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(JGC Annamalai)
Definition of Cryogenics: In Romans, Cryo means super cold and genics means knowledge or science. In Greek,
Crogenics is to attain low temperature.
Normal or accepted range of cryogenic is from Absolute Zero to 120K ( -273C to -150C).
Achieving of Cryogenic Temperatures: The process is like normal refrigeration cycle to make ice . Instead of
Freon/Refrigerant, Cryogens (Liquid Helium, liquid Nitrogen, petroleum gases etc) or mixture of them(MRC) are used.
The cycle is repeated till we achieve the cryogenic temperatures.
[1]. Effects of Low Temp & Cryo temp on Toughness and Ductility:
(Unit Joules, 1J = 0.738 ft.lb)
(A).
Most BCC Metals, Iron, CS & low alloy steels, Moly, Nb, Zinc, elastomeric &
plastics materials: they generally, on cooling from room temp. to cryo temperature
( - 273C), the following happens: (1). Tensile & Yield Strength increases. , (2). %
Elangation(ductility) decreases, (3). Youngs Modulus increases, (means little
deflection/rigid), (4). Coefficient of thermal expansion continue to decrease and it is
negligible, near to absolute zero. (5). impact Energy decreases and the structure
becomes brittle.
(B). Most FCC Metals, Cu, Ni, Cu Ni alloys, Al & its alloys, Austenitic Stainless
Steels (with min 7%Ni), Zirconium, Titanium, Teflon, polyurethane, pyrex glass, 9%
Ni steel are generally safe for cryo temp. range.
(C). ASME Sec VIII code permits material to use at temperature below -20F( -
29C) only if the material is tested at the operating temperature and passes the
minimum requirements for impact resistance.
(D).Titanic Ship , Liberty Ships, Pressure Vessels etc., fabricated during or before
World War-II, cracked in cold weather / temperature . This lead to brittle
fracture study, better materials and improvements on Toughness / Impact Energy.
(E). 20J (15 ft.lb) impact energy at Operating Temperature is considered minimum to control brittle failure, at low temp /
Cryogenic Engineering Applications. Allowances are added for further safety.
[2]. Effect of Cryo temp on Electrical Resistance of Material :
The Electrical Resistance, reduces near to zero Ohms(), as the temp. is lowered , near to absolute zero. Zero Electrical
Resistance at Zero absolute temperature, is called Super Conductivity.
Application of Cryogenic Technology:
(1). Liquefaction & Gas Separation: Using cryo technology, Air is separated into Oxygen, nitrogen and other
constituents. Cryotechnology is used to separte petroleum products like Methane, Ethane etc. Oxygen(liquid & gas) is
used in Metallaurgical units, Hospitals, Space Applications etc.
(2). LNG Transport:
Cryogenic gas liquefaction techniques is the storage and transportation of liquefied natural gas
(LNG), a mixture largely composed of methane, ethane, and other combustible gases. Natural gas(Methane, CH4) is
liquefied at -163C, causing it to contract to 1/600th of its volume at room temperature and making it sufficiently compact
for swift transport in specially insulated tankers to a far away distant places(say from Gulf Countries to Japan, Korea).
(3). Food Preservation: Very low temperatures are also used for preserving food, simply and inexpensively. Produce is
placed in a sealed tank and sprayed with liquid nitrogen. The nitrogen immediately vaporizes, absorbing the heat content
of the produce.
(4). Cryo medicine & Cryosurgery: A low temperature scalpel or probe can be used to freeze to cut & kill unhealthy
tissue & unwanted human growth(cancer or dead body part). The resulting dead cells are removed through normal bodily
processes. The advantage : freezing the tissue rather than normal cutting, it produces less bleeding
(5). Space Application: Cryo fuel/Propellants (Liquid Hydrogen & Oxygen) were first used in Rockets, like Apollo-11
(Saturn-V) which took man to moon in 1969 and first used in Space-Shuttle Columbia in 1981
(6). Superconductivity: Superconducting electromagnets are used in the Particle Accelerators. The facilities require very
powerful magnetic flux that conventional electromagnets could be melted by the electric currents they carry. Liquid helium
cools the cable through which the currents flow to about 4 K , allowing much stronger currents to flow without generating
heat by electrical resistance. The electrical resistance at sub-zero temperature is near zero.
(7). Brittle Nature: Many materials at cryo temp range, have brittle structure (Elangation <5%, is considered brittle
fracture). Food grains, elastic materials like rubber, sticky material, plastics and tools used to metal cutting etc are sub
cooled to cryo temp range and
machined and also ground to power, as the material is brittle and easy to machine. Dead
Human body, at cryo temp, is shaved, at 1 mm layers and photographed to make 3D model for training/analysis/treatment.
Some steels are treated at - 185C. Life of metal tools increases to anywhere between 200 400% of the original life
expectancy using cryo tempering instead of heat treating.
(8). As a cooling medium: Liquid N2 & Liquid He are used for cooling purpose on infrared cameras, thermal imagers,
high vacuum pumps, storing human blood, tissues, cells etc. For testing at low temperature / cryo temperature : weld test
coupons/PTC, impact test specimens, samples, valves, equipments etc.
Refregirants and Cryogens and other useful Liquids - Boiling Point/Liquefying Point
Argon(Ar) Boils -186 87.4 -302 158 Dry-Ice(CO2),Melts -78 195 -108 352
Fluorine (FL) Boils -188 85.2 -306 154 Methanol,Melts -98 175 -144 316
Carbon Monoxide(CO) liquefies
-188 85 -306 153 Chlorine,Melts -102 172 -151 309
Air liquefies -194 79 -317 143 Ethanol (Alcohol),Melts-114 159 -173 287
Nitrogen(N2) Boils -196 77.4 -320 140 C K F R
Neon(Ne) Liquefies -246 27 -411 49 Propane,Melts -188 85 -306 154
Deuterium(D) or H2 Liquefies-249 24 -416 43 Oxygen,Melts -219 54.2 -362 98
Hydrogen(H2) Liquefies -253 20.2 -423 37 Neon,Melts -249 24.4 -415 45
Helium(He) Boils -269 4.11 -452 8 Hydrogen,Melts -259 13.9 -434 26
Absolute Zero Temperature -273 0 -460 0 Helium,Melts -272 0.8 -458 2
C K F R