The academy of sciences of Afghanistan

International center for Pashto studies

PASTO
Quarterly

Printed in ( SCO languages in C`abul_ Afghanistan

Serial No:57 -58 round2 - volume6 -7 spring -summer 2008

ESTABL,ISHMENT:1978
Kabul - Afghanistan
rr)I .4m.-)1 1 r.J.
Editorial Board:
1-Assistant senior Researcher Adu[bari 1Rashed
2- senior Researcher Wasruttah Sobman
3- Senior Researcher Nimatuffah Antier
4- Assistant Senior Researcher Nasruttah Zurmati
5- Researcher Tlawtajan Taniwat
6- Researcher Nooruthaq Azizi
7- .Mrs Tamara 14ayawandi
Editor -in chief: Assistant Senior Researcher Shir gut Awista
Co- Editor : habibutrahman rahimi
Composed & Designed by :Abdul ZahirShakeeb
Annual subseription
Kabul: 120Afs
Provinces: 150Afs
Foreign counties: 20us$
Price of Each issue in Kabul: 30Afs

The address :
The Academy of sciences of Afghanistan International center for
,

Pashto studies ,Sherpur Wat - Kabul

Tel: 0799626866- 0799378101
 /Li jmiiidi

1- beJ HOCTb TaNapa MaauijIu 1

2- The Pushtuns S. R. N. S. Mangal 14

3- The Strategy ... Mirwais... Ghulam.N.M 28

4- National leader... A.S.R. J.K. I-lekmaty 56

5- Resolvable Development... Pr.Dr.G.N.Tarin 77

6- Pashto Slang Pro.Neamatullah Ander 88

7- A brief Background... Assist. Pro. M. Mir Rad 97

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14 The Pashtuns

By Senior Researcher
N. Sobman Mangal
The Pushtuns
Historical studies reveals that the pashtuns are one
of the branch of Eastern Aryans Race, who occupied
a huge part of the Asian Continent. A large number
of the Pushtuns are dispersed all over Afghanistan
and lower Pashtun -khwa (or North -Western
frontier of the present Pakistan). Around one
million of the Pashtuns live in India (where most of
them speak Indian languages). Nearly (50000)
Pashtuns are inhabited in Iran Islamic Republic and
a small number in Sinkiang(China), Kashmir and
Australia, where they were brought with their
camels by Englishmen in 19 century A.D. Professor
Hamidullah Amin (Now, a consultant of Higher
Education Ministry) is Written a book relevant
Australian Afghans, Who's' descendants speak
English, but they are proud to be Afghans. Based on
recent census, there are more than fifty million
Pashtuns living inside Afghanistan and beyond
Durand border line (Lower Pashtun Khwa). Hence
Pashtuns are an old and grand group of Aryan race,
whose ancestors were relatives of ancient Saka. At
present 62 0/0 of the Afghan population is related to
the Pashtun ethnic.
Historically, the Pashtuns have completed the
nationality stage and entered the nation status as an
15 X pjLLy* The Pashtuns

English Writer; Mr. Elphinston is called the

Pashtuns as a nation. There are around (200) tribes,
who are scattered all -over Afghanistan and beyond
Durand borderline. All these tribes have close
ethnical and language affinity with a great Aryan
ethnic, Sakas, whose ethnical relation with
Pashtuns' is a complicated issue, which study is
going on since a long time. It is required to quote
some views of the orientalists and Afghan linguists
relevant this matter. Sakas and Pashtuns:
Orientalists and Afghan scholars have largely
studied the Sakas history and language and there
are enough documents and works relevant this
subject. Sayed Bahadursha Zafar Kaka Khel writes
that: the Sakas and Partiyans were ancient
inhabitants, who resided Aryana and formed a
branch of Sythians. The Afghan archeologist and
historian, the deceased Ahmad Ali Kohzad regards
the Sakas as an Indo- European sythians. However,
there are documents and new sources which reveals
the fact that the Sakas and Sythians are two names
of one branch of Aryans, who are recorded in
different names in different docaments. Ahmad Ali
Kohzad has analyzed the words (Azdihak) of
Avestan language and (Dahak)(probably of the same
language) and according to his views, these were
names of Sami rulers, But recent researches and
resources shows that the Azdihak and Dahak
Arabicized form is Zhak(L ), which is coincide
16 The Pashtuns

with Sakas, who were wandering desert people in

the old times and struggled against the followers of
Avesta religion, so that they considered them as the
enemy of the religion or called Satan (Ahriman) or
Ahraman or Turan or Dragon. It is clear that most
of the followers of Avestan religion were also Sakas,
who were relatives of the desert Sakas.
The above mentioned Bacterian tribes are
recorded in different sources with different names.
In the Old Persian manuscripts it is written Saka
(S1), in the old Greek it is recorded as Skeef and
Sak or Sa in the Indian (Hindi) language. Some
other sources called them Sythians.
The deceased professor, Dost mohamad
Shinwari has studied the Sakas ethnography and
language and shed lights on their history and lighted
up some dark corners of their social life. According
to his views, the Sakas great ethnic group migrated
from its original land (Afghanistan) towards the
north around 1000 B.0 and spread out to Black sea
and Chinese Turkishan. But a number of them
preferred to settle in their native land. Different
tribes of Sakas occupied a very large territory
between 1000 B.0 and 1000A.D. On the base of
geography, Sakas are divided into the following
groups:
1 - The Homa Werga Sakas: This group of the
Sakas resided Pamir and it's surrounding areas
17 The Pashuns

before christian era and Herodotes called them

Amorgy, who dispersed up to Murghab.
2 - The Trans - Soghdian Sakas.
3 - The Trans - Ural Sakas.
4 - The Sakas with Long pointed caps who were
wandering nomads in the north of the Syr Darya
(Saihoon River).
There are different Sakas tribes, such as Deir
Beacan, Apaseek, Khwarasmi or Khwarazmi, Atee,
Kaka Rwaky, who are called Amorty, Takhary, who
are also called Dahy, Asee, Osoty, Atasy, Ogasy and
Galy. These tribes were resided Amu Dary (Amu
River), Khwarasm, Tukhar and Syr Darya.
Ancient Greek historians - Strabon and llekati
states that the Sakas Union or great Sakas league
(Massa Sagit) is called the Unuon Of dwellers of
mountains, deserts and rivers' islands.
A branch of sakas is also named Pasian, Who
according to some views, are the present day
Pashtuns.
Professor 1)r. Mujaware Ziar has conducted a
new research titled ((Pashto and Pashtana on the
base of linguistics)) which contains information
relevant Sakas history and language. Studying the
works of Afghan scholars and orienttalists such as
Dost Mohammad Shinwari, I)r, Habibullah Tagay,
Kuhzad, G.M. Ghubar, M.Anwar Nomiallay,
Morgenstern, Dorn, Roverty, Bop, Troomp, Muller,
Bellue and I)ar Mestetater, Mr. professor Ziar reach
18 The Pashtuns

new conclusions and new achievement in his book.

Professor Ziar substantiated that Pashtuns are not
Balkhian emigrants, they have lingual and ethnical
relation to a very great Aryan ethnic -Sakas, Whose
life history is recorded in Asia and Europe
continents. They were those Sakas, who are called
Skayi, or Massa Git, Sak, sythians, Skoot Sas, etc.
Chinese emperor built the great Chinese wall
morder to check Sakas invasion toward China.
Sakaw invasions threatened Egyptian empire. In the
mean time Sakas invasion spread to Turkey and
toward Danube (in Europe). Greeks called them
Skut, because they carried a cup with themselves.
According to Herodotes, European Sakas called
themselves Skelt. Mr. Professor Ziar argues that the
Sakas migration to Europe will possibly be the last
movements of Indo European towards Europe.
Sakas land was included in Dariush the Great
empire as a fifteenth province. His ancestor,
emperor
Kurush the Great (Cirus the Great) had invaded the
Sakas territory and according to some views, the
death of this famous Hakhamanishid's emperor is
attributed to Sakas. Alexnder the Great also invaded
Sakas territories, but defeated.
 19 I he Pashtuns

Sakas' language as an old Aryan language:

Professor Ur. Ziar argue that the old Aryan.

