 = p0L,
L
0L = .
X 12 P p 22
Z BX P = R = = = p 2 R max ( R = R1 + R2 ) .
R R
, II -
L2C
1 1 02
X 2 = 02 L2 = 0, 02 = > 0 f 02 = .
02C L2C 2
= 02 -
R2.
L2 = L L1 = L(1 p),
1 0
02 = = ,
L (1 p ) C 1 p
. . , 02 0.
R max
Z BX = p 2 .
2
1+
,
, |Z|.
. 10.2, -
L1 = L2 = 25 , = 7,5 , R = 40 -
= 1 Ri = 10 .
II , 0,
, I , , 02.
. 10.2, , -
- .
, 0 < < 0
, -
(. 10.1, ) -
, . 0 < <
< 02 -
, L2C < 02
. -95-
10.
. > 0 -
X1 X2 90 .
,
90.
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
2 f0 10 f02 20 30 f,
150 ,
100
50
50
100
2 f0 10 20 30 f,
. 10.2
.
III (. 10.1, ) X1 = X2
1 1
0 L = , ( R1 X 1 R2 X2 ) .
0C1 0C2
1 CC
0 = , C = 1 2 .
LC C1 + C2
C
= p ,
C2
. -96-
10.
1 1 2 2
R = = =p = p 2Q .
R( 0C2 )
2 2
C R
R 0
p
II , III -
, X1 = 0
1 1 01
01L = 0, 01 = < 0 f 01 = .
01C1 LC1 2
L = 50 , 1 = 2 = 15 ,
R = 40 E = 1 B -
Ri = 10 . 10.3.
1,0 U,
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
2 f01 f0 10 20 30 f,
150 ,
100
50
50
100
2 f0 10 20 30 f,
. 10.3
, -
Ri R Ri 2 2
pOPT = = Ri = R = pOPT .
2 R max R
. -97-
10.
1. ?
2. ?
3. -
?
. -98-
11. .
. . -
. .
-
-
, -
.
, -
. .
.
() (. 11.1, , ) (. 11.1, , )
. -
(. 11.2, ).
, ,
, ,
.
C1 M C2 C1 L1 L2 C2
E L1 L2 L12
E
R1 R2 R1 R2
( ) ( )
C2 L1 C12 L2
L1 C1 L2
E C12 E C1 C2
R1 R2 R1 R2
. 11.1
. -99-
11. .
C1 C2 Z1 Z2
L1 L2
E E Z12
R1 C12 I1 I2
R2
. 11.2
(. 11.2, ).
Z1 Z 2 L1, C1, R1 L2, C2, R2,
, Z12 L12, C12, R12, .
L, C, R,
: L11, C11, R11 L22, C22, R22.
1
Z11 = R11 + jL11 + ,
jC11
,
1
Z 22 = R22 + jL22 + .
jC22
1
Z12 = R12 + jL12 + .
jC12
, Z11 = Z1 + Z12 , Z 22 = Z 2 + Z12 .
.
. , , -
(. 11.1, ).
I1 . ,
L22, L11
E2 jMI1 M
k1 = = = ,
U L11 jL11I1 L11
k1 , -
.
. -100-
11. .
,
M
, k2 = .
L22
-
, k1k2.
k = k1k2 .
M
k = .
L11L22
k -
.
X 12 M M
k= = = .
L11L22 L11L22 L11L22
(. 11.1, )
X 12 L12 L12
k= = = .
L11L22 L11L22 L11L22
(. 11.1, )
1 1
C12 C12 C11C22
k= = = ,
1 1 1 1 C12
C11 C22 C11 C22
C1C12 CC
C11 = , C22 = 2 12 .
C1 + C12 C2 + C12
C12 0
k = 1 k = 0.
1
C12 = 0 , C12 0
C12
.
, -
,
. -101-
11. .
X 12
, k=
12
1 2 ()
.
(. 11.2, ) -
E = Z11I1 Z12 I 2 ,
0 = Z12 I1 + Z 22 I 2 .
,
Z12 E E Z12
I2 = I1 , I1 = 2
, I2 = 2
,
Z 22 Z 12 Z 12 Z 22
Z11 Z11
Z 22 Z 22
Z 22
E Z Z E Z
I2 = 2
12 11 = 2
12 .
Z 12 Z 22 Z 22 Z Z
Z11 Z 22 12 11
Z 22 Z11 Z11
,
-
, Z11 , . .
2
Z 12 E
Z1BH = , I1 = .
Z 22 Z11 + Z1BH
2
Z 12
Z 2BH = .
Z11
Z12 = jX 12 ,
2 X 122
Z 12 = X 122 Z1BH = .
Z 22
. -102-
11. .
Z 22 = R2 + jX 22
X 122 X2 X2
Z1BH = = 2 12 2 R2 j 2 12 2 X 22 ,
R2 + jX 22 R2 + X 22 R2 + X 22
Z1BH = R1BH + jX 1BH .
X 122 X 122
Z 2BH = = = R2BH + jX 2BH ,
Z11 R1 + jX 11
X 122 X 122
R2BH = 2
R1, X 2BH = j 2
X 11 .
Z11 Z11
,
.
, -
.
,
1
X 22 = L22 ,
C22
> 02 X22 > 0 X1BH < 0, < 02 X22 < 0, X1BH > 0,
02 .
,
, .
X 122
= 02 X 22 = 0, X 1BH = 0, R1BH = ,
R2
. . , -
-
.
, Z1BH Z 2BH
Z 22 Z11
X 1BH X X 2BH X
= 22 , = 11 .
R1BH R2 R2BH R1
. -103-
11. .
-
(. 11.3, ).
R1BH X1BH (. 11.3, ).
:
E = Z11I1 Z12 I 2 ,
0 = Z12 I1 + Z 22 I 2 .
1
E = R
11 + j L 11 + I1 jMI 2 ,
jC11
0 = jMI + R + jL + 1 I .
1 22 22 2
jC22
C1 M C2 C11 L11 R1
E
I1 L1 L2 I2 E I1 R1BH
R1 R2
X1BH
. 11.3
. -104-
11. .
1
I2
jC22
jL22 I 2
jM I1
I2
90 R22 I 2
jL11 I1
1
I1
jC11
R11 I1
jM I 2
I1
. 11.4
, ,
. . . -
.
I 2 ,
R22, I 2 (. 11.4). -
L22 , C22
I 2 . -
2
jMI1 .
I1 jMI1 .
2
.
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
. -105-
12.
. . -
. . .
.
-
, ,
,
,
.
-
-
.
E E
I1 = = .
Z11 + Z1BH R1 + R1BH + j ( X 11 + X 1BH )
E
I1 = ,
2 2
2 2
R1 + X 12 R2 + X 11 X 12 X 22
Z
2
Z
2
22 22
E X 12
I2 = .
2 2
2 2 R22 + 2
X 22
R1 + X 12 R2 + X 11 X 12 X 22
Z
2
Z
2
22 22
, -
, .
,
, , ,
X 122
X 11 2
X 22 = 0 ,
Z 22
. -106-
12.
E E X 12
I1max = , I 2 max = .
X 122 X 122 Z 22
R1 + 2
R2 R1 + 2
R2
Z 22 Z 22
,
.
, I2max
.
.
.
-
,
|X12|.
X2 X2
E R1 Z 22 + 12 R2 2 12 R2
dI 2max Z 22 Z 22
= 2
= 0.
d X 12 2
R1 + X 12 R2 Z 22 2
Z
2
22
X 122 opt
R1 Z 22 R2 = 0
Z 22
R1
X 12opt = Z 22 .
R2
E E
I 2 mm = , I1max( X12 opt ) = .
2 R1R2 2 R1
-
,
X 122
X 22 2
X 11 = 0 ,
Z11
. -107-
12.
.
E X 12
I2 = ,
2 2
2 2 R12 + X 112
R + X 12 R + X X 12 X
2 Z 2 1 22 Z 2 11
11 11
E X 12
I 2 max = .
X 122 Z11
R2 + R
2 1
Z11
-
,
E E Z 22
I 2 mm = , I1max( X12 opt ) =
2 R1R2 2 R2 Z11
R2
X 12opt = Z11 .
R1
. -
.
,
. -
.
X 22 = X 11 = 0, Z11 = R1 , Z 22 = R2 .
E X E X 12
I 2 max = 2
12 = ,
X 12 R1 R1R2 + X 122
R2 + 2 R1
R1
=
( 2 2
dI 2max E R1R2 + X 12 2 X 12
= 0,
)
d X 12
( 2 2
R1R2 + X 12 )
. -108-
12.
E E
X 12opt = R1R2 , I 2 mm = , I1max( X12 opt ) = .
2 R1R2 2 R1
-
. ,
, -
, .
, ,
X 12 R1R2 1
kopt = = = d1d 2 ,
12 12 Q1Q2
1 1
Q1 = , Q2 = .
d1 d2
, , -
100300,
.
.
,
R2,
P2
= ,
P1 + P2
P1 , R1; P2 , -
R2; P1 P2 , .
I12m I 22m I12m X 122 I12m
P1 = R1 , P2 = R2 = R1BH = R
2 2
.
2 2 2 Z 22 2
X 122
Z 22 p = R2 , R1BH =
R2
P2 R1BH X 122 1
= = = = .
P1 + P2 R1 + R1BH R1R2 + X 12 1 + R1
2
R1BH
. -109-
12.
,
R1BH
, . . R1 ( -
R1
,
= 0,80,9).
R1R2
X 12 = R1R2 = = 0,5 ,
R1R2 + R1R2
. . -
.
E R1, , , P2max -
R1 = R1BH, . . = 0,5. P2max -
.
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
. -110-
13.
. -
.
. , -
:
1 1
01 = 02 = 0 = = .
L11C11 L22C22
X
Z11 = R1 + jX 11 = R1 1 + j 11 ,
R1
X
Z 22 = R2 + jX 22 = R2 1 + j 22 .
R2
X 0 2 ( 0 )
1, = = Q Q
0 R
0 0
Z11 = R1 + jX 11 R1 (1 + j1 ) ,
Z 22 = R2 + jX 22 R2 (1 + j 2 ) ,
1, 2 .
E E
I1 = = =
X 122 X 122
Z11 + R1 (1 + j1 ) +
Z 22 R2 (1 + j2 )
=
E
(1 + j2 ) .
R1 X2
1 12 + 12 + j ( 1 + 2 )
R1R2
. -111-
13.
X 12
j
E jX 12 E R1R2
I2 = = .
X2 Z 22 R1R2 X2
Z11 + 12 1 1 2 + 12 + j ( 1 + 2 )
Z 22 R1R2
X 122 X2
, , = 12 1 2 = k 2Q1Q2 .
R1R2 12 R1R2
E E
= 2 I 2 mm , = 2 I1max X
,
R1R2 R1 ( 12 opt ) .
, ,
I1 2 1 + 22
e ( 12 2 ) ,
j
n1 = =
I1max
(1 )
2
+ ( 1 + 2 )
2
( X12 opt ) 1
2
2 + k Q1Q2
I2 2k Q1Q2 j 12
n2 = = e 2
,
I 2 mm
(1 )
2
+ ( 1 + 2 )
2 2
1 2 + k Q1Q2
1 + 2
12 = arctg 2
, 2 = arctg 2 , X 12 , + -
1 1 2 + k Q1Q2 2 2
, .
2
,
:
Q1 = Q2 = Q, 1 = 2 = ;
-
2 1 + 2 2kQ
n1 = , n2 = ;
(1 2
+k Q 2
)
2 2
+ 4 2
(1 2
+k Q 2
)
2 2
+ 4 2
. -112-
13.
2 2
1 = arctg 2 2
arctg , 2 = arctg
2 2 2 2
.
1 + k Q 1 + k Q 2
. 13.1 -
kQ. (kQ -
.)
n2 2,
kQ = 3
kQ = 2,41 kQ = 3
kQ = 2 kQ = 2,41
kQ = 1
kQ = 0,5
kQ = 2
kQ = 1
kQ = 0,5
. 13.1
- (. 13.1, ) ,
kQ < 1 -
( = 0, = 0). kQ = 1 -
, kKP = 1/Q
. kQ > 1
-
. ( )
dn
2 = 0
d
1 = k 2Q 2 1, 11 = k 2Q 2 1 ,
1 2 1 1 2 1
1 = 0 1 k 2 , 11 = 0 1 + k 2 .
2 Q 2 Q
(. 13.1, ), -
, /2
/2 .
(. 13.2) -
, -
. -113-
13.
.
, (
).
1,
n1
kQ = 0,1
kQ = 0,1
kQ = 0,5 kQ = 0,5
kQ = 1
kQ = 1 kQ = 3
kQ = 3
. 13.2
, -
, (. 13.2, ). -
(. 13.2, )
, ( = 0)
.
,
(Q1 > Q2, -
, ), -
d1 + d 2
k > kKP = ,
2
1 1
d1 = d2 = .
Q1 Q2
-
,
0 0
1 = , 11 = .
2 2 2 2
1+ k kKP 1 k kKP
. -114-
13.
.
1
,
2
-
. -
kQ, : kQ < 1, kQ = 1 kQ > 1.
1. kQ < 1. Q1 = Q2 = Q 01 = 02 =
= 0,
2kQ
n2 ( 0 ) = .
1 + k 2Q 2
:
n2 ( 0 ) 2kQ 2kQ
= = ,
2 (
2 1 + k 2Q 2 ) (
1 02 +k Q 2 2 2
) + 402
0 = k 2Q 2 1 + 2 1 + k 4Q 4 . ( )
kQ 1, 0 = 1 + 2 0,41 0,64
2CB = 0 0 = 0,64 2 , . . 2CB
Q
0,64 2 .
2. kQ = 1
0 = 1 1 + 2 (1 + 1) = 2, . . 2CB = 2 2 .
3. kQ > 1 -
1 2kQ
= ,
2
( 1 02 +k Q 2
)
2 2
+ 402
0 = k 2Q 2 + 2kQ 1 .
,
. , kQ > 2,41 -
. -115-
13.
1
2
.
, , -
2,41.
kQ = 2,41,
2CB = 3,12,
. . 3,1 .
. 13.3
kQ.
kQ
. 13.3
, (kQ << 1) -
0,64 .
( kQ = 1 -
1,41 ). -
kQ
, kQ = 2,41
1
-
2
, 3,1 . kQ >> 2,41 -
, ,
= 0, , .
.
, -
.
. -116-
13.
U2
K= ,
E
1
U 2 = I 2 , U 2 = I 2 jL2 ,
j C2
.
2kQ E
I 2 = n2 I 2 mm = ,
(1 ) 2R
2 2
+ k 2Q 2 + 42
, -
1
I2
C 2 2kQ E 1
K = = .
2 R C2 E
E
( )
2
1 2 + k 2Q 2 + 4 2
1
= Q , ,
RC2
kQ
K =Q .
2
( 2 2 2
1 + k Q + 4 2
)
,
, . -
kQ < 1, ,
kQ > 1, . (kQ = 1)
|K| = Q/2, . . , -
.
,
,
/2 ( -
/2) /2
( /2).
. -117-
13.
R1 1 L1 L2 2
200
5 25 25 5
UL2 UC2
R2
L12 UR2 200
1
10
. 13.4
UR2,
F
UL2,
F
UC2,
F
. 13.5
, (. 13.4) kQ > 1
(. 13.5, ), -
(. 13.5, , ) ,
1
UC 2 = I2 , U L 2 = I 2L2 , 1 < 11 .
C 2
. -118-
13.
1. - ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
. -119-
14.
. .
. -
.
(, )
(. 14.1), () (-
). -
, . -
.
, , ,
, . .
I1 I 2
Zi I1 I2
1 2
U1 U2 Z
1 2
. 14.1
.
. -
,
. ,
. -
, -
.
. -
,
. -
, , -
. -120-
14.
, , -
.
.
, -
, -
. .
. -
,
, . .
. .
.
( ) ,
, .
.
.
, -
. I1 , I 2 (. 14.1)
, I1, I 2 . ,
I1 = I1, I 2 = I 2 .
, ,
, -
. , -
.
1.
:
I1 = Y11U1 + Y12U 2 ,
I 2 = Y21U1 + Y22U 2 .
. -121-
14.
I1
Y11 = -
U1 U
2 =0
.
I
Y22 = 2
U 2 U =0
1
(22) .
I
Y12 = 1 ()
U 2 U =0
1
.
I
Y21 = 2 ()
U1 U = 0
2
.
Y12 = Y21 . -
, Y11 = Y22 -
(, Y11, Y12 ).
2. ,
:
U1 = Z11I1 + Z12 I 2 ,
U 2 = Z 21I1 + Z 22 I 2 .
U1
Z11 = (11) -
I1 I 2 =0
.
U
Z12 = 1 () -
I 2 I =0
1
(11).
U
Z 21 = 2 () -
I1 I =0
2
(22).
U
Z 22 = 2 (22)
I 2 I =0
1
(11).
. -122-
14.
Z12 = Z 21 . -
, Z 22 = Z11
(, Z11, Z12 ).
3. ,
, -
( U 2 , I 2 ), , -
( U1 , I1 ). -
-
:
U1 = A11U 2 + A12 I 2 ,
I1 = A21U 2 + A22 I 2 .
U1
A11 = .
U2 I 2 =0
I1
A21 = ,
U2 I 2 =0
.
U
A12 = 1 , -
I 2 U =0
2
.
I
A22 = 1 .
I 2 U =0
2
A - Y -. -
Y -
I1 = Y11U1 + Y12U 2 ,
I 2 = Y21U1 + Y22U 2 .
Y22 1
I 2 = I 2 = Y21U1 + Y22U 2 , U1 = U2 I2 .
Y21 Y21
Y --
, :
. -123-
14.
Y 1 Y Y Y Y Y
I1 = Y11 22 U 2 I 2 + Y12U 2 = 11 22 12 21 U 2 11 I 2 .
Y21 Y21 Y21 Y21
Y22 1
U1 = Y U 2 Y I 2 ,
21 21
I = Y11Y22 Y12Y21 U Y11 I .
1 Y21
2
Y21
2
Y = Y11Y22 Y12Y21 , Y -.
, A -, :
Y12
A = A11 A22 A12 A21 = .
Y21
B -
( I1 = 0 ) (U1 = 0 ) .
5. I1
U 2 , U1 I 2
H -:
. -124-
14.
U1 = H11I1 + H12U 2 ,
I 2 = H 21I1 + H 22U 2 .
H - -
(U 2 = 0 ) ( I1 = 0 ) .
6. , U1 I 2 , I1
U 2 G -:
I1 = G11U1 + G12 I 2 ,
U 2 = G21U1 + G22 I 2 .
G -
( I 2 = 0 )
(U1 = 0 ) .
-
, ,
.
.
, ,
(. 14.2):
U1 U
Z BX1 = Z BX2 = Z B = 2 .
I1 I 2
(. 14.2, ) (. 14.2, ).
. , -
A -.
. -125-
14.
I 2
1 I1 2
I2
U1 U2 ZH
1 2
Z 1
I1 I 2 2
1
Z1 U1 U2
1 2
Z 2
. 14.2
(. 14.2, ) -
. A - -
I1 I1 I 2 I 2 U 2 I 2 ,
B -, A --
.
Z1 = U1 / I1 .
. ,
A12
+ ZH
A11 A11 Z + ZH Z + Z1
Z BX1 = = Z1X 2K Z BX2 = Z 2X 1K ,
A21 A22 Z 2X + Z H Z1X + Z1
+ ZH
A21
. -126-
14.
A11 A
Z1X = , Z1K = 12
A21 A22
A22 A
, Z 2X = , Z 2K = 12 -
A21 A11
.
, -
, ,
.
1. ?
2. -
,
?
3. ?
. -127-
15. ()
.
.
(-
) , -
() -
. : , -
( ) .
, Z i -
Z H Z i = Z H . -
, -
-
Z BX1 -
, . . Z i = Z BX1 , -
-
, . . -
Z BX2 = Z H . ,
Z i = Z BX1 Z BX2 = Z H , .
, -
,
-
Z1C Z 2C .
, Z BX1 = Z i = Z1C Z BX2 = Z H = Z 2C ,
. -128-
15. ()
, . .
U2 A22 A12
ZH = = Z 2C = ,
I2 A21 A11
A - :
U A22
1 = A11 A22 + A12 A21 ,
U
2 A11
I1 A11
I A = A11 A22 + A12 A21 .
2 22
A11 Z1C
= = nT
A22 Z 2C
.
. -129-
15. ()
. . -
nT2 .
,
1 U1 I
= nT 1 = A11 A22 + A12 A21 = e g ,
nT U 2 I2
g ( ) -
.
A11 = A22 , Z1C = Z 2C , nT = 1 ,
g = ln
U1
U2
I
= ln 1 = ln
I2
( )
A11 A22 + A12 A21 ,
. . -
.
A - -
Z1C , Z 2C , g .
1
e g = .
A11 A22 + A12 A21
A11 A22 A12 A21 , A = A11 A22 A12 A21 = 1 ,
,
e g + e g e g e g
= A11 A22 = ch g = A12 A21 = sh g ,
2 2
ch g , sh g .
. -130-
15. ()
, -
,
Z1C
A11 Z1C A11 = ch g ,
= , Z 2C
A22 Z 2C
A A = Z 2C ch g ,
22
A = Z1C Z 2C ,
12
Z1C
21
A12 A21 = sh 2 g , A12 = Z1C Z 2C sh g ,
2
1
A11 A22 = ch g , A21 = sh g.
Z1C Z 2C
A --
,
:
Z1C
U1 =
Z 2C
(U 2 ch g + Z 2C I 2 sh g ) ,
Z 2C U2
I1 = I 2 ch g + sh g .
Z1C Z 2C
Z1C = Z 2C ,
U1 = U 2 ch g + Z 2C I 2 sh g ,
U2
I1 = I 2 ch g + Z sh g .
2C
Z H = Z 2C , Z 2C I 2 = U 2 , ch g + sh g = e g
Z1C
U1 = U 2e g ,
Z 2C
Z 2C
I1 = I 2e g .
Z1C
. -131-
15. ()
g = a + jb .
Z 1
a jU 2 2 ( 1C 2C ) jb
j
U e jU 1 = 1C
U e e e e ,
1 Z 2C 2
Z 1
j ( 2C 1C )
= I2 e e e 2
j I 1 2C a j
I1 e I 2
e jb .
Z1C
, -
. b
1 1
U 1 U 2 = ( 1C 2C ) + jb, I 1 I 2 = ( 2C 1C ) + jb .
2 2
U1 e jU 1 = U 2 e a e jU 2 e jb ,
j a j jb
I1 e I 1 = I 2 e e I 2 e .
b
b = U 1 U 2 = I 1 I 2 .
U1 I1
a = ln = ln ().
U2 I2
= 1 -
= 2,718 .
. -132-
15. ()
-
, , ,
. :
U1I1 S
a() = lg = lg 1 .
U2I2 S2
S1 U12 I12 U I
= 2 = 2 , a() = 2lg 1 = 2lg 1 .
S2 U 2 I 2 U2 I2
0,1 -
.
U I S
a() = 20lg 1 = 20lg 1 = 10lg 1 ,
U2 I2 S2
1 0,115 ; 1 8,7 .
.
-
.
-
Z i Z H (. 15.1).
Zi I1 I2
1 2
U1 U2 ZH
1 2
. 15.1
-
-
,
1 S
aP = ln 0 ,
2 S2
. -133-
15. ()
S0 , -
, ; S2 ,
, .
,
:
2
E E2
S0 = = Z i I12
Zi = .
2Zi 4Zi
, ,
U 22
S2 = U 2 I 2 = .
ZH
1 E 2 ZH E 1 ZH
aP = ln = ln + ln .
2 4 Z i U 22 2U 2 2 Z i
( )
E = U1 + Z i I1 = A11U 2 + A12 I 2 + Z i A21U 2 + A22 I 2 .
U2
, I 2 = ,
ZH
E A ZA
= A11 + 12 + Z i A21 + i 22 .
U2 ZH ZH
Z1C 1
A11 = ch g , A12 = Z1C Z 2C sh g , A21 = sh g ,
Z 2C Z1C Z 2C
Z 2C
A22 = ch g
Z1C
,
:
. -134-
15. ()
Z i + Z1C Z H + Z 2C
aP = a + ln + ln + ln 1 p1 p2e 2 g ,
2 Z i Z1C 2 Z H Z 2C
Z i Z1C Z Z 2C
p1 = , p2 = H -
Z i + Z1C Z H + Z 2C
.
, .
.
, -
. ,
, , . .
. , -
.
,
( Z i = Z1C ) , . -
( Z H = Z 2C ) ,
, -
.
. , -
, ,
, . .
1 S
aBH = ln 12 ,
2 S2
E 2ZH
S12 = , -
( Zi + Z H )
2
.
1 S S 1 S 1 S 1 S
aBH = ln 12 0 = ln 0 ln 0 = aP ln 0 .
2 S2 S0 2 S 2 2 S12 2 S12
. -135-
15. ()
1 S0 Z + ZH
ln = ln i .
2 S12 2 Zi Z H
Zi + Z H
aBH = aP ln ,
2 Zi Z H
. . , -
.
aP = 0,
. aP < 0, .
.
-
.
,
,
U2 I
KU = Y21 = 2 ,
E E
KU ; Y21 -
.
-
, -
,
U2 I
KU = Y= 2,
E E
I2 U
KI = Z 21 = 2 ,
I1 I1
K I ; Z 21
.
-
. ,
. -136-
15. ()
U2 U2 ZH
KU = = = .
E A11U 2 + A12 I 2 A11Z H + A12
( Z H = )
1
KUXX = .
A11
( Z H = Z 2C )
A22 A12
Z 2C A21 A11 1
KUC = = = = e g .
A11Z 2C + A12 A22 A12 A11 A22 + A12 A21
A11 + A12
A21 A11
-
.
. ,
I2 I2 1
KI = = = .
I1 A21U 2 + A22 I 2 A21Z H + A22
1
K I = .
A22
(A
11 )
= A22 , -
-
.
. -137-
15. ()
1. () -
?
2. -
?
3. ?
4. (
) ?
5. ?
6. ?
. -138-
16.
.
.
, A - ( -
g , Z1C , Z 2C ). , -
, -
. -
,
, .
Z a , Z b , Z c - -
(. 16.1, ). A - -
.
U1 = A11U 2 + A12 I 2 ,
I1 = A21U1 + A22 I 2 ,
U1 U1 Z I1 I1 1
A11 = = =1+ a , A21 = = = ,
U2 U1 Zc U2 I1Z c Z c
I 2 =0 Zc I 2 =0
Za + Zc
U1 U1 Z a Zb
A12 = = = Z a + Zb + ,
I2 U U1 Z Z 1 Zc
2 =0 b c
Zb Z c Zb + Z c Zb
Za +
Zb + Zc
I1 I1 Z
A22 = = =1+ b .
I2 U Z Z 1 Zc
2 =0 I1 b c
Zb + Zc Zb
. -139-
16.
