GRAMMAR

THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE

I always have a large coffee for
Habits/Routines
breakfast
PRESENT
Describing a state She lives in a flat
SIMPLE
Things that are Water covers about 70 percent of
permanent/Always true the world
Things that are happening Im waiting for the bus at the
now, at this precise moment moment
PRESENT Temporary situations that are Hes using his bike while his car
CONTINUOUS happening around now is in the garage
Theyre having a meal together
Arrangements in the future
next Friday
Unplanned decisions (made
WILL + Ill give you a lift to the station
while speaking)
INFINITIVE Predictions based on what you I think Manchester United will
think o believe win
Ive decided Im going to apply
GOING TO + Plans and intentions
for university next year
INFINITIVE Predictions based on what you
Hes going to fail his exam
know or can see/hear now
We dont usually use state verbs in the continuous form
(LIKE, LOVE, HATE, THINK, BELIEVE, KNOW, WANT, NEED)
STATE: Opinion What do you think of...?
THINK
ACTION Im thinking
I think + Will I dont think + Will

THE PAST

PAST SIMPLE Main past events

Actions in progress when
PAST CONTINUOUS
the main events happened
PAST PERFECT Events and background
information that happened
SIMPLE
before main past events
It was raining when I
went to work
As soon I saw Mick, I
knew I had met him
before
 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS
To talk about things which started in the past, but continue to the present, or are
finished but have an effect on the present
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE HAVE + BEEN + VERB + ING

The postman has Theyve been
The present result
brought you a The activity itself having such a nice
of the action
letter time
Hes been playing
Ive lived here
The finished action The length of time tennis for three
since last January
hours
The number of
times the action
Ive been telling
has been Shes sent over 50 The repetition of
him for years to
completed up to mails today the activity
move to the country
the time of
speaking
For (Length of time) and Since (Starting point)
to talk about the duration of the activity
Just/ Yet/ Already

QUESTIONS

DIRECT QUESTIONS INDIRECT QUESTIONS

QUESTION WORD + AUXILIARY
When we want to be polite
VERB + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB
YES/NO Are you going to Dankas DO YOU QUESTION WORD +
QUESTIONS party? KNOW SUBJECT + MAIN
Where did she learn to
VERB
speak Spanish? CAN/
COULD Can you tell me what they
SUBJECT QUESTIONS
YOU TELL are?
The question word refers ME IF/WHETHER +
WH- to the subject of the (EXPLAIN/ SUBJECT + MAIN
QUESTIONS sentence ASK/) VERB
QUESTION WORD +
IS IT OK IF Do you know if there are
MAIN VERB +
any festivals at that time?
SUBJECT
ID LIKE Can you explain exactly
Who told you to go? TO KNOW where she lives?
 MODIFYING COMPARATIVES
DESCRIBING
THINGS DESCRIBING A BIG DESCRIBING A SMALL
WHICH ARE DIFFERENCE DIFFERENCE
THE SAME
FAR A LITTLE
+ COMPARATIVE
MUCH + COMPARATIVE
A BIT ADJECTIVE/ADVERB
ADJECTIVE/ADVERB
A LOT + AS
(JUST) AS + SLIGHTY
ADJECTIVE/A BY FAR + SUPERLATIVE NOT
DVERB + AS EASILY ADJECTIVE/ADVERB QUITE AS +
NOT + ADJECTIVE/ADVERB
NEARLY
NEARL ADJECTIVE/ADVERB + AS
AS
Y AS + AS

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE HAD + BEEN + VERB + ING

To describe
activities that
To describe events
Id just finished my happened over a Before they came
that happened
lunch when the period of time, and here, they had been
before the main
doorbell rang up to beyond a living in Australia
events in the past
specified point in
time
 ARTICLES
Inventions The telephone
Species of Animals The giant panda
National Groups The British
when we know which
Particular one we are talking Can you turn off the light, please?
Nouns about
If it is the only one The sun
with Superlatives Russia is the biggest country
THE Would you like an apple or a
with previously mentioned nouns
banana? The banana is very ripe
with names of places which are
The Netherlands
plural
with names of countries with
The United States
Kingdom, States or Republic
with Rivers, Oceans, Seas The Mediterranean Sea
What you did with the book I lent
to specify one we mean
you?
A teacher
with Jobs
An engineer
A/AN with Singular Countable Nouns
(mentioned for the first time or Id like an apple
when it doesnt matter which one)

Oxford Street
with most Streets, Towns, Cities,
Italy
Countries, Lakes, Mountains
Mount Fuji
when we make generalizations
ZERO Cats make very good pets
with plural nouns
ARTICLE
when we make generalizations Coffee is very expensive in this
with uncountable nouns country
when we make generalizations
Accommodation is difficult to find
with abstract nouns
 FUTURES
TO BE BOUND TO + INF
TO BE CERTAIN TO + INF Estar seguro de
TO BE SURE TO + INF
TO BE ABOUT TO + INF
TO BE ON THE POINT OF
+ ING Estar a punto de
TO BE ON THE VERGE OF
+ ING

FUTURE PERFECT FUTURE CONTINUOUS

WILL/WONT +
HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
To describe sth which will/wont be
completed before a definitive time in
the future
With time phrases:
By this time next week
By the end of next month
Within the next year
By the time you
He wont have finished the garden by the
time he retires
WILL/WONT +
BE + PRESENT PARTICIPLE
To describe sth in progress at a definite
time in the future
With time phrases:
At 6,00 tomorrow
This time next week
A year from now
When youre 21
Tomorrow morning, hell be doing the
same as hes doing today
 VERB PATTERNS: -ING FORMS AND INFINITIVES
VERBS + -ING
CARRY ON
ADMIT FINISH INVOLVE PRACTISE
CONSIDER
AVOID GIVE UP MIND RISK
DENY
CANT HELP KEEP ON MISS STOP
ENJOY
CANT STAND IMAGINE POSTPONE SUGGEST
FANCY
I enjoy listening to music.
I couldnt help laughing.
VERBS + INFINITIVE WITH TO
AGREE
DECIDE HOPE PRETEND
APPEAR TEND
EXPECT LEARN PROMISE
ARRANGE THREATEN
HAPPEN MANAGE REFUSE
BE ABLE TO WANT
HAVE (GOT) OFFER SEEM
CANT AFFORD WOULD LIKE
HELP PLAM TEACH
CANT WAIT
I want to speak to you.
They cant afford to buy a new car.
VERB + OBJECT + INFINITIVE WITH TO
PERSUADE CONVINCE ENCOURAGE ALLOW ADVISE
I encouraged her to work as hard as she could
VERBS + OBJECT + -ING or INFINITIVE WITH TO
with a change of meaning
SEE HEAR NOTICE
VERB + OBJECT + INFINITIVE
VERB + OBJECT + -ING
WITH TO
The whole of an event/action
An activity/action in progress
(From the beginning to the end)
I noticed you washing your car earlier I heard you slam the door three times
 VERBS + -ING or INFINITIVE
with a change of meaning
+ INFINITIVE WITH TO
Remember to lock the door.
(Future)
REMEMBER
+ GERUND I remember going to Venice
(Past) as a child.
+ INFINITIVE WITH TO
Sorry, I forget to do it
(You didnt remember to do sth)
FORGET + GERUND
Ill never forget seeing the
(You did sth. and you wont
Taj Mahal
forget it)
+ INFINITIVE WITH TO
I tried to open the window
(Make an effort to do sth.)
TRY
+ GERUND Try calling Miriam on her
(Experiment to see if sth. works) mobile phone
+ INFINITIVE WITH TO You need to clean the car
NEED + GERUND
The car needs cleaning
Passive Construction
+ INFINITIVE WITH TO She stopped to answer the
STOP (=Purpose) phone
+ GERUND She stopped smoking
inform
I regret you
+ INFINITIVE WITH TO tell
to that.
REGRET say
I regret not finishing my
+ GERUND
degree
+ INFINITIVE WITH TO I went on to become the
GO ON manager
(=Purpose)
KEEP ON
+ GERUND I keep on raising
 ITS TIME
ITS TIME + SUBJECT + PAST
TENSE
Is used to mean I should have done sth
already or at least started
Its time you did your homework
IRATHER
SUBJECT + WOULD RATHER +
OBJECT + PAST TENSE (+ THAN)
To talk than you prefer someone else to
do sth
Id rather you didnt smoke here
ID BETTER
SUBJECT + HAD BETTER + (NOT) +
INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO
To talk about sth when it is advisable to
do it
Id better mend that window as soon as I
can
SUBJECT + WOULD RATHER +
(NOT) + INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO
To talk about what youd prefer to do
Id rather not spend all day lying on the
beach
 REPORTED SPEECH
PRESENT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE
PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS
TENSES*
PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT
PAST SIMPLE PAST PERFECT
WILL/SHALL WOULD
COULD (Present Reference)
CAN
WOULD BE ABLE (Future Reference)
MAY MIGHT/COULD
SHOULD (Asking for advice)
MODAL SHALL WOULD (Asking for information)
VERBS* OFFER (Expressing offers)
MUST (Possibility)
MUST
HAD TO (Obligation)
DIDNT NEED TO
NEEDNT DIDNT HAVE TO (Present Reference)
WOULDNT HAVE TO (Future Reference)
YOU HE, SHE, THEY
YOUR HIS, HER, THEIR
OUR THEIR
PRONOUNS
THIS/THAT IT
THIS/THAT
THE
THESE/THOSE
TODAY THAT DAY
THIS WEEK/MONTH/YEAR THAT WEEK/MONTH/YEAR
THE NEXT or
TOMORROW/
THE FOLLOWING
NEXT MONTH/NEXT YEAR
DAY/MONTH/YEAR
TIME THE DAY BEFORE/
YESTERDAY
EXPRESIONS THE PREVIOUS DAY
THE PREVIOUS
LAST
WEEK/MONTH/YEAR or
WEEK/MONTH/YEAR
THE WEEK/MONTH/YEAR BEFORE
THEN
NOW
INMEDIATELY
AGO BEFORE
HERE THERE
WORDS
COME GO
BRING TAKE

*: No change if the situation is still true or for dramatic effect when telling a story
 REPORTED QUESTIONS
ASKED + IF/WHETHER + SUBJECT + VERB
REQUIRED Words such as please, well,
WONDERED + QUESTION WORD + SUBJECT + oh, etc are omitted
WANTED TO KNOW VERB

REPORTED ORDERS
ORDER SB (NOT) TO INFINITIVE
TELL SB (NOT) TO INFINITIVE

REPORTING VERBS
(NOT) + TO + PERSON +
+ THAT +
+ (NOT) + TO + (NOT) + -ING FORM
CLAUSE
INFINITIVE INFINITIVE
ADVISE*
ALLOW
APOLOGIZE FOR
ASK
ACCUSE SB. OF
AGREE BEG
ADMIT (TO) *
CLAIM* COMMAND
BLAME SB. FOR
DEMAND* CONVINCE
BOAST OF/STH* CONFIRM
OFFER ENCOURANGE
COMPLAIN TO SB OF/ABOUT* EXPLAIN
REFUSE FORBID
DENY* INFORM SB
PROMISE* INVITE
INSIT ON*
REFUSE ORDER
RECOMMEND
THREATEN* PERSUADE
REGRET
REMIND*
SUGGEST*
TELL
WARN*

*: Can also be followed by a THAT- CLAUSE in reported speech.

