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Cyber Ed Study Guide

Electronic Structure

CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

The following National Science Education Standards specifically relate to this study
guide:

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

o The structure of an atom (e.g., negative electrons occupy most of the


space in the atom; neutrons and positive protons make up the nucleus
of the atom; protons and neutrons are almost two thousand times
heavier than an electron; the electric force between the nucleus and
electrons holds the atom together)
o The electron configuration of atoms governs the chemical properties of
an element as atoms interact with one another by transferring or
sharing the outermost electrons
o The number of electrons in an atom determines whether the atom is
electrically neutral or an ion (i.e., electrically neutral atoms contain
equal numbers of protons and electrons; a positively charged atom has
lost one or more electrons; a negatively charged atom has gained one
or more electrons)
o Elements are arranged in the periodic table, and this arrangement
shows repeating patterns among elements with similar properties (e.g.,
numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons; relation between atomic
number and atomic mass)

Table of Contents

Electrons and Atomic Structure ....................................................................................... 2


Quantum Theory and Electronic Orbits ........................................................................... 5
Contributors to Quantum Theory ..................................................................................... 7
Quantum Theory and Quantum Mechanics..................................................................... 9
Adding Electrons to Atoms ............................................................................................ 13
Building the Periodic Table: Hydrogen and Helium ....................................................... 15
Building the Periodic Table: Lithium through Neon ....................................................... 16
Building the Periodic Table: Sodium though Argon ....................................................... 18
Building the Periodic Table: Potassium though Krypton ................................................ 19
Building the Periodic Table: Rubidium through Xenon .................................................. 21
Building the Periodic Table: Cesium through Radon ..................................................... 23
Building the Periodic Table: Francium through Meitnerium ........................................... 25
Review .......................................................................................................................... 26

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CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

Resources Referenced in this Study Guide

Software Programs
CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Electronic Structure

Quizzes & Tests


All quizzes and tests referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching
Resources section of the CyberEd Oasis website.

Lab Activities
All lab activities referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching
Resources section of the CyberEd Oasis website.

Web Links
All web links referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching Resources
section of the CyberEd Oasis website.

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CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

Electrons and Atomic Structure

Electrons and Atomic Structure


Now load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Electronic Structure
View scenes 1 5 and complete the exercise below.

Multimedia A review of the fundamentals of atomic structure.


Presentation
Scenes 1 3

1. Busy Electrons: this graphic shows the importance of electrons. Discuss the
importance of electrons in chemistry, physics, industry and biology.

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CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

Scene 4

2. Periodic Bingo: this graphic shows an enlargement of Lithium from its place in the
Periodic Table. Explain the Atomic Number of an element, using Lithium as an
example.

Scene 5
3. Aiming at Atoms: this illustration shows early
explorations of atomic structure. In simple terms, what
is the basic structure of an atom?

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CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

Quantum Theory and Electronic Orbits

Quantum Theory and Electronic Orbits


Now load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Electronic Structure
View scenes 6 - 12 and complete the exercise below.

Multimedia Examine quantum theory.


Presentation

Scene 6
1. Attractive Puzzle: this graphic shows the
major atomic puzzle that scientists
strove to solve during the early 20th
Century. Explain that puzzle. What was
the new theory of the atom that solved
the puzzle and who
contributed to its
development?

Scenes 7 8
2. Two Models: The fixed orbital
model in this graphic
conforms to Bohrs edict, but
the modern model shown
here is more complicated. In
both cases, how do electrons
make their presence known?

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CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

Scenes 9 10

3. Excited Light: Explain light


emission by electrons.

Scenes 11 12

4. Narrow View: only a slim slice of the EM


spectrum is visible light, as this graphic
illustrates. Discuss electromagnetic waves and
the speed of EM radiation. Calculate the
frequency of the blue wavelength in the
graphic.

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CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

Contributors to Quantum Theory

Contributors to Quantum Theory


Now load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Electronic Structure
View scenes 13 15 and complete the exercise below.

Multimedia Review the major contributions to the development of quantum theory.