Languages first period begins in 3000 B.0 and
continue up to 520 B.C, during which time there
were five ancient languages:.
1- Avesta., 2- the Old (lia
Persian
Khamanishid's language. 3- Medic Langue. 4- the
Parthians language. 5- the Sakas language. Ile states
that the Bakhterian language and the Khatan Sakas
language as well Sughdi Khwarazmi and Alani
language were originated from the Sakas language.
According to his opinion these languages are the
daughters of the Sakas language as well as Pashto,
Pamiri, Yesghnobi (Yedgha), Ositi and Ormari as
it's grand daughters. Aresta was the Zarosterians'
religious book language, which contains two phases:
the first phase is related to the ancient part of this
language, which is called the Gata Avesta. The said
part of the language belongs the time when Zaroster
used it for writing his religious hymns book, which
contains (17) hymns or Gatas, Yasna lieptani and
some Wrashi (prayers).
The second phase belongs to the youngest part of
Avesta, which contains different subjects and
religious texts of different times.
The Old Persian, Medi and Parti languages are
related to the Iranian branch or western Aryan
20 I he l'ashluns

languages. The Old Persian was the formal language

of the Hakhamanishids empire This language is
written in Eilami ( Arami) letters, which is a branch
of Cuniform writing. There are many texts and
writings relevant Sakas history in the ancient time,
but we have nothing in hand about their language.
Afterward, when their descendants, the Kushanid
and Yeftalids took power, this language used as
their formal language and some writings and
manuscripts or coins are now available of the said
language, especially Khutan Sakas language, which
emerged around 250 13.0 in the Central Asia and
northern Afghanistan. Although it is said that Sakas
were active warriors, but besides their military
activity, they were Knowlegeable people and had its
own literature and culture. Tela Tapa (a historical
site in Samangan province) is a good sample of their
cultural progress. It is argued that Tela Tapa (gold
hill) Contain an ancient treasury of gold relics,
which belonged to Queen Zarina, an empress of
Sakas. Some literary works of Sakas language
remained in Oseti language, which related to Sakas'
language -(Oseti is a province of the Republic of the
Russia). Professor Ur. Ziar argues that the Saka
Word is resemble to the Present Pashto Word
Sakedel- (wandering or emigrating), so that the Saka
Word is somehow preserved in the Pashto language.
Ur. Ziar writes: ((there are some other words like
Kaspian and Caucasus, which indicate proximity to
21 ..51,44X The Pashtuns

the Saka name. the people of Caucasus region are

very handsome and according to the legend it is a
homeland of fairies. Sakas were also handsome
people and resided in mountainous region of
Caucasus. The present Osetians are considered to be
the descendant's of the Sakas. Tha Sakawand village
of Logar Province and the Badakhsan district of
Iskasim (lshkashim) are the residential areas of
Sakas.
A glance at the history of the Sakas:
Professor Dr. Ziar has pointed out that at the time
when the Ilakhamanishids' state established in
Persia, there were two large ethno -lingual groups in
Aryana, The Sakas and the Avesta followers, who
spoke Avesta language. According to Mr. Ziar, the
followers of the Avesta religion or the common
people who spoke Avesta language disappeared or
mixed with other lingual groups. So that the said
writer views that the Sakas existence at those times
is clear, although they fought to the north, east and
west of the Aryana country, however, they had firm
ethno- lingual ties with their homeland- Aryana.
Unlike the Ilakhamanishids, the Sakas had little
time for worshipping the religion. As mentioned, the
Sakas migrated to different parts of Central Asia,
even to Europe. A branch of them remained in its
own homeland, Aryna, so that these Native Sakas
were also follower of Zaroster religion and
sometimes there were guerrels between Sakas of
 The PllShlUlls

Aryana and "Trans Amu River Sakas. On the other

hand the Ilakhamanishids, and the Sasanids State of
Persia confirmed and embraced Zaroster religion as
a formal religion of the empire.
Sakas fought against Ilakhamanishids, Partians asd
Alexander the Great. Following the death of
Alexander the Great. a Greeco- Bakhterian state
emerged in Aryana. During this time Sakas invaded
again the Ereeco- Bakhterian and Partians
terriotories. They forced Partians to leave Bakhter
region and replaced their authority over the area.
Afterward they also conquered Drangiana, which
was named Sakistan or the land of Sakas(256 -130
B.C). They moved downward and gradually brought
the territory between Sakistan and northern India,
under their control. Professor 'Liar argues that
Sakas are the Founder of an Afghan state between
(600 -400 B.C), The Kushanids and Euptalids are
also their offspring, who ruled since the first century
A.D up to the sixth century A.D. According to Mr.
Ziar's statements, Sakas conquered Sakistan
following they forced Greeco-Bakhterian ruling
dynasty to leave northern Ilindukush and move
southward to the area, which is called the southern
skirt of the Hinkukush. They then captured
Arghandab region up to Abasin River. Gandahara
Province of Aryana was ruled by Sakas kings -
Muga(72 B.C), Izis (5813.C) and his son Izilis (45 -40
WC). The Greek historians called the land between
"); *;...9144*
The f'ashtuns

Arghandab and Indus as Ino- Sythia or the country

of Indus Sakas which is called Kepin by Chinese
authorities.
Following the Sakas pule, another dynasty -
Pahlawayans ruled the above mention territory.
Pahlawayans were a mixed ruling group of Sakas
and Parthians individuals, who ruled Arghandab
and Helmand Valleys and then conquered the Kabul
Greeco -Bakhterian dynasty and spread their rule to
India. The founder of Pahlawa dynasty is called
Venunes (120 13.C). Pagora is the last king of the
said dynasty (75 -70 13.C), who followed by kushanid
branch of Sakas.
The founder of Kushanids dynasty is Kajulu
kadphises, who conquered southern Afghanistan
and Gandhara region from his rivals, the Greeco-
Bakhterian and Pahlawa kings (78A.). Ilis son
Verna Kadphises ruled Afghanistan and a part of
India up to 110 A.D. After a short halt, a powerful
Kushanids emperor Kanishka took power of a vast
empire (120 A.). this disccndants continued their
rule upto 22o A.1), when Sasanids state was formed
in Persia and the Great Kushanids' rule came to an
end. Sasanids emperors extend their rule to the
Kushanids territories and gradually seized it,
During the Sasanids period, there were small. States
in Aryana under the title of Kaidari feudality, who
paid tribute to Sasanids, But soon After they
overthrowed Sasanids authority and ruled
24 rr 7'he I'ashtuns

independently in central Aryana and ruled

independently in central Aryana and Bakhteria and
they called their king Kaidara (22o -425 A.D) . They
kept their independence against their rivals -
Sasanids and their close ethnical relatives Euptalids
during the third century A.D. Kaidaras are also
called the smaller Kushanids. The Kabul smaller
Kushanids king, contrary to its close relative -
Kaidara king of Bakhler, set up friendly relations
with Sasanids, Indian Guptas rulers and Euptalids,
who surrounded his country from the south, north
and west. Whenever, the I3akhter Kaidara kingdom
collapsed, the king, himself fled to the Kaidara of
Kabul, where he united with him and both set up
close relationship with the Indian Gupta king.
Euptalids occupied the territory of Bakhter
following the fled of it's ruler, and then they moved
to the south. A Sasanids' king Ilermez the second,
married the daughter of the Kabul Kushanids king
and therefore the Kabul Kushanids continued their
rule up to the fifth century A.D. Whenever the new
forces of Euptalids rushed towards the Kabul
Kushanids kingdom, the king and his family left
Kabul and fled to Chetral and Gilgate. But following
the Euplalids defeat, they again re- establcshed their
power in Afghanistan and India. Euptalids ruled
Afghanistan and India for nearly a century (425-
528). They succeeded to terminate feudality system
in Afghanistan where the Kaidara kings divided the
25 I he l'ashtuns

county in different principalities. The first ruler of

Euptalids, named ltalito or Ephtalinus, who
conquered Cataghan and Badakhshan
(Takharistan), Balkh and Soghdiana in 425 A.U.
Originally Euptalids were Sakas and had close
ethnical ties with Kushanids. King ltalito ruled for
35 years (425 -460 A.U). Another Euptalids king was
Akhshenawar, who took power in 460 A.l) and
conquered the lands beyond Herat from Sasanids
king Feroz Shah. Ile seized Feroz Shah and his son
Kubad, but soon afterward he released them on the
promise, not to invade Aryana country. But Feroz
forgot his promise and attacked the Aryana
territories, but defeated and killed and the Persian
kingdom had to pay tribute to Euptalids, who
occupied Helmand and the rest western areas. The
Kabul Kushanids and other eastern groups setup
their relation with the Euptalids Authority.
According to Ghulam Mohammad Ghubar a branch
of Euptalids was called Zawli. The present south
eastern province of Zabul nomination is also
attributed to the said name. Ghubar states: "Feroz
successor, Blash ousted his brother Kubad, who fled
to the court of Akhshnawar. The king married his
daughter to Kubad and helped him to take power of
the Persian kingdom. The Sasanids Kings like Wash,
Kubab and Khusraw the first coins are written by
Bakhterian or Euptalids letters. Akhshnawar united
Afghanistan. Ile died at the end of the sixth century
26 *:914:1*
The Pashtuns