 CONDITIONALS
Used to IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE Example
Express a general truth or a IF If/When you heat snow, it
TYPE 0 + PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE
scientific fact WHEN melts
PRESENT SIMPLE
IF IMPERATIVE + BARE
+ PRESENT SIMPLE
Express a real o very UNLESS * CAN/MUST/MAY INFINITIVE
SHOULD* If he gets her diploma, she
TYPE 1 probable situation in the
will work for the UN
present or future * Unless + Affirmative Verb * For remote possibility
If clause comes before the main clause: Separate them with a comma
If clause comes before the main clause: Separate them with a comma
Express imaginary situations PAST SIMPLE
IF +
which are contrary to facts in PAST CONTINUOUS WOULD (NOT) + PRESENT
If I were you, I would tell
TYPE 2 the present, therefore, are COULD (NOT) BARE
him the truth
unlikely to happen in the Was or Were for I, he, she, it MIGHT (NOT) INFINITIVE
present or the future
Unreal in the past:
Express imaginary
situations, which are PAST PERFECT WOULD (NOT) + PERFECT
If they had invited her, she
TYPE 3 contrary to facts, in the IF + PAST PERFECT COULD (NOT) BARE
would have brought a gift
past. CONTINUOUS MIGHT (NOT) INFINITIVE
Express regrets or
criticism.
To talk about situations that If you were more organised,
never happened of conditions TYPE 2 TYPE 3 you wouldnt have lost the
which are true file
MIXED
For imagined past conditions If they hadnt missed the
and probable results in the TYPE 3 TYPE 2 flight, they would be at the
present meeting now
SUPPOSING, AS LONG AS, PROVIDED THAT
STRUCTURES EVEN IF
UNLESS To say that sth is dependent on something else.
WITH To emphasise that something will still be true if
= If not Supposing: To image a situation and suggest
CONJUNCTIONS something else happens
possible results.
 EMPHASIS
DO/ DOES/DID DO/ DOES/DID + MAIN VERB
SO + ADJECTIVE / ADVERB
SO MANY / SO MUCH + NOUN
SO/SUCH (THAT) SUCH A + ADJECTIVE + SINGLE CONTABLE NOUN
SUCH + ADJECTIVE + UNCONTABLE OR PLURAL
NOUN
IT IS/IT WAS IT IS/WAS. SUBJECT + VERB (PRESENT or PAST)

WISHES AND REGRETS

WISH/IF ONLY + PAST PERFECT
TALKING ABOUT WISHES,
REGRET + CLAUSE
REGRETS AND THINGS THAT
REGRET + -ING FORM
DIDNT HAPPEN
THIRD CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
WAS/WERE GOING TO + INF
TALKING ABOUT PLANS
THAT DIDNT COME TRUE
WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
I wish Id appreciated it when I
If only was a teenager
That I didnt appreciate it
I regret
Not appreciating it
If Id settled there, it would have been the
ideal place to raise the children
I was going to create a Japanese garden
when I came back to the UK
I would have liked to create a pool with carp
in
 INVERSION
MODAL/AUXILIARY VERB + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB
A number of adverbial expressions can be put at the beginning of the sentence for greater emphasis. Any adverbial expression that is directly negative or which
suggests a negative will be compulsorily followed by an inversion with an auxiliary verb.
Some positive openings, however, also have this inversion, especially those beginning to such.
This inversion is a useful way of breaking up the usual subject-verb-object order, but, in general, its effect is rather literary and it should not be over-used.
The following are some of the commonest expressions which, if placed at the beginning, must be followed by an inversion.
NOT A SINGLE WORD NO SOONER...THAN ONLY WHEN
IN/UNDER NO (UNLESS IT IS THE NEITHER... NOR ONLY IN THIS WAY
CIRCUMSTANCES SUBJECT OF THE NO WHERE TO SUCH A DEGREE
NOT ONLY... BUT (ALSO) SENTENCE) HARDLY ... WHEN TO SUCH AN EXTENT
(UNLESS IT QUALIFIES THE AT NO TIME HARDLY (EVER) SO/SUCH
SUBJECT) IN NO COUNTRY, TOWN, IN NO WAY IN SUCH A DESPERATE
AFTER WORDS NOT UNTIL ET ON NO ACCOUNT SITUATION
OR NOT OFTEN SELDOM ONLY AFTER TO SUCH A POINT
EXPRESSIONS NOT (EVEN) BEFORE RARELY ONLY BY BY NO MEANS
NOT SINCE LITTLE ONLY IF NOWHERE (ELSE)
BARELY IN VAIN NEVER (BEFORE)
Not a single word did she say for a whole hour. Only on very rare occasions does he give you a word of praise.
No sooner had he said it than he wished he had not done so. BUT: Only a few people understood what he was saying.
In no way am I responsible for what has happened. Not a single word that he said entitles you to make that
In no country will you be offered stranger coffee than in England. accusation.
When they come at the beginning of an if-clause instead of IF.
Very FORMAL.
Should she arrive on time,
Type 1
WITH SHOULD, (= If she should arrive)
WERE AND HAD Type 2 Were I you, I would call her to explain,
(Not usual) (= If I were you)
Had I been told,
Type 3
(= If I had been told)
QUESTIONS
 QUANTIFIERS
FEW
A FEW
COUNTABLE NOUNS
MANY
SOME A LARGE NUMBER OF
ANY LITTLE
A LOT OF A LITTLE
UNCOUNTABLE LOTS OF MUCH
NOUNS A PIECE OF
A BIT OF
A GREAT DEAL OF
A FEW/LITTLE To talk about positive ideas
A COFFEE/BEER/TEA

HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE

HAVE
or + STH + PAST PARTICIPLE
GET (informal)
When you ask or pay another person to do sth for you
Im going to have my hair cut tomorrow
I had my car repaired after the accident
 PASSIVES
To talk about an action but you are not interested in saying who or what does/did the action or you do not know.
VERB TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE When we want to put the focus of what is important at the beginning of the sentence and need to change the sentence
(Any tense and with modal verbs) to do it.
In writing or in more formal speech. In news, stories, scientific and academic writing.
Only transitive verbs can be changed into passive voice
GET instead of BE: To talk about things that happen by accident or unexpectedly. He got robbed when he was going to work
If you want to mention the person or the thing that did the action, use By + Agent or With + Instrument/Material/Ingredient.
(In the majority of passive sentences the agent is not mentioned).
The agent can be omitted when the subject is they, he, someone/somebody, people,
Someone closed the door The door was closed
one, etc.
The agent is not omitted when it is a specific or important person or when it is
The Cathedral was built by Antonio Gaudi
essential for the meaning of the sentence.
Mum was given a surprise
BRING, TELL, SEND, SHOW, TEACH, (More Usual)
Verbs with 2 objects:
PROMISE, BUY, SELL, OFFER, GIVE and Benny gave Mum a surprise
2 different passive sentences
LEND A surprise was given to Mum
(Less Usual)
+ BARE INFINITIVE in the Active
HEAR, HELP, SEE and MAKE She helped me finish my work I was helped to finish my work
+ TO INFINITIVE in the Passive
The teacher let the students use a The students are allowed to use a
LET to BE ALLOWED TO in the passive
calculator calculator
When we want to find out who or what performed an action: WHO/WHAT.BY? Who was the bridge built by?
Personal Construction:
SUBJECT+ PASSIVE VERB + He is expected to win the elections
TO INFINITIVE
Refer to the past and not with all the verbs:
BELIEVE, EXPECTED, FEEL, HOPE, KNOW, REPORT, SAY, THINK
SUBJECT+ PASSIVE VERB + TO HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Impersonal Construction:
It is expected that he will win the
IT + PASSIVE VERB + THAT +
elections
CLAUSE
PRONUNTIATION
 Voiceless sound: Voiced sound : T or D
p k s ch sh f x h l v n m r b v g w y z and
vowel sounds (diphthongs) pronounce ED as ID
pronounce ED as T
asked locked pronounce ED as D needed
attended
baked looked imagined painted
arrested
brushed missed advised killed planted
collected
cooked mixed agreed listened printed
contacted
cracked packed allowed lived presented
counted
crashed passed answered loved pretended
decided
danced picked appeared moved protected
defended
dressed pressed arrived opened provided
demanded
dropped pushed believed planned rented
divided
escaped pronounced belonged played repeated
ended
finished relaxed burned performed reported
expanded
fixed slipped called pulled respected
expected
guessed smoked carried realized rested
exported
helped stopped changed remembered scolded
flooded
hoped shopped cleaned rained skated
graduated
hiked talked closed repaired started
hated
joked typed covered saved shouted
hunted
jumped walked cried shared treated
included
knocked washed damaged shaved visited
invited
kissed watched described showed waited
invented
laughed worked died signed wanted
landed
earned stayed wasted
encouraged snowed
enjoyed studied
explained tried
explored traveled
filled turned
followed used
happened welcomed
interviewed whispered
worried
VOCABULARY
&
EXPRESSIONS
 TO MARRY SB Enfrentarse (sentido TO BE INTERESTED IN STH
TO FACE SB
TO BE or GET MARRIED TO negativo) TO BE INTERESTED IN DOING STH
IF TO ARGUE WITH SB
TO MAKE A GOOD/BAD
IMPRESSION ON SB
TO WONDER + ABOUT TO MAKE SOMEONES DO STH
WH- WORD TO BE MODEST ABOUT
TO BE IMPRESSED BY SOMEONE`S
ACTION TO AGREE/DISAGREE TO BE HONEST WITH SB
TO BE IMPRESSED WITH STH TO AGREE ON STH WITH SB TO BE AFRAID OF
TO DEPEND ON 1
ING TO BE WORRIED ABOUT
TO INSIST subject
TO THINK ABOUT + ING TO BE KEEN ON
ON + 1 or 2 THAT + S +
TO THINK OF
subjects (SHOULD) + V TO BE SIMILAR TO
TO FALL FOR SB =
TO FALL IN LOVE WITH SB TO INSIST ON DOING STH TO BE DIFFERENT FROM
TO MASTER STH Dominar algo TO DELEATE ON SB TO BE GOOD AT
TO PLEAD SBS Hablar por TO INVOLVE + ING TO BE PROUD OF
CAUSE alguien TO TO BE PASSIONATE ABOUT =
TO PLEAD WITH Suplicar a alguien TO ADMIT + ING TO HAVE A PASSION FOR STH
SB TO DO STH que haga algo (THAT) + CLAUSE TO APPLY FOR A JOB
Suplicar a alguien TO AVOID SB (FROM) + ING
TO PLEAD WITH TO RESIGNE FROM A JOB
que se le conceda
SB FOR STH TO PREVENT SB (FROM) + ING TO PREPARE FOR
algo
TO PLEAD GUILTY/NOT GUILTY TO STOP SB (FROM) + ING TO BELIEVE IN
AGAINST + ING TO COMPLAIN TO SB
TO BE PROUD OF STH TO WARN SB +
TO + INFINITIVE ABOUT STH/SB
TO PRIDE SB ON Apreciar a alguien
STH por algo TO RISK + ING TO PAY FOR
TO TRUST SB/STH TO INCLUDE SB/STH TO SUCCEED IN
TO TRUST IN GOD TO COMPARE SB WITH SB TO CONSIST OF
TO REMIND SB OF SB TO MEAN TO BE STRUCTURED BY STH
 TO HELP SB TO DO STH TO BE SPECIALIZED ON DOING TO WIN A MATCH
TO INCLUDE PEOPLE STH TO PLAY CARDS
TO GET INVOLVED WITH A
TO COMPARE SB WITH SB PERSON TO KEEP A SECRET
TO DO FASCINATING THINGS TO PREFER DOING STH TO DOING TO PASS A DRIVING TEST
TO BE IN FAVOUR OF ANOTHER THING TO CATCH A COLD
TO BE REPLACED BY TO BE GLAD + TO + INF TO EARN A LOT OF MONEY
TO MAKE SB HAPPY TO REVENGE ON SB TO MISS AN OPPORTUNITY
TO TRAIN SB TO DO STH TO TEND TO + INF TO HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO
TO STAND UP FOR SB TO HAVE A NEGATIVE EFFECT ON TO TAKE SB TO THE SCHOOL
STH
TO ENJOY DANCING TO TO BE ADMITTED TO C1
TO FEEL OBLIED TO DO STH
TO HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO TO KEEP AN AYE ON SB
DO STH TO UNAWARE OF STH
TO BE (NO) POINT IN + ING
TO ASK SB TO MAKE SB DO STH (Active)
TO BE (NOT) WORTH + ING
TO BE MADE TO DO STH (Passive)
TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR STH/SB TO APPEAL TO SB Atraer a alguien
TO GROW ACCUSTOMED TO =
TO CALL SB TO GET USED TO = TO LEAD TO STH Llevar a algo
TO BECOME ACCOSTUMED TO TO MANAGE
TO WAIT FOR Gestionar
STH/A SITUATION
TO LONG FOR TO BE CAPABLE OF DOING STH
TO GROW FOND Aficionarse a algo
TO OWN STH TO BE DISSAPOINTED WITH STH OF STH poco a poco
TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR STH TO BE BASED ON TO TRAIN SB TO DO STH
TO NEED + ING TO BE SATISFIED WITH
TO BE (TERRIBLY) SORRY ABOUT TO BE KNOWN FOR
STH TO RESULT IN STH
TO OFFER SOMEONES TO TELL THE TRUTH
APOLOGIES
TO MISS THE BASS
TO BE GRATEFUL
 WAYS OF SPEAKING

