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2.
Task of Protection
The task of the protection in the electrical power system is:
To protect people against dangerous situations.
To protect the power system against instabilities.
To protect the assets of the power system.
(Overhead lines, generator, power transformer against malfunction and
destruction).
Leanard L. Grigsby
By the involvement of Leanard L. Grigsby, the duties of the protection in electrical power
system are as follows:
To keep persons from hazardous circumstances.
To protect the power system from uncertainties
To keep the parameters of power system
3.
Transmission line protection
From all other protection equipment and devices, transmission line protection must be
appropriate from each other element.
The purpose of power system protection is to detect faults or abnormal operating
conditions and to initiate corrective action. Relays must be able to evaluate a wide
variety of parameter to establish that corrective action is required. Obviously, a relay
cannot prevent the fault. Its primary purpose is to detect the fault and take the
necessary action to minimize the damage to the equipment or to the system.
Stanley H.Horowitz
Transmission line security
From all other security hardware and devices, transmission line insurance must be
proper from each other component.
The reason for power framework security is to distinguish issues or irregular working
conditions and to start restorative activity. Transfers must have the capacity to measure
a wide range of parameter to build up that corrective activity is required. Clearly, a
transmission can't keep the fault. Its basic role is to identify the fault and make the
essential move to minimize the harm to the hardware or to the framework
4. Fuse
Power fuses have been used for many years to provide transformer fault protection.
Generally, it is recommended that transformer sized larger than 10 MVA be protected
with more sensitive devices such as the differential relay discussed later in this
selection. Fuses provide a low-maintenance, economical solution for protection.
Fuses provide limited protection for some internal transformer faults. A fuse is also a
single-phase device. Certain system faults may only operate one fuse.
Leanard L. Grigsby
Fuses have been utilized for a long time to give transformer liability insurance. For the
most part, it is prescribed that transformer estimated bigger than 10 MVA be ensured
with more delicate devices. Fuses give a low-upkeep, prudent answer for security.
Fuses give restricted security to some inside transformer issues. A circuit is additionally
a solitary stage tool. Certain framework shortcomings may just work one breaker.
5. Single-Point feeding network
A single-point feeding network can have three layouts
1. A radial structure; in which all substations (or consumers ) are fed by lines or
cables connected directly to one control supply; a network with a radial structure
is less expensive to build.
2. A loop structure; in which each and every substation within the system is fed from
two directions; networks with a loop structure are more reliable but expensive to
build.
3. A multi-loop structure; in which multi-loop structure are very reliable in their
operation, but more costly.
Peter Shauemaker
Single-Point sustaining system
6. Network structure
The network structure is formed by the overhead lines, the underground cables, the
transformer and the buses between the points of power injection and consumption. The
number of voltage transformation from highest level to the lowest voltage level
determines the principle network structure of a power system. Network structures can
be distinguished in system parts with single-point feeding and multiple-point feeding.
Organize structure
The system structure is framed by the overhead lines, the underground links, the
transformer and the transports between the purposes of force infusion and utilization.
The quantity of voltage change from most elevated amount to the least voltage level
decides the standard system structure of a power framework. Arrange structures can be
recognized in framework parts with single-point boosting and various point supporting.
Feeders
7. Feeders are either overhead lines or underground cables which carry power close to
the load points up to couple of kilometers. Finally, the voltage is stepped down to 415
volts by a pole-mounted distribution transformer and delivered to the distributors. End
consumers are supplied through a service mains line from distributors. The secondary
distribution system consists of feeders, distributors and service mains.
Feeders are either overhead lines or underground links which convey control near the
heap indicates up couple of kilometers. At last, the voltage is expressed down to 415
volts by a post mounted appropriation transformer and conveyed to the distributors. End
buyers are provided through an administration mains line from wholesalers. The
optional dissemination framework comprises of feeders, wholesalers and administration
mains.
Network upgrade
Substation setup
Feeders are either overhead lines or underground cables which convey control near the
load points up to two or three kilometers. At last, the voltage is ventured down to 415
volts by a shaft mounted appropriation transformer and conveyed to the merchants. End
consumers are provided through an administration primary line from merchants. The
optional appropriation framework comprises of feeders, wholesalers and administration
mains.
The diverse conductor fragments in the exchange fasten are denoted to as dispersion
lines or cables ,busbars transmission lines or links, and client lines or links
Transformers are intended for operation at appraised kVA under the accompanying
administration conditions:
Cooling (encompassing) air temperature for fluid immersed or dry-sort transformers.
Normal temperature for any 24h period is not to excedd 30
Most extreme temperature is not to surpass 40. Cooling-water temperature for water-
cooled transformers.
Normal water temperature for any 24h period is not to surpass 25.
Most extreme water temperature is not surpass 30.
Height ( rise )
Height is not surpass 1000m ( 3300 ft)
Stack Current
Stack current is roughly sinusoidal.
Consonant element does not surpass o.05 per unit.
Stack control calculate.
Stack control component is 80% or higher.
Voltage and recurrence
Auxiliary voltage and volts per hertz might not surpass 110% at no heap and 105% at
evaluated approval.