I1 Za I2 I1 Zb I2
1 2 1 2
U1 Z U2 U1 Z U2
1 2 1 2
I1 Za Zb I2 I1 Z I2
1 2 1 2
U1 Z U2 U1 Za Zb U2
1 2 1 2
. 16.1
- :
A11 A12 Za + Zc
Z1C =
A21 A22
=
Zb + Z c
( Z a Zb + Z c Zb + Z a Z c ) ,
A22 A12 Zb + Zc
Z 2C =
A21 A11
=
Za + Zc
( Z a Zb + Z c Zb + Z a Z c ) ,
g = Arch A11 A22 = Arch
( Z a + Zc )( Zb + Zc ) .
Zc
- ( Z a = Z b , A11 = A22 : )
Z + Zc
Z1C = Z 2C = ZT = Z a ( Z a + 2Z c ) , g = Arch a .
Zc
-
- , Z b = 0 (-
. 16.1, ), Z a = 0 ( . 16.1, ).
. -140-
16.
,
- .
: -
( )
Z a , Z b , Z c - - . -
, , -
,
- - .
.
,
(, , . .),
,
. -
- (. 16.2).
1 2 1 2
(Y21 Y12 )U1
. 16.2
(. 16.2, )
, (. 16.2, ) -
Y -.
.
. -141-
16.
, (. 16.2, ) -
Z -. -
. -
Z 21 = Z12 , . . -
- .
-
. - -
- ( -
)
.
1. -
?
2. ?
. -142-
17.
. -
. .
- . -
- . -
.
, -
, , -
. -
, -
.
() , -
.
.
, . .
(. 17.1, ).
A
U1 A11 A12 U2 U2
= = Aa ;
I1 a
A21 A22 a
I2 a
I2 a
U1 A11 A12 U2 U2
= = Ab .
I1 b
A21 A22 b
I2 b
I2 b
I1 = I1 I 2 = I1b I 3 = I 2b I1 = I1 I 3 = I 2b
U1 A U2 Ab U3 ZH U1 A U3 ZH
. 17.1
U1 = U1a , U 2 = U 2 a = U1b , U 3 = U 2b ,
I1 = I1a , I 2 a = I1b , I 3 = I 2b .
. -143-
17.
U1 U2 U3
= Aa Ab = A .
I1 I2 b
I3
, A (. 17.1, ) -
:
A = Aa Ab .
,
.
-
Z 2Ca = Z1Cb ,
Z 2Cb = Z H , -
:
,
:
, -
,
, Z1Ca Z 2Cb , -
, g = g a + gb , . . -
a = aa + ab b = ba + bb.
,
,
, :
n
g = a + jb = gi .
i =1
. -144-
17.
.
,
,
(. 17.2).
Z-,
.
I1 = I1 I 2 = I 2
U1 Za U 2 I1 I 2
U1 I1b U2 Z U2
I 2b U1
U1b Zb U 2b
. 17.2
U1 Z11Z12 I1 I1
= = Za ,
U2 a
Z 21Z 22 a
I 2 a
I 2 a
U1 Z11Z12 I1 I1
= = Zb .
U2 b
Z 21Z 22 b
I 2 b
I 2 b
-
:
U1 = U1a + U1b , U 2 = U 2 a + U 2b ,
I1 = I1a = I1b , I 2 = I 2 a = I 2 b .
,
U1 I1
= Z a + Z b ,
U2 I 2
. -145-
17.
.
. . (. 17.2, )
Z = Z a + Zb .
,
(. 17.3).
I1 I1 I 2 I 2
U1 Ya U2
I1 I 2
U1 Y U2
I1b I 2b
Yb
. 17.3
(. 17.3, ) -
Y-:
I1 Y11Y12 U1 U1
= = Ya ,
I 2 a
Y21Y22 a
U2 a
U2 a
I1 Y11Y12 U1 U1
= = Yb .
I 2 b
Y21Y22 b
U2 b
U2 b
-
(. 17.3, ):
U1 = U1a = U1b , U 2 = U 2 a = U 2b ,
I1 = I1a + I1b , I 2 = I 2 a + I 2 b .
. -146-
17.
,
I1 U1
= Ya + Yb .
I 2 U2
(. 17.3, )
Y = Ya + Yb .
- .
, (. 17.4).
-:
U1 H11H12 I1 I1 U1 I1
= = Ha , = Hb .
I 2 a
H 21H 22 a
U2 a
U2 a
I 2 b
U2 b
I1 I 2 I 2
U1 H U2
I1 I 2
U1 U1 H U2
I 2b
U1b Hb
. 17.4
(. 17.4, ) -
:
U1 = U1a + U1b , U 2 = U 2 a = U 2b ,
,
I1 = I1a = I1b , I 2 = I 2 a + I 2 b .
. -147-
17.
-
U1 I1
= H a + H b ,
I 2 U2
. . - :
H = Ha + Hb .
- .
(. 17.5, )
, .
G-
I1 G11G12 U1 U1 I1 U1
= = Ga , = Gb .
U2 a
G21G22 a
I 2 a
I 2 a
U2 b
I 2 b
I1 I1 I 2
U1 G U 2
I1 I 2
U2 U1 G U2
I1b
Gb U 2b
. 17.5
(. 17.5, ) ,
U1 = U1a = U1b , U 2 = U 2 a + U 2b ,
,
I1 = I1a + I1b , I 2 = I 2 a = I 2 b .
(. 17.5, ) :
. -148-
17.
-
I1 U1
= G ,
U2 I 2
G = Ga + Gb .
, -
, . . ,
.
.
. , -
-
(. 17.6, ).
-
(. 17.6, ). , -
,
U1 = U 2 2 Z a I 2 a , I1a = I 2 a ;
U1 = U 2 + 2 Z b I 2 b , I1b = I 2 b .
I1
I1 I 2 I 2
1 2
Z Z
U1 U2
1 2 Z
1 2
Zb Zb
I1b I 2b
Zb
1 2
Z Zb
. 17.6
. -149-
17.
1 1 1 1
I = U
1a 2Z 1 2 Z U 2 , = +
1b 2 Z 1 2 Z U 2 ,
I U
a a b b
I = 1 U + 1 U , I = 1 U + 1 U .
2 a 2Z a
1
2Z a
2
2b 2 Z b 1 2 Zb 2
Z a + Zb Z a Zb
2Z a Zb 2Z a Zb
Y = .
Z a Zb Z a + Zb
2Z a Zb 2Z a Zb
Z a + Zb 2Z a Zb
Zb Z a Zb Z a
A = .
2 Z a + Zb
Zb Z a Zb Z a
-
:
A12 Z + Zb 2 Z a Zb
Z CM = = Z a Z b , ch g = A11 = A22 = a , sh g = A12 A21 = .
A21 Zb Z a Zb Z a
g Za
th = .
2 Zb
. -150-
17.
ZH Z CM
K CM = = .
A11Z H + A12 A11Z CM + A12
, :
Z CM Z a
K CM = .
Z CM + Z a
, Z a Z b . -
:
Z CM = Z a Z b = X a X b = RC .
Z CM jX a RC jX a
K CM ( j) = = .
Z CM + jX a RC + jX a
, K CM ( j) = 1 ,
,
.
2 X a RC
M = arctg
X a2 RC2
, , . -
.
. -151-
17.
1. ?
2. -
?
3. -
?
4. -
?
5. -
?
. -152-
18.
.
. RL-. RL-
. RL-. RL- -
.
-
,
, ,
. , -
, -
, , , -
. , -
, . -
, -
, .
-
, ,
(-
) .
-
, , ,
,
. -
( ,
).
( ), -
. -
,
, P = dW/dt
, -
, .
,
. -153-
18.
.
.
: -
,
, : iL(0).
: -
, -
, : UC(0) = UC(0).
, -
: ) R L; ) R .
(t = 0) .
(iL(0) = 0)
( ),
,
, , -
.
(UC(0) = 0) , -
. -
,
.
, -
LiL2 (0) CU C2
WL = ; WC = .
2 2
, . . -
t = 0.
.
-
-
.
, ,
. .
, R, L, C
e(t) (. 18.1). RLC- -
. -154-
18.
t = 0, t 0
di 1
idt = e ( t ) .
dt C
Ri + L +
t=0 R L
( t ) C
. 18.1
d 2i di i de
L 2 +R + = .
dt dt C dt
-
. ,
,
: Y(t) = Y1(t) + Y2(t), Y1(t) ,
() ,
( F(t) = de/dt), Y2(t)
( F(t) = 0), -
,
() .
, Y(t) = Y(t) + Y(t).
-
.
Y(t)
1
Lp 2 + Rp + = 0.
C
(,
. -155-
18.
di Ae pt i
i ( t ) = Ae ,
pt
= pAe = pi, idt = Ae dt =
pt pt
= .
dt p p
, , -
, ,
1 2).
, -
-
n- :
d nY d n1Y dY
an n + an1 n1 + + a1 + a0Y = F ( t ) ,
dt dt dt
Y(t) ( ); , 1, ...; 1, 0 -
, ; F(t) -
, .
, -
F(t) = 0:
+ 11 +...1 + 0 = 0.
, -
n
Y ( t ) = A1e p1t + A2e p2t + + An e pnt = Ak e pk t ,
k =1
1, 2, ..., ,
( n 1
).
, -
, t, , -
.
. -156-
18.
. . -
.
, -
, , -
.
( ),
. , -
.
RL-.
,
(. 18.2), -
t = 0, t 0
di
Ri + L = e (t ),
dt
R + Lp = 0, p = R/L; A -
, i(t) e(t).
t=0 R
( t ) i
L
. 18.2
. -157-
18.
RL- .
0 t < 0
e (t ) =
E t > 0
. 18.3. , -
, ,
E E
i (t ) = + A e pt , = i ( t ) .
R R
U, i
( t )
UR i
/R
i UL
0 t
t
0
i
/R
. 18.3 . 18.4
, i ( t ) =
E
R ( Rt
1 e L . )
U R ( t ) = Ri = E 1 e ( RL t
).
di Rt
U L ( t ) = L = Ee L .
dt
, UR(0) = 0, UL(0) = E, t = 0
di
eL = L , eL ( 0 ) = E .
dt
-
, (. 18.4).
. -158-
18.
RL-
, -
di/dt t = 0. t,
di E R RL t di ER E 1
= e , (0) = = ,
dt R L dt R L R L
L = L/R RL-.
[L/R] = [/] = [ /] = [],
([] = [U/i/t] = [//]).
, ,
(. 18.5).
t = L i(L) = I(1 e1)
0,623I, I = E/R, :
iCB(L) = Ie1 0,368I, = 2,718.
i(t)
R
1
2 > 1
0 t
. 18.5
,
t = (4 5) L, t = 5 L 0,99 -
.
- -
-
, (. 18.6)
.
,
. 18.7.
. -159-
18.
RL-
i(t) UR
t t
0 ( t ) 0
UL
0
t
t
0
. 18.6 . 18.7
RL-.
, (. 18.8),
(t), .
i(0)
WL. ,
, , -
, . . , ,
i(t) = iCB(t). , .
,
,
, , -
.
,
t
i ( t ) = i ( t ) = Ae L
.
t
U R ( t ) = Ri ( t ) = R iL ( 0 ) e L
.
. -160-
18.
RL-
t
di
U L ( t ) = L = R iL ( 0 ) e L .
dt
, t > 0 UR(t) + UL(t) = 0. (. 18.9).
U, i
Ri(0)
R R UR
i(0)
t=0 i
L t
( t ) i(t) 0 L 2L
UL
Ri(0)
. 18.8 . 18.9
, -
, R. -
t
2 t
L 2 Li 2 ( 0 )
W = Ri ( t ) dt = i ( 0 ) e
2 2 L
dt = Ri ( 0 )
2
e L
= = WL .
0 0
2R 2
0
RL- .
i ( t ) = I m cos(t + ),
Em
Im = ;
|Z |
L
Z |= R 2 + ( L ) , = arctg
2
.
R
iL(0) =
= i(0) + iCB(0), 0 = Imcos( ) + A,
. -161-
18.
RL-
A = Imcos( ).
, t 0
i ( t ) = I m cos ( t + ) cos ( ) e .
L
U R (t ) = Ri ( t ) = RI m cos ( t + ) cos ( ) e .
L
di
t
U L ( t ) = L = I m L sin ( t + ) + R cos ( ) e .
L
dt
, -
R L -
.
= /2 (
), i U
(. 18.10).
-
, =
= (. 18.11). (L >> T, T
) , , -
, -
(. 18.12).
. -162-
18.
RL-
i(t), (UR)
i(t), (UR) i(t)
Im
t 0 t
0
2Im
i(t)
i(t) = i(t) + i(t)
. 18.10 . 18.11
,
.
(. 18.12)
0 t
, t = 0.
,
UR UL,
t > e(t) = 0.
e( t ) i(UR = Ri)
Im i() = I
Em
t t
0 0
. 18.12 . 18.13
t
iL() = I, i ( t ) = i ( t ) = Ae L
t = iL ( ) = I = Ae L
,
( t )
A = Ie , , t > i ( t ) = Ie
L L
. -163-
18.
RL-
(t - )
( t - )
di
U R ( t ) = Ri ( t ) = RIe , U L ( t ) = L = RIe
L L
,
dt
UR + UL = 0 t > .
, RL-
, . 18.13.
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. RL-?
. -164-
19.
RC-
RC- . -
. RC- .
, ,
.
, RC- (. 19.1) t = 0
e(t).
t 0 e(t) = R i(t) + UC.
dU C dU C
i (t ) = C , e ( t ) = RC + UC .
dt dt
RCp + 1 = 0, p = 1/RC -
C = RC []. [RC] = [ ] = [ /] = [ /].
t
C
, U C = U C + U C , U C (t ) = U C + Ae .
t=0 R
e( t ) UC
i(t) C
. 19.1
RL- U(t)
R .
RC- .
RC-
(. 18.2)
, t,
,
(. 19.2).
. -165-
19. RC-
RC-
, UC(0) = UC(0) = UC + UCCB, 0 = + , = ,
t
t
dU C E C
U C ( t ) = E 1 e C
. i ( t ) = C = e .
dt R
t
U R ( t ) = Ri ( t ) = Ee C
.
U, i UC
E
E/R UR UC
i
t
0
UC
. 19.2
U(0), t = 0 U(0) = E + A, A = U(0) E.
,
t
E U ( 0 ) C
t
U C ( t ) = E [ E U (0) ] e C
, i ( t ) = e .
R
-
, , ,
.
. 19.3 U(t) i(t) > U(0),
. 19.4 E < U(0).
, t
CE 2
WC max = .
2
. -166-
19. RC-
RC-
, , -
R. , ,
, .
U, i
U, i U(0)
UC
UC
U(0)
U ( 0) 0 t
i C
R
i
0 C
t U (0) E
R
. 19.3 . 19.4
UC
C1
e( t )
C2 > C1
t
0
UR
t
0
C2
C1
t
0
. 19.5 . 19.6
t
t 2
E 2 2 E 2e RC CE 2
, WR = Ri dt = e
2 RC dt = = = WC max .
R 2 2
0 0 R
RC 0
RC-
(. 19.5)
, . 19.6.
. -167-
19. RC-
RC-
. 19.6 , = RC,
.
.
t = 0 (. 19.7).
U, i
E
t=0
UC
E C 0 t
i
R UR UC (0) = E
E UR
R
E
. 19.7 . 19.8
-
, t 0 -
e(t) = 0, UC = 0
t
U C ( t ) = U C ( t ) = Ae C
.
t
t = (0+) UC(0) = = , U C ( t ) = Ee C
,
t
dU C E
i (t ) = C = e C .
dt R
. 19.8.
, , -
, t = (4 5) .
. -168-
19. RC-
t
E 2 2 CE 2
WR = Ri dt =
2
e RC dt = = WC max .
0
R 0
2
RC- .
RC- e(t) = Emcos(t + ),
U C = U m cos(t + ) ,
2
2
E 1 1
2 1
U m = m , Z = R + , = arctg ,
Z C C CR
/2-, .
UC(0) = UC(0) +
+ UCCB(0),
0 = U m cos + A, A = U m sin ( ) .
2
t
, U C ( t ) = U m cos t + + sin ( ) e C
.
2
dU C 1
t
i ( t ) = C = CU m sin t + sin ( ) e C
.
dt 2 RC
t = (0+)
Em R 1
i (0 +) = sin + sin ( ) =
R Z 2 C Z
Em E
= cos cos ( ) + sin sin ( ) = m cos ,
R R
Em cos = e ( 0 ) ,
. . , -
-
t = 0.
. -169-
19. RC-
RC-
RL- RC-
. =
. = /2, -
C >> T (T )
t = T/2 , -
(. 19.9).
UC
2Um UC UC (t) = U + U
Um Um
t t
0 0
U()
2
U
. 19.9 . 19.10
t
U C ( ) = U = Ae C
U C ( t ) = Ue C
.
t
dU C U C
t > i ( t ) = C = e .
dt R
, RC- ,
. 19.10.
. -170-
19. RC-
1. ?
2. -
?
3. -
?
4. RC- -
?
. -171-
20.
RLC
RLC- .
RLC .
RLC- (. 20.1),
,
t = 0, t 0
di 1
idt = e ( t ) ,
dt C
Ri + L +
t=0
R L
e(t) C
i(t)
. 20.1
R 1
= , 0 = , p1,2 = 2 02 .
2L LC
1 2 ,
; i(t) ,
e(t) R, L, C.
. -172-
20. RLC
RLC- .
i(t) = 0,
:
di
i ( t ) = i ( t ) = A1e p1t + A2e p2t ,
= p1 A1e p1t + p2 A2e p2t .
dt
di di E
t = 0 e ( 0 ) = Ri ( 0 ) + L ( 0 ) + U C ( 0 ) , (0) =
dt dt L
A1 + A2 = 0,
, E
p1 A1 + p2 A2 = L ,
E
A1 = A2 = ,
L ( p1 p2 )
, i ( t ) =
E
L ( p1 p2 )
(
e p1t e p2t . )
0 (0 ) -
:
R 1 L
) > 0 , > , R>2 = 2, Q = < 0,5 ( ).
2L LC C R
(. 20.2).
(. 20.3).
Im i(t)
A1
A1e p1t
p2 p1 i
0
0 Re t
A2 e p2t
A2 = A1
. 20.2 . 20.3
. -173-
20. RLC
RLC-
U R = Ri ( t ) =
ER
L ( p1 p2 )
( )
e p1t e p2t ,
UL = L
di
=
E
dt ( p1 p2 )
(
p1e p1t p2e p2t , )
U C = E U R U L = E 1 +
1
(
p2e p1t p1e p2t . )
( p1 p2 )
UR, UL, UC . 20.4.
U(t)
E
UC
UR
t
0 UL
. 20.4
U(t)
E
UC
EU
UR
U
0
UL
. 20.5
. -174-
20. RLC
RLC-
U,
t = 0
di
E = L +U,
dt
di E U E U
(0) = A1 = A2 = ,
dt L L( p1 p2 )
E U
, i ( t ) = (
L ( p1 p2 )
)
e p1t e p2t .
. 20.5.
) = 0, R = 2, Q = 0,5 ( ).
p1,2 = , -
0/0, ,
i ( t ) = lim
E
p1 p2 L ( p p )
( ) E
e p1t e p2t = te t ,
L
1 2
E U E U t
i ( t ) = lim
p1 p2 L ( p p )
( )
e p1t e p2t =
L
te
1 2
(, p1 -
( p1 ) Ete p1t E t
i ( t ) = lim = lim = te ).
p1 p2 = ( p ) p1 L L
1
R, L, C
, Q = 0,5
.
) < 0, R < 2, Q > 0,5, p1,2 = jCB ( ).
- (. 20.6).
= 02 2 () .
. -175-
20. RLC
RLC-
+j i
E t
1 j L
+ t
0 0
2 j E t
L
. 20.6 . 20.7
p1,2 = jCB
i (t ) =
E
2 j L
(
e(
+ j )t
e(
j )t
=)
E
= e t ( cos t + j sin t cos t + j sin t ) =
2 j L
E
= et sin t.
L
, -
, -
(. 20.7).
:
ER t
U R = Ri = e sin t ,
L
di
UL = L = 0 Ee t sin ( t ) ,
dt
U C = E U R U L = E 1 0 e t sin ( t + ) ,
= arctg .
. -176-
20. RLC
RLC-
U
UC
E
UR
t
0
UL
. 20.8
2 2
TCB = = .
CB 02 2
, , .
e T -
, TCB , -
ne T = T .
,
= 0 1 ( 0 ) = 0 1 ( R 2 L0 ) = 0 1 (1/ 2Q ) ,
2 2 2
CB 0 TCB T0 -
R R0 2T
= T = T = .
2L 2 0 L 2QT Q
-
et,
1 2L
( 4 5) = ( 4 5) = ( 4 5 ) K ,
R
K . t -
N ,
. -177-
20. RLC
RLC-
t ( 4 5 ) 2 L0 ( 4 5 ) 2Q
N= = = Q.
T R0 20
, , -
.
. -
, ,
R, L, C
.
-
(R = 300 , L = 25 , C = 10 )
. 20.9, (R = 300 , L = 70 , C = 40 )
. 20.10.
U,
t,
. 20.9
. -178-
20. RLC
RLC-
U,
t,
. 20.10
(. 20.11).
Im Im Im
p2 p1 0 Re p2 p1 0 Re p2 = p1 = 0 Re
i
i
i
0 t 0 t 0 t
R >> 2 R > 2 R = 2
. 20.11
. -179-
20. RLC
RLC-
Im
Im p1 Im p1 j = j0
j
p1 j
0 Re 0 Re 0 Re
p2 j
j p2 j = j0
p2
i i i
0 t 0 t 0 t
R < 2 R << 2 R0
. 20.12
. 20.12
( ).
, R,
R -
.
RLC .
, -
.
t 0 e(t) = Emcos(t + ), -
Em
i ( t ) = I m cos ( t + ) , I m = ,
Z
1
2 L
1 C .
Z = R 2 + L , = arctg
C R
. -180-
20. RLC
RLC
i ( t ) = I m cos ( t + ) + A1e p1t + A2e p2t .
iL(0) = 0, UC(0) = 0 t = 0
i(0) = iL(0) = 0 = i(0) + iCB(0).
di e ( 0 ) Em
I m cos ( ) + A1 + A2 = 0, (0) = = cos ,
dt L L
di di di
( 0 ) = ( 0 ) + ( 0 ) = I m sin ( ) + p1 A1 + p2 A2 ,
dt dt dt
I m cos ( ) + A1 + A2 = 0,
Em
I m sin ( ) + p1 A1 + p2 A2 = L cos .
p2 Em
A1 = I m sin ( ) + I m cos ( ) + cos ,
p1 p2 p1 p2 L ( p1 p2 )
p1 Em
A2 = I m sin ( ) I m cos ( ) cos .
p1 p2 p1 p2 L ( p1 p2 )
A1 A2 -
,
i ( t ) = I m cos ( t + ) +
Im
p1 p2
( )
cos ( ) p2e p1t p1e p2t +
L
+
Em
cos +
L ( p1 p2 ) Z
(
sin ( ) e p1t e p2t . )
-
i iCB. (-
)
. . 20.13, , -
R > 2 ( ), -
(. 20.13, ) (. 20.13, ) -
.
. -181-
20. RLC
RLC
R < 2
( . 20.13,
< CB, . 20.13, > CB).
0 t 0 t
i(t) i(t) = i(t) + i(t) i(t)
i(t) = i(t) + i(t)
i(t)
0 t 0 t
. 20.13
(R << ).
p1 p2 = 2 j e p1t e p2t = 2 je t sin CBt ,
= 2 j ( sin t + cos t ) e t = 2 j
2
+ 2 ( cos t sin C +
C = arctg .
. -182-
20. RLC
RLC
0
i ( t ) = I m cos ( t + ) I m cos ( ) e t sin ( t + C ) +
Em L
+ cos + sin ( ) e t sin t.
L Z
, -
,
, .
( << 0) -
, .
= /2, . .
, CB 0 , |Z| = R, = 0, C = /2,
i (t )
Em
R
( )
1 e t sin 0t.
,
,
E
m (. 20.14).
R
Em
Im =
R
0 t
. 20.14
. -183-
20. RLC
RLC
di
,
dt
(
I ( t ) = I m 1 e t . )
di R R
( 0 ) = I m, = = 0 = 0 = K ,
dt t =0 2 L 20 L 2Q 2
di I
( 0) = K Im = m .
dt t =0 2 K
, ,
, (. 20.15).
i Q1 i Q2 > Q1
Em Em
R R
0 t 0 t
. 20.15
, (0 )
i(t) = Imsin(t ) + Imet sin(0t ).
( = 0),
i ( t ) I m sin ( t ) + I m sin ( 0t ) =
0 + 0
= 2 I m sin t sin t ; > 0 ,
2 2
. -184-
20. RLC
RLC
. . -
+ 0
-
2
0
sin t , (. 20.16).
2
, ,
.
,
Im (. 20.17).
i
2Im
t
0
. 20.16
i
Im
0 t
. 20.17
-
0 ,
t = 0. t =
I(t) = Im1etsin(t ),
Im1 -
t = . ,
,
. 20.18, , = 0 . 20.18, > 0.
. -185-
20. RLC
RLC
Im
0 t
Q1 < Q2
i
Im
0 t
Q2 > Q1
. 20.18
i
0 t
. 20.19
, -
.
, << 0.
1
2 L
Z = R 2 + L
1 1 C ,
, = rctg
C C R 2
. -186-
20. RLC
RLC
1
L .
C
0
i ( t ) = I m cos ( t + ) I m cos ( ) et sin ( t + C ) +
Em L
+ cos + sin ( ) e t sin t.
L Z
0 C = arctg
2
i ( t ) I m cos t + + I m 0 cos + e t sin t + +
2 2 2
Em L t
+ cos + sin + e sin t.
L Z 2
Em
+ [cos + LC + cos ] et sin 0t =
0 L
>> 0 = 0 (
, Em)
0 t
i ( t ) = I m sin t + I m e sin 0t .
. -187-
20. RLC
RLC
t << 1, -
0 1 . -
.
1 1 0 t
UC (t ) = ( )
C
i t dt = I m sin t + I m e sin 0t dt =
C
Im e t
= cos t + I m ( sin 0t 0 cos 0t ).
C (
0 2 + 02 )
ax e ax
e sin bxdx = 2 2 ( a sin bx b cos bx ) .
a + b
Im
<< 0 U Cm =
C
UC(t) UCmcost UCmetcos0t.
UC(t)
(. 20.20).
UC
2UCm 0
UCm
0 t
. 20.20
>> 0, |Z| L, /2
i(t) = Imsin(t ) Imsinetcos0t.
/2, . . ,
. -188-
20. RLC
RLC
U C (t ) =
1
C i (t ) dt =
1
C
( )
I m cos t I me t cos 0t dt =
Im 1 e- t
= sin t + I m ( cos 0t 0 sin 0t ) =
C C 2 + 02
Im I
= sin t m et sin 0t , ( 0 ) .
C 0C
ax e ax
e cos bxdx = 2 2 ( a cos bx + b sin bx ) .
a + b
, , t << 1, -
-
( UC(t) . 20.20). -
,
Im Im
= U Cm .
0C C
,
( ).
-
.
1. RLC- ?
2. RLC- ?
3.