Presentation

Scenes 13 15

1. Jump to Light Speed: this graphic shows


how an electron in a hydrogen atom can jump from higher energy levels to lower,
emitting light at distinct wavelengths (measured here in nanometers). These
observations are explained by quantum theory. What was Max Plancks
contribution to quantum theory?

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CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

2. What was Albert Einsteins contribution to quantum theory?

3. What was Niels Bohrs contribution to quantum theory?

4. For further thought: Quantum theory says that energy is transferred in precise,
stepwise amounts rather than a continuous spread. How does the spectrum of
light emitted by excited hydrogen verify this concept?

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CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

Quantum Theory and Quantum Mechanics

Quantum Theory and Quantum Mechanics


Now load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Electronic Structure
View scenes 16 - 26 and complete the exercise below.

Multimedia Study how quantum mechanics refined and elaborated on quantum


Presentation theory.
Scenes 16 19

1. Theory versus Evidence: this graphic shows how the emission spectrum for neon
could not be accounted for by Bohrs quantum theory for hydrogen. Explain this
contradiction between theory and evidence, referring to the graphic. In the
experimentally determined energy levels for neon, what do the dashes and the s,
p, d and f designations represent?

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CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

Scene 20
2. Mechanic Illustrated: this portrait shows Erwin
Schrdinger, the inventor of quantum mechanics. What is
the core idea of quantum mechanics, as applied to atomic
structure?

Scene 21

3. Orbital Order: this graphic shows all the energy sublevels and the electron orbital
shapes that account for them. What did quantum mechanics accomplish for
quantum theory?

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CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

Scene 22

4. The Shape of Energy: this gallery shows all the orbital shapes described by the
wave equations of quantum mechanics. Describe how these shapes increase in
complexity for s, p, d and f orbitals.

Scene 23
5. Certainly Probable: this illustration shows where electrons fit in
the electromagnetic spectrum. What does an electron orbital
represent?

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CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

Scenes 24 26
6. Duality Depicted: these pictures
demonstrate graphic interpretations of
conflicting wave and particle concepts for
electrons the Duality Paradox. What
rule is violated by showing electrons as
particles that travel along quantum
mechanical surfaces? State that rule in
detail and its consequences. Describe the
Duality Paradox.

Electronic Structure
Please load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Electronic Structure
Complete Interactive Lesson # 1.
Review Quantum mechanics.
Interactive
Lesson

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CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

Adding Electrons to Atoms

Adding Electrons to Atoms


Now load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Electronic Structure
View scenes 27 - 32 and complete the exercise below.
Lay the groundwork for examining electronic structure, element by
Multimedia element.
Presentation
Scenes 27 29
1. Head Turning Idea: The Pauli Exclusion
Principle explained how two electrons
could occupy the same sublevel
without mutual repulsion. Describe
Wolfgang Paulis finding and
its later implications.

Scenes 30 31
2. Describe how level number and orbital shape determine the energy of an orbital.

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CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

Scene 32

3. Reserved Parking: this diagram shows all the available electron orbital levels and
sublevels, including spin states, for atoms of all the elements. The Noble Gases
are marked at their respective p sublevels. The graphic, plus the periodic table,
give you all the information you need to complete the table below. List all the
sublevels in ascending order of energy, indicate the maximum number of electrons
that can reside at each corresponding sublevel, show the cumulative number, or
sum, of possible electrons up to and including the corresponding sublevel, and list
the elements (as shown in this lessons periodic table) with atomic numbers equal
to the sums of electrons in row three.

Sublevel
Max #
electrons in
sublevel
Cumulative
sum of
electrons
Element
with atomic
number =
electron
sum

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CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

Building the Periodic Table: Hydrogen and Helium

Building the Periodic Table: Hydrogen and Helium


Now load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Electronic Structure
View scenes 33 - 36 and complete the exercise below.
Begin building the periodic table.
Multimedia
Presentation

Scenes 33 34
1. What are the four essential rules for placing electrons into the sublevels of
elements? (Of the four, one rule is stated in Scenes 33 34 without being given a
name, two rules are given names, and one rule comes from Scene 27.)