A.D. The third king of Euplalids was named

Turamana, who was one of the famous figures and
grand lord of Akhshnawar court. Ile followed his
boss path and started conquests in the Indian lands,
and overthrowed the Gopta king, Skanda.
Turamana son, Mehrkula followed his father
conquests inside India and extended Euptalids
empire in India, but Skanda Gopta regained his
power and attacked Mehrkula and ousted him from
India in 528 A.D. following this defeat Euptalids
power was weakened inside Afghanistan and
resulted in the emergence of the feudality and the
division of the power among different rivals of the
Euptalids kingdom. The north and the south of
Hindukush again captured bythe smaller
Kushanids. Badkhshan, Badghis, Gharjestan,
Jaghury, Bamyan and Kapisa territories ruled by
different feudal governments. The Kapisa prince
had a larger territory, where the smaller Kushanids
king took power after a long period, when his fore
fathers fled to Chetral. In the meantime Kabul also
re- captured by another small Kushanids king.
These smaller Kushanids kings fought against Turks
invaders, Sasanids and afterwards against Arabs
army until the eleventh century A.D. They also
fought Safarids (Sestan rulers) and Ghaznavids, but
finally defeated and retreated to the eastern areas of
Afghanistan. On the decline of the Euplalids Empire
Turkish tribes moved downward in Central Asia
 I Ile Pashtuns

and with the help of Sasanids they Occupied

Sughdia, Khwarazm and other parts to the north of
Amu I)aria. ln return, Sasanids king ousted
Euptalids from Bakhter, so that Euptalids empire
collapsed and the Turks and Sasanids Coalition
divided the Euptalids possessions in the north and
south of the Amu Rive (Amu Daria) (566A.).
But soon after the unity of the Sasanids and Turks
dispersed and disappeared and Turdo Khan Son of
Dezabol captured the southern lands of Amu River
as Takhar and Bakhter from the Sasanids. So that
the northern Afghanistan divided into 37 Turkish
principalities or feudal states and the situation
continued up to 756 A.D. As stated above the
northern parts of Afghanistan became as colonies of
Turks and the western part of the country governed
by Sasanids' kingdom. But central and eastern parts
of the Afghanistan still were under the rule of
Afghans. Kapisa and Kabul government expanded
its possessions. In the the meantime the
principalities of Turks in the north of Afghanistan
gradually struggled against each other and on the
other hand they came under the pressure of the
Chinese Tangas. Sasanids also encountered with
internal chaos and weakened. Therefore the
Kabulistan Ratbil kings brought all the central and
eastern lands under their control, and represented
to the extent as the Afghan government.
 :9144*
28 I he Stratrg...

C.N.Mubtakir-
lrran eel -B-tip. vista
The Strategy and Diplomacy of
Mirwais IIottaki
1709- 1715
Mirwais is the son of Shah Alam (a tribal Khan
from the liottaki Gholzaee) and was born in 673.
Ilis mother "Nazo" was the daughter of one of the
Ilottaki khans.Recause of respect, the Afghans cal
him "Mirwais Nikka" (grand father), and his
mother "Nazo Anna" (grand mother). Mirwais had
three brothers by the name of:
Mir Abdul Aziz
Mir Yaya
Mir Abdu Qabir
Mirwais had two sons by the name of:
Mir Mahnmood
Mir Hussain.
The wife of Mirwais was the daughter of Jaffar
khan from Abdali Sadozai tribe.
Mirwais grew in Kandahar City atmosphere at
which time livestock herding was more popular
amongst the Pashto speaking tribes. Kandahar city
was flourishing in industry, trade, craftsmanship,
and culture. The people of the south had a more
prosperous life than those in the eastern mountains.
79 i he Strategy...

Contrary to local tribal feudal traditions, Mirwais

personally chose business for livelihood and became
part of the middle city class while securing his
relations also with the khans (chiefs). Tribes, and
the tribal Nobles.
Mirwais witnessed closely the despotism,
tyranny, and the discrimination of the Foreign
Government on his fellow citizens. Through his
business, he learnt what a great amount of income
from the transit goods was being poured in the
pockets of the foreigners, and how his countrymen
are forced to work as laborers for businessmen and
patrol the trade highways. Ile also noticed that his
countrymen have to feed 20,000 foreign soldiers for
their own suppression and must suffer the
haughtiness of Iranian Foreign Governors with the
abject, captivity, and lack of equality. Ile knew if
hostilities of the tribes are removed and dispersed,
Forces of the Tribes are gathered together, then the
foreign domination can be overthrown and the
nation will be free from the foreign domineering
chains. Therefore, he laid the foundation for the
achievement of this great objective and duty.
For this purpose, besides having general
renown, it was necessary that a person should also
have general popularity and be trustworthy. The
tribal khans already knew him and regarded him of
their range. The city people had witnessed his
 30 l'hc StratctIv._.

honorable and wise management and trusted him.

The only thing left was freedom of action, which was
not possible against a Military Government.
Therefore, Mirwais approached the enemy in a
friendly manner. 13y discussions and giving good
advices to Gurgen (Iranian Governor in Kandahar)
and assisting in collecting taxes from the rebelling
tribes, and the general management, he attracted
them to him to the extent that Gurgen didn't take
action on a new issue without consulting him. These
capabilities and efficiency of Mirwais persuaded
Gurgen to appoint him Mayor of the city, which also
included the duties of chef of police at that time. In
this capacity, Mirwais gained the trust of the people,
and in all matters became the liaison between the
people and the Government. At the same time, he
established friendly and sympathetic relations with
the tribal chiefs, especially when he was the son -in-
law of the Abdali tribe and not being hated by
themes.
The people had become intolerable with too
much oppression and were seeking a remedy, and
Mirwais wrote a letter to Shah Hussain Salavi in
which he had pleaded for justice against the
oppressions by Grgen. This letter was signed by
Mirwais and some well -known persons in the City
and was sent to the Court in Isfahan in order that
the tyranny free hand of Gurgen be stopped and the
 S_Iy_1
>1 1 he StrllC2V...

people be given the Opportunity to carry out their

work more freely. But, the corrupt court of Isfahan
had no time for such things. Instead, Gurgen was
informed of this action and discharged Mirwais
from his post as mayor and chief of police and sent
him under arrest to Iran with all the others who had
signed the petition charging him with being in
enmity with the Government of Iran. After that,
Gurgen intensified his harsh treatment and tyranny.
The Ghilzaee Tribes became more inflamed against
the Government with this action of Gurgen. The
Abdali tribes had already become great enemies of
the Iranian Government when Gurgen had
destructed their organization by looting them and
dispersing them into Bakwa and Farah Provinces
and distributing their lands to Ghilzaee tribes.
Mirwais, who was under surveillance in Isfahan,
was able to quickly get acquitted from the
allegations. tie also had closely studied the people
and the essence of the administration of the
Government in Isfahan and understood that the
Court had become corrupt. The king was inefficient,
and the Staff in the Court were disqualified and self-
interested. The experienced and qualified
distinguished persons and officials had been
dismissed and replaced by disqualified, corrupt, and
superstitious persons. The Administration didn't
have a central organization. The king himself was
 * r I he Stratcu ...

busy with reading incantations, benedictions,

amulets, fortune telling, arithmomancy, and
discussions with eunuchs of the hare while the
people of Iran were suffering from payment of
heavy unaffordable taxes and other charges and
being also suppressed by the cruel Government
Officials, Khans, and landowners. Mirwais became
confident that obtaining freedom from such a
corrupt System was easy. Rut, the general
agreement and approval of the people of
Afghanistan was the first step and condition before
taking such an action while the leadership of the
people was under the control of Local Khans and
Mullahs (persons versed in theology and sacred
law). These Khans were partly compatible with the
Government of Safavi and partly were busy
competing and clashing with each other. The
Mullahs were also stupefied and intimidated people
taking swords against Muslim brethren. Mirwais
who had won the trust of the Safavid Court and the
Shah by his diplomacy and reasoning and had
raised suspicion in the Isfahan government towards
the Administration of Gurgen, requested for
permission to go to IIaj (pilgrimage to Mecca).
On his journey, he held discussions with people
who were experienced in politics and finally
approached the Religious Scholars and requested
them for a written advice on legal and religious
33
rr I he Stratcp ...

matters to the people of Afghanistan who gave him

the desired Verdict in w riling based on
Mohammedan Law. Ilis objective was to incite the
people against the invaders from the religious point
of view and also to satisfy and silence the Mullahs of
Kandahar. Therefore, he included the following
articles to the religious verdict:
(1) If a Government deranges a Muslim Nation
from carrying their religious duty; does this Nation
have the right religiously to free themselves from the
domination of such Government?
(2) If the Chiefs of Tribes may have obtained oath
of allegiance from the people for a tyrant King; do
the people have the right to religiously cancel and
invalidate such an allegiance?
The Religious Scholars of Ilaj wrote their
affirmative answer and verdicts to both of these two
questions. After that, Mirwais returned to Isfahan.
His Diplomacy and policy had turned the
suspicion of the Court, Shah, and Prime Minister
towards Gurgen, and contrary to Gurgen's
preference, Mirwais was reappointed to the post of
Mayor and Chief of Police in Kandahar. The Shah
also officially confirmed Mirwais being the Chief Of
Ghilzaee Tribes in Kandahar because the Safavid
Court was suspicious of the arrival of a Russian
Ambassador by the name of "Israel ". This
Armenian ambassador was a fellow- countryman of
34 l hC StriltCv, ...