RLC-?
4. RLC-?
5. RLC- ?
. -189-
21.
.
.
,
, , -
().
, -
, -
-
, -
( ) ,
t = 0, . .
, -
, , -
, ,
.
-
, .
() -
, -
.
,
.
( ,
-
. .). :
) )
.
. -190-
21.
, , -
. -
-
( ).
, -
,
, . . , .
i ( t ) = Ae ,
di d Ae
pt
( ) i
idt Ae dt =
pt pt
= = i , .
dt dt p
di 1 1
C
L Lpi i dt i ,
dt pC
-
. ,
k-
k
ik = ,
; k , k-
,
, . . k = 0. , -
, , = 0.
(p) = 0 -
. .
. , -
. ,
.
n ,
n
i ( t ) = Ak e pk t ,
k =1
Ak .
. -191-
21.
-
: )
( RL
RC); ) -
( RLC-), -
( ) -
- (-
RLC-).
= e t ( A1 + A2 ) cos k t + j ( A1 A2 ) sin k t =
N
A = M 2 + N 2 , = arctg .
M
-
-
.
, -
(n 1)- -
t = 0 , . . -
( ) ( ) ( ) Ak ;
i 0 = i 0 i 0 =
k =1
n
( 0 ) = i ( 0 ) i
i ( 0 ) = pk Ak ;
/
k =1
( n1) ( n1) ( n-1)
n
i ( 0 ) = i ( 0 ) i ( 0 ) = pkn1 Ak .
k =1
. -192-
21.
k, -
i(t) = i(t) + iCB(t), U(t) = U(t) + UCB(t).
,
:
1. ,
t = 0. , -
iL(0) UC(0).
2. .
3. .
4. (-
). -
t = 0.
5. .
6. i(t) = i(t) + iCB(t), U(t) =
= U(t) + UCB(t).
1. (. 21.1) = 100 .
R1 R2
i1 i3
i2
E I C II L
R3 R4
t=0
. 21.1
R1 = 10 , R2 = 20 , R3 = 50 , R4 = 20 , L = 1 , C = 100 .
iL = i3.
. 1. iL(0) =
= i3(0) UC(0), :
. -193-
21.
E 100
iL ( 0 ) = = = 1 A;
R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 10 + 20 + 50 + 20
U ( 0 ) = iL ( 0 ) ( R2 + R4 ) = 1 40 = 40 B.
2. -
:
1
( )
C
E = R1 + R 3 i1 + i2 dt ,
1 di3
0 = i2 dt + R2i3 + L ,
C dt
0 = i1 i2 i3.
1
0 = ( R1 + R3 ) i1CB + C i2CB dt ,
1 di3CB
0 = i2CBdt + R2i3CB + L ,
C dt
0 = i1CB i2CB i3CB.
, :
1
0 = ( R1 + R 3 ) i1CB + i2CB ,
pC
1
0 = i2CB + ( R2 + Lp ) i3CB ,
pC
0 = i1CB i2CB i3CB.
, ,
, . .
. -194-
21.
1
R1 + R3 0
pC
1
( p) = 0 R2 + Lp = 0.
pC
1 1 1
, -
:
1 1
( R1 + R3 ) + ( R2 + Lp ) + ( R1 + R3 ) ( R2 + Lp ) = 0;
pC pC
( R1 + R3 ) LCp 2 + ( R1 + R3 ) R2 pC + Lp + R1 + R3 + R2 = 0;
( )
60 103 104 p 2 + 60 20 104 + 103 p + 80 = 0;
p1 = 680, p2 = 19480.
3. iLCB(t)
4. :
E 100
iL = = = 1,25 A .
R1 + R2 + R3 80
di3
U ( 0 ) + R2i3 ( 0 ) + L ( 0 ) = 0,
dt
. -195-
21.
di3 U ( 0 ) R2i3 ( 0 ) 40 20
(0) = = 3
= 20 103 /.
dt L 10
6. A1 A2:
i3(t), A
i3(t)
i3
0,805 680t
t,
1,0
1,055 19480t
. 21.2
, -
. 21.2.
2. , 1, -
. -196-
21.
. 1. UC(0) iL(0).
E
UC ( 0 ) = Z,
R1 + R3 + Z
R2 + R4 + jL
Z = .
1 + ( R2 + R4 + jL ) jC
R, L, C, E,
20 + 20 + j104103
Z= 1e 89 ,
(
1 + 20 + 20 + j10 10 4 3
) j10 10
4 4
100e j 60
UC (0 ) = 89
1e 89 = 1,64e j150 ,
10 + 50 + 1e
UC (0 )
IL (0 ) = = 0,04e j137 .
R2 + R4 + jL
, , 1. -
, .
i3. -
E Z 1
I L = ,
R1 + R3 + Z R2 + jL
R2 + jL
Z = .
1 + ( R2 + jL ) jC
R, L, C, E,
. -197-
21.
I L = 0,076 e j 53 , iL ( t ) = 0,076cos ( t 53 ) ,
di3
t = 0
dt
1 2:
di3
= 0,076sin ( t 53 ) ,
dt
t = 0
di3
( 0 ) = 104 0,076sin ( 53 ) = 610 B/.
dt
i3 ( 0 ) = iL ( 0 ) = i3 ( 0 ) + A1 + A2 ,
di3 di3
dt ( 0 ) = dt ( 0 ) + p1 A1 + p2 A2 ,
0,3 = 0,046 + A1 + A2 ,
820 = 610 680 A1 19480 A2 ,
1 = 0,1548, 2 = 0,0788.
:
. -198-
21.
i3(t), A
0,0788 19480t i3
t,
i3(t)
0,1548 680t
. 21.3
, -
-
, . , -
iC(0) = iC(0) + 1 + 2.
, ,
di/dt , . -
,
1
C iC dt = U C , iC = A1e p1t + A2e p2t ,
1
C
1
( )
iCdt = A1e p1t + A2e p2t dt = U C ( t ), ,
C
. -199-
21.
,
:
1
iL ( t ) =
L
U L dt ,
U L ( 0 ) U L ( 0 ) = A1 + A2 ,
1 A1 1 A2
iL ( 0 ) iL ( 0 ) = L p + L p .
1 2
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. -
?
. -200-
22.
. . -
. -
. .
.
.
,
. -
p = c + j -
t.
.
, ,
.
, , -
t -
p = c + j,
.
.
1. f(t), , -
. -
F(p) f(t).
2. ,
, -
.
3. F(p).
4. F(p) f(t), -
.
.
f(t) (-
), :
. -201-
22.
1. f(t) t.
, :
.
2. f(t) t:
f(t) = 0 t < 0.
3. f(t) -
: > 0 C0 , t
f (t ) | Me0t .
, -
f(t) .
, f(t) ,
f (t ) e
pt
dt
0
-
p = c + j Rep = > c0 (. 22.1).
f(t)
+c
0 c0 E
t
0
. 22.1 . 22.2
F ( p ) = f ( t ) e pt dt ,
0
f(t) ; F(p) :
F(p) f(t), f(t) F(p),
. -202-
22.
1. (. 22.2)
0 t < 0,
f (t ) =
E t > 0.
Ee pt E E
F ( p ) = f ( t ) e dt = E e dt =
pt pt
= , E i =i .
0 0
p p p
0
, -
0 t < 0, 1
1( t ) = 1 i =i .
1 t > 0, p
2. f ( t ) = et
t ( p ) 1 1
F ( p ) = f (t ) e e ( ) =
t p
pt
dt = e e
t pt
dt = e dt = ,
0 0 0
p 0
p
1
e t i = i Rep > Re.
p
= j,
1
f ( t ) = e j t i = i .
p j
Im Um
I me jt + = I me jt i =i , U m e j t i = i .
p j p j
, -
, . . f(t) -
F(p) .
. -203-
22.
. -
f(t) F(p).
,
F ( p ) = a f (t ) e pt
dt = a f ( t ) e pt dt = aF ( p ) .
0 0
,
( -
: -
)
n n
ak f k ( t ) i=
i
ak Fk ( p ) .
k =1 k =1
. , f(t)
F(p),
. f(t) = (t). () (t).
( p ) = (t ) e pt
dt = f ( t ) e pt dt .
0 0
,
( p ) = e pt
f ( t ) ( p ) f ( t ) e pt dt = f ( 0 ) + pF ( p ) ,
0
0
( VdU = VU UdV , V =e pt , dU = f ( t ) dt ,
dV = pe- pt , U = f ( t ) dt = f ( t ) ) f ( t ) i =i pF ( p ) f ( 0 ) .
[f(0) = 0]
p:
f ( t ) i =i pF ( p ) , f k ( t ) i =i p k F ( p ) .
. -204-
22.
.
f(t). ,
t
f(t). ( t ) = f ( t ) dt , f ( t ) = ( t ) i =i p ( p ) ( 0 ) ,
0
0
( 0 ) = 0 f ( t ) dt = 0 , f ( t ) = ( t ) i =i p ( p ) ,
0
F ( p) t F ( p)
( f ) i = F ( p ) , F ( p ) = p ( p ) , ( p ) =
i
, f ( t ) dt i =i .
p 0
p
t t t
F ( p)
dt dt f ( t ) dt i=
i
.
0 0 0
pn
n
.
f(t t1), f(t) ,
t1 (. 22.3)
0 t < t1 ,
f ( t t1 ) =
f ( t t1 ) t > t1.
f(t)
t1 t
0
. 22.3
( p ) = f ( t t1 ) e pt
dt = f ( t t1 ) e pt dt ,
0 t1
. -205-
22.
= t t1, t = + t1, dt = d.
( p ) = f ( t t1 ) e dt = f ( ) e ( 1 ) d =
pt p +t
t1 0
f ( ) e d = e pt1 F ( p ) .
pt1 p
=e
0
, t1 -
e pt1 .
. , -
et, .
(t) = f(t)et.
( p ) = (t ) e dt = f ( t ) e ( ) dt = F ( p ) .
pt p t
0 0
,
-
p p .
-
. ,
(t) = sintet.
Im
, I me jt + = I me jt i =i ,
p j
1 p + j
e jt = cos t + j sin t i =i = 2 .
p j p + 2
p
cos t i =i 22
, sin t i =i 2 .
p + p + 2
. -206-
22.
( t ) sin te t i =i .
( p + )
2 2
+
( -
) .
t t
( p ) = F1 ( p ) F2 ( p ) i = i
f1 ( ) f2 ( t ) d = f1 ( t ) f 2 ( ) d .
0 0
, -
. -
.
( ) -
,
. , , -
1
( p) = .
( p + )
2
() -
:
1 1
( p) = = F1 ( p ) F2 ( p ) ,
p+ p+
1
F1 ( p ) = F2 ( p ) = i t
i= e .
p+
,
t t
( t )
(t ) = e e d = e t
d = te
t
.
0 0
-
.
f(t) F(p). (t) = f(at), -
.
( p ) = f ( at ) e pt dt .
0
. -207-
22.
1
at = x, dt = dx
a
p
x 1 1 p
( p) = f ( x) e a dx = F .
0
a a a
1 p
f (a, t ) i =i
F .
a a
.
.
lim f ( t ) = lim pF ( p ) , lim f ( t ) = lim pF ( p ) .
t 0 p t p 0
, -
() , -
,
.
,
-
t j.
(. 22.4).
U(t) ()
0
t U(t)
0
..
.
t
0
. 22.4
. -208-
22.
,
: -
.
.
.
. -
, -
:
c + j
1
f (t ) = F ( p ) e pt dp .
2j c j
F(p) f(t), -
: ) F(p) -
c + j
Rep > C0; ) |p| ; ) F ( p ) dp -
c j
.
,
F(p)
f ( t ) = Re s F ( p )e pt (t > 0) ,
pk
f (t ) = 0 ( t < 0).
,
c + j
1 1
f (t ) = ( ) F ( p)e dp = Re s F ( p )e pt .
2j c j
pt pt
F p e dp =
2j pk
( ,
> C0, -
, F(p)). F(p)
p, F(p) = ).
,
2j ,
.
. -209-
22.
-
, .
, -
-
.
-
, :
F ( p)
F ( p) = 1 , F1(p) F2(p) .
F2 ( p )
, F2(p) n
p1, p2, ..., pn, :
F1 ( p ) i n F1 ( pk ) e pk t
f ( t ) i= i=
i
.
F2 ( p ) k =1 F2 ( p k )
-
, .
, ,
. , -
. -
. -
, -
. ,
.
.
. (. 22.5),
.
i4
i1 C e(t)
R L t=0
i2 i
i3 i5
. 22.5
. -210-
22.
di
U = U R + U L + U C e ( t ) , U R = Ri, U L = L ,
dt
1
UC = UC ( 0 ) +
C
idt.
di 1
U = Ri + L + U C ( 0 ) + idt e ( t ) .
dt C
iL(0) = iL(0), UC(0) = UC(0) -
:
di i
U R i =i RI ( p ) , Li = LpI ( p ) LiL ( 0 ) ,
dt
1 U ( 0) I ( p )
U C ( 0 ) + idt i =i C + , e ( t ) i =i E ( p ) ,
C p pC
UC (0) I ( p )
U ( p ) = RI ( p ) + LpI ( p ) LiL ( 0 ) + + E ( p ).
p pC
,
UC (0)
U ( p ) + LiL ( 0 ) + E ( p)
p
I ( p) = ,
Z ( p)
1
Z ( p ) = R + Lp + .
pC
-
, , -
.
LiL(0) ,
-
U (0)
. C ,
p
-
. , LiL(0) ,
UC (0)
.
p
. -211-
22.
(. 22.6).
U C (0) 1 I4(p)
I1(p) R pL Li(0) p p E(p) t=0
I(p)
I2(p)
I3(p) I5(p)
. 22.6
, -
, -
: I(p) = U(p)/Z(p).
. -
, -
I(p) = 0.
. ( -
. 22.7). i(0) 0, UC(0) 0.
R1 e1(t) t = 0
L
i1
i2
R2 R3 e3(t) i3
C
. 22.7
,
:
di1 1
R1i1 + L + R3i3 + i3dt + U C ( 0 ) R2i2 = e1 ( t ) e3 ( t ) .
dt C
. -212-
22.
U C ( 0 ) I 3 ( p )1
R1I1 ( p ) + LpI1 ( p ) LiL ( 0 ) + R3 I 3 ( p ) + + R2 I 2 ( p ) = E1 ( t ) E3 ( t ) ,
p pC
Z1 ( p ) I1 ( p ) Z 2 ( p ) I 2 ( p ) + Z 3 ( p ) I 3 ( p ) = E1 ( t ) E3 ( t ) + E ( p ) ,
1 U (0)
Z1 ( p ) = R1 + Lp, Z 2 ( p ) = R2 , Z 3 ( p ) = R3 + , E ( p ) = LiL ( 0 ) C ,
pC p
n n
Z k ( p )I k ( p ) = Ek ( p ).
k =1 k =1
,
, -
.
.
:
1. -
-
.
2. -
.
3. -
.
4. .
, -
, ,
, -
. -
, j
.
3. , 1, -
. (. 21.1), .
. 1. , ,
1:
iL(0) = iL(0) = 1 A, UC(0) = UC(0) = 40 B.
. -213-
22.
,
. 22.8.
R1 I1(p) I3(p) R2
1 I2(p)
E pL
p p
U C (0)
R3 p LiL(0)
. 22.8
1. , 1:
1
( )
C
E = R1 + R 3 i1 + i2 dt ,
1 di3
0 = i2 dt + R2i3 + L ,
C dt
0 = i1 i2 i3.
2.
E UC ( 0) 1
= ( R1 + R3 ) I1 ( p ) + I2 ( p ),
p p pC
U C ( 0 ) 1
+ LiL ( 0 ) = I 2 ( p ) + ( R2 + pL ) I 3 ( p ) ,
p pC
0 = I1 ( p ) I 2 ( p ) I 3 ( p ) .
3. :
. -214-
22.
1 E UC ( 0)
R1 + R3 )
pC p p
1 UC (0)
0 + LiL ( 0 )
pC p
1 1 0
I3 ( p ) = =
1
R1 + R3 ) 0
pC
1
0 R2 + pL
pC
1 1 1
4.
F1 ( p ) i n F1 ( pk ) e pk t
f ( t ) i= i=
i
,
F2 ( p ) k =1 F2 ( pk )
(
F2 ( p ) = p 60 103 p 2 + 1210 p + 80 104 ;
p = 0 F1 ( 0 ) = 106 , F2 ( 0 ) = 80 104 ;
. -215-
22.
,
i(t) = 1,25 + 0,805e680t 1,055e19480t.
4. ,
2,
e(t) = 100cos(t + 60), = 10000 /.
. , ,
2:
iL(0) = iL(0) = 0,03 A, UC(0) = UC(0) = 1,42 B.
(. 22.8), , , -
:
UC ( 0) 1
E ( p ) = ( R1 + R3 ) I1 ( p ) + I2 ( p ),
p pC
U C ( 0 ) 1
+ LiL ( 0 ) = I 2 ( p ) + ( R2 + pL) I 3 ( p ) ,
p pC
0 = I1 ( p ) I 2 ( p ) I 3 ( p ) .
. -216-
22.
I3 ( p ) = =
1
R1 + R3 ) 0
pC
1
0 R2 + pL
pC
1 1 1
.
F2(p) p1 = 680, p2 = 19480, p3,4 = j10000.
F ( p) i n
F1 ( pk ) e pk t
f ( t ) i= 1 i
F2 ( p )
i= F( p ) .
k =1 2 k
= 174 108 ;
= 424 108 ;
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
F1 ( p3 ) = 18 104 j104 85,3 j104 + 32,4 104 j104 171 108 =
= 1010 e j150 ;
. -217-
22.
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
F1 ( p4 ) = 18 104 j104 85,3 j104 + 32, 4 104 j104 171 108 =
= 1010 e j150 ;
F2 ( p1 ) = 0,24 ( 680 ) + 3630 ( 680 ) + 1360 ( 680 ) + 1210 108 = 11,3 1010 ;
3 2
= 0,54 1012 ;
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
F2 ( p3 ) = 0,24 j104 + 3630 j104 + 1360 j104 + 1210 108 = 2,62 1011 e j 203 ;
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
F2 ( p4 ) = 0,24 j104 + 3630 j104 + 1360 j104 + 1210 108 =
+0,038cos (10000t + 307 ) j 0,038sin (10000t + 307 ) 0,15e 680t + 0,79e 19480t =
2.
. -218-
22.
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5.
?
. -219-
23.
.
. . -
. .
.
-
.
,
, -
.
,
, .
,
, , ,
. -
: ) ( );
) ( ).
.
,
t < 0 t > 0 (. 23.1, ):
0 t < 0, 0 t < t1 ,
1( t ) = 1( t t1 ) =
1 t > 0, 1 t > t1.
t t
0 0 t1
. 23.1
-
e(t) = f(t) t = 0 -
1(t) f(t). t < 0
f(t) t > 0.
. -220-
23.
t = 0, -
t1 (. 23.1, ), -
1(t t1) f(t).
-
h(t) (
t = 0 t = t1 1 ).
, -
. ,
. -
.
, ,
, - , -
,
. , -
-
.
. , -
-
.
.
, -
, -
(. 23.2).
.
(t)
2 k
1
(0)
t
0 1 2 3 k
t
. 23.2
. -221-
23.
t -
. ,
t = 0 -
t. ,
0 t, e(t), i(t)
t e() i() -
.
e() . -
, = 0 e(0)1(t),
. -
1 e1, 2
e2 . .
e ( t ) e ( 0 )1( t ) + e11( t 1 ) + e21( t 2 ) + + ek 1( t k ) + + en1( t n ) =
n
= e ( 0 )1( t ) + ek 1( t k ) .
k =1
-
, . -
e(0)1(t) i(t) = e(0)h(t),
. 1
e11(t 1) i1 = e1h(t 1),
e1 t 1.
2
e2, -
i2 = e2h(t 2).
, k ek
ik = ekh(t k).
, t, . .
i ( t ) = e( 0) h( t ) + e1h( t 1 ) + e2h( t 2 ) ++ ek h( t k ) ++ enh( t n ) =
n
= e( 0) h( t ) + ek h( t k ) .
k =1
,
, -
(n ), -
d. de
de/dt
d, . . de = e ( ) d .
. -222-
23.
e(t)
R1 I1(p) I3(p) R2
Em
1 1 I2(p) (Em = 10 )
Em
pL
2
R3
t
b 0
2
. 23.3
t
i ( t ) = e ( 0 ) h ( t ) + e ( ) h ( t ) d .
0
.
, -
:
t
i ( t ) = e ( 0 ) h ( t ) + e ( t ) h ( ) d .
0
5. , 1, -
(. 23.3).
.
. -
:
U ab ( p ) I1 ( p ) Z ab ( p ) 1
H ( p ) = I3 ( p ) = = , I1 ( p ) = ,
R2 + pL R2 + pL p ( R1 + R2 + Z ab ( p ) )
1
( R2 + pL ) R2 + pL
pC
Z ab ( p ) = = ,
R2 + pL +
1 ( R2 + pL ) pC + 1
pC
. -223-
23.
H ( p) =
1 ( R2 + pL ) =
R2 + pL ( ( R2 + pL ) pC + 1) ( R2 + pL )
p R1 + R2 +
( R2 + pL ) pC + 1
1
= .
60 107 p 3 + 1210 104 p 2 + 80 p
F1 ( p ) i n F1 ( pk ) e pk t
f (t ) i= i=
i
,
F2 ( p ) k =1 F2 ( p k )
pk F2(p), F2(p) p = 0, p1 = 680,
p2 = 19480.
p = 0 F1(0) = 1; F2 = 80 ;
p1 = 680, F2 ( p1 ) = 76,2 ;
p2 = 19480, F2 ( p2 ) = 2196
, h(t) = 1,251021,3102e680t+ 4,56104e19480t.
h(t) . 23.4.
h(t),
t,
. 23.4
. -224-
23.
. t = 0
h(0) , -
( -
-
). , h(0) 0. t
,
1
i3 = , h ( ) = 0,0125 = i3.
R1 + R2 + R3
.
0 t e11 = kt ,
2
E
k = m e11 ( ) = k .
(0) = 0, -
t t
Em
i3 ( t ) = e ( ) h ( t ) d = A0 + A1e 1( ) + A2e 2 ( ) d =
p t p t
0
0
Em
A0 d + A1e e d + A2e e 2 d =
p1t p1 p2t p
=
0 0 0
t
Em A1e p1t e p1 A2e p2t e p2
= A0 + + =
p1 p2 0
. -225-
23.
( ) = 0 . ,
12(t) = Em, e12
2
E
t = m .
2 2
,
2
Em E
i3 ( t ) = A0 + A1e 1( ) + A2e 2 ( ) d + m h t +
p t p t
0
2 2
t
( ) A0 + A1e p1( t ) + A2e p2 (t ) d .
+ e12
2
2
Em E
i3 ( t ) = A0 + A1e 1( ) + A2e 2 ( ) d + m h t + 0 =
p t p t
0
2 2
Em A1e e p1t p1 p2t p2
A2e e 2
= A0 + + +
p1 p2 0
Em p2 t
p1 t
+ A0 + A1e 2
+ A2e 2 =
2
A A p1 t A p2 t A
= Em 0 + 1 e 2 + 2 e 2 + 0 +
2 2 2 2
p1 t
p2 t
Ae 2
Ae 2
A1e p1t A2e p2t
+ 1 + 2 .
p1 p2 p1 p2
t =
,
, Em. , t >
. -226-
23.
2
Em E
i3 ( t ) = A0 + A1e 1( ) + A2e 2 ( ) d + m h t Em h ( t ) =
p t p t
0
2 2
p1 t
A0 A1 p1 t 2 A2 p2 t 2 A0 A1e 2
= Em + e + e + + +
2 2 2 2 p1
p2 t
p t
2 p1t p2t
A2e Ae Ae
A0 A1e 1( ) A2e 2 ( ) .
p t
+ 1 2
p2 p1 p2
-
. 23.5 ( = 3/|p1|).
i(t),
i(t)
t
2
. 23.5
, -
t, 1/ t S = 1 (. 23.6).
0 t < 0, t > t ,
( t , t ) = 1
t 0 < t < t.
. -227-
23.
(t, t)
1
t
t
0
1 t
t
. 23.6
,
:
1 1 1( t )1( t t )
( t , t ) = 1( t ) 1( t t ) = .
t t t
, (t 0),
(A = 1/t ):
1( t )1( t t )
lim ( t , t ) = lim = ( t ).
t 0 t 0 t
(t).
- .
:
1) t < 0 t > 0, . . (t) = 0 t 0;
2) t = 0: (0) = ,
3) ,
( t )dt = 1.
t = 0, -
, . . ,
(t ).
( t )dt = 1.
. -228-
23.
, ,
.
d1( t )
( t ) = 1 ( t ) = .
dt
:
t
1( t ) = ( t )dt.
- -
,
f ( t ) ( t )dt = f ( 0 ) f ( t ) ( t )dt = f ( ) ,
f(t) .
,
t = . f(t) f(). f() -
, -
:
f ( t ) ( t )dt = f ( ) ( t )dt = f ( ) .
, -
, -
.
-, -
. :
Y (t )
g (t ) = ,
S
S = (t) ; Y (t) .
=
[ ] .
[][t ]
. -229-
23.
,
. t1,
.
.
-
. ,
e(t) (. 23.7).
e(t)
t
0
k
ek t
(k)
t
0
k
. 23.7
e()
en(t) :
1( t k ) 1( t k +1 )
ek ( t ) = e ( k ) 1( t k ) 1( t k ) = e ( k ) ,
k = k , 0 e ( k ) = e ( ) d ( t ) .
() -
e() d (t )
g(t ) t
.
. -230-
23.
, -
, di(t),
:
t
i (t ) = e ( ) g (t ) d .
0
.
,
t
i (t ) = e (t ) g ( ) d .
0
.
h(t) g(t) , , ,
. ,
:
d1( t )
( t ) = 1 ( t ) = .
dt
-
h(t), -
, ,
-
, . . g(t) -
h(t):
dh ( t )
g ( t ) = h ( t ) = .
dt
g(t) h(t) , -
Em1(t).
i(t) = Emh(t).
,
t t
i ( t ) = Em ( t ) g ( ) d = Em g ( ) d ,
0 0
. -231-
23.
dh
t
h ( t ) = g ( ) d = g ( t ) .
dt 0
h(t)
h(0)
0 t
h1(t)
h1(t)
0 t
h2(t) h(0) 1(t)
h(0)
0 t
. 23.8
, h(t)
t = 0 (. 23.8).
g ( t ) = h ( t ) = h1 ( t ) + h ( 0 ) ( t ) .
h1(t)
h2(t) = h(0), h(0),
t = 0, ,
h(0) (t). h(t) h1(t)
t, t = 0, -
, t = 0.
.
-
,
t t t
i ( t ) = e ( t ) g ( ) d = e ( t ) h ( ) d + h(0) e ( t ) ( ) d .
0 0 0
. -232-
23.
e (t ) ( ) d = e (t ) .
0
t t
e ( t ) g ( ) d = e ( t ) h ( 0 ) + e ( t ) h ( ) d .