CHAT BOAST Ostentar, jactase

GOSSIP Mascullar, decir
MUMBLE
MAKE SMALL Empezar una entre dientes
TALK conversacin SPEAK UP Hablar alto
TO GREET SOMEONE Hablar con aires
TALK DOWN TO
TO GIVE de superioridad a
Hacer un SOMEONE
SOMEONE A alguien
cumplido STUMBLE OVER
COMPLIMENT Tropezar
TO PAY SB A YOUR WORDS
Regalar el oido
COMPLIMENT
MY COMPLIMENTS TO SB

MAKING ADJECTIVES FROM NOUNS

NOUN ADJECTIVE
INTELLECT INTELLECTUAL
ART ARTISTIC
JEALOUSY JEALOUS
LONELINESS LONELY
RESPONSIBILITY RESPONSIBLE
SUCCESS SUCCESSFUL
FRUSTRATION FRUSTRATING
SKILL SKILLFUL

KEEPING IN TOUCH

TO BE IN TOUCH TO BE OUT OF TOUCH

TO GET IN TOUCH TO KEEP IN TOUCH
TO STAY IN TOUCH TO LOSE TOUCH
TO TOUCH BASE
 PHRASAL VERBS: RELATIONSHIPS

TO TAKE AFTER TO SHOW OFF=

Parecerse Impresionar,
SB TO BOAST
lucirse, chulear
TO LOOK UP (TO Admirar (a ABOUT STH
SB) alguien) TO SPLIT UP Romper,
TO GROW UP Crecer WITH SB separarse
TO BRING UP Criar, educar TO FALL OUT
WITH or OVER Enfadarse
TO GET ON Llevarse bien SB
TO GO OUT Reconciliar,
Salir con alguien TO MAKE UP
WITH SB hacer las paces

DESCRIBING SITUATIONS AND FEELINGS

SITUATIONS FEELINGS
FASCINATING FASCINATED
DAUNTING DAUNTED
CHALLENGING CHALLENGED
PETRIFYING PETRIFIED
ANNOYING ANNOYED
DISGUSTING DISGUSTED
INSPIRING INSPIRED
WORRYING WORRIED

WEATHER

TEMPERATURE ONE/TWO SCORCHING

FIGURES POURS
GENTLE WIND
SUB-ZERO TEMPERATURES
HUMID
CHANGEABLE
OVERCAST
BRIGHT
BREEZE
SHOWERY
COOL
CHILLY
CLEAR
DRIZZLE
MILD WHEATER
 VERBS PHRASES ABOUT MOVING/TRAVELLING

TO EMIGRATE Partir, iniciar un

TO SET OFF
TO LIVE ABROAD viaje
Ir a despedir a
TO MOVE HOUSE TO SEE SB OFF
alguien
TO LEAVE HOME TO BE OFF
TO ROAME Caminar sin
AROUND rumbo

EXPRESIONS WITH GO

TO GO TO TO GO DOWN To catch an
GREAT WITH illness
LENGTHS TO To take a lot of To make sth
MAKE STH = time and effort TO MAKE A GO successful
TO MAKE OF (business or
EFFORT marriage)
To leave your To be very busy
home and go to ON THE GO or working all
TO GO AWAY another place day
for a few TO GO To be clear
days/weeks WITHOUT without being
TO GO ON To happen SAYING said
To choose a TO HAVE A GO To attempt to
TO GO FOR AT do sth
particular thing
To not do what
youve
TO GO BACK ON
promised or
agreed

TIME EXPRESIONS

UNTIL
A TIME BEFORE
FOR THE PREVIOUS
SINCE
A TIME AFTER FROM THAT POINT ON
AFTER THAT,
IN
A SPECIFIC TIME
AT THAT TIME
THROUGHOUT
ACTIONS AT THE SAME TIME DURING
WHILE
 MATERIALS

GLASS LYCRA
LEATHER SILK
METAL SILVER
PAPER WOOL
PLASTIC
PORCELAIN
SMOOTH ROUGH
RUBBER
ITCHY
WOOD
SHINY GLOOMY
GUNPOWDER
STRECHY
BRONZE
SLIPPERY
COTTON
SOFT
DEMIN
FURRY
GOLD
EVEN/UNEVEN SURFACE
IRON

VERB PHRASES WITH TAKE

TO TAKE OVER STH = TO TAKE STH FOR

TO CONTROL Asumir, GRANTED = TO
Dar por hecho
Not only in a negative dominar THINK STH ITS
way TRUE
TO TAKE SOMONES TO TAKE TO SB/STH
Dejar sin Aficionarse con
BREATH AWAY = TO = TO LIKE
aliento
BE SURPRISED TO TAKE PART IN Participar
TO TAKE STH IN TO TAKE IN = TO Entender,
Tomarse
SOMEONES STRIDE = UNDERSTAND admitir, aceptar
algo con
TO COPE CALMLY TO TAKE OFF = TO Comenzar a
calma
WITH STH SUCCESS tener xito
TO OVERTAKE Adelantar

WORK

COMMUTING Desplazamientos WORKAHOLICS

WORK FROM HOME WORK-RHYTHM
HAVING PAID EMPLOYMENT WORK-CENTRED CULTURE
DOING VOLUNTARY WORK NINE TO FIVE WORKING DAY
WORKPLACE FLEXIBLE WORKING DAY
 VERB PHRASES ABOUT TIME

TO SPEND TIME TO SAVE TIME

TO WASTE TIME TO PASS THE TIME BY DOING
TO MAKE TIME STH
TO RUN OUT OF TIME = NO TIME
TO HAVE TIME TO SPARE = TO
LEFT
HAVE FREE-TIME
TO TAKE SOMEONES TIME
WORK FULL-TIME
TO KILL TIME

COLLOCATIONS WITH PREPOSITIONS

TO BE INTERESTED IN TO APPLY FOR A JOB

TO BE MODEST ABOUT TO RESIGNE FROM A JOB
TO BE HONEST WITH SB TO INSIST ON
TO BE AFRAID OF TO PREPARE FOR
TO BE WORRIED ABOUT TO BELIEVE IN
TO BE KEEN ON TO COMPLAIN TO SB
TO BE SIMILAR TO TO COMPLAIN ABOUT STH
TO PAY FOR
TO BE DIFFERENT FROM
TO DEPEND ON
TO BE GOOD AT
TO SUCCEED IN
TO BE PROUD OF
TO BE PASSIONATE ABOUT = TO CONSIST OF
TO HAVE A PASSION FOR STH TO THINK OF
TO THINK ABOUT

VERB PHRASES ABOUT CHALLENGE

TO RISK TO BATTLE AGAINST

TO BREAK THE RECORD
TO PUT UP WITH = TO COPE WITH
TO DEAL WITH = TO FACE
TO FOCUS ON
Aguantar sin
TO ENDURE
quejarse
TO FACE CHALLENGES
TO PUT SOMEONES EFFORTS INTO
TO CAMPAIGN FOR
TO CAMPAIGN AGAINST
Person who
CHAMPION
campaigns for sth
TO BE A CHAMPION OF SB
 DISTANCES AND DIMENSIONS

ADJECTIVE NOUN VERB

LONG LENGTH LENGTHEN
SHORT --- SHORTEN
WIDE WIDTH WIDEN
BROAD BREADTH BROADEN
HIGH HEIGHT HEIGHTEN
DEEP DEPTH DEEPEN
LOW --- LOWER

DESCRIBING PERSONALITY

OUTGOING Extrovertido EASY-GOING

OPEN SELFISH Egoista
PROACTIVE WITTY Ingenioso
AGGRESSIVE MANIPULATIVE
To have strong INTROVERTED
OPINIONATED opinions (- way)
Terco HEADSTRONG Testarudo, tozudo
SINGLE-MINDED To have clear ideas

ADJECTIVES AND INTENSIFIERS

STRONG OR NON-GRADABLE
BASE OR GRADABLE ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVES
COLD FREEZING
BOILING/
HOT
SCORCHING
VERY TIRED REALLY EXHAUSTED
REALLY HUNGRY ABSOLUTELY STARVING
INCREDIBLY SURPRISING AMAZING
HAPPY ECSTATIC
SAD TRAGIC
UPSET DEVASTATED
 PHRASAL VERBS WITH THREE PARTS

TO LOOK FORWARD
To think you will enjoy
TO
To formally apply to do
TO PUT IN FOR
sth
TO CUT DOWN ON To reduce
TO MAKE UP FOR To compensate for
TO PUT UP WITH To tolerate
TO CATCH UP WITH To reach the same place
TO GET AWAY WITH To escape punishment
TO COME UP WITH To think of, suggest
TO LOOK UP TO To respect, admire
To move at the same
TO KEEP UP WITH
speed

APPEARANCE

HAIR BUILD
STRAIGHT MUSCULAR
CURLY STOCKY
WAVY A BIT OVERWEIGHT
DIED SLIM
GOING A BIT BALD CHUBBY
MOUSY Castao claro SKINNY
SPIKY FAT

FACE GENERAL
WRINKLES GOOD-LOOKING
CLEAN-SHAVED SCRUFFY
ROUND ELEGANT
BEARD TANNED
SHABBY Desaliado
 IDIOMS TO DESCRIBE PEOPLE

A COLD FISH REAL KNOW-ALL

AS HARD AS NAILS Successful in
A HIGH-FLYER
A PAIN IN THE NECK job/school
A LONER
HEART IS IN THE RIGHT PLACE
AN AWKWARD Unfriendly, with
CUSTOMER no strong feelings