Gurgen who also has had business, political, and

military activities for years in France, Italy,
Germany, Austria, and Russia, and now was
appointed as ambassador of Russia. It was said in
Isfahan that this man was thinking of establishing
an Armenian monarchy. Therefore, the danger and
the possibility existed that GURGEN WILL also be
persuaded by him to join Russia and together with
the Armenians in Iran take actions and rebellion
against Iran. Since the court of Iran had determined
that Mirwais was on their side and the focal point
against Gurgen, to keep the balance, they
immediately sent him to Kandahar.
On his way to Kandahar, wherever Mirwais
found a tribe, a Chief of tribe, or a Mullah, got
dismounted from his horse and started discussing
with them. lie indicated to them the corruption in
the Court of Iran and the need for obtaining
freedom. The same time, he showed them the verdict
of the Religious Scholars. Mirwais advised them on
the need for the unity of all the tribes, Mullahs, and
Khans, making them wait for the general action in
Kandahar. The people of Farah, Seistan, and
Kandahar, including ethnic groups of Tajik,
Hazara, Pashtoon, and Baluch recognized him as
their Leader For freedom. When Mirwais arrived in
Kandahar, superficially, he assisted Gurgen and on
the other side was in contact with Chiefs of all
 he Strategy...

Abdali, Ghilzaee, and other tribes within and

outside the Kandahar City planning for an overall
rebel. These continuous and wise activities of
Mirwais lasted until 1709 A.D. and finally in a secret
Jirga (Assembly) in "Manja" (30 miles to northeast
of Kandahar), a final resolution was made that
Gurgen should be annihilated with all Iranian
Forces and a Free National Government should be
established, In this Jirga, the duties of the Chiefs
and their Tribes were determined to be ready to
protect their freedom against any Military
Expedition from Safavi Government of Iran.
The continuous efforts, capability, and initiative
of Mirwais made it necessary that this .lairga
happily accept Mirwais at the Head of this National
Army. The prominent particularity or characteristic
of this historical Jirga was contrary to the past, all
Chiefs of Abdali, Tajik, Hazara, Baluch, including
the influential Mullahs, were united in a single
United National Force.
The following were the well -known participants
of the Jirga:
(1) Mirwais Khan
(2) Yaya Khan, brother of Mirwais
(3) Mohammad Khan known as Haji Anko,
the son of Mirwais' brother.
(4) Yunus Khan Kakar
(5) Noor Khan Barij
 *:9.1,;,,*
36 The Strategy...

(6) (Gul Khan Baburi

(7) Ariz Khan Noorzaee
(8) Sydal Khan Nassiri
(9) Babu Jan Babbi
(10) Bahadur Khan
(11) Yusuf Khan
(12) Mullah Pir Mohammad known as Myaji
(13) And others.
The rules of this Jirga were carried out
quietly and secretly. This concealment was so
skillfully carried out that until the due date none of
the Government Officials got the slightest awareness
about it while the forces were being mobilized
everywhere. One of the rules of the Jirga was that
since there are a lot of Iranian and Gaurji soldiers
within the fortified City Castle of Kandahar,
something should be done to reduce their number.
To achieve this objective, the payment of taxes by
Baluch people was entirely denied through the
assistance of the Baluch Chiefs. From the other side,
Mirwais incited Gurgen to send Military Divisions
to suppress the Baluchs and to collect Taxes in
Terrin. Likewise, at the same time Kakaris in
Arghistan refused paying taxes. Gurgen personally
got out of the City with a Military Division to punish
them, and got busy beating, arresting, imprisoning,
and looting them. At such a time, they invited him at
the Village of "Deh Shaikh" in Arghistan where in
37 *,94;u* The Strategy...

the middle of the night Mirwais came with avenging

troops who cut them all in pieces. This massacre was
done in such a way that even a single enemy wasn't
left alive. Immediately, with his 3,000 Warriors,
Mirwais took the horses and weapons of the enemy
and galloped towards the city. The Guards of the
City Gates erroneously opened the Gates thinking
Gurgen is returning with his Forces. Until the
morning, none of the Iranian or Georgian soldiers
were left alive.
For the first time, the free National
Government was proclaimed in daytime in 1709
A.D. by annihilating the enemy where all the
Pashtoons, Dari speaking Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks,
and Baluch Afghans stood in one row against the
Foreigner.

The Hottaki Government in Kandahar (1709 -1738)

The Government that was founded after the
assassination of Gurgen, was in fact the nucleus for
the establishment of an overall Government for the
future of Afghanistan. In the beginning this process
faced a lot of difficulties because in the western
Provinces of Afghanistan such as Seistan, Farah,
Heart, Merv, Nishapur, Mashad, and others, the
Safavid Governors were dominant. Likewise, in the
eastern Provinces, Indian domination and
commanding was ruling up to Kabul and Ghazni.
 *:314.4*
38 I'he Strategy...

And these foreign dominant regions between

Kandahar and the northern autonomous Provinces
of Afghanistan were creating a long and wide
barrier. Therefore, Mirwais tried to strengthen the
initial step that was to be taken in Kandahar, and
concentrated all his attention to this Province. He
was correctly feeling and estimating the weight and
hardship of the National responsibility and the local
social circumstances. He was himself encircled
between the chains of the tribal Feudal Forces and
had defeated the Forces of Foreign invaders with the
help of these local tribal Feudal Chiefs. He didn't
Want and wasn't able to establish a centralized
Feudal Government even though the Jirga had given
him the Leadership and the authority, and the
Mullahs were also in harmony with Mirwais after
reading the Verdict by the Scholars in Mecca and
Medina. Since Mirwais knew all of them, he was,
therefore, carrying out his plans with precision and
carefulness. instead of taking the title of asking
inciting jealous and competition of the Tribal Chiefs
toward himself, he introduced himself as the Chief
of tribe having equal rights with all other local
Chiefs. But, because of respect, the people called
him "Haji MIR Khan ".
Mirwais was able to keep all the Feudal Chiefs
around the idea of banishing the Foreign Enemy
and achieving National independence until the end.
39 [he Strategy...

He, therefore, established a Voluntary Army of

5,000 -armed men comprised from all the tribes. Her
then kept the previous financial, Judicial, and
Executive Offices in Kandahar City. Before
everything else, he sent forces to suppress the
Baluchs in Terrin who were now successfully
returning. When the enemy troops learnt about the
assassination of Gurgen and themselves being
surrounded, they fought to the last breath of their
lives for survival and finally escaped towards
Girishk. But, were followed and all were killed and
only 16 Georgians were able to escape and report
the annihilation of Gurgen and Iranian Army to
Isfahan. Before Iran COULD MAKE ANY MOVE,
Kandahar was fortified and ready for any attack
and all the Tribes and Tribal Chiefs and the People
in the City were standing behind the Government.
Like a skillful politician, after finishing the
urgent tasks, he immediately wrote a letter to the
king of India and expressed his disagreement with
Safavid Government, and indicated his trust for the
friendship with the Indian Government. He aimed
all his Forces and Operations towards Iran because
Mirwais knew that his this rebellion would not be
left without retaliation. Just for the sake of
superficial diplomacy, he sent a letter to the Safavid
Government stating,
40 The Strategy...