0 0
,
t t
e ( 0 ) h ( t ) + e ( ) h ( t ) d = e ( t ) h ( 0 ) + e ( t ) h ( ) d .
0 0
6. , 1, -
e(t) (. 23.3).
.
dh ( t )
g ( t ) = h ( t ) = = p1 A1e p1t + p2 A2e p2t = 8,9e680t 8,9e19480t .
dt
. 23.9
. -233-
23.
g(t), /
t,
. 23.9
Em
0 t e11 ( ) = k , k = ,
2
t
i3 ( t ) = kt ( A0 + A1 + A2 ) + e11 ( ) g ( t ) d =
0
t
= kt ( A0 + A1 + A2 ) + k p1 A1e 1( ) + p2 A2e 2 ( ) d .
p t p t
0
A0 + A1 + A2 = h(0) = 0
, , 5.
A A p1 t A p2 t A
i3 ( t ) = Em 0 + 1 e 2 + 2 e 2 + 0 +
2 2 2 2
p1 t
p2 t
Ae 2
Ae 2
A1e p1t A2e p2t
+ 1 + 2 .
p1 p2 p1 p2
2
. -234-
23.
2
Em
i3 ( t ) = p1 A1e 1( ) + p2 A2e 2 ( ) d +
p t p t
0
t
p1( t )
+ Em h ( 0 ) + Em p1 A1e + p2 A2e 2 ( ) d .
p t
2
, A0 = A1 + A2, , -
5.
A A p1 t A p2 t A
i3 ( t ) = Em 0 + 1 e 2 + 2 e 2 + 0 +
2 2 2 2
p1 t
p2 t
A1e 2
A2e 2
Ae Ae
p1t p2t
+ + 1 2 .
p1 p2 p1 p2
t > -
2
Em
i3 ( t ) = p1 A1e 1( ) + p2 A2e 2 ( ) d +
p t p t
+ Em p1 A1e 1( ) + p2 A2e 2 ( ) d .
p t p t
2
p1 t
A0 A1 1 2 A2 2 2 A0 A1e 2
p t p t
i3 ( t ) = Em + e + e + + +
2 2 2 2 p1
p2 t
p t
2 p1t p2t
A2e Ae Ae
A0 A1e 1( ) A2e 2 ( ) .
p t
+ 1 2
p2 p1 p2
, -
.
. -235-
23.
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4.
?
5. ?
6. ?
. -236-
24.
.
. .
.
e ( t ) = Ee st ,
E s : ()
E = Ee j , () s = + j .
, -
, e(t).
Jms 0 ,
e(t) = Eejetejt
(. 24.1):
) = 0 e ( t ) = Ee j e jt ;
) > 0 e ( t ) = Ee j et e jt ;
) < 0 e ( t ) = Ee j e t e jt ;
Jms = = 0 , e ( t ) = Ee j et ;
) = 0 e ( t ) = Ee j ;
) > 0 e ( t ) = Ee j et ;
) < 0 e ( t ) = Ee j e t .
, s = + j ,
,
, -
.
, -
,
. -237-
24.
, -
.
e(t) e(t)
t t
0 0
e(t) e(t)
t
0
t
0
e(t) e(t)
t
0
t
0
. 24.1
e ( t ) = Ee st
Ee st dU C 1 1
IR = , IC = C = sCEe st , I L = U L dt = Ee st .
R dt L sL
e(t ) 1
Z (s) = , Z R ( s ) = R, Z C ( s ) = , Z L ( s ) = sL.
I (t ) sC
. -238-
24.
s = p,
, s = j -
.
, -
() -
e ( t ) = Ee st .
.
, -
(. 24.2).
Ii Ikk
i
Ui Zk Uk
i k
. 24.2
, , Hki(p) -
Y(p) X(p)
:
Yk ( p )
H ki ( p ) = , Yk ( p ) i =i yk ( t ) , X i ( p ) i =i xi ( t ) .
Xi ( p)
Yk
X i = X i e pt , H ki ( p ) = .
Xi X i = X ie pt
() j, . .
= j.
.
, -
. , -
, , :
1.
. -239-
24.
Ui ( p )
Z ii ( p ) =
;
Ii ( p )
2.
Ii ( p )
Yii ( p ) = ;
Ui ( p )
3.
Uk ( p)
K ki ( p ) = ;
Ui ( p )
4.
Ik ( p )
K Iki ( p ) = ;
Ii ( p )
5.
Uk ( p)
Z ki ( p ) = ;
Ii ( p )
6.
Ik ( p )
Yki ( p ) = ;
Ui ( p )
.
-
, , -
, .
Ei(p),
i- , , k-
ik ( p )
I k ( p ) = Ei ( p ) ,
Z ( p )
. -240-
24.
Z(p) , -
( ); ik(p) -
ikm(p) , i-
, i- , Ei(p), k- -
, k- . ,
Ei ( p ) ik ( p ) Z k ( p )
U k ( p ) = Ik ( p ) Zk ( p ) =
Z ( p )
Ei ( p ) Z ( p ) I ( p ) ii ( p )
Z ii ( p ) = = ; Yii ( p ) = i = ;
I i ( p ) ii ( p ) Ei ( p ) Z ( p )
U k ( p ) ik ( p ) Z k ( p ) U ( p ) ik ( p ) Z k ( p )
K ki ( p ) = = ; Zki ( p ) = k = ;
Ei ( p ) Z ( p ) Ii ( p ) ii ( p )
I k ( p ) ik ( p ) I ( p ) ik ( p )
K Iki ( p ) = = ; Yki ( p ) = k = .
I i ( p ) ii ( p ) Ei ( p ) Z ( p )
N ( p ) an p n + an1 p n1 + + a1 p + a0
H ki ( p ) = = .
M ( p ) bm p m + bm1 p m1 + + b1 p + b0
H ki ( p ) = K
( p p01 )( p p02 )( p p0n ) ,
( p p X 1 )( p p X 2 )( p p Xm )
. -241-
24.
an
K = ; p01, p02, ..., p0n ; pX1,
bm
pX2, ..., pXm Hki(p).
, -
( ,
), K.
-
. , -
,
Yk(p) = Hki(p)Xi(p).
,
1
H ( p ) = H ki ( p ) X i ( p ) 1 h(t ) i =i H ( p ) = H ki ( p ) .
X i ( p )= p
p
G ( p ) = H ki ( p ) X i ( p ) X i ( p )=1 , g ( t ) i =i G ( p ) = H ki ( p ) ,
X i ( p ) = 1 i = ( t ) ( t ) i = ( t )e dt = 1 .
i i pt
7. , 1, -
, -
.
. (. 24.3).
R1 I1() I3() R2
I2()
E1() 1 L
R3
. 24.3
I3 ( p ) E1 ( p ) Z ( p) 1
Y31 ( p ) = = ,
E1 ( p ) ( R1 + R3 + Z ( p ) ) ( R2 + pL ) E1 ( p )
. -242-
24.
R2 + pL
Z ( p) = .
1 + ( R2 + pL ) pC
R, L, C ,
1
Y31 ( p ) = ,
60 10 p + 1210 10-4 p + 80
-7 2
Y31 ( p )
h ( t ) i =i
p
g ( t ) i =i Y31 ( p ) .
1. ?
2. , , -
?
3. ?
4. , -
?
. -243-
25.
. -
. k. .
.
, , -
,
.
, -
, ,
,
.
, -
-
. , -
, ().
().
.
1. () :
) , = 0 ( )
, -
(). . 25.1 -
a() K(), a() -
; K() .
. -
-
.
(. 25.2).
= 0 X -
a, k -
amin. X
k .
) -
, (. 25.3).
) (. 25.4) , -
:
. -244-
25.
() () () ()
1
1 1
2
amin
a
0 0 0 k 0
. 25.1 . 25.2
() ()
1
1
2
0 0
. 25.3
()
1 1
1
2
min
0 1 2 0 1 2
. 25.4 . 25.5
) , , (, ) -
0 < 1 < 2 < ,
Kmin (. 25.5).
) -
, -
()
(. 25.6).
) , ,
, , -
(, ), . 25.7.
. -245-
25.
() ()
0 0 20 30 40 0 0 20 30 40
. 25.6 . 25.7
. 25.8
Z1
Z2 Z2
Z1
. 25.9 . 25.10
2. .
-, - -
(. 25.8).
(. 25.9)
(), . 25.10, .
3. :
) k ( -, - -);
) m ( );
) mm, m1m2 .;
) (
);
) ( ).
4. :
) (LC-);
) (RC-);
) RC-;
. -246-
25.
) (
);
) (, -
).
.
.
,
Z1 = jX1 Z2 = jX2, - -
- - (. 25.8), .
,
, .
, -
, :
, ;
;
( ).
Z1
I1 2 I2
ZT U1 2Z 2 U2 Z = Z
. 25.11
- - (. 25.11)
:
U1 = A11U 2 + A12 I 2 ,
I1 = A21U1 + A22 I 2 .
- -
:
. -247-
25.
.
U1 U1 Z1
A11 = = =1+ ,
U2 U1 4Z 2
I 2 = 0( ) 2Z 2
Z1
+ 2Z 2
2
I1 I1
A22 = = = 1,
I2 U 0( )
I1
2=
I1 I1 1
A21 = = = ,
U2 I 2 = 0( )
I1 2 Z 2 2 Z 2
U1 U1 Z1
A12 = = = .
I2 U 0( )
U1 2
2=
Z1
2
, -
( ) -
- :
A11 A12 Z Z Z
Z C1 = Z T = = 1 + 1 1 2 Z 2 = Z1Z 2 1 + 1 ,
A21 A22 4Z 2 2 4Z 2
( ) g = a + jb -
g Z1
sh = A12 A21 = .
2 4Z 2
- - -
-
(. 25.12),
- -.
- -
. -248-
25.
.
Z1
ch g = A11 A22 = A11 = A22 = 1 + .
2Z 2
Z1 2 Z1 2 Z1 2
2Z 2 2Z 2 2Z 2 2Z 2
. 25.12
-
- .
, -
, -
U1 I1
= = eg .
U 2 I2
, = 0; -
b .
g = a + jb
Z1
ch g = ch jb = cos b = 1 + .
2Z 2
e jb + e jb 1
ch g = ch jb = = ( cos b + j sin b + cos b j sin b ) = cos b.
2 2
cosb , -
-
Z1 Z2, . . Z1 = jX1 ( ),
Z2 = jX2 () . -
, .
cosb 1 +1, ,
Z1 Z X
1 1 + 1, 1 1 0, 1 1 0 .
2Z 2 4Z 2 4X2
. -249-
25.
.
,
, X1 X2 , -
X1 4 X2: |X1| < 4| X2|.
( ) -
,
Z1
1 0.
4Z 2
1. Z1() Z2(), -
Z1
(= 1,
)
2
4 Z ( )
Z1 (
= 0.
)
4 Z 2 ( )
2. Z1() Z2() ,
-
(. 25.13).
3. -
, , . . -
:
Z Z1Z 2
ZT = Z1Z 2 1 + 1 , Z = .
4 Z 2 Z
1+ 1
4Z 2
Z Z
L1 L1
Z1() Z1()
2 2
Z2()
L2 4Z2()
C2 0 0
. 25.13
. -250-
25.
.
Z1() Z2(),
Z1 Z1
1 1+ 0
4Z 2 4Z 2
() Z2() , -
,
. -
-
ZX ZK, -
, ZX ZK -
(. 25.14).
,
Z1
ch g = A11 = 1 + ,
2Z 2
U1 1 U
A11 = , A11 = , = 2 -
U2 I 2 = 0( )
U1
.
1 A11 1 ,
,
1
1 1 1 1.
1.
() = 1.
. -251-
25.
.
Z ZT = Z Z
L1
Z()
2
Z()
L2
2 0 0
. 25.14
, ,
. -
.
:
() - ;
b() .
-
-
g Z1 a b a b a b X1
sh = = sh + j = sh cos + j ch sin = j
2 4Z 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4X2
Z1 = jZ1 Z2 = jZ2.
a b
sh cos = 0,
2 2
ch a sin b = X 1 .
2 2 4X2
a a
= 0, , sh = 0, ch = 1
2 2
b X1
sin = .
2 4X2
X1 X2 ,
()
. -252-
25.
.
X 1 ( )
b ( ) = 2arcsin .
4 X 2 ( )
- () = 0
.
a b
a 0, sh 0, , cos = 0,
2 2
b a x1
b = sin = 1 , , ch = .
2 2 4 x2
x1
a ( ) = 2Arch .
4 x2
b() = .
k.
, ,
1
Z1 2 Z 2 = Z1Z 2 = Z T Z = k 2
2
(k ), k.
.
() , -
= 0 , -
= .
, -
, ;
: ,
.
(. 25.15) Z1 = 0 Z1 = 4Z2.
1
Z1 = jL, Z 2 = .
j C
. -253-
25.
L L L
2 2 2 L
2 2 2
. 25.15
2 4
Z1 = 0 = 0 L = . =
C LC
, ,
2
0 .
LC
(. 25.16)
Z1()
4Z2()
0
. 25.16
, - a()
b() :
X1 LC
a ( ) = 0, b ( ) = 2arcsin = 2arcsin = 2arcsin ,
4X2 4
2
LC = .
. -254-
25.
X1
a ( ) = 2Arch = 2Arch , b ( ) = .
4X2
. 25.17.
2
1
2
0 1,0 0 0,5 1,0
. 25.17
. 25.17
, , -
.
-
2
Z
Z T = Z1Z 2 1 + 1 = k 1 ,
4 Z 2
Z1Z 2 k
Z = = .
Z1
2
1+
1
4Z 2
. 25.18 Z Z .
,
(
, ).
(. 25.17) ,
b, .
. -255-
25.
Z Z
k
k
0 0,5 1,0 0 0,5 1,0
. 25.18
, -
(. 25.19), .
U1 = U1e j ,
I1 (. 25.20).
I1 /2.
Im
L U L1
I1 L I2
2 2
n
U L1 U L2 U
U1 I U Z U 2
I1
U1
Re
. 25.19 . 25.20
U C = U1 U L1 ,
,
,
(. 25.20).
/2
(. 25.21).
n (. 25.19) ,
. -256-
25.
I 2 = I1 I C .
U L1 Im U L1 Im
I I
U L2
I1 U1 I1 U1
0 Re 0 Re
b>0
I2 I2
U U
U2
. 25.21 . 25.22
-
, -
/2 (. 25.22).
, (. 25.22) , -
( U 2 I 2
U1 I1 ,
).
. -257-
25.
RH,
.
-
(. 25.23), -
RH.
Ri L
I
U1 R U2
2 2
. 25.23
U 2 IZ U1 Z 1
K= = = = ,
U1 U1 ( jL + Z )U1 1 + jLY
1 1 C
Y = = +j .
Z RH 2
1 1
K = = ,
2 2 2
2 C 2 L
2
2 2
1 L + 2 1 2 2 + 4 2 2
2 RH RH
L
= .
C
. -258-
25.
||
R = b
2
Z = Z R =
Z = Z
1,0 0,5 R = 2
2
1,0 1,0
0 0,5 0 0,5
8 ||
6,4
R = 10
4,8
3,2
1,6
R = 2
2 f0 10 20 30 f,
b,
240
R = 10
180
120
R = 2
60
2 10 20 30 f,
. 25.24
RH (. 25.24, ).
(RH = )
1
K XX = .
2
1 2 2
=
2
,
L, /2,
. -259-
25.
1 1
0 = = .
C 2
L
2
-
Q ,
(Q ). -
Q = ,
2
Ri + R +
RH
Ri ; R
.
,
U1
a ( ) = 0, = eg ,
U2
,
U2
K = = e a ,
U1
. .
.
(. 25.24, ) , = 0
= || = 1.
(. 25.24, ) -
-
L, /2, .
= 0 b = /2, -
,
( )
/2.
: Q, -
.
. 25.24, - -
L = 20 , RL = 30 , C = 15 ,
. -260-
25.
Ri = 30 -
.
1. - (. 25.25),
,
. -
.
L = 25 , C = 10 , U1 = 150e j 60 B, = 2500 /.
I1 IL L I2
UL
U1 I 1 I 2 U2 Z = Z
. 25.25
. -
1 1
2Z 2 = , Z2 = j = j 20 .
j C 2 2500 105
Z1 < 4 Z 2 , , -
= 0.
Z1Z 2
ZC 2 = Z = = 75 .
Z1
1+
4Z 2
Z1 62,5
b ( ) = 2arcsin = 124 .
4Z 2 80
. -261-
25.
2
= ,
LC
2
C = 2C = = 2820 / .
2 25 103 105
( .)
U1 150e j 60
I1 = = = 2e j 60 = 1 + j1,73 A,
Z 75
U1 150e j 60
I C1 = = = 3,75e j150 = 3,25 + j1,88 A,
2 Z 2 2 ( j 20 )
U 2 150e j 64
I2 = = = I1e g = 2e j 64 = 0,87 j1,8 A,
Z 75
U 2 150e j 64
IC 2 = = = 3,75e j 26 = 3,37 + j1,64 A,
2 Z 2 2 ( j 20 )
UL
IL = = I1 I C1 = 1 + j1,73 ( 3, 25 + j1,88 ) = 4,25 j 0,15 A.
Z1
,
, . 25.26.
. -262-
25.
Im UL
U1
I 1 I1
I 2
0 I L Re
I2
U2
. 25.26
2. , -
, = 4000 /.
Z1 = jL = j 4000 25 103 = j100 O,
1 1
2Z 2 = , Z2 = j = j12,5 O.
j C 2 4000 105
Z1 > 4 Z 2 , , b = 180 -
Z1Z 2
Z = = j 35 .
Z1
1+
4Z 2
Z1 100
a = 2Arch = 1,76 .
4Z 2 4 12,5
U 2 = U1e g = U1e a e jb = 150e j 60 e 1,76e j180 = 25,7e j120 .
U L = U1 U 2 = 150e j 60 25,7e j120 = 175,7e j 60 .
. -263-
25.
:
U1 150e j 60
I1 = = = 4, 24e j150A,
Z j 35
U1 150e j 60
I C1 = = = 6e j150A,
2 Z 2 2 ( j12,5 )
U 2 25,7e j120
I2 = = = I1e g = 0,73e j 30A,
Z j 35
U2 25,7e j120
IC 2 = = = 1,03e j 30A,
2 Z 2 2 ( j12,5 )
UL 175,7e j 60
IL = = I1 I C1 = = 1,757e j 30A.
Z1 j100
Im UL
U1
I 1
I1
I 2
IL Re
I2
U2
. 25.27
-
. 25.27.
1. ?
2. ()?
3. ()?
4. ?
5. ?
6. - -
?
. -264-
26.
. .
() , -
= 0 ,
= .
(. 26.1).
2 2 2
2L L 2L 2L
. 26.1
1 Z1 1
Z1 = , Z 2 = jL, = 1 = 1,
j C 4Z 2 4 L
1
= Z1 = 0 = , . .
2 LC
1
= .
2 LC
. 26.2
.
0
1
42
. 26.2
. -265-
26.
- a() b() -
:
X1
a ( ) = 0, b ( ) = 2arcsin = 2arcsin ;
4X2
Z1
a ( ) = 2 Arch = 2Arch , b ( ) = .
4Z 2
,
. . .
. 26.4
- (. 26.3), ,
,
( ).
UL
Im
U 2
U2
b<0
U1
I1 2 2 I2 I2
I1
IL U 2
U1 U 1 UL U ZH = Z 0 Re
L 2 IL
U 1
. 26.3 . 26.4
b
1,0
0
2
0 1,0
. 26.5
. -266-
26.
, . 26.5.
,
, . .
2
Z
ZT = Z1Z 2 1 + 1 = k 1 ,
4Z 2
Z1Z 2 k
Z = = .
Z1
2
1+
4Z 2 1
Z T Z
. 26.6.
, -
Z T Z
L
k = Z1Z 2 = .
C
ZT
Z
0 1,0 0 1,0
. 26.6
|K(f)|
. -267-
26.
7,5
6,0
4,5
R = 5
3,0
R = 3
1,5
R =
0
3 10 30 f,
b,
50
0
R = 5
50
R =
100 R = 3
150
200
3 10 30 f,
. 26.7
, -
. . 26.7
-
.
1. ?
2. - -
?
3.
?
. -268-
27.
. -
. .
-
, -
, ,
.
(. 27.1)
0, ; -
.
L1 L1 L1
21 21 21 L1 1
2 2 2
2L2 2
2L2 L2 2 2L2
2 2
2
2
2
. 27.1
L1 L1
Z1 = 0 Z1 = 0 21 21
2 2
Z2 = 2 L2
. 27.2
(, -)
. 0 -
, -
(. 27.2, ).
, . .
a = 0 (|| = 1). > 0 -
. -269-
27.
,
(. 27.2, ). , -
,
= 0 = B.
< 0 -
, .
(. 27.2, ) , -
, H = , = 0.
1 0
Z1 = j L1 = j1 ,
C1 0
L2
C2 2
Z2 = = .
1 0
j L2 j
C2 0
L1 L2
1 = , 2 = , ( ) -
C1 C2
B, H = 0 ( q + 1 q ) ,
1 1 L C
0 = = , q = 2 = 1 , 0 = H B , . . -
L1C1 L2C2 L1 C2
H B.
. 27.3 -
.
.
- a() -
b() ,
Z1 1 0
a ( ) = 0, b ( ) = 2arcsin = 2arcsin ;
4Z 2 2q 0
Z1 1 0
b ( ) = , a ( ) = 2Arch = 2Arch .
4Z 2 2q 0
. -270-
27.
. 27.4.
j
42
1
0 0
42
0 0
. 27.3
0 0
0
0
. 27.4
. -271-
27.
U2 Z2 1 1
K XX = = = = .
U1 Z1 Z1
1 0
2
Z2 + 1+
2 2 Z 2 1 + 2q
0
, -
= 0, = H = .
= 1
(. 27.5), 2C1, L2,
= 11 K XX ( ) , -
L1/2 C2.
|K|
Z =
Z = Z
0 I 0 II
. 27.5
-
, , -
.
-
2
Z L1 1 0
Z T = Z1Z 2 1 + 1 = 1 .
4Z 2 C2 4q 0
Z T . 27.6, .
-
L1
Z1Z 2 C2
.
Z = =
Z1 2
1+ 1 0
4Z 2 1
4q 0
. -272-
27.
Z . 27.6, .
-
, (. 27.7).
Z Z
L1
L1
C2 C2
0 0 0 0
. 27.6
|K(f)|
2,5
R = 4500
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
R = 1500
1 10 100 f,
b(f),
240 R = 4500
120
0
R = 1500
120
240
1 10 100 f,
. 27.7
. -273-
27.
(. 27.8) , -
.
L1 L1 L1
L1
2 2 2
. 27.8
= 0 , -
(. 27.9, ), . . -
.
> 0 -
, , . .
(. 27.9, ), -
B.
, , 0, -
, -
.
(. 27.9, ),
.
L1 L1
Z1 = Z1 = 21 21 2 2
Z2 = 0 L2 C2
. 27.9
. -274-
27.
(. 27.10)
L1
C1 1 1 0
Z1 = = Z 2 = j L2 = j2 ,
1 0 C 2 0
j L1 j
C1 0
0 1 1
B, H = + 16 ,
4 q q
L2 C1
q = = .
L1 C2
42
1
0 0
. 27.10
Z1 1
a ( ) = 0, b ( ) = 2arcsin = 2arcsin ,
4Z 2 0
2q
0
Z1 1
b ( ) = , a ( ) = 2Arch = 2Arch .
4Z 2 0
2q
0
. 27.11.
. -275-
27.
b
a
0 0
0 0
. 27.11
- -
:
Z L1 1
ZT = Z1Z 2 1 + 1 = 1 2
,
4Z 2 C2 0
4q
0
L1
Z1Z 2 C2
Z = = .
Z1 1
1+ 1 2
4Z 2 0
4q
0
Z T Z . 27.12.
Z
Z
L1 L1
C2 C2
0 0 0 0
. 27.12
. -276-
27.
|K(f)|
3,0
2,4
R = 4500
1,8
1,2
0,6 R = 1500
1 10 100 f,
b(f),
200
100
R = 1500
R = 4500
0
100
200
1 10 100 f,
. 27.13
< 0, > 0, -
-
(. 27.13).
1. ?
2. ( )
?
3. -
?
4. ?
5. ?
. -277-
28. M
m. m.
m.
k -
, , -
,
, . ,
k-
, -
.
k
m .
m -
, ,
-
.
m - (. 28.1, a) k,
Z1 Z2 , , , -
, k-,
. (. 28.1, ) -
-,
Z Z
Z1Z 2 1 + 1 = Z1m Z 2 m 1 + 1m ;
4Z 2 4Z 2m
Z Z
Z1Z 2 1 + 1 = Z1m Z 2 m 1 + 1m =
4Z 2 4Z 2m
mZ1 m 2 Z12
= mZ1Z 2 m 1 + = mZ1Z 2 m + ,
4 Z 2m 4
Z 2 1 m2
Z 2m = + Z1 ,
m 4m
. -278-
28. M
. . Z2m . -
m (. 28.1, ) -
-. - -
m.
Z1 Z1m mZ1
2 2 2
2Z 2
Z m
2Z2 Z = Zm 2Z2m Zm 1 m2
Z1
2m
. 28.1
k-- -
Z
-, Z 2 m = 2 , 0 < m < 1 ,
m
Z1Z 2 Z1m Z 2 m
Z = Z m , = ,
Z1 Z1m
1 + 1 +
4Z 2 4Z 2m
Z2
Z1m
Z1Z 2 m ; Z Z + mZ1Z1m = Z1m Z 2 + Z1m Z1 ,
= 1 2
Z1 Z1m m 4 m 4m
1+ 1+
4Z 2 4Z 2
1 1 1 m2 1
= + ,
Z1m mZ1 4m Z 2
. . Z1m
(. 28.2, ) - . -
- - (. 28.2, , ).
. -279-
28. M
Zm 2m 2m 2m 4m 2Z 2
Z2 Z2 Z2 2Z 2 Z2
1 m 2
Zm 1 m 2
Z2 1 m 2 1 m2 m
2Z 2 m
m
m
. 28.2
Z1m Z2m -
, -
m
Z 1 m2
mZ1 2 + Z1
m 4m Z1
Z m =
Z1m Z 2 m
Z
=
mZ1
= Z 1 + 1 m 2
4Z 2
( )
1 + 1m 1+
4Z 2m Z2 1 m2
4 + Z1
m 4m
Z ZT
ZTm = Z1m Z 2 m 1 + 1m = .
4 Z 2 m 1 + 1 m 2 Z1
4 Z 2
( )
Z1 Z1
Z1Z 2 1 + 1+
k Z 4Z 2 4Z 2 Z1
= Tm = = = F .
Z m k Z1 Z1 4Z 2
(
Z1Z 2 1 + 1 m 2 )
4Z 2
(
1 + 1 m
2
) 4 Z 2
. 28.3 ,
Z1
= ,
4 Z 2
. -280-
28. M
Z1
= .