FOOD AND COOKING

FOOD TASTE
PARSLEY Perejil TASTY TASTLESS
CABBAGE Col SWEET
THYME AND ROSEMARY BITTER
BASSIL Albahaca SALTY
SAGE Salvia SOUR Agrio
TARRAGON Estragn SOUVERY (THING)
DILL Eneldo

WAYS OF COOKING
KITCHEN EQUIPMENT
ROAST Asar
WOODEN SPOON
BOIL Hervir
COOKER
FRY Freir
OVEN
Cocinar a la
GRILL SAUCE PAN
plancha
BAKE Cocer (horno) FRYING PAN

EXCESS

OVER-THE- TOP PRESENT PAMPERING Cuidado, mimo

GOURMET FOOD TO SPOIL
LAVISH= EXTRAVAGANT Invitar a alguien a
TO TREAT SB
A SPOILT CHILD algo
TO STH
Tener un detalle
Mimar o
TO INDULGE SB TO COME INTO
complacer Heradar dinero
OR ONESELF MONEY
Darse el gusto
TO PAMPER LUXURY
ONESELF WITH
Mimar
STH or BY
DOING STH
 TO BE ON FIRE Estar en racha TO COME ACROSS AS = AMAZEMENT Asombro
RING A BELL TO SEEM TO BE Amateur, aspirante
TO BUMP INTO = WANNABE
RESOURCEFUL Imitador
TO MEET BY CHANCE TO DELUDE Engaar
TO GO UNDER THE KNIFE = TO SEE EYE TO EYE WITH SB =
TO GO THROUGH AN OPERATION TO AGREE DELUDED Iluso, engaado
TO TOY WITH THE IDEA TO KEEP IN TOUCH WITH SELF-DELUDED
Coger, agarrar, TO JUDGE A BOOK BY ITS COVER Boqueada, jadeo,
TO GRAB GASP
Aprovechar grito ahogado
TO TALK FACE TO FACE
A CHUNK OF CHEESE SOARING En aumento
TO CLICK WITH
A SLICE OF BREAD SOLELY = ONLY, EXCLUSEVILY
TO RUSH INTO Sacar conclusiones
A RASHER OF HAM Brit: Sencillo
CONCLUSION precipitadas HOMELY
TODAY SO FAR En lo que va de da US: Poco atractivo
STRAIGHT AWAY = INMEDIATELY STANDING Ponerse en pie
SO FAR THIS TOUCHY Delicado
En lo que va de ao OVATION (actuacin)
YEAR
TO FEEL GOOD IN CLOTHES THE AUDIENCE ARE ON THEIR
SO FAR SO GOOD Hasta ahora, bien FEET
TO TRADE ON DANGEROUS LAND
TO TEXT IN A PHONE TO MAKE INSTANT JUDGEMENTS
YOU CAN SAY
SMOOTH ROCK Quin lo dira!! BASED PURELY ON OUTWARD
THAT AGAIN
APPEARANCES
APPLICANT PARTY ANIMAL PARTY PUPPER
BEMUSED Aturdido, confuso
SIBLING = BROTHERS + SISTERS HOME BIRD Casero
TO BEMUSE
TO TIE THE KNOT = OUT AND ABOUT
TO GET MARRIED THE PEAK OF PERFECTION
TO GIVE AWAY
SOULMATE FOODY
OTHER HALF DONT STARE
Media Naranja TO WARM UP = TO HEAT UP
MY MR. RIGHT TO STARE AT SB
SOUNDPROOF WINDOW
ACQUAINTANCE Conocido LETS DOP THE
Dejemos el tema COMING WEEKEND
SUBJECT
 DISTINCTLY INDISTINCTLY TO BE ONLY TOO HAPPY ABOUT ACT TO FOLLOW superar
PATRONIZY STH TO SEE SOMEONES POINT =
= TO BE WILLING TO DO TO AGREE
NO OFFENCE TO BE UNWILLING
Sin offender a TO WHAT EXTENDED DO YOU
MEANT TO GO FROM STRENGTH TO
NO OFFENCE
nadie THINK? = HOW FAR?
No me ofendo STRENGTH MASTER PIECE
TAKEN TO PICK UP ON DIFFERENT Obra de arte
WORD OF ART
TO RESPOND POSITIVELY THINGS
TO PLACE A DEMAND
TO SHOW APROVAL TO PUT YOUR
MUND TO STH = Proponerse algo TO HAVE EXPECTATIONS OF
TO ARTICULATE
TO FOCUS ON muy en serio DOWNSIDE = DISAVANTAGES
ITS PARTICULARY UPSETTING STH
TO TO DISCUSS STH
SEWER Alcantarilla TO COME ALONG = TO ARRIVE
TO MAKE A POINT = TO HAVE A
DECISION SEWAGE Bajante TO EXPECT SB TO DO STH
HARMLESS HARMFULL or TO DRAIN Estrujar, drenar OUTLOOK ON LIFE =
HURTFULL DRAIN Desague POINT OF VIEW
TACTLE TIPE Tuberia REBELLIOUS
Vena rebelde
MIXED FEELINGS STRAK
PUMP Surtidor, bomba
FEAR OF UNKNOWN TO BOSS SB ABOUT
TO PUMP PETROL INTO A CAR
JUGGLE Malabarista Mimado,
TO HAVE THE Tener el turno de SPOILT CHILD
consentido
ONE THING TOOK YOU TO FLOOR palabra TO CONTRIBUTE TO SB
ANOTHER TO GIVE
Dar un paseo a BECOMING GOOD NGOCIATORS
ON SOMEONES SOMEONES A
Por derecho propio alguien TO DEAL WITH
OWN RIGHT LIFT
TO JUGGLE SEVARAL TASKS AT TO MAKE UP = TO INVENT NAMESAKE Tocallo
ONCE SOLITUDE
TO RELUCTANT Estar reacio
TO TAKE UP A NEW HOBBY TO FEEL ISOLATED FROM SB =
THIS IS A HARD Esto es dificil de
OUT OF WORLD
 HOARSE = VOICELESS IN THE QUALITY OF TO PULL DOWN (persiana)
PUN = GAME OF WORDS RELATIONSHIPS CRUNCHY Crujiente
- ISH Ms o menos
STH LED TO STH SEVENTISH Sobre 70 SLIMY Pegajoso, viscose
UNEASY = RESTLESS TO POP OUT SHANTY TOWN
TO GO INTO A PANIC STALE Rancio LUSH
FABRIC OF Tejido de la TO FEEL UNDER LONG TIME NO SEE! (Informal) =
SOCIETY sociedad THE WEATHER I HAVENT SEEN YOU FOR A LONG
TO GET STH ON SPECIAL OFFER TO DRESS or TO SEASON THE TIME (Formal) =
SALAD ITS YEARS SINCE I LAST SAW YOU
TRACKS
LIGHTED- Habitacin llena de
LOADS TOSS AND TURN
FLODED ROOM luz
NON-STOP = ALL THE TIME Templado
IT DEPENS ON
LUKEWARM (NOT COLD NOT
TARIFFS IT DEPENS + WH
HOT)
IT DRIVES ME MAD!! TO KEEP AWAY
SQUOTERS Ocupas
TO COST A BOMB = TO COST A TO DANCE TO
THE GREAT
LEG AND AN ARM THE MUSIC
THING ABOUT SB
THE REALLY TO SUFFER FROM VERTIGO =
Lo mejor de todo FLEE MARKET Mercadillo TO BE SCARED OF HEIGHTS
NEAT THING
PLAIT Trenza THE COAST WAS CLEAR
TO GET ON BEST WITH SB
A WELL-THUMBED BOOK THIS HOUSE SLEEPS 7 PEOPLE
ON MY MATHERS SIDE
CORAL REEF EARLY IN THE MORNING = IN THE
WELL BROUGHT UP CHILD
BOASTFUL SMALL HOURS
OF ALL THE PEOPLE OF MY
THIS IS STH!! Qu cosa!! TO MEET UP FOR A COFFEE
FAMILY
TO LEAVE TO SOAK IT ALL
ALARMING TREND Empaparse de todo
EVERYTHING UP
TO GO INTO A TOTAL PANIC A mi que me
BEFORE SEARCH ME!
LEADING TO A DETERIORATION registren!
A LIFE-CHANGING EXPERIENCE
 GEAR = Equipacin STRAIN WHEN IT COMES TO THE
EQUIPMENT Marcha (coche) TO SHIMMER Brillar WEATHER =
THE REASON FOR STH FOR WEATHERWISE
PEOPLE TO DO STH STREAM Arroyo
TO UPROOT Desarraigar
TAXPAYERS RIGHTS JUNIPERS
GRIM = DEPRESSING
PENSION FUND TO TREAT SB TO
MUCH-NEEDED Los trabajos muy
STH = TO INVITE Darse un
PENSION INCREASE JOBS necesarios
or TO GIVE A caprichito
NEVER HEARD OF IT! WHEATER- Si el tiempo lo
PRESENT
PERMITING permite
LEGROOM THE SECOND
Segundo plato GOD-WILLING Si Dios quiere
De un lado para BEST
ON THE MOVE WHITE LIE Mentira piadosa Desvestir a un
otro TO ROBE PETER
santo para vestir a
MERCILESS = THE GRASS IS GREENER IN THE TO PAY PAUL
Despiadado otro
RUTHLESS OTHER SIDE OF THE FENCE
INSULATED: Things
TO RACK MORE QUEEN
Ms papist que el ISOLATED: Persons
THAN THE
WHIPPED Papa MERRY-GO-
QUEEN Tiovivo
TO HOLD = TO CAPTURE ROUND
TO PROVIDE SB
BY THE SKIN OF
DAZED = STUNNED WITH STH Por los pelos
Proporcionar YOUR TEETH
TO LONG TO PROVIDE STH
FOR SB JUST IN CASE Por si las moscas
HAZE Calima TO BE TORN BETWEEN 2 THINGS =
PROPERLY Como Dios manda
SLOPES TO BE DIVIDED
CHURCH GOERS Feligreses
HONEYSUCKLE TO MAKE UP FOR
BACK THEN Por aquel entonces Compensar
STH
MIRAGE Espejismo
TO MAKE ENDS Llegar a final de FOUR-MINUTE EXPERIENCE
TO GET AWAY MEET mes
UPPER CLASS = UPPER CRUST
TO TUMBLE TO GET BY = TO
DOWN Desenvolverse TO RESUME Retomar
MANAGE
 LIE/LAY/LAIN: LETS TAKE IT WINDOW OPEN
TO LIE IN BED Vamos all
Intr AWAY ASHORE En tierra
LAY/LAID/LAID: TO SCRATCH Rascar
Tr (+CD) SKIPPER Patrn
TO ITCHY Picar Bajar, disminuirse,
ON DUTY OFF DUTY Raspar (con un desprenderse,
TO ATTENT Asistir TO SCRAPE TO DROP OFF
cuchilllo) quedarse dormido,
TO PRETEND Fingir I SCRATCH YOUR apearse, separarse
TO INTEND Pretender BACK AND YOU Hoy por t y CHAP = GUY
SCRATCH MY maana por mi
PRESENTLY (Formal) = BULLOCK-CART Carro de bueyes
BACK
SOON (Informal) TO ADDRESS SB. Dirigirse a alguien
IVE GOT AN
PLAIN Llanura Me pica AS como
ITCH
TO ENTER FOR = TO GET CARRY Inquietarse,
Apuntarse Dejarse llevar
TO PUT SB DOWN THE WAY TO FRET molestar,
TO TAKE PART IN Sindicatos impacientarse
TRADE UNIONS
SHELL Vaina CHUCKLE Risita
STATE-OF-THE-
Lo ultimo en Sollozo
TO TURN IN Acostarse ART + NOUN SOB
THIS IS NEXT TO Sentimental
TO ADVERTISE FOR A JOB Esto es casi nada IN POINT OF En realidad,
NOTHING
TO APPLY FOR A JOB FACT de hecho
BURDEN Carga
TO BE GRATEFUL TO SB FOR STH Seora, duea
HAVING SAID
THIS IS VERY Dicho esto MISSUS (Lenguaje entre
Esto es muy tuyo THAT
YOU hombres: Parienta)
WHAT THE
THIS IS NOT ME Lo que el futuro te TO BE SEPARATED FROM SB
FUTURE HAS IN
FUNNY ROMANTIC FICTION = tiene preparado Estar deprimido,
STORE FOR YOU TO MOPE
CHICL LIT Buenas nuevas abatido
GOOD-TIDINGS
FOR A CHANGE Para variar Concedido,
FLING/FLUNG Arrojar GRANTED
SEASONED TRAVELLER = aceptado
FLING A
EXPERIENCED TRAVELLER TO CROP UP Surgir
 DOCK Muelle TO TAKE THE Coger la indirecta TO COMPROMISE Transigir
TO PACE THE Pasear por el HINT BARE CABLE
QUAY muelle CRAMPED Estrecho, apretado
SHEER Mero/a
SINKING Hundimiento TO ASK SB OUT Pedir Salir
FEVERED BROW Fiebre febril
TO WOBBLE Tambalearse TO ASK SB Invitar a alguien Basura
TO GO THROUGH OMINOUS Siniestro JUNK
Llevar a cabo algo Mula
WITH STH Horripilante, BRIGANDS Bandoleros
SEIZED Incautado NERVE-RACKING
espantoso TO SET OUT Emprender, partir
QUICK-WITTED Agudo Explorar, hojear,
TO SCAN CRENELLATED Almenado
Portadores de un echar un vistazo
PAL-BEARERS SHIPPING Envo Holgazanera,
fnetro IDLENESS
desocupacin,
TO MOURN Estar de luto TO BE ON THE TIP OF SOMEONES
Desfallecer,
THE MOURNING El luto TONGUE TO FALTER
titubear
TO JOG SOMEONES MEMORY
THE MOURNERS Los dolientes LIGHT-HEARTED Poco serio
HANG A SECOND= JUST A SECOND
TARGET Punto de mira WEALTHY Rico, adinerado
TO CHIME A BELL determinado,
TURN Salir para asistir THE DICE IS La suerte est DETERMINED resuelto,
TO CAST echada
OUT empeado
ATTENT La gota que colma
TO THE LAST STRAW TO HAVE NO END OF A TIME = TO
= el vaso
TURN Aparecer, asistir HAVE A REALLY GOOD TIME
UP TO LOATHE Aborrecer DECENT = KIND, PLEASANT
JOVE WHAT DO YOU ARE YOU
Jpiter Cmo te ganas la Ests visible?
DO FOR A DECENT?
vida?
TRAMP Vapor LIVING? NASTY MALE CHAUVINIST
HINT Indicio, indirecta TO COMMIT No querer
ONESELF comprometerse
 YEAR IN, YEAR OUT PERSONAL TWIST Toque personal Peludo
HAIRY
TO BE TAKEN = TO BE ENGAGED Rondando los (persona)
GOING ON 15 TO MAKE A FOOL OF MYSELF
LIGHTS YEARS 15
A aos luz TO OVERCOME THE HOUSEHOLD = LIFE OBJECT
AWAY Superar
TO SPEAK AMOUNG Hablar entre SITUATION CASH POINT Cajero