"While I was busy with the farm work in my

lands, people who could not tolerate the tyranny and
oppressions of Gurgen, have killed him and have
chosen me as their Chief if the Shah may not listen
to the hearsay of the self -interested persons, and
may ignore these incidents; in that case I will be able
to secure peace and gradually silence these revolts"
Of course, this letter of Mirwais could not
convince the Safavid Government. But, it did this
much to delay the immediate Expedition of Forces to
Kandahar because the Safavid Court was in an
indecisive position by this letter of Mirwais and
thought it proper to learn more what actually
happened prior to Military Operations. Therefore,
they sent Janni Khan as their Representative to
Kandahar. This man was saying,
"If the stay of Iranian Forces are accepted in
Kandahar City; the Shah of Iran will abandon his
claim avenging for Gurgen's murder. Otherwise, he
will do this by force ".
But, Mirwais kept this Representative busy with
discussions for sometime and as soon as he knew
that he is returning, he imprisoned him so the
Safavid Court may not learn about the activities in
Kandahar soon and to gain a little more time for
mobilization. Therefore, the around
castles
Kandahar as well as those located' on the enemy's
41 The Strategy...

way were all fortified, and the gathering and making

of arms started within the city.
When Janni Khan didn't return in time,
Isfahan got more alarmed and sent 10,000 soldiers
to Kandahar in 1710 A.U. under the command of
Mohammad Khan, Governor of Heart who was a
friend of Mirwais and had accompanied him on his
pilgrimage to Mecca. The representative of this man
who was warmly received and with honour in
Kandahar was conveying the same old message of
Safavid Shah in which case, and if Mirwais will
accept the condition, he himself (Mirwais) will
remain as the Governor of Kandahar. But, Mirwais
didn't reply and quietly sent his old friend's
Representative to jail. The prolonged deep silence of
Kandahar caused that Mohammad Khan should
move his troops further towards Kandahar for
attack. With newly established troops of 5,000
Mirwais advanced to stop him. Although, these
troops did not have military experience and training
or familiarity with artillery, but had high morale.
Collectively, all clamoring, and with heavy swords in
hands, the afghan cavalry made way through the
centre of the enemy's well -organized army. This
sudden attack of the afghan cavalry at the middle of
the enemy's army put them to flight. The Iranian
troops leaving their dead chief commander with
42 "['he Strategy...

thousands of other dead bodies on the battleground

and ran away.
From now on, the Iranian government decided to
send a strong army to Kandahar to settle this issue
once and for all. Therefore, they sent an army of
30,000iranian and Georgian soldiers in 1711A.D.
under the command of Khusrau Khan Gurji
(Gurgen's nephew)to Kandahar. This army
confronted Mirwais' defending army on the shores
of Helmand River and was able to defeat Mirwais.
Mirwais ordered that the Gates of Kandahar City be
closed and let Khusrau easily besiege the city. On his
way, Khusrau brought Zaman Khan s/o I)aulat
Khan Abdali who was a POW in Kirman. Khusrau
recognized Zaman Khan as chief of Abdali Tribes in
Kandahar. He asked Zaman Khan to approach and
persuade his Abdali Tribes to fight the Ghilzaees on
the Iranian's side. After the proclamation of
independence, Abdullah Khan had been brought to
Kandahar and appointed Chief of Abdali Tribes
while Zaman Khan's father had forced him to take
refuge to Multan sometime earlier. His enemy
having now been appointed chief of his tribe who
was supporting Mirwais. Zaman Khan had to take
the side of the Iranians and Khusrau.
But, Zaman Khan gave preference to
National Interests than those of his own and joined
his tribal competitor ".
43 l'he Strateg...

Now that Khusrau was completely disappointed

from the Abdalis, he relied on his own troops and
besieged the City. The people in the city bravely
defended. Even the siege took long, but they
defended the city, Mirwais who had kept himself
outside the City, in a very wide circle (belt), cut all
the supply lines to the enemy's Army by several
patrolling groups. When Khusrau saw himself and
his army in such a situation, he fought hard to
capture the City whose Army bravely and fiercely
fought because this was the battle of life and death
for the Iranian Army. But, the city defenders also
resisted strongly knowing that loosing this battle
meant loosing their independence and their
struggles for so many years. At this time, the attack
of Mirwais started from outside the City with 16,000
Warriors. Khusrau was killed by a bullet from the
City defenders and the Iranian army was trying to
escape towards Farah. But, such a thing was not
possible. Mirwais from outside and the city people
from inside were squeezing the Iranian army and
killing them. In this way. The 30,000 Iranian Army
was annihilated. A part of the army wanted to
escape, but the Afghans were waiting for them in
ambush and stopped them. Finally, just a few
hundred of this 30,000 Iranian army escaped by
deviated by paths and were saves. In return, the
44
G.fy.1X . The Strategy...

Independence of Kandahar was completely

strengthened in this same year (1712 A.I).).
Although, another Army was also sent under
the command of Mohammad Zaman Khan in 1713
A.D. from Kirman. But, before reaching Kandahar
the people attacked them on the way and
annihilated them because up to this time, Mirwais
had turned Farah up to outskirts of Kandahar,
Kalat, and Muqur into One United National unit
and all the people of these Provinces knew him as a
National Champion and their Chief.
Mirwais Khan, this initiative Champion and
Founder who had destroyed the Foreign Domination
and had earned the Freedom and the National
independence in a part of Afghanistan and had
practically opened the way, had a very short life. He
hadn't yet completed his plan that he died in
1715A.1). at the age of 41 and was buried in
Kukaran.
In view of the good personality and services of
Mirwais Khan, a Jirga of about 40 Tribal Chiefs
chose Abdul Aziz Khan, the brother of Mirwais
Khan, as the Head of the State in Kandahar because
Mahmood and Hussain, the sons of Mirwais werel8
and 14 years old. But, Abdul Aziz did not possess
the capabilities of Mirwais and was not able to
administer the newly founded Feudal Government.
As a first step, the outstanding Abdali Chiefs
 x,},,;.u* "I he Strategy...
45

(Abdullh Khan sto Hyat Sultan and Zaman Shah sto

Daulat Khan) parted with the Government and with
a great number of their tribes got out of Kandahar
and chose western part of the country (Farah,
Herat, and Asfzar) for living. From the other side,
Abdul Aziz felt that maybe the great Feudal Chiefs
wanted equal rights with him. Therefore, without
consulting the Jirga of Elders, he personally
approached the Safavi Government in order to
strengthen his position. In thes approach and
discussion, he friendly asked the Safavid
Government not to ask them for the payment of
taxes and not to send soldiers to Kandahar and to
confirm Abdul Aziz's Government as being
inherited.

Shah Mahmood (1716 -1725)

As soon as these discussions of Abdul Aziz
were disclosed, all the people, the Chiefe of Tribes,
and the Family of Mirwais revolted against him. Mir
Mahmood the son of Mirwais who was supported by
the people of Kandahar including the Uzbeks there
headed these rebels. While even one year hadn't yet
passed from the Government of Abdul Aziz, but
from this time on, an irreconcilable hostility was
created in the Family of Mirwais Khan and soon
took the form of Two Groups in the Tribes of
Ghilzaee. However, the Jirga of Elders were
46 The Strategy...

convened who chose the 19 years old Mir Mahmood

and gave him the name of Shah Mahmood to replace
Abdul Aziz. Even Mir Ashraf, the son of Abdul Aziz
had also participated in this Jirga and took the oath
of allegiance to Shah Mahmood.

Shah Mahmood's Militay Expedition to Isfahan

In 1721 A.U., Shah Mahmood started his
Military Expedition to Isfahan with 28,000soldiers
comprised from Pashtoons, Uzbeds, Hazaras, and
Tajids. He had a weak Artillery and Zanborak
(being carried by camel to battlefield which took
position on Front Line and could hit targets up to
300/400 metes from the back of the camel).
He went to Iran through Kirman. After having
captured Bam and Kirman, he started towards
Isfahan. There were 60,000 soldiers and a great well -
organized Artillery in Isfahan.
Shah Mahmood reached Gulna -abad. 10 miles
away from Isfahan, without any lighting and took a
strategic position.
Shah Hussain Safavi sensing his weakness, sent
his Prime Minister, Mohammad Quli Khan, to Shah
Mahmood proposing peace and accepted to pay
37,000 gold coins.
Shah Mahmood did not accept the offer of Shah
Hussain Safavi and fixed his conditions for peace as
the following:
47
xx I'he Strategy...