4Z 2
k Z m
,
Z m k
m = 0,3 m = 0,4
1,5
m = 0,6
1,0
m = 0,75
0,5 m=1
Z1
0 1,0 4Z 2
0,5
( = )
. 28.3
, m
. -
Zm ZTm m = 0,6,
.
k
m .
,
Z1
m2
Z1m 4Z 2
= .
(
4 Z 2 m 1 + 1 m 2 Z1
4Z 2
)
Z1m Z Z1m Z
, = 0 , 1 = 0 , = 1 , 1 = 1 .
4Z 2m 4Z 2 4Z 2m 4Z 2
m.
- a() = 0,
. -281-
28. M
Z1
m2
Z1m 4Z 2
a ( ) = 2Arch = 2Arch .
4Z 2m
(
1+ 1 m 2 Z1
4Z 2
)
(
1 + 1 m 2 ) 4ZZ
4
Z1m
1
Z
=0
, ,
2 2m
. , -
(. 28.1, )
, -
, .
- (. 28.2)
,
.
Z
1 , k -
4Z 2
, m ,
Z1m m2
. - m
4Z 2m 1 m2
. 28.4. , m,
-
a().
6 m = 0,75
m = 0,6
4 m = 0,3
m=1
Z1
0 1,0 4Z 2
1,5 2,0
( = )
. 28.4
. -282-
28. M
m.
m -
, (. 28.5, , ) -
- ; . 28.6 -
).
L mL
2 2 mL
Zm 1 m2 1 m2
Z Z = Zm 1 m2 L
L L 2m
2m m 2m m m
2
2 2 2
. 28.5
mL mL mL
L 2 2 2
2
Z = Zm m Zm
Z
1 m2 1 m2 1 m2
2
2 2m 2m m 2m
. 28.6
k (. 28.5, )
, -
. ,
(. 28.6, , ), , -
.
(. 28.6)
, , -
.
-
(. 28.5, , ) (. 28.6) :
. -283-
28. M
m
1 2
= 0 = = = ,
(1 m ) L mC
2
LC 1 m 2 1 m2
2m 2
1
= 0 = = .
(1 m ) C mL
2
1 m2
2m 2
m = 1 m k (. 28.5, ).
- m
. 28.7.
0 0
. 28.7
k m
(. 28.7, ),
. . -
. ,
> .
-
, ,
-
(. 28.8, ). ,
- , > 0 -
, , m
(. 28.8, ).
/2
(. 28.8, ), -
/2, -
. (. 28.8, )
. -284-
28. M
m
/2 (. 28.8, ),
/2, , .
, m
, k, -
.
, -
(. 28.9, )
, > k
, m.
. 28.9, -
m, - k
L = 20 , RL = 30 , C = 15 , m = 0,6 -
Ri = 30 .
, m, k, -
. -
, ,
k m. -
k m, -
.
. 28.10
, - - -
m k. . 28.11 , -
- - m
k.
I I
U1 U2 U1 U2
Im Im
U1 I U1
90
U2 U2
0 90 Re 0 Re
. 28.8
. -285-
28. M
m
Z =
b
Z = Z, m Z = Z, m
1 k
Z = Z, Z =
2
2
2
0 0 0 0
5 |K|
4 R = 4
1 R = 1
2 10 20 30 f,
225 b,
150 R = 4
75
R = 1
0
75
2 10 20 30 f,
. 28.9
mL L L mL
2 2 2 2
1 m2 2 Zm
L
Zm = Z Z = Zm 1 m L
2m C 2m m
m
Zm
2 2
. 28.10
. -286-
28. M
m
mL mL
L
m m
1 m2 1 m2
2 2 2 2
2m 2m
. 28.11
a = k + m
m 1
k
0
0
1,25 |K|
1
R = 800
0,75
k m
0,5
0,25
k+m
2 10 20 30 f,
b,
480
360
k+m
240
120 k
m
0
120
2 10 20 30 f,
. 28.12
. -287-
28. M
m
k m:
= ak + am ,
ak am k m (. 28.12, ).
. 28.12, -
.
. 28.12, : -
- m, -
k L= 20 , RL = 30 ,
C = 15 , m = 0,6, -
Ri = 30 , (. 28.10),
RH = 800 .
m.
m -
k (. 28.13, , ) - (. 28.13, , )
- (. 28.13, , ) .
2
2 m m
2L 2L 2L
2L m m m
2m 2m 2m
1 m2 1 m2 1 m2
2m 2m 2m
L L L
1 m 2
1 m 2 1 m2
2
2 2L 2 L 2
2L
m m m m m
. 28.13
. -288-
28. M
m
5 |K|
4 R = 4
1
R = 1
1 2 10 20 30 40 f,
b,
50
R = 4
0
50
R = 1
100
150
200
1 2 10 20 30 40 f,
. 28.14
m, -
, . 28.14, , .
. -289-
28. M
m
= 0 = -
, > ,
-
.
. 28.14, -
m, - k
L= 20 , RL = 30 , C = 15 , m = 0,6,
Ri = 30 .
a = k + m
2 2 m
m 2 2 m
2L 2L
2m m L m 2m
k
1 m 2 1 m2
0
1,25 |K|
1,00
m
0,75
k
0,5
0,25
k+m
1 2 10 20 30 40 f,
b,
100
0 m
100 k
k+m
200
300
400
1 2 10 20 30 40 f,
. 28.15
. -290-
28. M
m
-
. -
k- m- (. 28.15, ), -
. 28.15, .
. 28.15, : -
- m, -
k L = 20 , RL = 30 , C = 15 ,
m = 0,6,
Ri = 30 , (. 28.15, ), -
RH = 800 .
m.
, -
m -
- -, - - .
. 28.16, - k, -
- -
(. 28.16, ) - - (. 28.16, ) -
m .
2m 2m
L2 21 21 L2
2
L1 1 m m m 1 m2
21 mL1 mL1 2L1
2 2 2
1 m2 1 1 m2
L1 L1
2m 2 2m
2m 2m
1 m2 1 m2 1
2L2 2 2 L 2 1 m 2 1 m2 1 m2
2m 2
m2 2m
2 2L2 2 2L2
2
m m2 m
2
. 28.16
-
(. 28.16, , ) . 28.17, , . -
, , -
k, -
, k.
. 28.17, -
- k, m- (. 28.16, ),
RH = 1,5 .
. -291-
28. M
m
1 1
0 0 2 2
0 1 1 0 2 2
1,6 |K|
1,2
R = 1,5
0,8
m
0,4
k
0
0,3 1 20 30 100 f,
. 28.17
2m 2m
L1 L2 mL1 mL1 L2
mL1 1 m2
2 1 m2 2 2
2L2 1 2L2
21 m m m
m2 m2 1 m2 21 2L2 21
2m 2 m 1 m2
2 1 2 m m 2
2 1 m2 2m 2m
2L 1 m2
2 2 1 m2 L1 m2
L1 2m
2m 2m 2
1
1 m2
. 28.18
. -292-
28. M
m
a
b
0 1 1 0 2 2
1 1
0 0 2 2
1,6 |K|
R = 1
1,2
k
0,8
0,4
m
0
1 10 20 30 40 f,
. 28.19
- - -
- m,
- k (. 28.18, ), . 28.18, , . -
-
. 28.19, , .
. 28.19, -
- k m-
(. 28.18, ), RH = 1 .
1. m?
2. m -
m ?
3. m?
4. m
k?
. -293-
29.
RC- . RC- . -
RC-. RC-.
, ,
.
(RC-), -
. ,
, . .
.
RC- .
(. 29.1) -
. , .
, -
, .
, , --
(. 29.1, ).
R R R
I R
2 2 2
U1
U2
2 2 2
. 29.1
1
1
0
2
4
0
2
. 29.2
. -294-
29.
RC-
U2 2 U1
K= , U2 = I , I= ,
U1 j C R 2
+
2 j C
U1 2 U1
U2 = = .
R
+
2 jC 1 + jCR
2 j C 4
U2 1
K= = ,
U1 1 + j
4
= ; = (-
RC
R 2
, = ).
2 C
K = K e j .
1
K () = , ( ) = arctg .
2
1+
, ,
. 29.2.
RC- .
RC- -
, RC- (. 29.3).
, -
U2 1
K= = ,
U1 1 + 1
j
. -295-
29.
RC-
1
= .
4RC
I 2 2
2
U1 U2 R 2R 2R
2R
. 29.3
1
1
2
2
4
0 0
. 29.4
1 1
K () = , ( ) = arctg .
1
1+
2
. 29.4.
RC-.
RC-
- (. 29.5). -
, .
I1 I2
R
m
U1 U min R U2
. 29.5
. -296-
29.
RC-
,
:
U mn
U 2 = I 2 R, I 2 = , U mn = I1Z mn ,
1
R+
j C
1 1
+ R
U1 jC jC
.
I1 = , Z mn =
R + Z mn 1 1
+ +R
j C j C
U1 R 1
K= Z mn =
R + Z mn 1 U1
R+
jC
1 1
= = ,
1 1
3 + j CR 3+ j
CR
1
0 = ; = .
RC 0
1 1 1
K = , = arctg .
1
2 3
2
3 +
. 29.6.
,
RC- , ( = 30).
, ,
2
,
1 1
= .
2 3 2
1
32 +
. -297-
29.
RC-
1
max = 2
3
max
4
2
0 0,30 0 3,30
4
0 0,30 0 3,30
2
. 29.6
2
1 2
9 + = 18 11 + 1 = 0,
1 2
1 = 0,3 2 = 3,3 = 0,3, = 3,3 1 = 0,30,
0 0
2 = 3,30.
0 -
, -
.
RC-.
RC- (. 29.7), -
- .
RC- .
I2
R R
I1 2 R
U1 U2
2
. 29.7
. -298-
29.
RC-
1 2
0 0
0 0
2
. 29.8
( ) ( ). -
, -
- , , -
. ,
, -
(. 29.8).
RC-
.
,
, , , .
1. RC-?
2. RC- -
?
3. RC- ?
4.
?
. -299-
30.
. .
, -
. -
, , -
, , . ., , -
,
-
. -
, ,
.
, ,
-
.
.
-
( , -
, -
. ., (0,050,1), -
).
() -
, 16 ,
,
(. 30.1, ).
.
. -
, -
, .
.
200 .
- , .
, -
(. 30.1, ), -
().
. -300-
30.
, , -
,
. .
. 30.1
. 30.2
( ) -
(. 30.2, )
. -
. -
.
, -
(. 30.2, ).
. -
-
. ,
, ,
.
. -301-
30.
, . -
,
.
.
, , -
( ),
, , .
-
(. 30.3).
, . . , :
dL
L1 = , /; C1 = dC ,
dx dx
dR dg
/; R1 = , /; g1 = -
dx dx
, /.
Z
. 30.3
-
.
, , -
.
X <<
, X 0
, .
(. 30.4),
L = L1X, C = C1X,
R = R1X, g = g1X.
. -302-
30.
i ( + ) i( )
R1 L1 Z1 Z1 Z1
Y1 Y1
1 g1 U ( )
U ( + )
. 30.4 . 30.5
-
(. 30.5), Z1 = R1+jL1 -
, Y1 = g1 + jC1 -
. . . .
. U ( X + X ) , U ( X ) , I ( X + X ) , I ( X ) -
-
,
U ( x + x ) U ( x ) Z1x I ( x ) = 0,
I ( x + x ) I ( x ) Y1x U ( x + x ) = 0.
I ( x + x ) I ( x ) Y1x U ( x ) = 0 .
U ( x + x ) U ( x )
= Z1 I ( x ) ,
x
I ( x + x ) I ( x ) = Y U x .
1 ( )
x
X 0,
, -
. -303-
30.
dU
x = Z1 I ( x ) ,
dI = Y U ( x ) .
x 1
,
-
, :
d 2U dI d 2U
2 = Z1 = Z1YU 1 , Z1YU
1 = 0,
x dx x 2
2
d I = Y dU = Z YI , d 2I
Z1Y1I = 0.
x 2 1
dx
1
x 2
, :
U ( x ) = Ae kx + Be kx ,
I ( x ) = Ce + De ,
kx kx
k = Z1Y1 .
, -
.
:
= 0 U ( x ) = U H , I ( x ) = I H
U ( 0 ) = A + B = U H ,
I (0) = C + D = IH ,
dU ( 0 ) = k A B = Z I ,
( )
dx 1 H
dI ( 0 ) = k C D = YU
( ) 1 H,
dx
. -304-
30.
1 1
A=
2
(U H + Z B I H ) , B=
2
(U H Z B I H ) ,
1 U 1 U
C = IH + H , D = IH H ,
2 ZB 2 ZB
Z1
Z B = .
Y1
U ( x ) I ( x ) ,
( )
U ( x ) = U H ch kx + Z B I H sh kx ,
( )
U
( )
I ( x ) = I H ch kx + H sh kx .
ZB
( )
R1 = g1 = 0,
.
k= ( R1 + jL1 )( g1 + jC1 ) = j L1C1 = j ,
,
.
R1 + jL1 L
ZB = = 1 = ,
g1 + jC1 C1
U ( x ) = U H cos ( x ) + jI H sin ( x ) ,
UH
I ( x ) = I H cos ( x ) + j sin ( x ) .
,
.
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
. -305-
31.
. (-
) .
, -
, .
RH = , U H = I H,
U ( x ) = U H cos ( x ) + jU H sin ( x ) = U H e jx ,
I ( x ) = I H cos ( x ) + jI H sin ( x ) = I H e .
jx
U H = U mH e (
j t + )
,
U ( x ) = U mH e j( t +x+ )
j ( t +x + )
I ( x ) = I mH e ,
u ( x, t ) = U mH cos ( t + x + ) ,
i ( x, t ) = I mH cos ( t + x + ) .
:
1. -
, -
.
2. -
.
X = V(t2 t1) (. 31.1).
. -306-
31.
3.
x (. 31.2)
( x) .
U(, t) I(, t)
t2 > t1 U(, t1) U(, t2)
= V(t2 t1)
. 31.1
t
t
t
U(x, t)
2
T=
2 1 x1 0
x2 t =
t =
. 31.2
x = -
2
2, . . x = = 2, = .
. -307-
31.
V 2V
= = , V . -
f
1
, = L1C1 , , V = = = , . .
2 L1C1
L1 1.
4. -
.
5.
U ( x)
Z BX = = ,
I ( x)
-
, .
k= ( R1 + jL1 )( g1 + jC1 ) = + j ,
(
); . -
.
Z H = Z B .
( ) ( )
U ( x ) = U H ch kx + sh kx = U H e kx ,
U ( x ) = U mH ex e (
j t +x + )
,
u ( x, t ) = U mH ex cos ( t + x + ) .
( )
I ( x ) = I H ch kx + sh kx ,
( )
U H kx U mH x j( t +x +Z )
I ( x) = e = e e ,
ZH ZB
U mH x
i ( x, t ) = e cos ( t + x + Z ) .
ZB
. -308-
31.
U m 0 = U m e ,
I m 0 = I m e , ,
1 U m0 1 I m0
= n = n .
U mH I mH
,
(. 31.3).
U mn , I mn
U m0
Um
U mn
I m0
Im
I mn
Z= x
0
. 31.3
U, i
U
i
z
=
. 31.4
-
. . 31.4
.
, z, -
.
. -309-
31.
() .
()
k Z B .
2 2 = R1 g1 2 L1C1 ,
2 = ( L1 g1 + C1R1 ) .
:
=
1
2
R1 g1 2 L1C1 + (R 2
1 )( )
+ 2 L12 g12 + 2C12 ,
=
1 2
2
L1C1 R1 g1 + (R2
1 )( )
+ 2 L12 g12 + 2C12 .
,
R1 << L1, g1 << C1.
R g R g
k= jL1 1 j 1 jC1 1 j 1 = j L1C1 1 j 1 1 j 1 .
L1 C1 L1 C1
R g1
1 1 1 ,
L1 C1
R1 R g1 g
1 j 1 j 1 , 1 j 1 j 1 ,
L1 2L1 C1 2C1
x x2
1 x 1 x 1 .
2 4
R g Rg
k j L1C1 1 j 1 j 1 21 1 .
2L1 2C1 4 L1C1
. -310-
31.
()
R1g1
, ,
42 L1C1
R1 C1 g1 L1
k + + j L1C1 .
2 L1 2 C1
,
R C1 g1 L1
( 0 ) R1 g1 ( ) 1 + (. 31.5),
2 L1 2 C1
.
, g1 0,
R C1 R1
= 1 .
2 L1 2
,
, -
.
,
R1 C1 g1 L1
+
2 L1 2 C1
R1g1
. 31.5
ZB =
R1 + jL1
=
( )=Z
R1 1 + j RL11
e j z .
g (1 + j )
B
g1 + jC1 1
C1
g1
. -311-
31.
()
R1 L1
= 0 Z B = , Z B = .
g1 C1
R12 + 2 L12 1 L C
ZB = 4 2 2 2
, z = arctg 1 arctg 1 .
g1 + C1 2 R1 g1
C L
1 > 1 ,
g1 R1
(. 31.6).
Z B , Z
R1
ZB
g1
L1
C1
0
Z
. 31.6
, -
, ,
.
V= = =
1 2
2
L1C1 R1 g1 + ( R12 + 2 L12 )( g12 + 2
C12 )
1 1
= .
L1C1
1 Rg R12 g12
1 2 1 1 + 1 + 1 +
2 L1C1 2 L12 2C12
. . . , V -
22,5 . . 31.7
. -312-
31.
()
V, /
f,
. 31.7
1 ,
2 , 3
.
V f , -
;
.
( ):
V
= = VT < .
f
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
6. ?
. -313-
32.
. . ,
.
:
) ;
) ;
) (L C).
.
,
, ,
,
.
U ( x ) = U H cos ( x ) = U mH cos ( x ) e j( t + ) ,
UH U mH
j t ++ 2
I ( x ) = j sin ( x ) = sin ( x ) e .
u ( x, t ) = U mH cos ( x ) cos ( t + ) ,
U mH
i ( x, t ) = sin ( x ) cos t + + .
2
:
1. -
.
2. cosx,
sinx (. 32.1).
, -
t . , -
, cosx = 0
sinx = 0 , , n-
X n 0 = ( 2n + 1) n- X n 0 = n , n = 0, 1, 2...
4 2
. -314-
32.
, , -
.
cosx = 1 X nm = n sinx = 1 X nm = ( 2n + 1) .
2 4
3. -
, -
(. 32.2).
Umn i (x, t )
t1
t1 = ,
t6 t3 t2
t2 = t1 + ,
X 8
0
5 3 t4 t3 = t1 + ,
2 4
4 4 4
3
t5 t4 = t1 + ,
8
t5 = t1 + ,
i (x, t ) 2
U mn 3
t6 t6 = t1 + .
4
t1 t2
t5
X
5 3 t4 0
4 4 4
2
t3
. 32.1
. -315-
32.
t
t
t
3
U(x, t) 5 2
4
X 3
4
5 3 2
4
4 2 04
4
. 32.2
4.
U ( x ) U H cos x
Z BX = = = j ctg x ,
I ( x) UH
j sin x
. . . -
, , ,
, .
. 32.3.
XBX ,
XBX , .
X BX = n X = ( 2n + 1) , -
2 4
.
X = n XBX , -
2
.
UH
( )
U ( x ) = U H ch kx , I ( x ) =
ZB
sh kx( )
. -316-
32.
-
,
.
3
X
4 2 4
0
. 32.3
-
, ,
+ j -
:
U ( x ) = U H ch ( + j ) x = U H [ ch x cos x + j sh x sin x ] ,
UH U
I ( x) = sh ( + j ) x = H [sh x cos x + j ch x sin x ].
ZB ZB
ch 2x = ch 2 x + sh 2 x, cos 2x = cos 2 x sin 2 x,
ch 2 x sh 2 x = 1
. -317-
32.
1
U ( x) = U H ( ch 2x + cos 2x ) ,
2
UH 1
I ( x) = ( ch 2x cos 2x ).
2
. 32.4 -
. . 32.4 , -
.
|U()| |I()|
|U|
X X
0 0
. 32.4
, -
-
. -
, -
,
.
,
.
U ( x) U ch kx
Z BX = = H = Z B cth kx = RBX + jX BX .
I ( x) UH
sh kx
ZB
. -318-
32.
X
3 0
4 2 4
X
3 0
4 2 4
. 32.5
chkx shkx
,
th x
RBX = ,
th x cos 2 x + sin 2 x
2
1 1 sin 2 x
X BX = 1 2 .
2 th x cos 2 x + 1 sin 2 x
th 2 x
. -319-
32.
. 32.5.
Z H = 0 U H = 0 ,
U ( x ) = jI H sin x,
I ( x ) = I H cos x.
u ( x, t ) = [I mH sin x ] cos t + + ,
2
i ( x, t ) = [ I cos x ] cos ( t + ) .
mH
, , ,
. :
1. sinx,
cosx, , -
-
.
2.
, -
, .
3.
U ( x ) jI H sin x
Z BX = = = j tg x = jX BX ,
I ( x) I H cos x
. . -
/2 .
. 32.6
.
, /4, -
,
. , /4,
, , , -
.
. -320-
32.
, -
, (. 32.7). -
11 -
,
. -
, . .
.
X
3 0
4 2 4
. 32.6
1
1
4
4
. 32.7
( ) ( )
U ( x ) = Z B I H ch kx , I ( x ) = I H sh kx .
. -321-
32.
1
U ( x) = I H ( ch 2x cos 2x ) ,
2
1
I ( x) = I H ( ch 2x + cos 2x ).
2
. 32.8.
Z B I H sh kx
Z BX = = Z B th kx = RBX + jX BX .
I H ch kx
|U()| |I()|
|I|
0 0
. 32.8
3 0
4 2 4
. 32.9
. -322-
32.
3 0
4 2 4
. 32.10
1
RBX = th x ,
1
2
cos 2 x + sin 2 x
th x
1 1 sin 2 x
X BX = 2 .
2 ch x cos 2 x + th 2 x sin 2 x
. 32.9, . 32.10.
, .
Z H = jX H ,
U H = I H jX H .
U ( x ) = U H cos x + sin x ,
XH
I x = j U H sin x cos x .
( )
XH
. -323-
32.
,
X H2 + 2 XH
= cos b , = sin b ,
XH X H2 + 2 X H2 + 2
. . X H2 + 2
U ( x) = U H cos x cos b + sin x ,
XH X H2 + 2
. . X H2 + 2
U ( x) = U H cos ( x b ) ,
XH
. U X H2 + 2
I ( x) = j H sin ( x b ) ,
XH
b = arctg .
XH
X 2 + 2
u ( x, t ) = U mn
cos ( x b ) cos ( t + ) ,
X
U X 2 + 2
i ( x, t ) = mn
sin ( x b ) cos t + + .
X 2
:
1) , ,
;
X H2 + 2
2) ,
XH
;
3) , os(x b) = 0, . .
b
x b = ( 2n + 1) , X 0 n = ( 2n + 1) + ;
2 4 2
4) sin(x b) = 0, . .
b
X 0i = n + .
2 2
1
X H = ,
C H
b = arctg < 0 < b < 0
XH 2
. -324-
32.
,
3
; -
4 4
(. 32.11). , -
< .
4
1
j ctg = j ,
CH
1 1
= arcctg .
C H
(X = L > 0),
3
X 0n = ; ( 2n + 1) (. 32.12).
4 4 4
|U|, |I|
|U|
|I|
3 0
4 2 4
0 1
= =
3
4 2 4
. 32.11
. -325-
32.
,
|U|, |I|
|I| |U|
3 0
4 2 4
= = L
3 0
4 2 4
. 32.12
< , -
4
, X = L.
j tg = jLH ,
L
= arctg H .
2
. -326-
32.
1. ?
2. -
?
3. -
?
4.
?
5. ,
/4?
. -327-
33.
. .
, , -
RH , ,
.
, -
RH.
, RH , U H = RH I H ,
U ( x ) = U H cos x + j sin x ,
RH
UH R
I ( x) = cos x + j H sin x .
RH
2
U ( x ) = U mH 2
cos x + sin x ,
RH
2
U R
I ( x ) = mH cos 2 x + H sin x .
RH
-
-
.
. 33.1
RH > .
. -
2
,
,
:
U U U
RBX min = min = min max = = K ,
I max U max I max K CB
U m
U max = U m , U min = .
R
. -328-
33.
|U(x)|
|Umax|
. .
|Umin|
. .
3 0
4 2 4 |I(x)|
|Imax|
. .
. .
|Imin|
3 0
4 2 4
. 33.1
|Umin| |Imin| -
, RH ,
. RH (RH )
.
-
()
U min I
K = = min = < 1.
U max I max RH
, ,
()
1 U I
K = = max = max > 1 .
K U min I min
-
.
. -329-
33.
U
U =
U
I
i = .
I
U ( x ) = A e kx + B e kx = U + U ,
I ( x ) = e kx + e kx = I + I .
B 2 kx U H Z B I H 2 kx
U = e = e ,
A U H + ZBIH
D 2 kx U Z B I H 2 kx
i = e = H e .
C U H + ZBIH
. . U = i . x = 0
U H ZBIH ZH ZB
= U = = .
U H + ZBIH ZH + ZB
, K K.
,
U min U U 1
K = = = .
U max U + U 1 +
R < , -
,
. -
U min R 1
K = = = .
U max K
. -330-
33.
, ,
Z BX = RBX + jX BX ,
2 RH
RBX = 2 ,
cos 2 x + RH2 sin 2 x
X BX =
( )
2 RH2 sin 2x
.
cos x + RH2 sin 2 x
2 2
R X R >
. 33.2.
R
R
=5 5
R
=2 2
3 0
4 2 4
X
2
R
=5
3 0
4 2 4
R
=2
2
. 33.2
. -331-
33.
R X R < -
. 33.2, = 0 -
0 < x < -
4
.
, = n/4 (n = 1,
2, 3, ...), , , -
(
) ( -
). -
.
n/4 . -
n/4 -
, ,
-
. , -
Z H = RH + jX H . -
(. 33.3).
|U()|, |I()|
|I()| |U()|
|U|
|I|
+ + 3 + +
0
4 2 4 R, X
R
R
0
+ 3
+ + +
4 2 4
. 33.3
. -332-
33.
-
, -
:
2 RH
RBX = 2 ,
cos 2 x + ( RH2 + X H2 )sin 2 x X H sin 2x
X BX =
( 2
)
RH2 X H2 sin x cos x + X H cos 2x
.
2 2
cos x + ( RH2 + X H2 )sin 2 x X H sin 2 x
, -
,
.
-
, ,
, , , -
, :
U min U U 1
RBX min = = min max = = K .
I max U max I max K CB
, ,
, ,
,
KCB .
.
, -
, ,
. -333-
33.
, , -
.
,
:
1. -
, . . .
2.
, . . V ;
V = /, ,
.
, -
,
-
, -
.
3. .
4. -
.
5. .
.
,
R
1+ 1
R1 + jL1 jL1 jL1
ZB = = ,
g1 + jC1 jC1 1 + g1
jC1
R1 g1 L R1
= ZB = = 1 = .
L1 C1 C1 g1
R1 L
k = ( R1 + jL1 )( g1 + jC1 ) = ( g1 + jC1 ) Z B = g1 + jC1 1 =
g1 C1
= R1 g1 + j L1C1 = + j.