THEMSELVES ellos DONT GO ON THAT No sigas por
ROAD ah TO MEND A MISTAKE
THIS IS A MUST
TO LIVE BY ONES OWN RULES TO PUT FEELINGS ACROSS
YOU CANT MISS IT
CAST IRON Hierro fundico BEYOND RECOGNIZION
TO JUMP AT THE
THE MOST, THE Cuanto ms, ENERGETIC EFFICIENCE LIGHT-
CHANCE/OPPORTUNITY OF
MARRIER mejor BULBS
STH/TO DO STH
= TO TAKE ADVENTAGE TIMESLOT Franja Horaria TO EMBROIDER Bordar
THE RIGHT La cantidad LET THERE BE 1st LEG/2nd LEG MATCH
Hgase la luz
AMOUNT adecuada LIGHT TICKET OFFICCE
ENVIABLE CONDITIONS THE TOP PRIZE AT A FESTIVAL BOX OFFICCE HIT Taquillazo
MUNDANE Mundano THE RUNNER(S)-UP Los finalistas IT BROUGHT THE
Fue un exitazo
IT MAKES YOU Cristal (de la HOUSE DOWN
Te Hace pensar WINDOW PANE
WONDER ventana) TO HAVE THE BEST Coger lo mejor
A ROARING FIRE Cubierta de un OF BOTH WORLDS de los dos sitios
BOOK BINDING
Lo primero es libro CHILDLESS = WITHOUT CHILDREN
FIRST THING FIRST Bolsa de la
lo primero CARRIER BAG Cosas de nios
compra CHILDISH
TO MOVE HOUSE Chiquillada
Lenguado Rabieta,
TO CHANGE SCHOOLS SOLE TANTRUM
Suela zapato berrinche
A WHILE AGO Hace un rato EVEN/ODD Nmeros TO HAVE/THROW A Coger una
FOR A WHILE Por un tiempo NUMBERS pares/impares TANTRUM rabieta
TO COME OUT A FILM TO SPREAD WINGS TO HAVE A TEMPER TANTRUM
= TO RELEASE
 Mxima OUTLET Punto de Venta A CAREER PATH
BLISS
felicidad EAGER Ansioso TO TAKE A YEAR
A LOT OF OUT
YOU EAGER TO DO STH
LOTS OF Colloquial TO BE GOOD WITH FIGURES
LOADS OF + COLD-BLOODY
TO BE A PEOPLE PERSON
CLEARANCE Liquidacin TO WORK UNDER PRESS
Paises TO BE A GOOD LISTENER
UNDERDEVELOP/ YOU REMIND ME OF MY SISTER
Subdesarrollados TO HAVE A CAN
DEVELOPING TO MAKE AN UVERUSE OF STH DO ATTITUDE
/ En vas de
COUNTRIES
desarrollo THE PROBLEM LYES IN WORK WELL IN A TEAM
TOGETHERNESS Unin Apuntame, TO HAVE AN EYE FOR DETAIL
COUNT ME IN
Cuenta conmigo
DONOR Donante GET THE BEST OUT OF OTHER
ILL TRY TO GO BACK AND START
LOADED = VERY RICH PEOPLE
AGAIN
BE GOOD AT USING YOUR OWN
CITY-DWELLERS SHES SO MUCH FUN TO BE WITH INITIATIVE
TO SHARE IN THE PROFITS THERE IS NO PLACE LIKE HOME TO BE ABLE TO MEET TIGHT
BEVERAGES NOTHING CAN BE COMPARED TO DEADLINES
TO GET STUCK SPAIN TO KEEP CALM UNDER PRESSURE
GREEN RIPE IT SCAPES TO MY NOTICE
TO OVERCOME SOMEONES FEARS
YOU ARE VERY GREEN! TO BE IN THE
IN WALKING DISTANCE Estar en el ajo
JOURNALIST KNOW
RACK Escurridor IM ABSOLUTELY SURE THAT =
FIREFIGHTER
DISORDER IM CONVINCED THAT
SOCIAL WORKER OUT OF ORDER
SYNDROM
TO HAVE AN ALLERGIC NURSERY NURSE (machines)
CONDITION = SURGEON CHILD BIRTH Parto
TO SUFFER FROM ALLERGIC A CHANGE OF CAREER Estar de parto
TO CLEAR THE TABLE A LABOUR OF LOVE TO POP OUT
 TO RESUME Retomar TO SORT STH TO CONQUER SB
MODESTY IS NOT YOUR MIDDLE OUT FEARS
NAME BLIND FAITH BY TO FIT IN
TO COME ROUND TO FAINT SB IN THE NICK OF
TO COPE WITH = TO DEAL WITH = SILVERY HAIR TIME
TO COME UP AGANIST PEBBLE Guijarro THE DEVIL IN
TO BE CONVINCED THAT = TO BE UNEVENTFUL DISGUISE
ABSOLUTELY SURE THAT FLIGHT TO THINK THE Tener a alguien
THE LEAST IT GOES WORLD OF SB gran estima
LOWEST DIFFICULT WITHOUT ARE YOU KIDDING?
COMMON THING THAT SAYING ACHIEVEMENT
DENOMINATOR EVERYONE UTILITY ROOM TO SUCEED
UNDERSTANDS
TO SORT OUT HIGH-ACHIEVER
TO HOST
I MOST CONCERNED ABOUT TO MANAGE
HOST
COMFY = COMPORTABLE TO COMISSION Encargar
TO HIT THE NAIL
ON THE HEAD VIBE = VIBRATION DONT GET ME No me tires de la
TO BE ON THE NO MEN START IT! lengua!
Tierra de nadie
LAND TO KEEP UP
TO GET ONES
FOOT IN THE EVERY NOW AND THEN = WITH THE
DOOR FROM TIME TO TIME JONESES
MORAL Escandalizar,
TO THINK ON
MAKE A FUSS hacer un
ONES FEET MORALE = MOOD
escndalo
TO HAVE A VERGER Sacristn
TASTE FOR GIVE IT A TRY!
TO PUT STH OFF YOU HAVE EVERYTHING BUT THE
TO STAGGER Improvisar
ACT YOU AGE! KITCHEN SINK IN YOUR HANDBAG
TO BE ON GOOD
TERMS TO GIVE SB A WAVE WASH-BASSING Lavabo
 LOO WC TO LET DOWN Desinflar los TO BAT ABOUT
Irse por las ramas
LOO BRUSH THE TYRES neumticos THE BUSHES
HOW LONG HAVE YOU BEEN DONT SPLIT No le busques las
SHOWER UNIT Ducha MARRIED FOR? HAIRS 3 patas al gato
BATH TUBE Baera PARTICULARITIE
Matices del
WASHING LIQUID Gel SINCE I MET HER, Desde que la S OF THE
lenguaje
Alfombrilla del SHE HAS conozco ha LANGUAGE
RUG SHADE Sombra
bao IMPROVED A LOT mejorado mucho
BATH ROBE Albornoz A SLIP OF THE Matiz o tono de un
Lapsus HUE
TONGUE/MIND color
TAP Grifo
HE BECAME VERY EMOTIONAL THE STRUGGLE
SHOWER COURTAIN La lucha por la
AND HE COULD HARDLY SPEAK FOR
WALL TO WALL vida/supervivencia
Moqueta TO CRY A RIVER LIFE/SURVIVAL
CARPET HOW THINGS ARE GOING ON?
Derrramar una
TO TAKE IT TO SHED A TEAR
Pasar facture lgrima STRUGLING
STOLL
I SAW IT COMING Lo vea venir! ME TIME=TIME FOR ME
HEATING DEVICE
TO DESERVE DOUBLE DUTCH Sonar a chino
TO FEEL RELIEVED Merecerse otra
ANOTHER
oportunidad ROOM Temperatura
PLANNING & DRAFTING OPPORTUNITY
TEMPERATURE ambiente
I HAVE ALWAYS BEEN TOLD TO TELL THE TRUTH TO BE FAVOURED
BED OF ROSES Camino de rosas BREATHTAKING BY
REGRETABLE I HAVE NO BREATH TO BE TAKEN CLAD
ACTION VERBATIM = TO TAKE IT WORD TO LIVE
VEHICULAR FOR WORD SOMEONES LIFE
LANGUAGE Las manos en ON THE FAST
ARMS AKINDO
TO BE STUNNER jarras LANE
A GARDEN STUNNINGLY HANGOVER Resaca ON THE
BEAUTIFUL LEFT/RIGHT LANE
TO BE HOOKED ON TO NEEDLE Chinchar QUINTESSENTIALLY
DRUGS TAKE IT A PEEK Echar un vistazo ME!
TO NEED TO BE Adjetivo de
TO COME OFF Salir UPSETING
UNHOOCKED UPSET
ON BEHALF OF SB TO BREAK OUT THIS TAKES ME BACK TO MY
En nombre de WORLD/CONFLICT
= ON SBS BEHALF CHILHOOD
TUCK ME! Arropame! /EPIDEMIC FRINGE Flequillo
MESSURE Medida
TO BE TIPSY Estar achispado TO STAY IN LINES
TO REMOVE A
TO BE BASED ON A BOOK TATOO SINFUL Pecaminoso
ID LIKE A TRIM, Me cortas las IT HAD TO BE HIM Tena que ser l! REVEALING
PLEASE puntas? TO LIVE SOMEONES
Arreglarse, PRIOR TO STH Vivir al lmite
TO TRIM LIFE TO THE FULL
recortar (barba) Poner el pie en
TO SET FOOT IN THE USUAL THING TO DO
TO SEE TO STH un sitio
Ir a que te miren I CAN Se nace o se
I need to have them BORN OR BRED
algo UNDERSTAND Puedo entender hace
seen to
EVERYTHING BUT todo menos eso CLOKE Capa
GET IT DONE! Terminalo ya!
THIS CHUBBY BABY
IVE GOT A LOT OF Tengo muchas
THINGS TO GET cosas que UNAWARES SUCKING YOUR FINGERS
DONE RIGHT NOW! terminar ya TO HAVE A BOOBS JOB DONE PICKY = FUSSY EATER
TO GET OUT OF TO HAVE HER NOISE DONE TO BE UP TO
THE WAY TO BE BUSTY
Y alla que nos BROAD SMILE
UP WE WENT TO PUT THE BLINDS Bajar las
fuimos SHOULDER LENGTH
DOWN persianas
RUST WHITEWASH Encalar
TO RUST Oxido A MANE Una melena
Estamos en LIME Cal
RUSTY WE ARE EVEN
paz GO ROTTEN = GO Echarse a
ART/NOUVEAU Modernismo
ITS Es tpico mo! OFF pereder
AND LOOK WHAT IT Y mira lo que TO BE EMOTIONALLY INVOLVED AGE DIFFERENT
IS NOW es ahora El que avisa YOUR DAYS ARE Tienes los
Paseo por la MIND MY WORDS
WALK DOWN no es traidor NUMBERED dias contados
calle de los PLEASE, HAVE A Una mota de
MEMORY LINE Ten piedad A SPECK OF DUST
recuerdos HEART polvo
TO PULL OUT A Aromatizado SEIZE THE DAY Carpe Diem
TOOTH ROSE SCENTED
de rosa UNEASY Incomodo
TO TAKE UP ABOUT TO HAV THE COLD
HALF OF THE MAIN TURKEY = TO HAVE Sindrome de DONT MIND ME UP
LIVING SPACE WITHDRAWAL abstinencia TO VANISH INTO THE AIR
LEFT OUT SYMPTHONS SLOSH Chorro
TO BE BIG ENOUGH TO SEAT 16 ON THE COMPUTER NEWS ITEM = A PIECE OF NEWS
HUNGRY PEOPLE AUCTION HOUSE
TO PUT OFF = TO POSTPONE NEWS IS GOOD
TO PUT THINGS OFF PUBLIC AUCTION BRILLIANT MINDS Pensamos lo
Tomar VALUABLE WORK OF ART EVER THINK ALIKE mismo
TO AWARE CREATED
conciencia TO BREAK DOWN Fragmentar
TO RUN OVER Atropellar PRESS CONFERENCE ACKNOWLEGEG
TO AVOID Esquivar TO DEFEAT = TO BEAT TO BEHAVE IN SUCH WAY
ARRAY = VARIETY TO DESERVE TO BE THERE Bollo (coche)
DENT
SUCH AN ARRAY OF STH TO DERESVED TO BE EXPANDED
THE LACK OF RESPECT
MYRIAD = A LOT KEYHOLE
I WOULDNT DREAM OF DOING TO PRAISE Alabar
CODE-BREARING
THAT! SNIPER Francotirador
Chocando los
HIGHFIVING AGE BRACKET FICKLE Veleta
cinco
GAP YEAR Ao sabtico HE WANTS TO OVERCOME =
Quieren cosas
DIFFERENT THINGS TO GET OVER
TO HAVE NEEDS diferentes
FROM HER OUT OF SIGHT, OUT Ojos que no
 OF MIND ven, corazn SNAKE CHARMER TO KEEP UP TO
Mantenerse al
que no siente TO REVOLVE Girar DATE TO BE OUT
tanto
TO OUTWEIGHT Sobrepesar OF DATE
REVOLTING Repulsivo
THIS IS THRILLING TO MAKE SENSE
REVOLVING TABLE
DEADLY SIGNS TO BITE SOMEONES LIP
TUXEDO Smoking Que no se te
TO BE DAMAGED Ser mercancia BAER IT IN MIND!
GOOD defectuosa BLACK TIE AND EVENING DRESS olvide!
Echar una IT HAS BEEN Lleva TO CARRY SB IN SOMEONES
TO RACE SB carrera a GOING funcionando ARMS
alguien A WORK OF ART TO GO/COME UP TO Acercarse a
LETS GO FOR A RACE SB alguien
TO COME ABOUT = TO HAPPEN
TO DISCONECT FROM THE DAILY
TO BEAT SB Ganar a alguien TO MAKE A HUGE IMPACT ROUTINE
TO CHALLENGE SB Desafiar a La TO LOOSE CONTACT
THE FIRST EVER
= TO DEFY SB alguien primera/ltima
THE LAST EVER RUN FROM Margen de
LETS GO FOR A Nos damos un vez de todas
MANEUVERING maniobra
SWIN baito? EXTREMELY VALUABLE TO BE PUSHING UP
SQUEAKY CLEAN Relimpio TO TURN STH INTO STH Criando malvas
DAYSIES
HIRSTORICAL TO GO WRONG YOU MEAN THE WORLD TO ME
IMPORTANCE/SIGNIFFICANT
TO RAISE MONEY BY A LONG SHOT =
TO BE LEFT IN THE Ser plantado en De lejos
ARE YOU CARRYING A LOT OF BY FAR
LURCH el altar
MONEY ON YOU TODAY? TO GLANCE OVER
TO PUT OFF = TO POSTPONE
TO GO FOR A WEE = AT FIRST GLANCE
LOUD NOISE TO PEE OR TO POO
TO PUT DOWN TO = TO SAY THAT MISBEHAVE
AND THEN SHE
STH IS CAUSED BY Y me dice/dijo RID
GOES/WENT
Tasa de TO THINK UP THE TRY UP A
GROWTH RATE Tener la idea
Crecimiento IDEA CONVERSATION
 CLOTHES

