Final Exam Outline

10th century - Arabia – room The Arabian scholar Hassan ibn Hassan (10th
Century A.D.) described the Camera Obscura in his writings and stressed the
significance of the relationship between the size of the aperture and the
sharpness of the image.

SLR Light through the lenses

Mirror reflects into prism then goes through viewfinder optical what you
see is what you get
Mirror flips up and light hits film

light meter
how they work
reads quantity of light
recommends making everything middle gray
problem occurs shooting things that are not middle gray
camera does not know what you are pointing at so shooting a light

1 F-Stop equals twice the light or half the light

Sunny middle of day

F/16 and shutter speed = iso means good exposure
Graduated neutral density filter for dynamic range diffences
ISO 100 = f/16 125th of a second
ISO 200 = f/16 250th of a second

Exposure Triangle

How an image is photographically exposed is determined by 3 major factors.

ISO, the digital sensors sensitivity or film speed.
Aperture, the diameter of the opening in the lens that lets light through to the
sensor.
Shutter speed, the duration the shutter letʼs in light.

A combination of these 3 variables are the exposure values for an image.

ISO, as the sensitivity of the sensor goes up so does the image grain.
Aperture, As the aperture gets smaller the lens will let less light through, while
increasing Depth of field. Aperture is measured in f-stops which are fractions.
f/22 is much smaller than f/5.6
Shutter speed, as the shutter speed goes up, light has less time to expose the
sensor. Fast shutter speeds freeze motion

Safe shutter for hand holding

1/focal length of lens you are using

100m lens 1/100 or faster depends on steady ness of hands

stabilization helps for about 1 stop

Using the histogram

The histogram is a graph that shows the levels of tones in an image once a pixel
exceeds histogram or range of sensor the information is lost
overexpose has histogram on right
under expose has histogram stacked on left
most images has mountain range of tones
goal is to move pixels on histogram to workable area
high or low key images are exceptions
Shadows are on the left Highlights are on the right

color temperature
cool to warm
candle 2000 60-watt tungsten
noon daylight 5400 500
clear blue sky at high elevation 10000
daylight shade 7000
cloudy5000
flash5000
tungsten 2500
florecent 4000
Kelvin setting
Proper WB setting insures neutral color rendition
Custom setting, shooting a white card
AWB camera does a good job 90 % of time, raw allows to set WB afterwards
without image degradation
Viewing conditions
Monitor White point

DOF is controlled by
Aperture
The smaller the aperture the more the depth of field
Focal length
 Longer lens have less depth of field
Wide lens have greater depth of field
Shooting distance
Focus on further objects have more depth of field
Closer objects have shallow depth of field

Wide lenses have more angle of view and can fit more in the frame. Wide lenses
also tend to distort around the edges of the frame, exaggerating proportions,
nearer objects looking much larger than further objects. Tele photo lenses do not
distort the image, in fact the telephoto lens tends to flatten out an image and
flattening depth, subject distance relative to size relation is not as apparent. Tele
photo lenses tend to be more flattering as it does not distort shape.

Focal length
Tele Long lens
>100
flattening is flattering
Extreme compression
Pulls visual elements together
Landscapes and compression
Medium lens
Medium compression flattering
Widen your vision wide lens foreground background more in the frame
Wide foreground to background detail donʼt just cram
distortion
Wide lens expansive view
What lens
Tight or loose
How much area of view do you need
How much do you need
Is empty space needed
Tight concise

Inverse-square law
Light traveling twice the distance has 1/4 the power
Opening 2 stops to let in 2 twice the amount of flash

Light Source

Hard Light
Small light sources
Far Away Source
 Hard defined shadows
Specular Highlights
Soft Light
Large diffused light sources
Closer lights

Overcast days create good light through out, the sky becomes a large diffused
light source, lowering contrast revealing details.
Challenges
Graduated filter
Indirect light
Window light
Reflected light
Move subject
to shade
Darker backgrounds
Catch light
Shadows for composition
Diffuser
Fill flash
Flash exposure compensation

Where can the camera go?

Better angle
Impact
Seeing faces
Right position
Positioning with lens for subjects
Flatten or not
Get different eye levels
Better light
Where does the light hit
Move camera or subject to catch light
Time of day
Backlight
Focus
Macro
Depth of field
Better background
Clean uncluttered
Subject pops
contrast
Slow shutter
 Shallow focus
Dark backgrounds go back in depth
Cloudy day is dark background
Doorways are dark
Light background
Clean
Simple
Silhouette
Low horizon sun
Subject with distinctive shape
Distracting backgrounds

Point of interest
A point of interest draws us into the photograph, it is an entry point into the
image.

rule of thirds
Based on how people look at things. Rule of thirds causes tension and energy
divide frame into thirds, the intersections of lines are good spots for
subject
direction
space for things to move into
symmetry
straight down the middle
balance
space and balance appropriate space between objects
giving viewer your perspective
Visual center
Visual weight
Juxtaposition
Equilibrium
Design
line
strong lines contrast
leading line, leads to subject
form
dimensionality, light models the subject revealing shape
shape
s shapes
curves
shape of object
shapes of clouds
silhouettes
pattern
 patterns in nature
man made patterns
texture
side lighting
subtle shadows that reveal the feel of an object
space
for text, open spaces, simple spaces
Positive negative space

The golden ration

Golden mean
Phi 1.618033988…
Golden rectangle
Fibonacci rectangle for composition
perspective
Gestalt
Our brains tendency to put things in order
The sum is greater than the parts
Perception vs. reality
perceptions object is affected by surroundings
Closure
Brain filling in the blanks on partial images
Figure back ground
Totality
Our mind integrates our perception
Seeing things as part of a whole
Proximity
Our mind tends to link objects based on proximity to each
other