, ,
R g
1 = 1 ( ; 1893 .)
L1 C1
, ,
.
. -334-
33.
.
L1 C1
< . ,
R1 g1
L1 g1 R1 C1.
R1 ,
. g1 . -
C1 , -
. -
-
-
, 1900 .
, :
) ;
) ;
) ,
.
, -
-
.
.
.
, , -
-
.
PH
= ,
P0
PH , PH = P.H P.H; P0 -
, P0 = P 0 P 0.
2 2
P. . U . U .
= = ,
P 0 0 2
U 2
0 U 0
2
U . 2
U .
2
U 0
2
U 0
.
P = , = , P = , = .
Z
.
Z
0
Z
0
Z
B B B B
. -335-
33.
2
U .H
2 1 2
U . U U 1
2
= . = .
U 0 2 2
,
U U
0 1 0
1 0
U 0
U U
= .H , 0 = 0
U . U 0
.
U.H = U 0 U 0 = U.H , |0| = || ,
2 2 2
2 1 2 1 1
= 2
= 2
= 2
.
1 0 1 4 2 2
= 0, 01 = 0, 02
= 0, 03
= 0, 08
= 0,12
. 33.4
, .
= (||) . 33.4.
,
(|| = 0). || = 0, -
:
max = 2 , << 1 max 1 2 .
. 33.4 , || = 1 ( ), = 0, . .
.
. -336-
33.
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. -
?
6.
?
. -337-
34.
. -
.
.
, -
, -
, .
,
( Z H Z B ) . -
, .
, -
Z H ,
. , -
, , -
.
.
11
(. 34.1, ) , Y11 -
YB = 1/.
,
. . 1931 .
(t )
(t )
Z R =
Um
(t ) 1
1 Z
(t )
L
1 1
. 34.1
. -338-
34.
-
,
( ). -
,
.
, -
,
. -
, 11
YB = 1/, (. 34.1, ) -
(, ).
-
11 -
,
-
Y11 ( Y
). -
-
(. 34.1, ), ZK
.
, 11
, , . . -
11
. 11
.
,
. 34.1, . ,
, ,
11.
,
.
Z H + j tg ( x )
Z = ,
+ jZ H tg ( x )
Z H = RH
1 1 + jRH tg ( x )
YBX = = .
Z RH + j tg ( x )
. -339-
34.
-
,
1 RH + RH tg ( x ) 1 R tg ( x ) tg ( x )
2 2 2
YBX = +j .
R2 + 2 tg 2 ( x ) R2 + 2 tg 2 ( x )
,
1/
1 1 RH + RH tg ( X )
2
= ,
R2 + 2 tg 2 ( X )
R2 + 2 tg 2 ( X ) = RH + RH tg 2 ( X ) ,
RH R2 RH RH
tg ( X ) = 2
2
= , tg ( X)= ,
RH
R
X = arctg H .
2
-
-
11:
)
Z = j tg ( ),
1 R tg ( X ) tg ( ),
2 2
1 X
= j
j tg ( ) R2 + 2 tg 2 ( X )
(
RH 2
R 2 )
j tg ( )= j ,
R2 + RH
RH RH
= arctg ;
2 RH
. -340-
34.
)
RH RH
= arctg .
2 RH
-
U
K = min .
U max
RH <
RH
K = ,
1 1 K
X
= K
= arctg
1 K
arctg K , ,
2 2
1 K
= arcctg
1 K
.
2
. 34.2 -
, -
.
-
() , -
.
. 34.2
. -341-
34.
(t ) Z
1 2
1 2
. 34.3
-
( ),
, -
. -
(. 34.3).
,
3/8.
-
, 11
1/.
.
-
1 2 .
22
1 1 + j Z H tg ( ) = G +
Y22 = = X
jBH ,
Z BX Z H + j tg ( X)
H
Y 22 = GH + j ( BH + B2 ) .
11 -
.
. -342-
34.
11
1
+ j tg ( )
1 GH + j ( BH + B2 )
Y11 = + jB11
= G11 ,
1
+ j tg ( )
GH + j ( BH + B 2 )
+ j ( B11
Y11 = G11 + B1 ) = G11
+ jB 11 .
-
:
1
= , B 11 = 0 .
G11
B1 B2:
1
GH sin 2
1 1 ,
B1 =
tg ( ) GH cos 2
1
G
H G
H sin 2
1 1 .
B2 =
tg ( )
2
cos
, , -
1
> GH sin 2 ,
. .
.
:
1 1
jB1 = , jB2 = .
j tg ( 1 ) j tg ( 2 )
. -343-
34.
1 2 3
(t ) Z
1 2 3
1 2 3
2
1 3
. 34.4
-
(. 34.4).
/8 3/8.
. (, )
/4.
, (
).
-
, (), -
( ).
.
1. ?
2.
?
3. ?
4.
?
. -344-
35.
. -
. .
-
, /4, -
(. 35.1).
U U
0 0
1 1 2
(t ) R ( t ) Z
1 1 2
4 4
. 35.1
,
Z H + jT tg ( x )
Z = T .
T + jZ H tg ( x )
2 2
x = x = = , Z = T .
4 4 2 ZH
, -
.
Z H ( Z H = RH ) , -
Z .
T = RH .
, 11 (. 35.1, ) -
.
, .
. -345-
35.
,
.
-
T = 12 .
,
60 D
= n ,
d
; D ;
d . ,
, -
(. 35.2).
D D D
n = n n .
dT d1 d 2
d1 d d2
. 35.2
-
, .
-
, (. 35.1, ). -
, , -
RBX1 = /KCB. -
RBX2 = KCB.
:
T1 = , T2 = K CB .
K CB
. -346-
35.
, -
,
:
Z + j tg ( )
Im H = 0,
+ jZ H tg ( )
2 xH 2 xH
tg ( 2 )= = arctg 2 .
RH2 + xH2 2 4 RH + xH2 2
.
-
,
, . . -
, .
-
.
T = 12 .
2 + jT tg ( T),
Z = T
T + j2 tg ( T)
2 0 0
tg ( T ) = tg = tg = tg =
4 2 2 0
= tg 1 + = tg + = ctg ,
2
0 2 2 0
= .
2 0
Z = T
( ) (
T2 1 + ctg 2 j 2 22 ctg ) .
2 + 22 ctg
. -347-
35.
j (2 22 ) tg
1, tg 1 Z T T 2 .
0 22
2
N= ,
1
T = 12
1
Z 1 1 + j N tg .
N
, -
-
, , , -
,
, .
1
1 j N tg
Z 1 N
= = .
Z + 1 1
1 2 + j N tg
N
tg << 1
1 1
j N tg .
2 N
1 1
1N tg
1 2 N 1
K = = 1 N tg .
1+ 1 1 N
1+ N tg
2 N
|| -
, N. -
K,
. -348-
35.
2 4 1 K
= = arctg .
0 1
N
N
1
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6 N=2
0,5
0,4
0,3 N=3
N=4
0,2 N=5
0,1
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0
. 35.3
. 35.3 -
-
0
.
, K
, .
.
,
, -
1
Z 1 1 + j N tg .
N
. -349-
35.
. ,
, -
( -
), . 35.4.
1 2 2 < 1
1
0 0
0
4 4
4
. 35.4
2 0
X K = K ctg = K ctg =
4 2 0
= K ctg + = K tg .
2 2 0
1 1
Z 1 1 + j N tg + jK tg = 1 + j K + 1 N tg .
N N
-
-
1 1 N 2
K = 1 N = 1 , ( N 1) .
N N
, -
-
:
. -350-
35.
2 4 1 K
= = arctg.
1 0
1
N 2
N N
,
23 ,
.
-
(. 35.5).
0 0
4 4
2 1 < 2 1 < 2
2
0
0
4
4
. 35.5
0 0
4 4
2 1 < 2 2 1 < 2
0 1
4 0
1 2 0
4 2
4
. 35.6
(N > 1), -
( > 0) ( < 0).
. -351-
35.
0
.
,
-
-
.
N
K = 1 2
,
N 1
2
N = > 1.
1
,
.
,
(. 35.6).
.
-
,
.
, -
, . , -
, -
-
.
-
(. 35.7).
0
1 1 2 2
0 0 0
4 4
. 35.7
. -352-
35.
, -
1 1
Z 1 1 + j N tg = 1 2 + j 1 2 N 1 2 tg .
N 2 2 N
2
N = T = 12
1
T2 2
Z = + jT 1 T2 tg .
2 2
,
00,
2
T1 2
Z = + jT1 1 T1
2
tg ,
1 1
, ,
2
T2 T22
Z = + jT2 1 2 tg .
2 2
1 < 2, > 0
.
T1 T2.
, -
00 :
2
T1 2
T2
= ,
1 2
1 T1 = 1 T2 .
2 2
T1
12
T2
22
T1 = 1 12 , T2 = 2 12 .
. -353-
35.
, , -
,
1 2
K 1 N
tg .
N
2 4 1 K
= = arctg .
0 1
N
N
-
. , -
.
,
. ,
, -
-
.
-
( -
); -
.
, -
N n0/4 -
. -
: -
N, || -
2
.
0
-
.
-
.
. -354-
35.
1. ?
2. -
?
3. ?
4. -
?
5. ?
. -355-
36.
.
. .
,
, , , , -
, -
. . -
.
,
, -
, , , -
, .
, -
, -
, . . .
, -
, -
R, C, L ( -
M), .
, -
-
. , ,
, ,
.
, -
, .
, ,
, . . , -
-
.
, -
.
, , -
. -
. -356-
36.
( ) -
, -
. , -
.
. , -
, ,
, . . -
.
.
( )
, -
-
.
(. 36.1) ,
U ( p)
Z ( p) = .
I ( p)
i
n
I U
. 36.1
I ( p)
Y ( p) = .
U ( p)
1
, Y ( p ) = .
Z ( p)
-
,
.
. -357-
36.
, , -
,
Z11 ( p ) I1 ( p ) + Z12 ( p ) I 2 ( p ) + + Z1n ( p ) I n ( p ) = E11 ( p ) ,
Z 21 ( p ) I1 ( p ) + Z 22 ( p ) I 2 ( p ) + + Z 2 n ( p ) I n ( p ) = E22 ( p ) ,
Z ( p ) I ( p ) + Z ( p ) I ( p ) + + Z ( p ) I ( p ) = E ( p ) ,
n1 1 n2 2 nn n nn
1
Z ik = Rik + pLik + ( i = k)
pCik
; Eii .
I1(p),
1
I1 ( p ) = ,
; 1 , -
.
, , -
, , , . .
11 ( p )
I1 ( p ) = E1 ( p ) , 11(p) ,
( p)
(p)
.
( p) ( p)
, Z ( p ) = , Y ( p ) = 11 .
11 ( p ) ( p)
(p) 11(p), Z(p)
Y(p) -
:
. -358-
36.
an p n + an1 p n1 + + a1 p + a0 M ( p ) 1
Z ( p) = = = .
bm p + bm1 p + + b1 p + b0 N ( p ) Y ( p )
m m 1
pk () , pk N(p)
Z(p). -
, Z(p) :
n
an ( p p1 )( p p2 )( p pn ) ( p pk )
Z ( p) = = H km=1 ,
bm ( p p1 )( p p2 )( p pm )
( p pk )
k =1
an
H = .
bm
, p = p1,
p = p2, ..., p = pm. p1 p2 ... pm.
k , k-
().
p = p1 , p = p2 , ..., p = pn .
, p1 p2 ... pn , k ,
k.
, -
-
.
p = + j
j, Z(j) Y(j) .
, Z(j) Y(j) -
:
Z() Y() - ; () -
.
Z() Y()
.
. -359-
36.
.
-
I k , k-
n n
1 n 1
ki i
R I I k + p ki i p C ki i
L I I k + I I k = Ekk k .
I
i =1 i =1 i =1
n ,
n n n n
1 n n 1 n
Rki Ii I k + p Lki Ii I k + p C ki Ii I k = Ekk I k .
k =1 i =1 k =1 i =1 k =1 i =1 k =1
-
, .
n n
F0 = Rki I i I k ,
k =1 i =1
n n
T0 = Lki I i I k ,
k =1 i =1
n n
1
V0 = Ii I k ,
k =1 i =1 C ki
1
F0 + pT0 + V0 = S ,
p
F0, T0, V0 .
(p = j)
, .
F0 -
RI 2
F0 = 2 .
2
. -360-
36.
T0 ,
LI 2
T0 = 2 = 2WL .
2
V0 2 , -
I2 2 CU
2
V0 = = 2 = 22WC .
C 2
,
, -
, ,
V
F0 + j T0 02 = S .
, -
F0, T0, V0 0.
(E) (I)
() I(p).
V0
F0 + pT0 + = EI.
p
2
I I = I ,
V0
F0 + pT0 +
p EI E ( p)
= = = Z ( p) .
I
2
I I I ( p)
|I|2 . -
|I| = 1
V
Z ( p ) = F0 + pT0 + 0 .
p I 2 =1
F0, T0, V0 -
, |I|2 , :
) Z(p) .
. -361-
36.
1
Re Z ( p ) = F0 + T0 Re p + V0 Re =
p
V0
= F0 + T0 Re p + 2 Re p, p = j, Re p = Re p ;
p
) ReZ(p) 0 Rep 0.
Y(p) = 1/Z(p):
) Y(p) ,
) ReY(p) 0 Rep 0.
,
1 1 1
Y ( p) = = = =
Z ( p ) Z ( + j) R ( , ) + jX ( , )
R ( , ) X ( , )
= j .
R 2 ( , ) + X 2 ( , ) R 2 ( , ) + X 2 ( , )
. -362-
36.
Im Im Im Im
1 1
F0 V0
p= p=
T0 F0
Re Re Re Re
0 0 0 0
2 2
. 36.2
V0
3. (LC-) F0 = 0 p1,2 = j ,
T0
. . ( )
(. 36.2, ).
F
4. RL- V0 = 0 p = 0
T0
(. 36.2, ).
V
5. R- T0 = 0 p = 0 -
F0
(. 36.2, ).
.
, -
, , ,
- ,
.
,
:
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
.
. -363-
36.
, , -
.
.
F(p)
an p n + an1 p n1 + + a1 p + a0 M ( p )
F ( p) = =
bm p m + bm1 p m1 + + b1 p + b0 N ( p )
, -
an, an1, ... a0, bm, bm1, ... b0 .
, F(p) (Z(p) Y(p) -
, -
. , M(p) N(p) ,
, .
, :
(p ) -
1
, . . Z(p) pL, Z ( p ) ,
pC
Z(p) R.
a
, F ( p ) = Z ( p ) n p nm p .
bm
, Z(p) pL n m = 1,
1
Z ( p) m n = 1 Z(p) R m = n.
pC
,
, . . M(p) N(p)
( )
(p + ), (p + j) p 2 + k2 , , , k . -
, an, an1, ... a0, bm, bm1, ... b0 -
. ,
, ,
M(p) N(p)
, , -
(LC-).
-
, , F(p)
. , M(p)
N(p) ( , ).
. -364-
36.
, -
, .
, -
. , -
.
, -
, , , , .
.
L(p)
F(p). L(p) : L(p) = m(p) + n(p), m(p)
L(p) p: p0, p2, p4, ..., n(p)
L(p) p: p, p3, p5, ...
[5], L(p) , -
( -
) -
.
1. ,
L(p) = 36p5 + 12p4 + 48p3 + 10p2 + 15p + 1
.
. , -
.
36 p 5 + 48 p 3 + 15 p n ( p )
( p) = = .
12 p 4 + 10 p 2 + 1 m( p)
36 p 5 + 48 p 3 + 15 p 12 p 4 + 10 p 2 + 1
(
36 p 5 + 30 p 3 + 3 p ) 3p .
18p 3 + 12 p
n1 ( p ) 18 p 3 + 12 p
( p ) = C0 + = 3p + , C0 > 0 .
m( p) 12 p 4 + 10 p 2 + 1
m( p)
1 ( p ) = ,
n1 ( p )
, :
. -365-
36.
12 p 4 + 10 p 2 + 1 18p 3 + 12 p
(
12 p 4 + 8 p 2 ) 2
3
p .
2p 2 + 1
2 2 p2 + 1
1 ( p ) =
p+ .
3 18 p 3 + 12 p
18p 3 + 12 p 2p 2 + 1
n1 ( p ) 18 p 3 + 12 p
2 ( p ) =
m1 ( p )
=
2 p2 + 1
, (
18p 3 + 9 p ) 9p
3p
3p n2 ( p )
2 ( p ) = 9 p +
= 9 p + .
2 p2 + 1 m1 ( p )
2p 2 + 1 3 p
2
2p 2 p
3
1
2 1 2 m ( p)
3 ( p ) = p+ = p+ 2 .
3 3p 3 n2 ( p )
3p 1
, 3 p 3p .
0
:
1
( p) = 3 p + ,
2 1
p+
3 1
9p +
2 1
p+
3 3p
. -366-
36.
, , L(p)
.
2. ,
.
2 p5 + 7 p3 + 6 p
( p ) =
3 p4 + 7 p2 + 1
:
n( p) 2 1
( p) = = p+ .
m( p) 3 9
p+
1
7 49 1
p+
3 1 1
p+
77 11 p
, -
L(p) .
.
: 1) p = 0 ( ), 2) p = ,
3) p = ji.
M ( p)
F ( p ) =
N ( p)
:
kj
k0 q 2ki p
F ( p ) = k p + + 2 + +H,
p i =1 p + i2 j =1 p p j
M ( p)
lim (
p p j N ( p )
)
p pj = kj .
. -367-
36.
F(p) p ,
p = 0
M ( p)
k0 = lim F ( p ) p = .
p 0 N ( p) p =0
M(p) N(p)
, k .
F(p) ,
. -
k p = , , k0, -
.
F(p) p = ji, -
( )
N(p) ( p ji )( p + ji ) = p 2 + i2 .
ki ki 2k p
+ = 2 i 2,
p + ji p ji p + i
2ki = 2lim 2
(
F ( p ) p 2 + i2 ),
p i p
.
-
. F(p) -
, ReF(p) 0 Rep 0, . .
F(p) ,
p = j +.
F(p) ,
:
M ( p ) m1 + n1
F ( p) = = ,
N ( p ) m2 + n2
m1 m2 , n1 n2 .
. -368-
36.
F(p) ,
, , p = j
m1m2 n1n2
= Re F ( j) ,
m22 n22 p = j
m2 n1 m1n2
= Im F ( j) .
m22 n22 p = j
m22 n22 = N ( j) N ( j) = N ( j)
2
, : ReF(j) 0,
( )
A 2 = ( m1m2 n1n2 ) p = j 0 . A(2) , -
, 0 .
x = 2,
A(2) = A(x) = Cnxn + Cn 1xn 1 + ... + C1x + C0 = k(x x1)(x x2)...(x xn),
xi = i2 A(x) = A(2).
A(x) ,
.
. -
. , xi = a jb, (x a + jb)(x a + jb) =
= (x a)2 + b2 0 0 x .
,
.
-
.
, ReF(j) -
, A(x) x -
. : , ,
. , -
A(x) = 0, -
a x b (a b -
A(x). ,
a x b |na nb|, na
a nb b -
x. -
. -369-
36.
. -
:
nb
S0(b), S1(b); S2(b); ...; Sm,
|na nb|.
1. ,
5 p 2 + 10 p + 9
F ( p) = .
p 2 + 0,5 p + 4
. ReF(p) p = j.
( ) ( )( )
A 2 = m1m2 n1n2 = 5 p 2 + 9 p 2 + 4 10 p 0,5 p =
= 5 p 4 + 20 p 2 + 9 p 2 + 36 5 p 2 = 5 p 4 + 24 p 2 + 36 =
p = j
= 54 242 + 36.
( )
A 2 = A ( x ) = 5 x 2 24 x + 36.
. -370-
36.
S2(x), S0(x)/S1(x)
5 x 2 24 x + 36 10 x 24
(
5 x 2 12 x ) 1
2
x
6
5
S0 ( x ) S ( x ) 12 x + 36
= 1 x + 1 + 2 ,
S1 ( x ) S1 ( x ) 144
12 x +
5
36
5
36
S0 ( x ) 1 6 36
= x + 5 , S2 ( x ) = .
S1 ( x ) 2 5 S1 ( x ) 5
x(x = 0, x = );
S0 ( x ) = 5 x 2 24 x + 36, S0 ( 0 ) = 36, S0 ( ) = ,
S1 ( x ) = 10 x 24, S0 ( 0 ) = 24, S0 ( ) = ,
36 36 36
S2 ( x ) = , S2 ( 0 ) = , S2 ( ) = .
5 5 5
, na = 1, nb = 1, na nb = 0 A(x) -
0 x , , -
F(p) .
2. ,
2 p 4 + 3 p3 + 5 p 2 + 5 p + 1
F ( p) = .
(
2 p 4 + p3 + 3 p 2 + p + 2 )
. m1m2 n1n2.
A(p) = (2p4 + 5p2 + 1)(2p4 + 6p2 + 4) (3p3 + 5p)(2p3 + 2p) =
= 4p8 + 16p6 + 24p4 + 16p2 + 4.
p = j A(2) = 48 166 + 244 162 + 4.
2 = x A(x) = 4x4 16x3 + 24x2 16x + 4.
. -371-
36.
,
,
. A(x) 0,25,
A(x) = S0(x) = x4 4x3 + 6x2 4x +1.
S1 ( x) = S0 ( x) = 4 x3 12 x 2 + 12 x 4 .
S2(x), S0(x)/S1(x),
x 4 4 x3 + 6 x 2 4 x + 1 4 x3 12 x 2 + 12 x 4
(
x 4 3x3 + 3x 2 x ) 1
4
x
1
4
x3 + 3x 2 3x + 1
(
x3 + 3x 2 3x + 1 ),
0
S0 ( x ) 1 1
= x .
S1 ( x ) 4 4
-
. ,
, (x 1)3 S0(x), . .
S0(x) = 0 3 x = 1 , -
A(x) 0 x , F(p)
.
1. ?
2.
?
3. ?
4. -
?
. -372-
37.
.
LC-.
.
, F(p) -
, ,
. -
, -
:
( -
);
.
1. .
F(p) -
, .
M ( p)
F ( p ) = .
N ( p)
M(p)/N(p) F(p) = Hp + F1(p), H -
. , .
F(p) = Z(p) , Z(p) = Hp + Z1(p)
Hp ; F(p) = Y(p) ,
Y(p) = Hp + Y1(p) Hp .
F(p) p = 0,
k0/p
M ( p ) k0
F ( p) = = + F1 ( p ) ,
N ( p) p
k0 F(p) p = 0.
F(p) = Z(p)- k0/p -
, F(p) = Y(p)- k0/p -
. ,
.
F(p) p = jk,
kk kk 2k p
F ( p) = + + F1 ( p ) = 2 k 2 + F1 ( p ) ,
p jk p + jk p + k
kk p = jk.
. -373-
37.
F(p) = Z(p)- -
1 2k
Ck = Lk = 2k
2k k k
2k k p 1
2 2
= 2
.
p + k p 2k
+
2k k p 2kk p
F(p) = Y(p)- -
1 2k
Lk = Ck = 2k
2k k k
2k k p 1
2 2
= 2
.
p + k p 2k
+
2k k p 2kk p
F(p) q, -
q.
F(p)
-
,
F(p)- . -
,
, F(p) = Z(p),
, F(p) = Y(p).
, R = k minReF(j),
F(p) k = F1(p) (-
k > minReF(j), ReF1(j) ,
, F(p) ).
-
,
, , -
, RL-
RC-.
, -
, , , ,
(. 37.1).
. 37.1
. -
, -
.
. -374-
37.
2k1 2k q
L1 = Lq =
1 12 2q
k0 R=k
1 1
F(p) = Z(p) 1 = q =
2k1 2k q
1 1
L1 = Lq =
2k1 2k q
F(p) = Y(p) 1
1
k0 R=
2k1 k
C1 = 2k q
12 q =
2q
. 37.1
2.
.
(. 37.2).
, Z(p) = Z1(p) + Zab(p),
1
Z ab ( p ) = . .
1
Y2 ( p ) +
Z 3 ( p ) + Z cd ( p )
1
Z ( p ) = Z1 ( p ) + .
1
Y2 ( p ) +
1
Z3 ( p ) +
1
Y4 ( p ) + +
Yn ( p )
. 37.2
. -375-
37.
, :
M ( p ) an p n + an1 p n1 + + a1 p + a0
F ( p) = = .
N ( p ) bm p m + bm1 p m1 + + b1 p + b0
F(p) = Z(p) n = m + 1, -
p = , -
:
M 1( p )
Z ( p ) = A1 p + = A1 p + Z1 ( p ) .
N ( p)
Z1 ( p ) p = ,
1
Y1( p ) = p = -
Z1 ( p )
:
Y1( p ) = A2 p + Y2 ( p ) .
1
Z 2 ( p ) = = A3 p + Z 3 ( p ) .
Y2 ( p )
n ,
1
Z ( p ) = A1 ( p ) + .
1
A2 ( p ) +
1
A3 ( p ) +
1
A4 ( p ) + +
An ( p )
, (. 37.2),
. -376-
37.
() -
.
-
1
, p = 0.
p
1
F(p) pn = q ,
p
F(q) = Z(q) ,
1
Z ( q ) = B1 ( q ) + .
1
B2 ( q ) +
1
B3 ( q ) +
1
B4 ( q ) + +
Bn ( q )
,
(. 37.2)
B1 B B
B1 ( q ) = = Z1 ( p ) , B3 ( q ) = 3 = Z 3 ( p ) , , Bn1Bn1 ( q ) = n1 =
p p p
Bn1
= Z n1 ( p ) = = Z n1 ( p ) ,
p
B2 B B
B2 ( q ) = = Y2 ( p ) , B4 ( q ) = 4 = Y4 ( p ) , , Bn ( q ) = n = Yn ( p ) .
p p p
-
.
. -377-
37.
LC--.
, -
(LC)
V0 V
Z ( p ) = F0 + pT0 + = pT0 + 0 ,
p p
F0 0 , .
V
Z(p) p = j 0 .
T0
, p = + j,
V0 V V
Z ( p ) = ( + j) T0 + = T0 + 2 0 2 + j T0 2 0 2 =
+ j + +
= R ( , ) + jX ( , ) .
p = j ( = 0)
Z(j) = jX(), R(,) = 0.
Y(p) = 1/Z(p) p = j:
, LC- -
, . . .
-
. , -
,
u + jv = f(x + jy) ,
u v u v
= , = ,
x y y x
-
.
. -378-
37.
LC--
R ( , ) X ( , )
= ,
X ( , ) dX ( ) d V0 V0
= =
0T = T0 + > 0.
=0 d d 2 + 2 =0 2
X() B() ,
Z(p) Y(p) . .
Z(p) Y(p) p 2 + k2 p. ( )
, LC- -
-
, , Z(p) Y(p)
p = 0 p = . , -
.
:
Z ( p )
F ( p) =
( p 2 + 12 )( p 2
) ,
+ 32
=H 2
Y ( p ) ( p + 22 )( p 2
+ )
2
4
() ()
. -379-
37.