DESCRIBING CLOTHES TRENDY: Actual

FIT OLD-FASHIONABLE: Pasado de
TIGHT: Ajustado moda
LOOSE: Ancho SCRUFFY: Desaliado
STYLE SMART: Elegante
SLEEVELESS STYLISH : Estiloso
LONG- (SHORT-) SLEEVED TACKY: Cutre, hortera
HOODED CORNY: Cursi
V-NECK TO DRESS UP
PATTERN: Patrn, dibujo TO HANG UP
SPOTTED/ TO FIT
DOTTED: De lunares TO SUIT
PLAIN: Liso TO MATCH
STRIPED: De rayas TO GET CHANGED
CHECKED: De Cuadros TO GET
PATTERNED: Estampado DRESSED/UNDRESSED
MATERIALS TO TRY CLOTHES ON:
COTTON: Algodn Probarse ropa
SILK: Seda PUT STH. ON
LEATHER: Piel TAKE STH. OFF
NYLON: Nailon TO LOOK GOOD ON SB.
LINEN: Lino TO BE DRESSED TO KILL
LYCRA: Licra TO PULL ONES SOCK UP:
SUEDE: Piel vuelta Apretarse el cinturn
DEMIN: Vaquero TO FIT SB. LIKE A GLOVE
VELVET: Terciopelo TO BE IN ONES SHOES
FUR: Piel (Pelo) HIGH-HEELED SANDALS
WOLLEN: de Lana BACKPACK = RUCKSACK
 CRIME AND PUNISMENTS

TERROSISM
TERRORIST ATTACK
CASUALTIES: Victimas de accidente
PRISONER
TO ARREST
TO CATCH: Apresar, capturar. Pillar por sorpresa
TO CHARGE WITH
TO COMMIT A CRIME
TO INVESTIGATE THE CRIME
TO QUESTION
TO BE QUESTIONED BY POLICE
COMMUNITY SERVICE
A (600) FINE
SIX MOTHS IN PRISON
A LIFE SENTENCE
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: Pena de muerte
THE TRIAL
TO ACQUIT SB. OF Absolver a alguien de
TO BE ACQUITTED ON ALL CHARGES
TO BE ON PROBATION = TO BE ON PAROLE: Estar en libertad
provisional
TO RELEASE SOMEBODY ON BAIL = TO BAIL SB. OUT: Liberar a
alguien bajo fianza
THE JUDGE IS GOING TO SENTENCE
THE ACCUSSE and THE VICTIM
COURT: Tribunal, juzgado
EVIDENCE
TO BE FOUND GUILTY or NOT GUILTY
JUDGE
JURY
PROOF
TO SENTENCE
VEREDICT
WITNESSES
DEFENDANT Acusado
COUNSEL FOR THE DEFENCE: Abogado defensor
COUNSEL FOR THE PROSECUTION (Br.) OR DISTRICT ATTORNEY
(US) : Fiscal
ACCOMPLICE: Cmplice
 CRIMES AND CRIMINALS
CRIME CRIMINAL VERB
BLACKMAIL BLACKMAILER TO BLACKMAIL Chantaje
BRIBERY TO BRIBE Soborno
Robo de casas
BURGLARY BURGLAR TO BREAK IN/BURGLAR
Entrar por la fuerza
DRUG DEALING DRUG DEALER TO SELL DRUGS Traficante
Fraude
FRAUD TO COMMIT FRAUD
Estafador
HIJACKING HIJACKER TO HIJACK Secuestro
KIDNAPPING KIDNAPPER TO KIDNAP Secuestro de nios
MUGGING MUGGER TO MUG Atraco, asalto (con violencia en la calle)
MURDER MURDERER TO MURDER Asesinato
ASSASSINATION ASSASSIN TO ASSASSINATE Asesinar (persona importante)
RAPE RAPIST TO RAPE Violacin
Atracador de bancos
ROBBERY ROBBER TO ROB
o Ladrn en negocios
SMUGGLING SMUGGLER TO SMUGGLE Contrabando
TERRORISM TERRORIST TO SET OFF BOMBS Terrorismo
THEFT THIEF TO STEAL Robo (palabra general)
Vandalismo
VANDALISM VANDAL TO VANDALIZE Vndalo, gamberro
Destrozar
MANSLAUGHTER Homicidio involuntario
SHOPLIFTER Ladrn de tiendas
PICKPOCKET Carterista
 ECONOMICS