Scenes 35 36

2. First Row: this graphic shows the sublevel available to the two elements in the first
row of the periodic table. Discuss how the 1s orbital serves hydrogen and helium.
How are structural formulas written using sublevels and superscripts?

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CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

Building the Periodic Table: Lithium through Neon

Building the Periodic Table: Lithium through Neon


Now load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Electronic Structure
View scenes 37 - 42 and complete the exercise below.
Examine the electronic structures of the elements in row 2 of the
Multimedia periodic table.
Presentation

Scenes 37 42

1. Second Row: this graphic depicts the sublevels beyond the helium closed shell for
the elements in the second row of the periodic table. Explain the difference
between full notation and abbreviated closed shell notation. Complete the
following chart by writing the electron structure for each second row element in
both notations.

Element atomic full notation abbrev.


# notation
Li 3
Be 4
B 5
C 6
N 7
O 8
F 9
Ne 10

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CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

2. In the periodic table, lithium and beryllium are separated by a large gap from the
other elements in row 2. How does this separation correspond to the electronic
structure of row 2 elements?

3. What do the orbitals mean in quantum mechanical terms?

Scene 42
4. Eight is Enough: this graphic shows how the eight
electrons in the 2s and 2p levels of Neon are well
secured to the atom, defying ionization. Explain the
Octet Rule and how it affects chemical reactivity.

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CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

Building the Periodic Table: Sodium though Argon

Building the Periodic Table: Sodium though Argon


Now load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Electronic Structure
View scenes 43 - 44 and complete the exercise below.
Examine the electronic structures of the elements in row 3 of the
Multimedia periodic table.
Presentation

Scenes 43 44

1. Third Row: this graphic portrays the sublevels beyond the neon closed shell for the
elements in the third row of the periodic table. Complete the following chart by
supplying the atomic number of each element and writing its electron structure in
abbreviated closed shell notation.
abbrev.
Element atomic #
notation
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
2. How does Argon resemble Neon?

3. For further thought: What would be the charge on sodium if it lost the electron in its
3s sublevel? What would be the charge on chlorine if it gained an electron in its 3p
sublevel?

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CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

Building the Periodic Table: Potassium though Krypton

Building the Periodic Table: Sodium though Argon


Now load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Electronic Structure
View scenes 45 - 47 and complete the exercise below.
Examine the electronic structures of the elements in row 4 of the
Multimedia periodic table.
Presentation

Scenes 45 46

1. Fourth Row, Incomplete: this graphic depicts the abbrev.


sublevels beyond the argon closed shell for the Element
notation
elements in the fourth row of the periodic table. K
Complete the accompanying chart by writing the Ca
electron structures for the elements from potassium Sc
to zinc in abbreviated closed shell notation. *The Ti
asterisks beside chromium and copper indicate that V
in each case the 3d sublevel borrows an electron Cr*
from the 4s sublevel, boosting the 3d subscript by Mn
two over the previous element and dropping 4s by
Fe
one. In both cases the subsequent element regains
Co
two electrons in the 4s sublevel.
Ni
2. Grab Bag: What elements in the previous third row Cu*
do potassium and calcium resemble in their Zn
outermost electron structure? Also, the 10 fourth
row elements with 3d outer shells belong to what family of
elements? And finally, what happens between d and s
sublevels in chromium (and copper)?

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CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

Scene 47
3. Fourth Row, Completed: Fill out this table by writing the electron structure for the
elements from gallium to krypton in abbreviated closed shell notation.
abbrev.
Element
notation
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr

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CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

Building the Periodic Table: Rubidium through Xenon

Building the Periodic Table: Rubidium through Xenon


Now load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Electronic Structure
View scenes 48 - 49 and complete the exercise below.
Examine the electronic structures of the elements in row 5 of the
Multimedia periodic table.
Presentation

Scene 48

1. Fifth Row: this graphic shows the sublevels beyond the krypton closed shell in the
fifth row elements. Write the electron structures for the elements from rubidium to
xenon in abbreviated closed shell notation. *The number of asterisks beside an
element indicates how many electrons the 4d sublevel appropriates from the
otherwise complete 5s level. The structure for molybdenum is supplied.
Element abbreviated
notation
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb*
Mo* [Kr] 5s14d5
Tc
Ru*
Rh*
Pd**
Ag*
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe

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CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

2. With the exception of increased electron thievery by d sublevels, the fifth row
sublevels follow the same pattern as the fourth row. What columns in the periodic
table include the fifth row 4d shell transition elements?