LC--
0 0
() ()
0 0
. 37.3
, -
, .
-
, -
Z(p):
k0 q 2 k k p
Z ( p) = H p + + 2 .
p k =1 p + k2
() :
H = lim
Z ( p)
, k0 = lim Z ( p ) p , 2kk = 2lim 2
(
Z ( p ) p 2 + k2 ) .
p p p 0 p k p
Zk(p)
L, C0 .
, -
. 37.4.
. -380-
37.
LC--
2k1 2k q
L1 = Lq =
1 12 2q
k0
1 1
Z(p) 1 = q =
2k1 2k q
. 37.4
Z(p)
L = H C0 = 1/k0. Z(p)
( . 37.3, ),
L = H C0, (
(. 37.3, ), L = H C0
. Z(p) ( -
(. 37.3, , ) L,
C0.
1.
Z ( p) =
( )( p + 8 10 ) .
102 p p 2 + 4 104 2 4
( p + 2 10 )( p + 6 10 )( p + 10 10 )
2 4 2 4 2 4
. , -
.
Z(p) 1 = 0, 3 = 2 102 , 5 = 8 102 , 3 = ,
2 = 2 102 , 4 = 6 102 , 6 = 10 102 .
1 = 0 2 3 4 5 6 =
|Z()| . 37.5.
Z(p)
2k2 p 2k p 2k p
Z ( p) = 2 2
+ 2 4 2+ 2 6 2.
p + 2 p + 4 p + 6
, -
(. 37.6) 2, 4, 6.
. -381-
37.
LC--
|Z()|
0
2 102 6 102 10 102
2 102 8 102
. 37.5
L2 L4 L6
Z(p) 2 4 6
. 37.6
1 (
Z ( p ) p 2 + k2
= 2kk = 2lim 2
) ,
Ck p k p
1
= lim
( )( )(
102 p p 2 + 4 104 p 2 + 8 104 p 2 + 2 104 ) = 300 1 ,
C2 (
p 2 2104
)( )(
p 2 + 2 104 p 2 + 6 104 p 2 + 10 104 p )
8
1
= lim
( )( )(
102 p p 2 + 4 104 p 2 + 8 104 p 2 + 6 104 ) = 25,
C4 p 2 6104
( )( )(
p 2 + 2 104 p 2 + 6 104 p 2 + 10 104 p )
1
= lim
( )( )(
102 p p 2 + 4 104 p 2 + 8 104 p 2 + 10 104 ) = 300 1 .
C6 p 2 10104
( )( )(
p 2 + 2 104 p 2 + 6 104 p 2 + 10 104 p )
8
. -382-
37.
LC--
2k k 300
Lk = 2
, L2 = 4
= 1,88 103 ,
k 8 2 10
25 3 300
L4 = 4
= 0, 42 10 , L6 = 4
= 0,375 103 .
6 10 8 10 10
Y(p).
2. ,
Y ( p) =
(
103 p 2 + 2 106 )( p 2
+ 6 106 )( p 2
+ 10 106 ).
(
p p 2 + 4 106 )( p 2
+ 8 106 )
. Y(p) 0 = 0, 2 = 2 103 ,
4 = 8 103 , = , 1 = 2 103 , 3 = 6 103 , 5 = 10 103 .
|Y()| . 37.7.
|Y()|
0
2 10 2
6 102 10 102
2 102 8 102
. 37.7
. -383-
37.
LC--
L0 =
1 L1 L3
k0
Y(p)
=
C1
C3
. 37.8
Y(p) :
k0 2k p 2k p
Y ( p) = H p + + 2 1 6+ 2 3 6.
p p + 4 10 p + 8 10
, . 37.8.
Y ( p ) 3
C = H = lim = 10 ,
p
p
1
= k0 = lim Y ( p ) p =
L0 p 2 0
= lim
( )( )( )
103 p 2 + 2 106 p 2 + 6 106 p 2 + 10 106 p 18
= 103 ,
1
p 2 0
( )(
p p 2 + 4 106 p 2 + 8 106 ) 4
L0 = 0,022103 ,
. -384-
37.
LC--
1
= lim 6
(
Y ( p ) p 2 + 4 106 ) = 2 10 3 1 3
L1 p 2 410
p , L1 = 0,5 10 ,
1
= lim 6
(
Y ( p ) p 2 + 8 106 ) = 1,5 10 3 1 3
L3 p 2 810
p , L3 = 0,67 10 ,
-
p = .
3. -
Z ( p) =
( )( p + 8 10 ) .
102 p p 2 + 4 104 2 4
( p + 2 10 )( p + 6 10 )( p + 10 10 )
2 4 2 4 2 4
. Z(p)
Z(p) ,
Z1(p). Y(p) = 1/ Z(p) -
, , Y2(p);
( )
p 6 + 18 104 p 4 + 92 108 p 2 + 120 1012 10-2 p = Y2 ( p ) = C2 p .
. -385-
37.
LC--
(
102 p 5 + 12 106 p 3 + 32 1010 p ) 1 -2
6
10 p = Z 3 ( p ) = L3 p .
2 106 p 3 + 12 1010 p
-
Y4(p):
6 104 p 4 + 60 108 p 2 + 120 1012 2 106 p 3 + 12 1010 p
( )
6 104 p 4 + 60 108 p 2 + 120 1012 3 10-2 p = Y4 ( p ) = C4 p .
(
2 106 p 3 + 12 1010 p ) 1
12
10-2 p = Z 5 ( p ) = L5 p.
2 1010 p
24 108 p 2 + 120 1012 2 1010 p
( )
24 108 p 2 + 120 1012 12 10-2 p = Y6 ( p ) = C6 p,
120 1012
(
2 1010 p ) 1
60
10-2 p = Z 7 ( p ) = L7 p.
0
, , . 37.9.
. 37.9
. -386-
37.
LC--
, -
1/p, -
p = 0.
.
4. -
102 p 5 + 12 106 p 3 + 32 1010 p
Z ( p) = 6 .
p + 18 104 p 4 + 92 108 p 2 + 120 1012
. Z(p) , -
. Z(p)
p = 0, Y(p) = 1/Z(p), -
p = 0. Z(p)
, Y2(p):
120 1012 + 92 108 p 2 + 18 104 p 4 + p 6 32 1010 p + 12 106 p 3 + 102 p 5
(
120 1012 + 45 108 p 2 + 3,75 104 p 4 + p 6 ) 375
p
= Y2 ( p ) =
1
L2 p
.
(
32 1010 p + 9,7 106 p 3 + 68 p 5 ) 68
p
= Z3 ( p ) =
1
C3 p
.
2,3 106 p 3 + 32 p 5
p = 0, :
47 108 p 2 + 14,25 104 p 4 + p 6 2,3 106 p 3 + 32 p 5
(
47 108 p 2 + 6,54 104 p 4 + p 6 ) 2040
p
= Y4 ( p ) =
1
L4 p
2,3 106 p 3 + 32 p 5 7,71 104 p 4 + p 6
(
2,3 106 p 3 + 30 p 5 ) 30p = Z ( p ) = C1p
5
5
. -387-
37.
LC--
7,71 104 p 4 + p 6 2 p 5
3,855 103 1
7,71 10 p 4 4
= Y6 ( p ) =
p L6 p
2 p5 p6 .
2 1
2 p 5 = Z7 ( p ) =
p C7 p
0
, Z(p) :
.
1
Z ( p) =
1 1
+
2,7 103 p 1
+
1
0,015 p 1 1
+
0,5 103 p 1
+
1
33,3 103 p 1
+
1
26 103 p 1
0,5 p
. 37.10.
. 37.10
-
, -
, .
p = p = 0, -
p, ,
.
1.
?
2. ?
3. ?
4. LC-?
. -388-
38.
RC-
RC-.
RC-. -
RL-.
RC-.
RC-
V0
Z ( p ) = F0 + .
p
(T0 0 .) ZRC(p)
V0
p = , , ,
F0
RC- , V0 F0 -
.
V0 V V
Z RC ( p ) = F0 + = F0 + 2 0 2 j 2 0 2 = R ( , ) jX ( , ) .
p + +
,
( > 0) . , ZRC(p)
p = ,
Hp, . , H > 0
> 0, X(,).
, ZRC(p)
.
,
R X Z RC ( p ) X V0 V0
= , = = 2 = < 0.
=0 =0 + 2 2
:
1
YRC ( p ) = , YRC ( , ) = g ( , ) jb ( , ) ,
Z RC ( p )
YRC b V0
= = > 0,
=0 =0 F0 + V0
. ., LC-, -
( ZRC(p) YRC(p) ), -
. -389-
38. RC-
RC-
, -
(. 38.1).
YRC(p)
ZRC(p)
. 38.1
RC-
Z RC ( p ) = H
( p + 2 )( p + 4 )( p + n ) =
( p + 1 ) ( p + 3 )( p + m )
p n + an1 p n1 + + a1 p + a0
=H m ,
p + bm1 p m1 + + b1 p + b0
m
k0 kk
Z RC ( p ) = + +H,
p k =1,3,5... p + k
k0 p = 0;
k0 = lim pZ RC ( p ) , H = lim Z RC ( p ) .
p 0 p
kk = lim Z RC ( p ) ( p + k ) .
p k
. -390-
38. RC-
RC-
ZRC(p) ,
Z RC ( 0 ) = , Z RC ( ) = H ,
R
m
kk
R = H + , .. Z RC ( 0 ) Z RC ( ) .
k =1,3,5... k
ZRC(p) ( p = 0).
ZRC(p) ( p = ).
Zk = kk/(p + k) -
.
,
1 p + k p
Yk = = = + k,
Zk kk kk kk
1 1 k
Yk = pCk + , Ck = , Rk = k .
Rk kk k
, (. 38.2).
1 1
C1 = Cm =
k1 km
1
C0 =
k0 R=H
ZRC(p)
k1 km
R1 = Rm =
1 m
. 38.2
RC-.
1.
. -391-
38. RC-
RC-
Z ( p) =
(
103 p + 3 103)( p + 5 10 ) . 3
( p + 2 10 )( p + 4 10 )
3 3
Z() Z(0)
3 3
4 10 2 10 0
. 38.3
C1 C3
R=
ZRC()
R3
. 38.4
ZRC() . 38.3.
Z(p) p = 0, k0 = 0,
H = R = lim Z RC ( p ) = lim
(
103 p + 3 103 p + 5 103 )( ) = 10 .
3
p p
(
p + 2 103 p + 4 103 )( )
Z(p)
k1 k3
Z ( p) = H + + ,
p + 2 103 p + 4 103
. -392-
38. RC-
RC-
( )
k1 = lim 3 Z ( p ) p + 2 103 = 1,5 106 ,
p 210
p 410
( )
k3 = lim 3 Z ( p ) p + 4 103 = 0,5 106.
Z(p)
. 38.4.
1 1
C1 = = 0,667 106 , C3 = = 2 106 ,
k1 k3
YRC(p). YRC() (. 38.1, )
,
( p = 0), , YRC(0)p YRC().
YRC(p), -
,
YRC(p).
,
YRC(p)/p, -
.
YRC ( p ) k0 m
kk
= + +H.
p p k =2,4,6... p + k
p,
m
kk p
YRC ( p ) = k0 + + H p,
k = 2,4,6... p + k
Y ( p ) Y ( p )( p + k )
k0 = YRC ( 0 ) , H = lim RC , kk = lim RC .
p
p p k
p
, k0 = 1/R0 ; Hp , -
p = , H = C.
. -393-
38. RC-
RC-
kk p
Yk = -
p + k
Rk Ck.
,
1 p + k 1 1 k
Zk = = = + k , Rk = , Ck = k .
Yk kk p kk kk p kk k
R1 Rm
Y(p) R0 C
C1 Cm
. 38.5
, ,
. 38.5.
RC-
.
,
.
ZRC(p) ,
R1 -
YRC(p) =1/ZRC(p).
YRC
, , , -
.
RL-.
RL-
Z RL ( p ) = F0 + pT0 = F0 + ( + j) T0 .
Z RL ( p ) = F0 + F0 + jT0 = R ( , ) + jX ( , ) .
. -394-
38. RC-
RL-
R X Z RL ( )
= = = T0 > 0 .
=0
1
YRL ( p ) = , YRC ( , ) = g ( , ) jb ( , ) ,
Z RL ( p )
YRL ( ) b T0
= = < 0,
=0 =0 F0 + T0
YRL ( , ) = g ( , ) + jb ( , ) .
F0
ZRL(p) p = , -
T0
, RL-
, , ZRL() -
, YRL() ,
.
ZRL(p) YRL() YRC()
ZRC(), . 38.1. , -
RL- p = ,
p = 0,
. , ZRL(p) ,
.
,
, .
, ,
ZRL(p), , YRL(p) , ,
ZRL(p) , YRL(p) -
. , ZRL() ZRL(0), YRL() YRL(0).
ZRL(p) YRL(p) ,
YRC(p) ZRC(p), , RL--
RC-.
ZRL(p) -
ZRC(p):
m
k0 kk
YRL ( p ) = + +H.
p k =1,3,5... p + k
. -395-
38. RC-
RL-
-
. 38.6.
R1 Rm
YRL(p) 1
1 L0 =
H= k0
R L1 Lm
. 38.6
kk = lim YRL ( p ) ( p + k ) .
p k
1 kk
Yk = = -
Z k p + k
1
Lk = Rk = k .
kk kk
p + k p k
, Z k = + = pLk + Rk .
kk kk kk
-
ZRL(p)/p, YRC(p)/p:
m
kk p
Z RL ( p ) = k0 + p +
+ H p,
k = 2,4,6... k
Z ( p) Z RL ( p ) ( p + k )
k0 = Z RL ( 0 ) , H = lim RL , k k = lim .
p
p p k
p
, k0 = R0 = ZRL(0) : Hp = Lp -
, p = .
k p
Z k = k -
p + k
Rk Lk.
,
. -396-
38. RC-
RL-
1 p + k 1 k
Yk = = = + k , Rk = kk , Lk = k .
Zk kk p kk kk p k
, (. 38.7).
Lm
L=H R0 = k0
ZRL(p) R2 Rm
. 38.7
-
RC-, ZRL(p) YRC(p).
-
ZRL(p), -
,
YRL(p), .
ZRL(p) -
, YRL(p),
.
1.
RC-?
2.
RC-?
3.
RL-?
. -397-
39. RLC-
. . -
RLC-.
. .
-
, -
.
, . , -
,
, -
-
, ( )
.
, -
.
1.
, , -
. , -
, p = 0
p = , .
, ,
j. , -
,
-
F(p).
. -398-
39. RLC-
.
Re F(j)
min Re F(j)
0 1
. 39.1
2. -
(. 39.1).
minReF(j)
R1, F(p) ,
() , F(p) -
(. 39.2).
F1(p) = F(p) minReF(j) -
, -
p = j1(ReF(j1) = 0),
.
LC R1 LC
Z(p) LC Z1(p) Y(p) R1 Y1(p)
LC
. 39.2
, -
, , -
L C R1 (. 39.2),
.
3. , R1 j1,
F1(j1) -
.
. -399-
39. RLC-
.
F1(p) = Z1(p) -
M ( p ) an p n + an1 p n1 + + a1 p + a0
Z1 ( p ) = = .
N ( p ) bm p m + bm1 p m1 + + b1 p + b0
L1 < 0
Z1(j1)
. 39.3
L1 < 0
L2
Z1(p) Y3(p)
. 39.4
Z1(p) pL1,
Z2(p) = Z1(p) pL1, p = +j1
(, Z2(j1) ReZ1(j1) = 0
L1 Z2(j1) = 0).
M ( p)
Z 2 ( p ) = Z1 ( p ) pL1 = 2 .
N ( p)
M2(p) M(p)
( Z1(p)).
4. Y2(p) = 1/Z2(p) p = +j1,
. Y2(p)
. -400-
39. RLC-
.
p 2 = 12 (. 39.4) -
L2 C.
. 39.4 , 1 -
L2C .
L2 =
1 1
, C = 2 , 2k2 = 2lim 2
Y2 ( p ) p 2 + 12 (
.
)
2k 2 1 L2 p 1 p
5. L2C-
2k2 p M ( p)
Y3 ( p ) = Y2 ( p ) = 3
p + 1
2 2
N3 ( p)
M3(p), n 2, n 1,
, .
Z3(p) = 1/Y3(p) p = -
, L3 > 0 (. 39.5).
L1 < 0 L3 < 0
L2 > 0
Z1(p) Z4(p)
. 39.5
M4 ( p)
Z 4 ( p ) = Z 3 ( p ) pL3 = -
N4 ( p )
M4(p) N4(p), n 2.
,
Z4(p) -
.
, ,
(. 39.6).
I 2
. -401-
39. RLC-
.
L1 L3 I 2
I1 I1 M
L2
U1 U2 U1 LP LS U2
. 39.6
(. 39.6, , )
:
U1 = Z11I1 + Z12 I 2
.
U 2 = Z 21I1 + Z 22 I 2
- (. 39.6, )
U U1 U
Z11 = 1 = = p ( L1 + L2 ) , Z12 = 1 = pL2
I1 I =0 U1 I 2
2
( 1
pL + pL2)
I1 =0
U2 U2
Z 22 = = p ( L1 + L3 ) , Z 21 = = pL2 .
I 2 I1 =0
I1 I 2 =0
(. 39.6, ) :
U1 = pLP I1 + pM I 2 ,
U 2 = pM I1 + pLS I 2 ,
Z11 = pLp, Z22 = pLS, Z12 = pM.
L1 + L2 L2 LP M
[ ZT ] = p =
L2 + L3 M LS
.
L2
, Lp = L1 + L2, LS = L2 + L3, M = L2.
M L2
kCB = = .
LP LS ( L1 + L2 ) ( L2 + L3 )
. -402-
39. RLC-
.
kCB = 1, ,
, (kCB = 0,99).
L22 L1L2 + L1L3 + L2 L3
=1 = 1,
( L1 + L2 ) ( L2 + L3 ) ( L1 + L2 ) ( L2 + L3 )
, -
.
RLC-.
1.
Z ( p) =
( )( ) ( )(
103 p2 + 3106 2 p2 +103 p + 2 106 + p2 + 4 106 p2 +103 p + 2 106 p ) =
( )(p p2 + 4 106 2 p2 +103 p + 2 106 )
10 ( p + 3 10 ) p + 10 p + 2 10
3 2 6 2 3 6
= + = Z P ( p ) + Z1 ( p ) .
p ( p + 4 10 ) 2 p + 10 p + 2 10
2 6 2 3 6
Zp(p) .
Zp(p) p = j 3 103 , p = ; p = 0, p = j2103.
Zp(p) , . 39.7.
L2
Ca
ZP(p) 2
. 39.7
. -403-
39. RLC-
RLC-
:
1 3
= k0 = lim pZ P ( p ) = 103 , C0 = 1,33 103 ,
C0 p 0 4
2k2 =
1
= lim
(
Z P ( p ) p 2 + 4 106 ) = 10 3
, C2 = 4 103 ,
C2 2
p 410 6
p 4
1 1
L2 = = 3
= 62,5 106 .
C2 4 10 4 10
2 6
Z1 ( p )
, Z1 ( p )
.
2. Z1 ( p )
.
p = j
2 + j103 + 2 106
Z1 ( j) = .
22 + j103 + 2 106
,
d
d
( Re Z1 ( j) ) = 0 . min Re Z1 ( j)
:
24 5 106 2 + 4 1012
4 6 2 12
= 0, 35 8 106 3 + 4 1012 = 0 ,
4 7 10 + 4 10
. -404-
39. RLC-
RLC-
7
( 1
) 2
Re Z1 ( = 0 ) = 1, Re Z1 22 = 2 106 = , Re Z1 32 = 106 = .
3 3 5
, Z1 ( p ) -
1
R1 = 2 = 2 103 .
3
R1,
Z(p) 2
Z1(p)
. 39.8
3. Z1(p)
2 = 2 103 .
2 + j 2 103 + 4 106
Z1 ( j) = =
(
3 22 + j103 + 2 106 )
24 8 106 2 + 8 1012 103 3
= j .
(
3 44 7 106 2 + 4 1012 ) 44 7 106 2 + 4 1012
. -405-
39. RLC-
RLC-
Re Z1 ( p ) 2 103
= 0 , , Z1(j) -
2=
2
Im Z1 ( j) 3 = = x1 = L1,
2= 2 10 3
x1 2 1
L1 = = = 103 .
3 2 10 3
3
L1 Z1(p),
=
(
2 103 p 3 + p 2 + 2 103 p + 2 106 ) = 2 ( p + 2 10 )(10 p + 1) .
2 6 3
(
3 2 p 2 + 103 p + 2 106 ) 3 ( 2 p + 10 p + 2 10 )
2 3 6
Z2(p)
Z1(p), p = j 2 103 .
1
L1 = 103
3
L2
Z1(p) Y3(p)
. 39.9
. -406-
39. RLC-
RLC-
2k 2 = lim
(
Y2 ( p ) p 2 + 2 106 ) = 1500, L2 = 0,67 103 ,
2
p 210
6
p
1 1
C= 2
= 6 3
= 0,75 103 .
1 L2 2 10 0,67 10
5.
2k 2 p
Y3 ( p ) = Y2 ( p ) =
p + 2 106
2
=
(
3 2 p 2 + 103 p + 2 106 )
3 103 p
=
3
.
(
2 p 2 + 2 106 )(103 p + 1 ) ( 2 p 2 + 2 106 ) (
2 103 p + 1 )
Z 3 ( p ) =
1
=
(
2 103 p + 1 )
Y3 ( p ) 3
p = , L3.
2 2
Z 3 ( p ) = 103 p + = L3 p + R,
3 3
, , -
. 39.10, . 39.11.
0 R1 L1 L3
L2
2 L2
Z(p) R
C
. 39.10
. -407-
39. RLC-
RLC-
0 L2 R1
M
LP = L1 + L2
2 R
Z(p) LP LS LS = L2 + L3
M = L2
C
. 39.11
Z1(j1) = + jx1
x
L1 = 1 > 0 pL1 Z1(p). Z2(p) = Z1(p) pL1 -
1
,
M1 ( p )
Z1 ( p ) pL1 = pL1 Z2(p) -
N ( p)
. Z2(p) p = j1,
Y2(p) = 1/Z2(p) p = j1,
, L2
C (. 39.9).
2k p
Z3(p) = 1/Y3(p), Y3 ( p ) = Y2 ( p ) 2 2 2 ,
p + 1
, ,
L3 < 0 (. 39.12).
L1 > 0 L3 > 0
L2
Z1(p) Z4(p)
C
Z2(p) Z3(p)
. 39.12
. -408-
39. RLC-
RLC-
Z1(p) LP LS Z4(p)
. 39.13
L3
Z4(p), .
, , -
(. 39.13).
1. ?
2.
?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
. -409-
40.
.
Z- . K12XX.
. .
I1
Z I 2
U U1 U2 Z
. 40.1
U = U1 + I1 Z , U 2 = I 2 Z H .
(. 40.1)
U2 I 2 Z H I 2 Z H
K12 = = = ,
U U1 + I1 Z Z11I1 + Z12 I 2 + I1Z
U2 Z H Z 21I1
K12 = = =
U Z 21I1
( Z H + Z 22 ) Z11I1 + Z12 + I1 Z
Z H + Z 22
Z H Z 21
= =
Z11Z 22 Z 21Z12 + Z H Z + Z 22 Z + Z H Z11
Z H Z 21
= .
Z H Z + Z 22 Z + Z H Z11 + Z
. -410-
40.
(
Z21 = Z12)
U Z ( p ) Y12 ( p )
1. Z = 0, Z H , K12XX ( p ) = 22XX = 12 = .
U1 Z11 ( p ) Y22 ( p )
Z12 ( p ) Z H ( p )
2. Z = 0, K12 ( p ) = .
Z11 ( p ) Z H ( p ) + Z
3. Z = 0 ZH = 0
I 2 ( p )
= Y12 ( p ) .
U1 ( p )
4. |Z|- |Y|-,
Y12 ( p ) YH ( p )
Y12 ( p ) = .
Y22 ( p ) + YH ( p )
5. Y = 0
U 2 ( p ) Z12 ( p ) Z H ( p )
Z12 ( p ) = = .
I1 ( p ) Z 22 ( p ) + Z H ( p )
R = 1 O
Z12 ( p ) Y ( p)
Z12 ( p ) = ; Y12 ( p ) = 12 .
Z 22 ( p ) + 1 Y22 ( p ) + 1
Z- .
(. 40.2) :
U1 = Z11I1 + Z12 I 2 ,
U = a1U1 + a2U 2 , I1 = a1I , I 2 = a2 I .
U
2 = Z I
21 1 + Z I
22 2 ,
. -411-
40.
Z-
U
Z ( p) = = a12 Z11 + 2a1a2 Z12 + a22 Z 22 .
I
Z(p) (Z(p) 0) Re P 0.
I1
I I 2
a1 : 1 1 : a2
U1 U2
. 40.2
Z11(p) Z22(p) ,
j -
. , Z(p) .
k11, k12 k22 Z11(p), Z12(p) Z22(p) j.
, Z11(p) Z22(p)
, Z(p)
k > 0.
k = a12 k11 + 2a1a2 k12 + a22 k22 > 0 .
k11k22 k122 0 .
Z(p)
. -412-
40.
K12XX.
U 22XX Z12 ( p )
K12XX ( p ) = = .
U1 Z11 ( p )
1. K12XX .
2. Z12(p), -
Z11 (p). Z11 (p) (, Z12(p)
K12XX. Z12(p) -
, K12XX -
. (Z12(p) , -
.)
3. K12XX ,
Z11(p), j (Z12(p) -
).
4. K12XX j .
, Z11(j) = 0, r11 = 0 r22 , -
r12 = 0 , Z12(j)
.
Z12 ( p ) Z
K12XX ( p ) = = 2 122 ( Z11 ( j) 0 ) .
Z11 ( p ) (
p + 1 Z11 )
Z12 2k1 p A
= Z + .
( )
p 2 + 12 Z11
12
p 2
+ 2
1 Z
11
K12XX p = j1
Z12
( p j1 ) =
( )
p 2 + 12 Z11
p = j1
2k p A ( p j1 )
= Z12 2 1 + = ( Z12 k1 ) p = j .
p + j1
Z11
p = j1 1
Z12(j) , K12XX
.
. -413-
40.
K12XX
5. K12XX = 0 = . ,
Z11(0) = 0, Z12(0) 0, Z12(0) . , Z12(0)
, r11 = 0
( r11r22 r122 0 ).
.
(. 40.3)
(. 40.4).
I1 I1 Z22 Z12
I 2 Z11 Z12 I 2
U1 U2 U1 Z12 U2
. 40.3 . 40.4
bn p n + bn1 p n1 + + b1 p + b0
Z11 ( p ) = ,
q( p)
ck p k + ck 1 p k 1 + + c1 p + c0
Z 22 ( p ) = ,
q( p)
Z . (Z11 Z12),
(Z22 Z12) Z12 , ai 0; bi ai;
ci ai . m n m k ,
n k.
Z ( p)
K12XX ( p ) = 12 , ,
Z11 ( p )
(
, ) .