(1) Shah of Iran should return the Provinces of

Khurasan (the present Khurasan) to Afghanistan
because it is an historical part of Afghanistan.
(2) The Shah of Iran should give in marriage a
girl from the Royal Family with dowry of 125,000 in
gold to Shah Mahmood.
The Shah and the Ministers of Iran were
irresolute. But, the Governor of Khuzistan,
Abdullah Khan, opposed and preferred fighting.
Therefore, 50,000 soldiers with 24 big cannons came
out of Isfahan City to combat with the Afghan
Army.
This was a very intensified battle and the
Iranian Artillery caused a lot of casualties to the
afghan Troops. As he had claimed, Abdullah Khan,
the Governor of Khuzistan, showed his bravery and
his military capability and also took prisoners from
the afghan Army. But, Amanullah Khan, the afghan
Cavalry Commander, harassed the enemy with his
Forces. Swords in hands, the Afghan Cavalry
Warriors fearlessly attacked the Iranian Artillery.
Having accepted heavy losses under the cannon and
gun fires, they captured the enemy's Artillery. After
that, the lire of Cannons, Zanboraks, and Guns
were concentrated towards the Iranian Army and
their casualties reached 25,000 soldiers. Ahmad
Khan, the Artillery Commander, and Rustam khan,
 X y Y. 1 ile Strategy...
48

the Commander of the royal Slaves, were amongst

those who were killed.
Therefore, resistance against a devoted army
far away from home and their county was
impossible. The rest of the Iranian Army defeatedly
returned to the city of Isfahan. After scattered
battles, the Army of Iran became so nervous that
they cut the throats of the afghan Prisoners (POWs).
Amongst these POWs, three persons from Shah
Mahmood's Family were also killed. This abnormal
action resulted not only to the killing of all Iranian
Prisoners captured by the afghan army, but also
resulted to personal enmity between the two Kings
and increased the military and political hostility.
When the Government of Iran was besieged within
the City of Isfahan,had no hope for help from
anywhere. All the approaches of the Safavid Shah
through his Crown son, Tahmasp Mirza, were not
answered favorably.
The Afghan Troops tried to close the incoming
and outgoing supply lines from Isfahan city.
Gradually, food was becoming scarce. The more the
siege was being prolonged, the more the people were
getting disappointed. Finally, in 1722 A.D., after 8
months of siege, Shah Hussain decided to surrender
and personally came to Shah Mahmood's
Headquarters with his High Cout Officials. In his
respect Shah Mahmood stood to receive him and sat
49 "I'he Strategy...

with him on one seat. During their discussions, the

young Afghan (25 years old) addressed "father" to
the old Shah who had reigned for 30 years and said
politely,
"the dignity, glory, rank of this world are such
unfaithful and not permanent. Allah gives to whom
He wishes, and takes from whom He desires so. I am
consoling you end without your consultation will not
do anything ".
In reply, Shah Hussain put the kingdom Crown
of Iran on Shah Mahmood's head with his own
hands and congratulated him.
The next day, Shah Mahmood took possession
of the Isfahan capital with its Treasuries and Arms.
He determined a residence and salary for the Shah
and the Royal Family. To secure his domination,
Shah Mahmood made Isfahan his Capital, and Mir
Hussain, his brother, was retuned to rule in
Kandahar. Shah Hussain developed the Pashto
literature and encouraged the poets and writers.

Shah Ashraf (1725- 1729)

By hostilities, Two Groups were created in the
Ruling Aristocrat Ghilzaee families that separated
Iran from Kandahar, and gradually the Ghilzaee
Government declined in Iran. However, after Shah
Mahmood's death, the Afghan Leaders convened a
Jirga in Isfahan and unanimously chose Mir Ashraf,
50 . The Strategy...

the Commander -in- chief, as king. The post of

Commander -in -Chief was given to the famous
General, Sydal Khan Nassiri. While this man was a
skillful and brave soldier (General), was also an
educated person and poet in Pashto language.
51 'r he Strategy...

The battle of Shah Ashraf with Turkey

Shah Ashraf was precisely watching the
movements of Ottoman and Russian Governments
towards Iran. The Troops of Shah Ashraf had
decreased in number during the Civil Wars. The
break off of relations with Kandahar had not given
him enough time to remedy this shortage. He,
therefore, was forced to get along with his small
number of Troops, and was trying to solve matters
with prudence and diplomacy avoiding the use of
arms.
Therefore, in 1726 A1)., Shah Ashraf sent an
Ambassador (Abdul Aziz) and a letter to the
Tutkish Government stating his friendship, Islamic
and religious fraternity, and respects to the Islamic
Caliphati. In addition, requested the Ottoman Army
may withdraw from the western part of Iran. The
Turkish Government didn't pay any attention to his
proposal and instead asked Shah Ashraf to evacuate
Iran and return the Throne to Shah Hussain Safavi.
This demand was followed by Military Expedition.
60,000 Cavalry and Infantry Turkish Troops with
70 big cannons under the command of Ahmad
Pasha, the Governor of Baghdad, Governor Hussain
Pasha, and General Abdul Rahman started moving
towards Isfahan.
52 The Strategy...

Since Shah Ashraf was at a decisive stage, he

killed Shah Hussain Safavi to disappoint the
Turkish Government in their plan putting him back
on the Throne, and with his small but strong Afghan
Army moved to face the Turks.
Both of the Armies confronted each other at
middle of Isfahan and Yazd Highway in 1726A.D.
This was the first time in history that a battle was
taking place between the Afghan and the Turkish
Forces. It was a matter of life and death for the
Hottaki (Ghilzaee) Government because if the
Afghan Army may have been defeated, there would
have been no way to recompense or retaliate while
the Ottoman Turkish Government had a great
country behind it.
The war started and the Afghan Cavalry flash -
like attacks defeated that great Turkish Army
within a few hours. The Artillery of Turkish
Ottoman Government Lost 50 cannons and left
12,000 Cavalry and Infantry dead bodies of their
soldiers on the battleground and the rest escaped.
This defeat was so unexpected and intensified that
all stocks and supplies of the Ottoman Turkish
Army were left behind.
Even with such a great victory, Shah Ashraf
didn't ignore his prudence and except the arms, sent
all the War Booty back after the defeated Turkish
Army. Through an Ambassador, Ismael, he sent a
 *..9141* The Strategy...
53

message to the Turkish Government in 1727A.1)

saying:
Even with such a great victory, Shah Ashraf
didn't ignore his prudence and except the arms, sent
all the War Booty back after the defeated Turkish
Army. Through an Ambassador, Ismael, h sent a
message to the Turkish Government in 1727 A.U.
saying:
"We have the same religion with our Turkish
brethren and the goods of Muslim brothers are
haram (religiously prohibited) to us. The respect of
the Islamic Caliphate is our duty. We don't want
war with our Turkish brothers but wish to have
permanent peace ".
This strange and unexpected policy of
victorious Shah Ashraf who had practically showed
the Afghan Military Power, made such an
impression on the policy of the Turkish Government
that they abandoned their claim of the possession of
Isfahan by the Afghans. They officially recognized
the Hottaki Government of Iran by sending their
Ambassador, Rashid Pasha, proposing peace, and
singing agreements.
Since Shah Ashraf could understand better
the situation of the Afghan Government and its
surrounded position, for the time being couldn't ask
for the return of more lands taken by the Turks
from Iran. Therefore, he accepted the Turkish
 *
54 The Strategy...

proposal for peace and friendship. For

strengthening the relations, he sent Mohammad
Khan Baluch as Ambassador to Turkey. These new
relations also resulted to a Treaty (in 12 Articles)
where the Turkish Government had undertaken to
render privileged facilities for the Iranian Hajis
(Pilgrims to mecca).

The Battle of Shah Ashraf with the Russians

The war that took place in "Roadsar" between

the troops of Sydal Khan and General Arlov, the
Afghan troops conquered the war and Arlov asked
for reconciliation. Shah Ashraf entered in
diplomatic discussions with Russia and in 1729 A.U.
concluded a Treaty with that Country. This Treaty
was signed in February of 1729 A.U. in the City of
"Rasht" between the Representatives of Shah
Ashraf and the Russian Empire. The text of the
Treaty is on page 331, vol. I, of Ghobar's book
"Afghanistan in the Course of, History ".
The main factors for the decline of Shah
Ashrars Government in Iran were:
The break off of relations with
Afghanistan.
His newly recruited Iranian soldiers,
most of whom were Kurdish, didn't fight against
55 The Strategy...

Nadir Afshar and abandoned the battleground

without fighting.
56 National Leader...

National leader, Freedom Hero,

Mirwais the Grand Father
Part Two*
(By Asstt. Senior Researcher J.K. Hekmaty)

After killing Gurgin and his entourage of one

thousand men, Mirwais wanted to capture the city
of Kandahar from the Persian forces who were well
equipped and much stronger than Mirwais's
militiamen an therefore played a most daring trick
on them. Mirwais put on Gurgin's cloths himself
and ordered his men to wear the uniforms of the
killed enemy forces and they did. Thus they
confidently marched on the city with Mirwais being
their leader in Gurging's pompous costume. The city
guardsmen thinking they were Gurgin and his
Persian entourage naturally showed to resistance
and were thus duly killed by Mirwais's men who are
said to have been three thousand in number. Having
achieved his immediate mission, our national hero
struck the last blow to the oppressor Gurgin and the
first one to the Safavid occupying forces in
Kandahar and its adjacent areas. All of Mirwais's

* Almost the entire discussion and analysis of this article on our national
leader and freedom hero his based on the comprehensive work of Abdur Rauf
Benawa "Mirwais Nika ", 1325, General Press, Kabul, the writer.
57 National Leader...

actions were based on careful planning and shrewd

political thinking.