Scene 49
3. For the noble gases in rows 4 and 5, krypton and xenon, the lesson refers to the
Rule of Eight as the Rule of 18. Why?

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CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

Building the Periodic Table: Cesium through Radon

Building the Periodic Table: Cesium through Radon


Now load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Electronic Structure
View scene 50 and complete the exercise below.
Examine the electronic structures of the elements in row 6 of the
Multimedia periodic table.
Presentation

Scene 50

1. 4f Avoids the Draft: this graphic shows a row of elements set off from the rest of
the periodic table, with atomic numbers that fill the gap between the sixth row
elements, lanthanum and hafnium. What does the series of elements from cerium
to lutetium represent? Why are they set off from the rest of the row?

2. For further thought: This chart of lanthanides shows that the build-up of the f level
is not completely straightforward. What does this series of sublevel values indicate
about the relationship between f and d levels?
Element electron structure Element electron structure
Ce [Xe] 6s24f15d1 Tb [Xe] 6s24f9
Pr [Xe] 6s24f3 Dy [Xe] 6s24f10
Nd [Xe] 6s24f4 Ho [Xe] 6s24f11
Pm [Xe] 6s24f5 Er [Xe] 6s24f12
Sm [Xe] 6s24f6 Tm [Xe] 6s24f13
Eu [Xe] 6s24f7 Yb [Xe] 6s24f14
Gd [Xe] 6s24f75d1 Lu [Xe] 6s24f145d1

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CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

3. For further thought: Of the row 6 elements, platinum and gold each have a d level
that snatches an electron from the nearest full s level. The structure of iridium, the
element preceding platinum, is [Xe]6s24f145d7. The structure of mercury, the
element following gold, is [Xe]6s24f145d10. From this information supply the
structure of platinum and gold.

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CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

Building the Periodic Table: Francium through Meitnerium

Building the Periodic Table: Francium through


Meitnerium
Now load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Electronic Structure
View scene 51 and complete the exercise below.
Multimedia Examine the electronic structures of the elements in row 7 of the
Presentation periodic table.

Scene 51

1. Catching up to Theory: quantum mechanics predicts the structure of more


elements than have been discovered in nature, as shown by the unfilled places in
the periodic table. As the sublevels fill up progressively for elements in row 7 of the
periodic table, what pattern do they repeat?

2. What sublevel remains unutilized by any element on this periodic table? How does
the radioactivity of an atom affect its electron structure?

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CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

Review

Review
Now load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Electronic Structure
View scene 52 and the Periodic Table on the CD-ROM, choosing the
screens, Families of Elements and s, p, d and f Orbital Blocks,
then complete the exercise below.
Multimedia
Presentation Review the principles you have studied.

Scene 52 and Periodic Table screens

1. Block Party: this periodic table shows the elements grouped by sublevel blocks.
Explain what this means.

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CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

2. Family Resemblance: this periodic table shows the elements grouped by family
characteristics. Considering that the families of elements exactly coincide with the
sublevel blocks, what conclusion can be drawn?

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CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Electronic Structure

Electronic Structure
Please load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Electronic Structure
Complete Interactive Lessons # 2 - 4.
Review orbital shapes and energy levels.
Interactive
Lesson

Electronic Structure
Please load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Electronic Structure
Complete Interactive Lessons # 5 - 6.
Determine the levels and sublevels of different elements.
Interactive
Lesson

Electronic Structure
Please load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Electronic Structure
Complete Interactive Lessons # 7.
Review the properties of different elements.
Interactive
Lesson

Comprehensive Exam: Electronic Structure


Please take the exam provided by your teacher.

Test

Page 28 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

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