,
. -414-
40.
0 < K12XX() 1.
(. 40.5)
U 22 ( p ) U 21 ( p ) U 21 ( p )
K12XX = = ,
U11 ( p ) U11 ( p )
U 21 ( p ) U 21 ( p )
K12XX = .
U11 ( p ) U11 ( p )
1 2
1 2
. 40.5
K12XX
.
bi |ai|; ci |ai| 1 K12XX () 1.
.
( -
) , -
();
(, Z11(p) ,
( Z12(p)).
. -
(. 40.6)
1 1
U1 = Z11I1 + Z12 I 2 , Z11 Z12 2 ( Z b + Z a ) ( Z b Z a )
= 2
.
U 2 = Z 21I1 + Z 22 I 2 , Z 21 Z 22 1 1
( Zb Z a ) ( Zb + Z a )
2 2
. -415-
40.
I1 Za Za
I 2
Zb Zb Zb
U1 U2
Za
. 40.6
. -
, -
( ).
, Z11, Z12 Z11 = Z22, -
,
.
[Z]
Z(p) , -
, rik = ReZik(j) -
r11r22 r122 0 Rep 0.
r11 = r22, r112 r122 0 , (r11 r12)(r11 r12) 0 (ReZa)(ReZb) 0
Rep 0.
r11 > 0,
, ReZa 0 ReZb 0 Rep 0. , Za Zb
.
, -
().
1.
. -416-
40.
3 p 4 + 9 p3 + 7 p 2 + 5 p + 2
Z11 = ,
(
2 p p 2 + 1 ( 2 p + 1) )
p 4 + p3 + p 2 3 p 2
Z12 = .
(
2 p p 2 + 1 ( 2 p + 1) )
2 p 4 + 8 p3 + 6 p 2 + 8 p + 4
Z a = Z11 Z12 = =
( )
2 p p 2 + 1 ( 2 p + 1)
=
( ) ( ) (
p2 p2 + 1 + 4 p p2 + 1 + 2 p2 + 1 )=
p ( p + 1) ( 2 p + 1)
2
p2 + 4 p + 2 p 2
= = + .
p ( 2 p + 1) 2 p + 1 p
4 p 4 + 10 p 3 + 8 p 2 + 2 p
Z b = Z11 + Z12 = =
( )
2 p p 2 + 1 ( 2 p + 1)
=
(
2 p 2 p3 + p 2 + 4 p 2 + 2 p + 2 p + 1 )=
(
2 p p 2 + 1 ( 2 p + 1) )
p 2 ( 2 p + 1) + 2 p ( 2 p + 1) + ( 2 p + 1)
= =
( )
p 2 + 1 ( 2 p + 1)
p2 + 2 p + 1 2p
= =1+ .
(p 2
+1 ) (p 2
)
+1
Za Zb.
1. Za = 0,
C0.
. -417-
40.
2 1 1
Z a = Z a + Z a; Z a = ; = lim pZ = 2; C0 = .
p C0 p0 2
p 1
Z a = p 0 Z a 0 p Z a ,
2 p +1 2
. . -
(. 40.7).
Z a ( p + k ) 1
R2 = k2 , kk = lim , k = ,
p k p 2
1 1
p p +
2 1 1 k
k2 = lim = , R2 = , L2 = 2 = 2 = 1 .
p
1 1 2 2 2 1
2 2 p + p
2 2
L2
R2
. 40.7
L2
0
R2
. 40.8
, Za , . 40.8.
2. Z b = Zb + Zb, Zb = 1 .
. -418-
40.
2p
Z b = -
p2 + 1
1
= lim
(
Z b p 2 + 22 ) , 22 = 1, C2 =
1 1
, L2 = 2 = 2 .
C2 p 2 22 p 2 2C2
, Zb , . 40.9.
(. 40.10).
L2
2
R
. 40.9
L2
0
R2
R L2
. 40.10
-
Z12.
, Zb Za = 2Z12.
Za Zb.
(LC, RC RL),
2Z12 .
1 2 p 3 + 3 p 2 12 p
2. Z12 = .
2 p2 + 9 ( p + 2)( )
. -419-
40.
3 p 2 + 6 p 2 p 3 18 p
2 Z12 = Z b Z a = =
(p 2
)
+ 9 ( p + 2)
=
3 p ( p + 2) 2 p p2 + 9 ( )= 3p
2p
.
(p 2
)
+ 9 ( p + 2) p +9 p+2
2
Za Zb.
2p
1. Z a = -
p+2
(. 40.7).
Z a ( p + 2 ) 2 p ( p + 2 )
R2 = k2 = lim = = 2 .
p 2 p ( p + 2) p
k2 2
L2 = = = 1 .
2 2
3p
2. Z b =
p2 + 9
1
= lim
(
Z b p 2 + 22 ) = lim
(
3 p p2 + 9 ) =3 1 , 22 = 9,
C2 p 2 22
p
2
p 9
(p 2
)
+9 p
1 1 1 3 1
C2 =
, L2 = 2 = = .
3 2C2 9 3
,
Z0Z0 Za Zb Z12.
(. 40.11).
. -420-
40.
L2
Z0
R2
Z0
L2
. 40.11
-
Z12, Za Zb -
.
:
1. , -
.
2. .
1. Z- ?
2. Z(p)?
3. -
?
4. ?
5. -
?
. -421-
41.
RC-. LC-. -
.
U2 Z12 ( p )
K12XX ( p ) = = .
U1 I 2 =0
Z11 ( p )
,
.
. 41.1.
U1 U2
. 41.1
-
, :
1)
( );
2) 0 (
).
RC-.
RC-
, K12XX(p)
.
(R
C), : = 0 = , -
, ,
= 0, = .
. -422-
41.
RC-
(. 41.2), RC-,
= .
U1 U2
. 41.2
U1 U2
. 41.3
(. 41.3) -
= 0.
Z ( p) n ( p) n ( p)
K12XX ( p ) = 12 , Z11 ( p ) = 11 , Z12 ( p ) = 12 ,
Z11 ( p ) d11 ( p ) d12 ( p )
n12 ( p ) d11 ( p )
K12XX ( p ) = .
d12 ( p ) n11 ( p )
, -
, Z12(p) ,
Z11(p) Z22(p), . . d11(p) , d12(p).
( k11k22 k122 0 .)
Z12XX(p) .
RC-
kp m kp m
K12XX ( p ) = n = ,
p + bn1 p n1 + + b1 p + b0 B ( p )
0 m n; B(p)
.
. -423-
41.
RC-
k
p 0, m 0, lim K12XX ( p ) lim p m , . . K12XX(p)
p 0 p 0 b
0
m
p .
p m n lim K12 XX ( p ) lim kp (
p p
( mn )
) , . . K
12XX(p) -
1
. ( nm )
p
, K12XX(p) m p 0 (n m)
p .
, -
Z11(p) Z22(p)
d11(p) = d12(p).
n ( p)
, K12XX ( p ) = 12 , n11 ( p ) = B ( p ) , a n12 ( p ) = kp m .
n11 ( p )
:
1) m = 0, p = ;
2) m = n, p = 0;
3) 0 < m < n, m p = 0, n m p = .
k
1. m = 0, K12XX ( p ) = n ,
p + bn1 p n1 + + b1 p + b0
p = .
K12XX(p) Z11(p)
, . . Z11(p) p = .
1.
k
K12XX ( p ) = .
( p + 3)( p + 5)
Z12 ( p ) k
. K12XX ( p ) = = 2 .
Z11 ( p ) p + 8 p + 15
Z11(p) , p = 3 p = 5
Z11(p) -
.
Z11 ( p ) =
( p + 3)( p + 5) = p 2 + 8 p + 15
,
( p + 1)( p + 4 ) p2 + 5 p + 4
. -424-
41.
RC-
k
Z12 ( p ) = .
( p + 1)( p + 4 )
1
Z11 ( p ) = 1 + .
1 1
p+
3 9 1
+
4 2 p+ 1
3 1
2
. 41.4.
9
1 4 2
U1 1 U2
3 3
2
. 41.4
, p = K12XX(p) = 0, ,
K12XX(p) Z12(p).
2. m = n,
kp n kp n
K12XX ( p ) = n = ,
p + bn1 p n1 + + b1 p + b0 B ( p )
p = 0.
, -
. 41.3.
2.
kp 2 kp 2
K12XX = = .
( p + 2 )( p + 4 ) p 2 + 6 p + 8
. -425-
41.
RC-
. Z11 ( p ) =
( p + 2 )( p + 4 ) = p2 + 6 p + 8
,
( p + 1)( p + 3) p2 + 4 p + 3
kp 2
Z12 ( p ) = .
( p + 1)( p + 3)
1 3 1
Y11 ( p ) = = + .
Z11 ( p ) 8 32 + 1
7 p 49 + 1
88 22 44 + 1
21 p 3
44
. 41.5.
7 21
32 968
8 88 44
U1 U2
3 49 3
. 41.5
3. 0 < m < n, m p = 0, n m
p = .
kp m kp m
K12XX ( p ) = n = .
p + bn1 p n1 + + b1 p + b0 B ( p )
RC- Z11(p) -
p = 0, p = .
. ,
.
3.
. -426-
41.
RC-
kp
K12XX = .
( p + 2 )( p + 5)
. Z11 ( p ) =
( p + 2 )( p + 5) = p 2 + 7 p + 10
,
( p + 1)( p + 4 ) p2 + 5 p + 4
kp
Z12 ( p ) = .
( p + 1)( p + 4 )
Z11(p) p = ( )
p 2 + 7 p + 10 p 2 + 5 p + 4
(
p2 + 5 p + 4 1 )
p2 + 5 p + 4 2p + 6
(
p2 + 3 p ) 1
p
2 .
2p + 4
p = , ,
1
p , Z11(p)
2
, (. 41.6).
1 2p + 4
Z11 ( p ) = 1 + , Y ( p ) = .
1 2p + 6
p + Y ( p )
2
1
1
Y ( p)
2
. 41.6
. -427-
41.
RC-
1
9
3
3
2
. 41.7
(. 41.7)
2 1
Y ( p ) = + .
3 9+1
p 1
3
(. 41.8).
,
.
K12XX(p) Z11(p)
p = 0. ,
(. 41.9).
1
=
( p + 1)( p + 4 ) .
Z11 ( p ) ( p + 2 )( p + 5 )
47
p2 + p
Z ( p ) = 11 -
3 2 11
p + p
5 5
p = (. 41.10)
5 1
Z ( p ) = + .
3 99 p + 1
100 100
33 11
. -428-
41.
RC-
1
2 9
1
1 3
3
2 2
. 41.8
11
50
5
Z ( p)
2
. 41.9
5
3 99 100
100 33 11
. 41.10
11
50
5
5 3 99 100
2 100 33 11
. 41.11
, . 41.11.
. -429-
41.
LC-.
kp m kp m
K12XX ( p ) = n = ,
p + bn1 p n1 + + b1 p + b0 B ( p )
m n .
B(p) 0 m n.
RC- :
1) m = 0, p = ;
2) m = n, p = 0;
3) 0 < m < n, m p = 0, n m p = .
1. m = 0,
k
K12XX ( p ) = ,
p n + bn1 p n1 + + b1 p + b0
p = .
K12XX(p)
Z11(p) , . . Z11(p)
p = .
1.
k
K12XX ( p ) = .
(p 2
)(
+ 4 p2 + 9 )
Z12 ( p ) k k
. K12XX ( p ) = = 2 = .
Z11 ( p )( )(
p + 4 p2 + 9 )p 4 + 13 p 2 + 36
Z11(p) , p1,2 = j2
p3,4 = j3 Z11(p)
.
. -430-
41.
LC-
Z11 ( p) =
(p 2
)(
+ 4 p2 + 9 )= p 4
+ 13 p 2 + 36
,
(
p p2 + 6 ) p3 + 6 p
k
Z12 ( p ) = .
(
p p2 + 6 )
1
Z11 ( p ) = 1 p + .
1 1
p+
7 49 1
p+
6 1
p
42
. 41.12.
49
1 6
1 1
7 42
. 41.12
2. m = n,
kp n kp n
K12XX ( p ) = n = ,
p + bn1 p n1 + + b1 p + b0 B ( p )
p = 0.
2.
kp 4
K12XX ( p ) = .
( )(
p2 + 4 p2 + 9 )
. .
. -431-
41.
LC-
Z11 ( p) =
(p 2
)(
+ 4 p2 + 9 )= p 4
+ 13 p 2 + 36
,
(
p p2 + 6 ) p3 + 6 p
kp 4
Z12 ( p ) = .
p ( p 2 + 6)
(. 41.13)
6 1
Z11 ( p ) = + .
p 6 1
+
7 p 49 + 1
p 1
7p
3. 0 < m < n, m p = 0, n m
p = .
kp m kp m
K12XX ( p ) = n = .
p + bn1 p n1 + + b1 p + b0 B ( p )
1 1
6 49
7
7
6
. 41.13
3.
kp 2
K12XX ( p ) = .
(p 2
)(
+ 4 p2 + 9 )
. p = 0
p = . p = .
( p 2
)(
+ 4 p2 + 9 )= p 4
+ 13 p 2 + 36 kp 2
Z11 ( )
p = , Z12 ( )
p = .
(
p p2 + 6 ) p3 + 6 p p p2 + 6( )
. -432-
41.
LC-
6
p
1 7
Z11 ( p ) = 1 p + , Y ( p ) = 2 .
1 7 p + 36
p + Y ( p )
7
,
. 41.14.
p = 0 -
1
Z ( p ) = .
Y ( p )
Z(p) , . 41.15.
1 Y ( p)
7
. 41.14
1
42
49
6
. 41.15
-
(. 41.16).
1
1 42
1 49
7 6
. 41.16
. -433-
41.
LC-
.
p = 0
6 1
Z11 ( p ) = + ,
p 6
+ Y ( p )
7p
1 3
p
Y ( p) = 2
7 .
7 p + p4
1
Z ( p ) = , p = ,
Y ( p )
1
Z ( p ) = 7 p + .
p
49
, -
(. 41.17).
1
6 7
7 1
6 49
. 41.17
Z12 ( p ) Y ( p)
, K12XX ( p ) = = 12 .
Z11 ( p ) Y22 ( p )
, -
Y22(p), . . ,
.
. -434-
41.
4.
k
K12 XX ( p ) = .
( )(
p2 + 4 p2 + 9 )
Y12 ( p ) k k
. K12XX ( p ) = = 2 = .
Y22 ( p ) ( 2
p +4 p +9)( p 4
+ 13 p)2
+ 36
Y22(p) , p1,2 = j2
p3,4 = j3 Y12(p)
.
Y22 ( )
p =
( p 2
)(
+ 4 p2 + 9 ) , Y ( p) =
k
.
(
p p2 + 6 ) 12
(
p p2 + 6 )
1 1
42 7
U1 6 U2
1
7
Y22()
. 41.18
. -435-
41.
(. 41.18)
1
Y22 ( p ) = 1 p + .
1 1
p+
7 49 1
p+
6 1
p
42
1. , -
K12XX(p)
?
2. -
RC-?
3. -
RC-?
4. LC-?
. -436-
42.
R2. -
, . -
.
: -
-
.
, -
-
.
(. 42.1).
I1 I1 I2
I2
1 2 1 2
R1
U1 U2 R2 U1 U2
1 1 2
2
I1 I2
1 2
R1
U1 U2 R2
1 2
. 42.1
(LC-), -
( ) ,
. -
, pi
. -437-
42.
k k
ki = 11 12 .
k21 k22
Z12(Y12) Z11 Z22, (Y11, Y22) Z12(Y12)
.
U
1. (. 42.1, ) (Z = R1 = 0) 2 = K ( p ) =
U1
Z12 Z H
= ( ).
Z11Z H + Z
Z Z
Z- Y-, Y22 = 11 , Y12 = 12 ,
Z Z
|Z| = Z11Z22 Z12Z21, Z12 = Z21,
Z12 Y12
K ( p) = = .
Z 1 1
Z 11 + + Y22
R2
Z ZH
2. (. 42.1, ) (Z = R1, R2 = )
Z12
K ( p) = .
R1 + Z11
3. (. 42.1, )
Z12 R2
K ( p) = .
R1R2 + Z11R2 + Z 22 R1 + Z
R2 (. 42.2).
I1 I2
1 2
U1 R2 = 1
1 2
. 42.2
. -438-
42.
R2
U2 Y12 ( p )
R2 = 1 K ( p ) = = .
U1 1 + Y22 ( p )
Y12(p) Y22(p) ,
,
m12 ( p ) A( p )
K ( p) = = .
m22 ( p ) + n22 ( p ) B ( p )
A(p) , .
B(p) = m22(p) + n22(p) .
,
A( p ) m1 ( p )
K ( p) = =
B ( p ) m2 ( p ) + n2 ( p )
A( p ) n1 ( p )
K ( p) = = ,
B ( p ) m2 ( p ) + n2 ( p )
m1 ( p ) m ( p)
Y12 ( p ) = , Y22 ( p ) = 2 ;
n2 ( p ) n2 ( p )
n1 ( p ) n ( p)
Y12 ( p ) = , Y22 ( p ) = 2 .
m2 ( p ) m2 ( p )
, K(p)
Y12(p) Y22(p).
. -439-
42.
R2
1. R2 = 1
k
K ( p) = 3 2
.
p + 6 p + 15 p + 15
A( p )
. K ( p) = . A(p) ,
B( p)
m1 ( p ) m ( p) m ( p)
K ( p) = . Y12 ( p ) = 1 , Y22 ( p ) = 2 ;
m2 ( p ) + n2 ( p ) n2 ( p ) n2 ( p )
B ( p ) = p 3 + 6 p 2 + 15 p + 15,
( ) (
m2 ( p ) + n2 ( p ) = 6 p 2 + 15 + p 3 + 15 p , )
k 6 p 2 + 15
Y12 ( p ) = 3 , Y22 ( p ) = 3 .
p + 15 p p + 15 p
5 1
6 6
U1 12
1 U2
25
. 42.3
1
Y22(p) p = 0, Z 22 ( p ) =
Y22 ( p )
p 1
Z 22 ( p ) = +
6 12 p + 1
25 5
p
6
. -440-
42.
R2
p = 0
(. 42.3).
,
(. 42.4).
I1 I2
1 2
R1
U1 U2
1 2
. 42.4
Z12
R1 = 1 K ( p ) = .
1 + Z11
A( p ) m1 ( p )
, K ( p ) = =
B ( p ) m2 ( p ) + n2 ( p )
A( p ) n1 ( p )
K ( p) = = ,
B ( p ) m2 ( p ) + n2 ( p )
m1 ( p ) m ( p)
Z12 ( p ) = , Z11 ( p ) = 2 ;
n2 ( p ) n2 ( p )
n1 ( p ) n ( p)
Z12 ( p ) = , Z11 ( p ) = 2 .
m2 ( p ) m2 ( p )
, K(p)
Z12(p) Z11(p).
2.
. -441-
42.
,
k
K ( p) = .
p + 4 p + 10 p 2 + 16 p + 9
4 3
, ,
k
3
4 p + 16 p
K ( p) = ,
p 4 + 10 p 2 + 9
1+
4 p 3 + 16 p
k
. . Z12 ( p ) = 3 ,
4 p + 16 p
p 4 + 10 p 2 + 9
Z11 ( p ) = .
4 p 3 + 16 p
p = ,
(. 42.5).
p 1
Z11 ( p ) = + .
4 2 p+ 1
3 3 1
p+
5 10
p
9
1 3
1
4 5
2 10
U1 U2
3 9
Z11()
. 42.5
. -442-
42.
(. 42.6).
I1 I2
1 2
U1 LC U2 R2
1 2
Z
. 42.6
Z12 R2
K ( p) = ,
R1R2 + Z11R2 + Z 22 R1 + Z
. . Z- Y--
.
-
.
(j) -
(j) ( ).
U 2 ( j ) U1 ( j ) U1 ( j )
2 2 2
P
( j )
2
= , P = , = , m = ,
m R2 R1 + R2 4 R1
R1 = R2
P , R2; P ,
( ); Pm
, R1 = R2.
4 R U 2 ( j )
2
P 4R
( j ) = 1 K ( j ) .
2 2
= = 1
m R2 U1 ( j) 2
R2
. -443-
42.
, -
, , .
U 2 ( j )
2
= Re Z BX ( j) I1 ( j) =
2
,
R2
R2 Re Z BX ( j) I1 ( j) = U 2 ( j) .
2 2
U1
= R1 + Z BX ( j) .
I1
R2 Re Z BX ( j)
2 2 2
U U I
K ( j )
2
= 2 = 2 1 = .
R1 + Z BX ( j)
2
U1 I1 U1
4 R1 R2 Re Z BX ( j)
( j ) = 1 ( j ) = 1
2 2
=
R2 R1 + Z BX ( j) 2
4 R1R ( )
=1 , ( Z BX ( j) = R ( ) + jX ( ) ).
R1 + R ( ) + jX ( )
2
4 R1R
( j ) ( j ) = 1 =
( R1 + R )
2 2
+X
Z BX ( j) R1
2
( R1 R ) + X 2
2
= = .
( R1 + R )2 + X 2 Z BX ( j) + R1
2
Z BX ( p ) R1 1 ( p)
, ( p ) = Z BX ( p ) = , . . -
Z BX ( p ) + R1 1 ( p)
ZX(p), LC- -
R2.
. -444-
42.
kp m
K ( p ) =
B( p)
R1 = 1 .
1. (p)
4 R1
( p )( p ) = 1 K ( p) K ( p) .
R2
-
( -
), K(p) .
, (p),
. -
(p) (, -
). (p) - , ZX(p) -
L C ( ).
1 + ( p)
2. (p) Z BX ( p ) =
1 ( p)
1 ( p)
Z BX ( p ) = , . . .
1 + ( p)
, -
1
R2, .
R2
R2, m n.
m = 0,
R2 = ZBX(0); m = n
R2 = ZBX().
m n (0 < m < n)
( ), R2
.
3. ZBX(p). K(p) ZBX(p), -
,
.
kp 0
1. K ( p ) = , m = 0.
B( p)
. -445-
42.
k
3. K ( p ) = R1 = 1 R1 = 1 .
2
p + 2 p +1
p = ,
, . . (. 42.7).
U1 1 U2
Z()
. 42.7
R2 1
(p). k = K ( 0 ) = = ,
R1 + R2 2
4 R1
( p )( p) = 1 K ( p) K ( p) =
R2
1 1
4 1
=1 2 2 2 2 =
1 p + 2 p +1 p 2 p +1
=
p4 2 p2 + 1 1
=
( )
p p + 2 ( p) p + 2 ( ).
(p 2
)(
+ 2 p + 1 p2 2 p + 1 ) (p 2
)( )
+ 2 p + 1 p2 2 p + 1
(p) :
. -446-
42.
( p) =
(
p p+ 2 ); ( p) =
p p+ 2 ( );
( p 2 + 2 p + 1) ( p 2 2 p + 1)
( p) =
(
p p + 2 ); ( p) =
(
p p + 2 );
(p 2
+ 2 p +1 ) (p 2
2 p +1 )
( p) =
p p + 2 ( ); ( p) =
p p + 2 ( );
(p 2
+ 2 p +1 ) (p 2
2 p +1 )
( p) =
(
p p + 2 ); ( p ) =
p p + 2 ( ).
(p 2
+ 2 p +1 ) (p 2
2 p +1 )
-
- ( ).
( p) =
(
p p+ 2 ) .
( p2 + 2 p + 1 )
1 + ( p) 1 ( p )
Z BX1 ( p ) = , Z BX2 ( p ) = .
1 ( p ) 1 + ( p)
p2 + 2 p + 1 + p2 + 2 p
Z BX1 ( p ) = 2 =
p + 2 p + 1 p2 2 p
=
(
2 p2 + 2 + 2 p + 1 ) =
2 p 2 + 3, 41 p + 1
.
(2 2 ) p +1 0,59 p + 1
(. 42.8)
. -447-
42.
2p 2 + 3,41 p + 1 0,59 p + 1
(
2p 2 + 3,41 p ) 3,41 p
0,59 p + 1 1
0,59 p 0,59 p
1 1
1 1
0
1 3,41
U1 0,59 U2
1
Z()
. 42.8
k
4. K ( p ) = R1 = 1 R2 = 4 .
2
p + 3p +1
p = ,
.
. -448-
42.
R2 4
k = K (0) = = .
R1 + R2 5
4 4
4 1
( p)( p) = 1 2 5 2 5 =
4 p + 3p +1 p 3p +1
2 41 3 2 41 3
p + p + p p +
5 5 5 5
= .
(2 2
p + 3p +1 p 3p +1)( )
41 3
p2 + p+
( p ) = 5 5.
2
p + 3p +1
(
2p 2 + 5,86 p ) 14,2 p
0,14 p + 0, 4 1,6
.
0,14 p 0,087 p
1,6 0,4
1,6 4
0
. -449-
42.
1
1 1
4
U1 U2
1 0,25
1, 25
Z()
. 42.9
R2 1
k= = .
R1 + R2 5
4 1
1 3
5
p
1
p3 ( )
( p)( p) = 1 3 3 5 2 =
1 p + 2 p + 2 p +1 p + 2 p 2 p +1
2
15 6
p6 + 1 +
p
= 3 25 =
( )(
p + 2 p 2 + 2 p + 1 p3 + 2 p 2 2 p + 1 )
3 3 3 3
1 + p 1 p
= 3 5 5 .
( )(
p + 2 p + 2 p + 1 p3 + 2 p 2 2 p + 1
2
)
3 3
1+p
( p) = 3 5 .
p + 2 p2 + 2 p + 1
3 3
p3 + 2 p 2 + 2 p + 1 + 1 +
p
Z BX ( p ) = 3 5 =
( )(
p + 2 p 2 + 2 p + 1 p3 + 2 p 2 2 p + 1 )
1,6 p 3 + 2 p 2 + 2 p + 2
= .
0,4 p 3 + 2 p 2 + 2 p
. -450-
, , , .
,
, --
, .
,
,
,
, ,
.
, -
, , -
.
.
, -
, , -
.
. -451-
1. / . . , . . , . . , . . -
. .: , 1963.
2. , . . / . . . .: ,
2006.
3. , . . /
. . , . . , . . . .: ,1989.
4. , . / . . .:
, 1961.
5. , . . /
. . . .: . 1969.
6. , . . / . . -
. .: . , 1968.
7. , . . / . . -
. .: . ., 1973.
8. , . . / . . ,
. . , . . . .: , 2002.
9. , . . / . . . .:
, 1970.
10. , . .
/ . . . .: . ., 1986.
11. , . . / . . -
. .: , 1989.
12. , . . / . . , . .
. .: , 1972.
13. , . . / . . -
, . . . ., 1972.
14. , . . / . . .: , 1973.
15. , . . / . . . .:
. ., 1971.
16. , . . / . . .
.: . ., 1987.
17. , . / . . .: , 1982.
18. , . . .
/ . . . .: . ., 1972.
19. , . . / . . . .: . ., 2003.
20. , . . / . . -
. .: , 2000.
21. : . -
/ . . , . . , . . -
. .: . ., 1973.
. -452-