UNEMPLOYMENT RATE IN SPAIN RISES TO 27,2% AS ITS ECONOMIC

RECESSION CONTINUES
UNEMPLOYMENT REACHED 57,2% AMONG PEOPLE UNDER 25
YEARS OLD
LOW UNEMPLOYMENT
UNEMPLOYMENT IS AT CRISIS LEVELS
EUROZONE COUNTRIES
EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER STATES
TO REVIVE ECONOMY
TO BE SET TO UNVEIL NEW MEASURES: Estar preparado para revelar
nuevas medidas
LESS ON AUSTERITY AND MORE IN STIMULUS MEASURES
AUSTERITY PLANS SHOULD BE REINED BACK: Frenados
THE HOUSING BUBBLE BURST
TO REFORM THE LABOUR LAWS
TO IMPOSE AUSTERITY MEASURES TO CUT THE DEFICIT
THE ECONOMY CONTRACTED BY 1,37%
STRUCTURAL REFORMS
PUBLIC PENSION SYSTEM
TO SPEED UP A PLANNED RISE IN THE RETIREMENT AGE
PENSION PAYMENTS
UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS
MEASURES TO BOOST SMALL BUSINESS GROWTH
TO REDUCE THE SPENDING GAP
TO BE ON THE UP: Ir al alza
CHINA IS THE WORLDS FASTEST-GROWING ECONOMY
BANKING AND TAX RECORDS: Movimientos bancarios
DEPRIVE FAMILIES
ECONOMIC RECESSION
TO WITHDRAW MONEY FROM A CASH POINT (THE HOLE OF THE
WALL)
TO EXPAND INTO AMERICAN MARKETS
ECONOCMICS OR FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES
 EDUCATION AND TEACHING

STATE SCHOOL
PUBLIC/PRIVATE SCHOOL
CHARTER or STATE-ASSISTED SCHOOL: Concertado
TIMETABLE: Horario
TO ENCORAGE SB. TO BE COMPETITIVE
TO ENCORAGE TO BECOME INVOLVED
TO ENCORAGE TO PARTICIPATE
TO ENCORAGE TO JOIN
GRANT/SCHOLARSHIP/STUDENTSHIP
TO STUDY BY GRANT
TO GIVE A GRANT
HEADMASTER
EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES
TO COPE WITH THE PRESSURE
BOARDING SCHOOL: Internado
EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES
SCHEDULED AFTER CLASSES
TIME-MANAGEMENT SKILLS
NURSERY SCHOOL
TO BE INVOLVED IN STH
DOING WELL ACADEMICALLY
PRIMARY/SECONDARY SCHOOL
TO BE THE BEST AT EVERYTHING
SCHOOL CLUBS
SINGLE-SEX EDUCATION
TO COLLECT or TO RAISE MONEY or FUNDS PROGRAM
TO RAISE ACADEMIC STANDARDS
TO PUSH SB TO ONES LIMITS
SCHOOL-LEAVING AGE
QUALIFICATIONS
SCHOOL MARKS
IMPROVE STUDENTS ACADEMIC RESULTS
PUSHY or DEMANDING PARENTS TO
GRADUATE FROM: Graduarse/Licenciarse en
GREAT ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT
WORKLOAD
TO HAVE A DEGREE IN
REFORM OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM
FELOW STUDENTS = PEERS
TO BE BELOW AVERAGE
EXTRA TIME ON MATHS, CHEMISTRY OR LANGUAGES
LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES
 CONTINUOUS ASSESMENT: Evaluacin Continua
TO RUN THE CLASS
THE TIMES TABLES: 2 TIMES 2 EQUALS 4
LATIN DECLENSIONS
VOCATIONAL SUBJECTS (MECHANICS, COOKERY)
VOCATIONAL SKILLS WHERE STUDENTS LEARN TO THINK
SUCCESS IN LIFE IS ABOUT WHAT YOU CAN DO, NOT WHAT YOU
KNOW
EXPERIMENTAL LEARNING
TEACHING THROUGH MUSIC
TO DROP OUT OF SCHOOL = TO ABANDON
SOMEONES EDUCATION
SOME PEOPLE DOESNT BELIEVE THAT EDUCATION AND A STEADY
CAREER WILL EVER PROVIDE THEM THE LIFESTYLE THEY DREAM
OF
TEACHER TRAINING
TO BURDEN A CHILD WITH EXAMS
EDUCATION IS ALL ABOUT OPPORTUNITY
LOWER THE STANDARD
STUDYING HABITS
SCHOOL FEES: Matrcula
 ELDERLY PEOPLE

OAP:OLD-AGE PENSIONER: Jubilado, pensionista

PENSIONERS RIGHTS
THE ELDERLY = SENIOR CITIZENS
GERIATRIC: Anciano
TO BE/KEEP FIT
INCOME SUPPORT: Ayuda econmica
NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE
SOCIAL SERVICES: Prestaciones Sociales
THE WELFARE STATE: El estado de bienestar
LESS WELL-OFF: Los ms pobres
DISABILITY
FAILING EYESIGHT: Falta de vista
IN THEIR SEVENTIES OR MID-SIXTIES
LAUGHTER LINES: Arrugas de expression
TO GO BALD/GOING BALD
TO BECOME/GET STIFF JOINTS: Tener las articulaciones agarrotadas
TO DEPEND ON SB or TO BE DEPENDENT ON SB
 EMIGRATION/IMMIGRATION

TO CALL A HALT TO STH: Poner fin a algo.

WORK PERMITS
TO RESTRICT IMMIGRATION
 ENTERTAINMENT

TO APPEAR ON TV
BROADCAST: Emisin
TO BROADCAST
SOAP OPERA
CHAT/TALK SHOW: Programa de entrevistas
EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES
TALKS: Tertulias
CURRENT AFFAIRS: Programas de actualidad
 ENVIRONMENT

EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING

DESTRUCTION OF ANIMAL HABITATS
I TEND TO PUT THE IN BINS FOR RECYCLING
WIDLIFE: Flora y Fauna
UNLEADED PETROL or LEAD-FREE PETROL
CIARETTE SMOKE FREE
STH HAS TO BE DONE ABOUT
RAINFOREST
TO RAISE AWARENESS: Tomar conciencia
ENDANGERED SPECIES
TO BE IN DANGER OF EXTINTION
KEEPING ANIMALS IN CAPTIVITY
THREATS TO WILDLIFE
BOTTLE BANK TO THREAT
SPECIES OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS BECOMING EXTINCT
DESTRUCTION OF RAINFORESTS
PARTICLES CREATED BY CAR FUMES, AEROSOLS AND
AEROPLANES REFLECT BACK THE SUNLIGHT INTO SPACE
WHALING: Caza de ballenas
BIN
POWERLESS: Impotencia
DUMPING: Vertido
CAN
TO DEAL WITH
WOODLAND: Bosque
EXHAUST HUMES: Humos tubos de escape
ENVIROMENTAL PROBLEMS
EXHAUST FUMES FROM CARS AND LORRIES
POLLUTION IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PHENOMENON
ACID RAIN
CONSTRUCTION WORK
THE EFFECT ON AGRICULTURE COULD BE VERY DAMAGING
POLLUTION AIR
RISING SEA LEVELS
SEA LEVELS WILL RISE BY SEVERAL CENTIMETRES
TO REDUCE THE GROWTH OF SOME CROPS
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
SCIENTISTS WARM
TO SELL THE WOOD
WATER PROBLEMS
ANTI-POLLUTION LAWS COME INTO EFFECT
THE HABITAT OF LOCAL SPECIES
 CLIMATE CHANGE
THE SUNSHINE REACHES THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH TO
CUT DOWN TREES
THE CLIMATE IS BECOMING WARMER
THE REDUCTION IN SUNLIGHT
TO MAINTAIN PATHS = TO CUT DOWN PLANTS TO MAKE A PATH
TO GROW CROPS
REFLECTION OF HEAT
A WHALE STRANDED ON THE BEACH
CROPELAND
HUMAN ROLE IN ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE
FISHING BOAT
TO BE IN DANGER
ANIMALS BEING SAVED
ANIMALS BEING HUNTED
TO NEED TO TAKE ACTION AND PROTECT ENDANGERED SPECIES
PEOPLE KILLING ENDANGERED ANIMALS TO MAKE A PROFIT
DIRECT IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITY
GOVERNMENT ENCOURAGING THE PARTICIPATION OF CITIZENS
TO PROTECT ANIMALS
NOT ENOUGH GOVERNMENT CONTROL TO PROTECT ANIMALS
TO BE ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN RECYCLING
PLASTIC BAGS:
- ANIMALS (BIRDS & TURTLES) MISTAKE THEM FOR FOOD AND
CHOKE ON THEM
- DOLPHINS: PREVENT THEM BREATHING PROPERLY
WHAT IS NEEDED IS A GENERAL CHANGE IN CONSUMER
ATTITUDES
THE HABIT OF USING RE-USABLE SHOPPING BAGS: MORE VISIBLE
THAN THEY WERE SOME YEARS AGO
MAJOR CHANGES IN PUBLIC OPINION AND BEHAVIOUR CAN
CERTAINLY OCCUR
THERE HAS ALREADY BEEN A BIG DROP IN PLASTIC BAG USE
SAVING THE PLANET
HOT COUNTRY: TO BECOME VERY AARE OF THE NEED TO SAVE
WATER:
- NO DRIPPING TAPS
- TAPS LEFT ON WHILE YOURE BRUSHING YOUR TEETH OR
WASHING FOOD
- TAKING SHOWERS INSTEAD OF BATHS
- NOT OVERWATERING THE PLANTS
THE WATER BILLS GO DOWN
USING LESS ELECTRICITY AROUND THE HOME
 WE WASTE A HUGE AMOUNT OF ENERGY EVERY YEAR BY
LEAVING TV, DVD OR COMPUTERS ON STANDING ALL THE TIME.
WE SHOULD SWITCH THEM OFF AT NIGHT
TO KEEP THE AIR-CONDITIONING OFF
SOLAR PANELS ON THE ROOF
ALL THE HOT WATER IS POWERED BY THE SUN
SOLAR ENERGY
EAT LOCAL OR SEASONAL FOOD
TRANSPORTING FOOD THOUSANDS OF KILOMETRES HAS A
HIGHLY NEGATIVE IMPACT ON THE CLIMATE
WHICH KIND OF FOOD ARE IN SEASON
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
 FOOD

JUNK or FAST FOOD

WEEKLY/MOTHLY SHOP
GO SHOPPING = DO THE SHOPPING
TO REDUCE THE FAT AND SUGAR INTAKE
TO IMPROVE CHILDRENS DIETS
THE RECIPES ARE DICTATED BY WHAT VEETABLES ARE
AVAILABLE
FRESH ORANIC INGREDIENTS
TO HAVE BAD EATING HABITS
TEACHING ABOUT FOOD CANNOT BE LEFT TO PARENTS IN THE
UNITED STATES
WHEN KIDS BECOME UNHEALTHY DUE TO BAD DIET, THEY
BECOME ISOLATED
EATING HABITS AROUND THE WORLD
TO CHANGE SOMEONES ATTITUDE TO FOOD
DIFFERENT KINDS OF GREEN
THE ICING OF THE CAKE: La guinda del pastel
APRON: Mandil
TO TOAST THE SALAD
TO DRESS THE SALAD
COURGETTE: Calabacn
 FREE-TIME ACTIVITIES
LEISURE COMPLEX or CENTRE
 HEALTH

