Plant Diseases Caused by Fungi

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Plant Diseases Caused By

Fungi
Fungi
Small, microscopic, eukaryotic
Usually filamentous, branched
Spore-bearing
Lack chlorophyll
Cell wall
Chitin and glucan
No cellulose
Fungi
Estimated between 70,000 and 1.5 million
species, most yet to be discovered
Some mushroom-producing fungi are the
largest living organisms of any kind
e.g., Armillaria ostoyae (honey mushroom)
produced mycelia 3.5 miles in diameter
Plays various roles:
Edible & medicinal mushrooms (e.g., Lingzhi)
Wood rotting & degradation
Source for antibiotics (e.g., Penicillium)
Pathogenic
Classification of Plant Pathogenic

Fungi
Divided into 2 categories

1. Fungal-like organisms
Kingdom: Protozoa
Kingdom: Chromista, previously known as
lower fungi
2. True fungi
Kingdom: Fungi
References
Ainsworth (1973)
Agrios (2005), p390-397

Fungi (cont)
Phylum : ..mycota
Class : ..mycetes
Order : ..ales
Family : ..aceae
Name : binomial (2 words)
E.g.: Phytophthora palmivora Butl.
Genus name Spesies name

Fungi (cont)
Kingdom Phylum Class

Protozoa Plasmodiophoro- Plasmodiophoro-
mycota mycetes
Chromista Oomycota Oomycetes
Fungi Chytridiomycota Chytridiomycetes

(Lower) Zygomycota Zygomycetes
Source: Agrios (2005)


Fungi (cont)


Fungi (cont)
Kingdom Phylum Class
Fungi Ascomycota Hemiascomycetes
(Higher) Plectomycetes
Pyrenomycetes
Loculoascomycetes
Discomycetes
Deuteromycetes
Basidiomycota Teliomycetes
Hymenomycetes
Source: Ainsworth (1973)


Fungi (cont)

Fungal-like Organisms:
Morphology
1. Kingdom: Protozoa
2. Kingdom: Chromista
Morphology (cont)
1. Kingdom: Protozoa
Unicellular, amoeboid, multi-nucleate, no
definite cell wall
Body: plasmodium
Resting spore = zoospore, 2 flagella
E.g., slime molds
Morphology (cont)

Morphology (cont)
2. Kingdom Chromista
Uni- or multi-cellular, filamentous or
colonial, mycelium containing cellulose
and glucans but no cross walls
Produce asexual & sexual spores
E.g., Pythium, Phytophthora
True Fungi
Characteristics of plant pathogenic fungi

Morphology
Reproduction
Ecology
Dissemination
True Fungi: Morphology

Mycelium: filamentous
vegetative body branches
out in all directions
Hyphae: individual branches
of mycelium, usually 2-10
m in diameter
Coenocytic (without cross Three types of hyphae. A: Non-
walls) septate (coenocytic). B: Septate
Septate with uninucleate cells. C: Septate
with multinucleate cells.
True Fungi: Reproduction
Fungi reproduce chiefly by means of

spores
2 types of reproduction
1. Asexual
2. Sexual
True Fungi: Reproduction (cont)

1. Asexual reproduction
Does not involve nucleus
fusion or sex organs
Important means of Budding yeast,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
reproduction (Source: Webster, 1988)
E.g.: budding, production
of sporangiospores,
zoospores or conidia
Zoospores in sporangia
(Source: JPT)

2. Sexual reproduction
Involve sex organs (gametangia)
3 steps:
i. Plasmogamy: fusion of 2 haploid hyphal
strands
ii. Karyogamy: fusion of 2 compatible nuclei to
form diploid nuclei (zygote)
iii. Meiosis: meiosis of zygote to produce 4
haploid nuclei (each may become a sexual
spore)
iv. E.g.: basidiospores



True Fungi: Ecology

Plant pathogenic fungi:
Biotrophs: spend all of their lives on the host
(obligate parasites)
Hemibiotrophs: spend part of their lives on
the host as parasites and part on dead
tissues of the same host on the ground as
saprophytes
True Fungi: Dissemination

Fungi are disseminated primarily in the form
of spores.
Others means (to a lesser extent):
Fragments of hyphae
Sclerotia
Dissemination agents:
Wind
Water
Insects
Animals
Humans
Specialized Structures
Modified hyphae: Resting structures:
Rhizoid Chlamydospore
Rhizomorph intercalary & terminal
Hypopodia Sclerotium
Appressorium Aggregation of hyphae
Haustorium to form small dark

brown aggregates
Specialized Structures (cont)
Rhizoid Rhizomorph Hypopodia
A=Appressorium, PP=Penetration
Appressorium Haustorium
Peg, IM= Intracellular Mycelium
Sources: Rao (1975), Agrios (2005), McGonigle (2005), JPT
Specialized Structures (cont)

Terminal
Intercalary
Sclerotia
Clamydospores
Source: Webster (1988), JPT

Quiz
Q1 : Define plant pathology
Q2 : Types of disease
Q3 : Name the first fungicide
Q4 : 3 categories of disease symptom
Q5 : how many steps are there in
Kochs postulates?
Thank You
Quiz
Q1 : Name the categories of plant
pathogenic fungi
Q2 : Name 7 levels in fungi classification
Q3 : Name two types of fungal spores
Q4 : how many steps are there in fungal
sexual reproduction
Q5 : Name two specialized structures of
fungi

Plant Diseases Caused by Fungi

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Plant Diseases Caused by Fungi

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Plant Diseases Caused By

Classification of Plant Pathogenic

Divided into 2 categories

Classification of Plant Pathogenic

Classification of Plant Pathogenic

Kingdom Phylum Class

Chromista Oomycota Oomycetes

Fungi Chytridiomycota Chytridiomycetes

Source: Agrios (2005)

Classification of Plant Pathogenic

Source: Agrios (2005)

Classification of Plant Pathogenic

Source: Ainsworth (1973)

Classification of Plant Pathogenic

Source: Agrios (2005)

Source: Agrios (2005)

Characteristics of plant pathogenic fungi

True Fungi: Morphology

True Fungi: Reproduction

Fungi reproduce chiefly by means of

True Fungi: Reproduction (cont)

True Fungi: Reproduction (cont)

True Fungi: Reproduction (cont)

Source: Agrios (2005)

True Fungi: Reproduction (cont)

True Fungi: Reproduction (cont)

True Fungi: Ecology

True Fungi: Dissemination

Haustorium to form small dark

Specialized Structures (cont)

Rhizoid Rhizomorph Hypopodia

Specialized Structures (cont)

Source: Webster (1988), JPT

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