In fact, the killing of the savage Durgin was also

based on the Islamic idea of justice and self
determination with the approval or the
Fatwa(Verdict) of the Islamic scholars in Saudi
Arabia. As we said earlier, When Gurgin wanted to
free himself from Mirwais's monitoring and
observation of his malicious deeds in Kandahar, he
sent him to the Safvid Court in Persia with a lot of
lies regarding the personality of this great national
hero of freedom. However, to Gurgin's surprise,
Mirwais was not only able in a short while to attract
the good attention of the Safavid king Shah Hussain,
but the latter openly declared him as faultless
regarding all the propaganda that Gurgin had
written against him in his letter to the Safavid
monarch. The king and his courtiers went as far as
to fully trust Mirwais as an extremely wise man and
gave him the privilege of attending some of the high
ranking meetings in the Court. Thus he was able to
attain the confidence and trust of some the most
influential elements including Etimadud Dania, the
trust worthiest man and the first minister of the
king who was never in favor of Gurgin, Morecover
Mirwais was free to fell at home and have free
discussions with the king's men of authority. They
 *:914:1*
58 National Leader...

listened very carefully to his words and calm

statesman's like speeches. Those who were against
Gurgin would not hide their ill felling in open before
Mirwais because he was able to criticize this cruel
ruler of Kandahar and could at times warn the
Court of the bad consequences that Gurgin's
oppression could have in that part of the Safavid
Kingdom Moreover, not before long he got the
permission from the king to go to Mecca for
performance of the Haj (Pilgrimage) ceremonies
there. There Mirwais got the best opportunity to not
only raise the voice of his oppressed people and get
support for their legitimate cause of freedom as well,
but obtained an open letter of a Fatwa (verdict)
legalizing Mirwais's actions to free his beloved
people from the atrocities of the faithless Gurgin. As
the idea of nationalism and national freedom was
not flourishing in those days yet, any Islamic ruler
could rule by will under the simple name of being a
Muslim king's representative no matter how cruel
he might be. And any revolt and resistance against
him would be punishable to death unless the clergy
of the highest status approved this. And the religious
authorities in Mecca had that authority to approve
an act of disobedience against even a king, let alone
his subordinates like Gurgin.
59 National Leader...

Mirwais thought that he could utilize the

opportunity for the best of his oppressed people.
First he presented the conditions under which his
people lived in Gurgin's era and having convinced
the clergymen of Mecca, the highest holey place in
Islam and the most authoritative personalities in the
Islamic world and, as we said the highest religious
scholar of Mecca bestowed upon Mirwais the needed
verdict of doing away with the cruel and unjust
ruler of Kandahar as he did. Thus by obtaining the
Fatwa, Mirwais will not be held responsible for an
act of disobedience and treason against the
monarch's representative.

When Mirwais finished Gurgin's work, he

performed a prayers of thanking God saying this in
his prayers, "Oh, God, this was one of the duties
that my mother had assigned me to carry out, I did
this as a service for you and for your people." (1) He
did this on the night of the day when they finished
the last pockets of the Gurgin army in Kandahar
and Mirwais declared the freedom and
independence of his people.
After accomplishing his mission, Mirwais was aware
of the consequences of his and his followers' revolt
against the Safavid ruler in Asfahan and, in order to
by time and delay the Safvid monarch's reaction
and reoccupation of Kandahar, he sent a very
60
rx National Leader...

diplomatic letter to the king in which he explained in

details all the mischievous and cruel deeds of Gurgin
in Kandahar, reminding him as how he had
forewarned the king of the bad consequences of his
governor's actions could have. Ile wrote that, if the
king would agree, he could take care of the situation
and bring things back to normal. Ile knew the king
would not be satisfied by his explanations and that
action would be taken against his oppressed people.
So while the Persians did not take the matter as to
be a determining point and did not haste to take
immediate reprisals action, this gave Mirwais more
time and tried to renew his past relations with the
Mughal king of India in Delhi with whom he had
acquaintance and good relationship from the time
when he was a great merchant doing business in that
country and at times giving lavish gifts to that king.
In his letter Mirwais had asked the ruler of India for
assistance should the ruler of Asfahan take
adversary action against Mirwais and his people. In
the meantime he had informed Shah Hussain of
Persia not to make hasty decision regarding the
matter. Since Mirwais could not trust that the Shah
would rest at peace, he instructed the elders in the
third Jirga that he held after the victory in
Kandahar to stand by him and among other things,
tell their people both farmers and craftsmen to
double their productivity and get ready for
 *:3:14,1*
6l National Leader...

defending their land against the Safavids' invading

army. So the farmers produced as much as they
could and the craftsmen, especially those who made
war materials also doubled their efforts. After the
harvest time, Mirwais ordered his people to collect
all their produce to the last bit, leaving all the areas
with nothing to feed on, both for the men and for the
animals of the enemy.
The leader's words of his heart: after crushing the
Persian armies in kandahar, our national leader and
freedom hero, Mirwais called a third Jerga to share
his heart's words with his people through their
leaders. Mirwais stood and started speaking in a soft
and attractive language as usual saying as follows:
Oh, Pashtuns, faithfully I am saying to you that my
sole purpose was only and only your freedom and
freedom is that priceless favor of (God) for the
wining of which all the tactics and fighting took
place. Gurgin was done for. For the Pashtuns of
Kandahar, who have combated against and
competed with the powerful Mughuls, the task of
beating the army that consist of the androgynous
men of Asfahan, is not so heavy; (2)
If you give hands with me and be united and
support me, I will slacken and throw away the
chains of slavery and abjectness from your nicks
and the flag of your liberty and honor will be
hoisted in every part of your country and in all the
62 X
National Leader...

nations of the world, and the oppression yoke of the

Shiites of Persia will be removed from your
shoulders. (3)
"Trust in God; keep your hearts happy. While our
intentions are clean and pure, we can, with the will
of God, succeed against the strong Rawafiz (a
cursive name given to the Shiites by the Sunnis).
Now the affairs of the Persian state are in control of
the disqualified persons, and that state has been
following the course of decline for a long time. When
I was in Asfahan, I was aware of all of their
conditions. The government authorities are going in
two ways in tactics and in ideas and views they are
contradicting each other, each trying to bring down
the other, for everyone is following their own selfish
wills and wishes; all are drowned in lustful and
voluptuous living all the time; they have forgotten
the state and the nation; there was no one to talk
about the obligations towards the country ... if we
fail in our resistance, the king of India is ready to
help us, but if we make selfless efforts and give
sacrifices, all of the land and property that we have
seized or we are capturing will be ours; is it fair to
lose all our victories back to our enemies? Use your
high Pashtuns zeal and ambition so that the (four
peaces of gold and cupola) that are going to Persia
every day and all the property that is going out of
the country to the foreigners, we could keep for
63 National Leader-...

ourselves and gain even more also in order to enrich

ourselves and solve our problems by that property;
(5) besides the destruction of this agnostic group is
the duty of all Muslims and fighting against them is
a holy war in the way of Cod." (6)
Mirwais starts working: as soon he finished the
project of doing away with Durgin, our national
leader, Mirwais officially started his work and
ordered his people to be fully prepared for the
aftermath of the event. As we said he ordered his
subjects, better say his followers because he never
saw his people with the eyes of ruler or a king, but
he always preferred the title of Milli Mashr (
national leader) and thus considered himself as only
the first among equals, as it was true about the
status of Ahmad Shah Baba (Ahmad Shah, the
grand father), who was chosen by the different
tribal leaders (1747) as the king of Afghanistan in
1747 and ruled for 27 years a big Afghan Empire,
but who still considered himself as the "the first
among equals" and this is the true singe of a genuine
national leader in the context of the Pashtun or
Afghan society. It is this type of leadership that can
and does really rally the actual and genuine support
of his people at all possible costs.
And this is where an imposed leader cannot find a
real backing of his people. Imposed leaders have
never succeeded in Afghanistan in the right sense of
 * :,,;,.4* National Leader...
64