OPERATING THEATRE or ROOM

HEALTH SHOP: Herboristera
TO OPERATE ON SB
AFTER BEING OPERATING ON
ANESTETIC
TO GIVE SB AN INJECTION
JAB
VACCINATION
TO BE GIVEN A TEST: Hacerse unos anlisis
SURGERY: Consulta, centro de salud
ER: EMERGENCY ROOM
OR: OPERATION ROOM (OR THEATRE)
ICU: INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
GP: GENERAL PRACTITIONER
SKIN SPECIALIS
NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE (NHS)
PRIVATE OWN HOSPITAL
TO DELIVER A BABY = TO GIVE BIRTH
TO INDUCE THE LABOUR
HEALTH PROBLEM
TO RELEASE: Dar el alta medica
TO REDUCE THE FAT AND SUGAR IN DAILY DIET
FISH INTAKE
EATING BADLY CAN RESULT IN POOR HEALTH
CHICKEN POX: Varicela
TO PUT ON WEIGHT
TO HAVE A NOSEBLEED/ TEMPERATURE/ COUGH/ HEADACHE OR
STOMACH ACHE/ RASH/ BLISTER/ PAIN (IN SB. CHEST)/SORE FEET/
SORE THROAT/ BRUISE
TO HAVE DIARRHOEA/ FLU/ CAUGHT A COLD/ ASTHMA/ HIGH or
LOW BLOOD PRESSURE/ A HEART ATTACK/ A STROKE/ FOOD-
POISONING/ TWISTED/SPRAINED/ BURNT ONESELF
TO BE SICK
TO FEEL SICK/ DIZZY
YOUR FINGER IS BLEDING
HIS ANKLE IS SWOLLEN
HER BACK HURTS/ACHES
TO FAINT
TAKE SOME ANTIBIOTICS OR PAINKILLERS
STAY AT HOME AND REST
TO SEE A SPECIALIST
 TO HAVE AN X-RAY OR SCAN/ STICHES/ AN INJECTION (THROUGH A
NEEDLE)/A BANDAGE/ AN OPERATION
TO KEEP THE WOUND CLEAN
TO GO TROUGH AN OPERATION
 JOB
TO APPLY FOR A JOB
TO RESIGNE FROM A JOB = TO TURN A JOB DOWN
TO HIRE SB: Contratar a alguien
TO REPLACE PEOPLE: Sustituir
SCHEDULE: Horario
HARD WORK
TO BE BETWEEN JOBS = TO BE JOBLESS = TO BE UNEMPLOYED = TO
BE OUT OF WORK
TO GET THE SACK = TO BE MADE REDUNDANT
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
WHAT I REALLY LIKE OF MY JOB IS HELPING PEOPLE
JOB CENTER: Oficina de Empleo
I DONT GET PAID MUCH
THIS JOB INVOLVES +ING
DO YOU HAVE WHAT IT TAKES TO BE A DOCTOR?
COMMUTING
WORK FROM HOME
HAVING PAID EMPLOYMENT
DOING VOLUNTARY WORK
WORKPLACE
WORKAHOLICS
WORK-RHYTHM
WORK-CENTRED CULTURE
NINE TO FIVE WORKING DAY
FLEXIBLE WORKING DAY
HOUSEWORK AND VOLUNTARY WORK TEND TO BE SEEN AS NON-
JOBS
NEWLY RETIRED MEN
LIFE WAS ALWAYS SO DRIVEN BY EMPLOYMENT
THE WORKPLACE AS A SOCIAL MEETING POINT
HOW PEOPLE GET TO WORK
NON-WORK LIFE
TO HAVE A GOOD WORK-LIFE BALANCE
WORK FULL-TIME
JOBSEEKERS
WORK PERMITS
TO HIRE AND FIRE WORKERS
WORK/LABOUR MARKET
TO WORK IN SHIFTS
TO WORK NIGHTS
MORNING/AFTERNOON/EVENING/NIGHT SHIFT
REWARDING JOB
 POLICY/POLITICIANS

THE STATE OF THE UNION: Debate sobre el Estado de la Nacin

TO RESIGN: Dimitir
TO TAKE OFFICE TO LEAVE OFFICE: Tomar o dejar un cargo
BIASED
FOREIGN or EMPLOYMENT POLICY: Poltica de exterior o de empleo
LONG TERM POLICIES: Polticas a largo plazo
OPINION POLLS: Sondeos de opinin
THE OPPOSITION
VOTERS
TO RUN THE COUNTRY
CONVECTION: Asamblea, convencin, convenio
BECAUSE OF CONVECTION: Por convenio
TO STAND FOR: Presentarse (candidato)
TO APPOINT: Nombrar
CABINET: Consejo de ministros, Gabinete ministerial
BILL: Proyecto de Ley
PASSING BILLS: Aprobar proyectos de ley
ACT: Ley (aprobada)
HEAD: Presidente del Gobierno
TO LINE THEIR OWN POCKETS
HOME SECRETARY: Ministro de Interior
HOME OFFICE: Ministerio de Interior
LEFT/RIGHT-WING BELIEFS or VIEWS
 SHOPPING

SMALL or LOCAL SHOPS LARGE SUPERMARKETS

PACKING FOOD
IN TERMS OF SHOOPING
SHOPPING CENTRES or MALLS
SHOPPING LIST
OPENING HOURS: Horario de las tiendas
GRANARY BREAD
CLEARANCE
CHAIN STORES
ORGANIC PRODUCE: Productos ecolgicos
SALES
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHOPS
JUNK or FAST FOOD
GOOD VARIETY OF SHOPS IN WALKING DISTANCE OF WHERE I
LIVE
MIXTURE OF LOCAL SHOPS AND LARGE SUPERMARKET
GOOD SERVICE
CROWED SHOPS
RUDE SHOP ASSISTANTS
FRESH FOOD: MEAT, FISH, VEGETABLES, FRUIT
FRESHER, TASTIER AND CHEAPER
BASIC THINGS
MILK IN CARTON
TOILETRIES
CLEANING THINGS
BOX OF EGGS: Cartn de huevos
DAILY BASIS
CONSUMER SOCIETY (THROWAWAY SOCIETY)
ECONOMICAL=CHEAP
CHECKOUT QUEUE
TASTY-LOOKING THINGS or ATTRACTIVE-LOOKING THINGS
UNHEALTHY SNACKS
PROPER FOOD
SPECIAL OFFERS
CUT-PRICE THINGS
SHOPALCOHOLIC
 TECHNOLOGY

CONSUMER SOCIETY (THROWAWAY SOCIETY)

SEARCHING THE NET
SOCIAL NETWORKINGS
TO SET UP A BLOG
INTERNET SITES
TO CRASH (OF A COMPUTER): Bloquearse
TO STORE ON A HARD DISK
BUT MISUSED, IT CAN ALSO BE A CURSE: Pero si se usan mal, pueden
llegar a ser una amenaza
BLOG BEGAN AS ONLINE DIARIES BUT THESE DAYS ARE USEFUL
AND ENTERTAINING SOURCES OF NEWS AND INFORMATION:
- THEY ARE UPDATED REGULARLY AND INTERACTIVE
READERS CAN COMMENT ON WHAT YOU WRITE
- POST(S)
- PEOPLE BLOG FOR DIFFERENT REASONS
REMOTE CONTROL
TO HAVE A RELIABLE INTERNET CONNECTION
TO RECHARGE BATTERIES
TO ADAPT TO CHANGING HABITS
VIDEO GAME CONSSOLS
COMPUTER GAMES:
- SOME TEENAGERS SPEND FAR TOO MUCH OF THEIR TIME
PLAYING THOSE GAMES
- ARE GOOD FOR YOUR REACTION TIMES ANK MAKE YOU
THINK MORE QUICKLY
- CAN ENCURAGE BAD BEHAVIOUR: YOUNG PEOPLE WHO
PLAY THOSE GAMES START DOING THINGS THEY
SHOULDNT
- ARE JUST LOTS OF FUN
 THE MEDIA

FRONT-PAGE: Portada
BACK PAGE or BACK COVER
SCOOP: Exclusiva
GLOOSY MAGAZINE
CIRCULATION FIGURES: Tirada de un peridico
JOURNALIST = THE MEDIA
PRINTED NEWSPAPERS
MASS MEDIA
ON-LINE PAPERS = ELECTRONIC PAPERS
HOME NEWS: Noticias nacionales
LEADER COLUMN
GOSSIP COLUMN
OBITUARY
REVIEW
REVIEWER
NEWS IN BRIEF
BROADSHEETS AND TABLOIDS
PRESS PHOTOGRAPHER
PAPARAZZI
CRITIC
COMMENTATOR
REPORTER
EDITOR
PRESENTER
FREELANCE JOURNALIST
NEWSREADER
CROSSWORD
CARTOON
ADVERTISEMENT (ADS)
SMALL ADS
HOROSCOPE
WEATHER FORECAST
 TRAVELLING

CHEK-IN STAFF
AIRPORT STAFF
TERMINALS
ARRIVALS
DEPARTURES
BAGGAGE = LUGGAGE
CHEK-IN
PASSPORT CONTROL
TO PICK UP
CUSTOMS
PORTER
AIRLINES
CREW
PASSENGERS
AIR HOSTESS = FLIGHT ATTENDANT
SEAT
FLIGHT
TO TAKE OFF = TO BLAST OFF
TO LAND
AISLE: Pasillo (Transporte, iglesia, supermercado)
ROW: Fila
STOP OVER: Trasbordo, escala
LOW-COST AIRLINES
TURBULENCE
CABIN
BOARDING PASS or CARD
TO ARRIVE IN MALAGA or TO ARRIVE AT THE AIRPORT = TO GET
TO
 WHEATER

WHATS THE WEATHER LIKE?

ITS CHILLY ITS DAMP
ITS MILD
(Quite cold, not (A bit wet but not
(Pleasant and not cold)
cold or hot) raining)
ITS A
ITS DRIZZLING
BREEZE
(Raining lightly)
ITS COOL ITS WARM (A light
THERE ARE
(Unpleasantly (A pleasantly high wind)
SHOWERS
cold) temperature)
(Short periods of
rain)
ITS ITS
ITS COLD ITS HOT
RAINING/WET WINDY
ITS POURING THERE
ITS SCORCHING/BOILING
WITH RAIN ARE GALE-
FREEZING (Unpleasantly hot)
(Raining a lot) FORCE
WINDS
ITS RAINING
BELOW ZERO MUGGY Bochornoso (Very
CATS AND DOGS
strong)

WEATHER WARNING
HEATWARE: Ola de calor
DROUGT: Sequa
HAILSTORM: Granizo
LIGHTNING
THUNDER/TO THUNDER
BLIZZARD: Ventisca
FLOOD/TO FLOOD
HURRICANE
TORNADO
MONSOON
BRIGHT/CHANGEABLE/CLEAR/HEAVY/ICY/SETTLED/STRONG/
SUNNY/THICK (FOG)
SLIPPERY: Resbaladizo
TO SHIVER: Tiritar
TO SWEAT: Sudar
TO GET SOAKED: Calarse
HUMID
TO MELT
TO GET SUNBURNT: Quemarse por el sol