the word. The best examples of such rulers and

leader were those during the communist,
Mujahideen and Taliban eras in this country.
President Karzai, who was elected by a great
majority of the voters, has trouble mainly because of
the Taliban insurgency, drug mafia, widespread
poverty among the people and corruption in the
government plus warlords at the local level.
Anyway, Mirwais instructed persons of all crafts to
do their best in their efforts of production with a
view to being prepared for the worst regarding the
Persians possible attacks on Kandahar, for instance,
the farmers, were instructed to grow as much as
they could and to collect their harvests as fully and
quickly as possible; those metal craftsmen who
made weapons and prepared ammunitions, were
told to double and triple their craftsmanship. Also
reconstruction work was completed regarding
fortification of the city fort.
At the same time he took shrewd precautions on
political side also, in fact, he was able to play the two
rulers of Persia and India against each other
successfully. As we mentioned earlier, to the court of
India he wrote a cordial letter in which he reminded
those authorities of the good neighborly relations
that had existed among the Mughal Snni leaders and
the Afghan People who were the followers of the
same Islamic sect. In his letter Mirwais requested
 National I.eadcr...
65

the Indian authorities saying that since conditions

were normal and tranquility prevailed in that
country, the Authorities were requested to support
him in time of necessity and so he was assured of
that assistance. Regarding the Perians, Mirwais only
hoped to buy time and played delaying tactics by
trying to give the Safavid monarch the idea as if
nothing had taken place in Kandahar to the latter's
disappointment and worry, and if it had happened
indeed, the king should not make hasty decisions, at
the same time, however, Mirwais warned Shah
Hussain that, should the king decide to take
adversary decision it would cost the Persian
invaders too heavily because the Pashtuns had been
unjustly oppressed and therefore provoked to take
their final decision of life and death. Thus in his
letter, after formalities, Mirwais says, "1 had
previously cordially informed you that Gurgin and
his deeds should be kept under scrutiny and that his
activities would leaded to crisis in the country, and
as 1 see it, my prediction has come true. When I
reached Kandahar, before long the Pushtun tribes
got together, and as Durgin had been very cruel and
oppressive, by some trick they caused him go out of
the city and there and thus they rushed in ti kill him
whiled I was working in my farmland. Then they
summoned med and appointed me as their leader.
These people have formed big groups of armed men
66 National Leader...

and are ready for any action, and therefore, it would

not be wise to make a mistake regarding a person
like me who is a well wisher of yours. Had it been in
the case of an ungrateful person, he would have
made things much worse and not returnable to
normalcy ... Although I may sound incredible, but I
assured your Majesty, that tactfulness and
moderation could bed the best option, otherwise the
consequences may be only more bloodshed and
disastrous ... "(7) This noted of Mirwais made the
Persian monarch not to take the matter too serious
as far as his rule and authority was concerned, and
so first tried to threaten the Pashtuns and their
leader through envoys to Kandahar so that they
would choose be the subjects of the Safvid king
again. Moreover the monarch sent a person by the
name of Mohammad Jami Khan to Mirwais who
tried to be too much boastful about Shah Hussain
and his strength, but to whom Mirwais replied by
saying that, "if you are saying that wisdom and tact
lies in the minds of those who live in luxury and
comfort, you are wrong because our mountains also
contain wise men and the men of knowledge, if your
king had been able to do much, there wouldn't have
the need for your unworthy nonsense speeches ".(8)
Mirwais ordered that the envoy be arrested and put
in jail.
67 National Lcadcr...

For the second time Shah Hussain his other envoy

by the name of Mohammad Khan, an old friend of
Mirwais from the days of pilgrimage when the two
were in Mecca and the ruler of Hirart. To
Mohammad Khan Mirwais said that "it's good that
1 owe you the hospitality of being my friend,
otherwise you would have faced the destiny of your
predecessor." (9) Thus when the Safvid court saw
that Mirwais and his Pshtuns are not giving in, they
predpared an army of 31 thousand armed troops
that was headed by Khsrau Khan, the nephew of the
late Durgin. Khusru Khan was told to punish the
Pashtuns and revenge the killing of this uncle and so
he accepted the job quite happily. In his mission,
Khusrau Khan first started by playing tricks of
treachery. That was, he, with the approval from the
court of Safavids, appointed Abdullah Khan an
Abdali by tribe as Governor of Hirat and persuaded
him to march towards Kandahar against Mirwais,
who was from the tribe of Ghilzi. Thus Khusrau,
knowing that the best trick to play against the
Pashtuns is to disunite them among themselves, i.e.
divide and rule. In fact, this has been the most
frequent formula used by the enemies of the
Pashtuns thorough out the history of Afghanistan.
An this was a treacherous trick that Khusrau Khan
wanted to us against Mirwais by inciting the Abdalis
fight the Ghilsis. The trick was rather successful, but
68 National Leader...

failed half way in between. That is Khusrau Khan

did march his forces, towards Kandahar, but
somehow Abdullah Khan realized he was fighting
against his Pashtun brothers and changed his mind
and excused himself from fighting against Mirwais
and changed his course of action completely.
Khusrau Khan, however continued his marching of
31 thousand armies towards Kandahar. As Mirwais
had taken all the precautions, he tactically let
Khusrau come close to Kandahar and himself stayed
behind in the south on the banks of Helmand river.
Khusrau Khan besieged the city and the siege lasted
up to one year. Meanwhile Mirwais was gathering
the youths of various tribes and was gaining more
strength on daily and weekly basis and Khusrau's
forces were losing the zeal and morale with which
they had come so far; on the one hand, nothing was
left of foodstuff near and around Kandahar because
of Mirwais's strict orders to his people to leave
nothing on which his enemy forces could rely for
subsistence, and on the other, Mirwais had closed all
directions to prevent anything from entering the
enemy lines and was intensifying their attacks
against the Persian forces. In the mean time splitting
and disunity took place among the besieging forces
whereby the Persians choosing one way while the
Gurgis were going on a different path. Having
observed this disparity among the Persian forces,
 *:914.,* National Leader...
69

Abbas Quli Khan, Muatamid (confidant) of the

Safavid court came to Kandhar and told about the
situation to Mirwais by which Mirwais got even
more courage and fortified his sixteen thousand
strong armies with harnessing eight hundred camel
loads of weapons, and so attacked the enemy from
the south of Kandahar. As a result of the battle,
Khusrau followed the fate of his uncle Gurgin and
all his troops, but about seven hundred who
desperately fought their way back towards Persia,
were killed. Mirwais thanked his God after victory
and salvation of his land and at thed same time
distributed the bounties of the war among his
people. This was in the year 1713. One year later in
1714, the Persian court made another attempt under
the leadership of Rustam Khan, who died on the
way and his armies escaped in retreat. After all
these hard times of struggle for the liberation of his
country, Mirwais was the first person who, except
the Abdalis of Hirat, united all the ethnics and tribes
of Afghanistan in such a way that nobody else had
done so (10) and made the old city of Kandahar the
seat of the Pashtuns' leadership.

The freedom Hero's death and last words: After

carrying out many wars and hard campaign, our
national leader, Mirwais was able to expel the
enemies from our land for the last timed and
70
:fir National Lcader...

extended his territory in the west as far as Farah

and Sistan, but could not achieve all his great hopes
of making progredsss other than strengthening the
unity of his people, as timed was left short for him
and death aborted all his other patriotic plans,
According to enawa, the writher of the Afghno -
Persian war has written about as follows: "This
renowned and scholarly hero ruled in Kandahar for
seven years an stood fast against the very strong
Persian empire and never let despair weaken his
strong will and determination until his physical
strength was gradually melted away by old age; his
physic was weakened and became sick. All the
Pashtuns were saddened because of his sickness;
every day scores of them came to ask about his
health condition and listened to his inspiring
instruction and followed his words. (11)

The last words of the leader and Freedom Hero:

According to the above mentioned source, when
Mirwais felt weakness in himself, he called the
Pashtun leader and gave them the following advice
in short sentences:

"Entrust all your works to God and trust in God;

carry out the war valorously;
71 National I.cad et- ...

"In every task assume dignified stance and

protect your dignity; "Be united all the time and
in every place;
Strengthen every tissue and organ of your body;
"Never obey the Persians' rule;
"Shun your enemies with all your possible might
when they attack on you because your enemies
are hastily following the course declined due to
the differences in the Court and because of the
corruption and treachery that exists among their
people;
"Don't be afraid of the magnitude of their
numbers because you are united, and you have
trusted in God." (12)

In that moment, his breathing became shorter

and shorter and did not have the strength to
speak any more. However, as a last effort, he
opened his eyes with difficulty and before
reciting the "Kalima -e Shahadat" (The word of
Witness) - to God, Mirwais said, "Capture
Asfahan.." (13), and then, after a long sigh, he
breathed his last. (14)

Now let's briefly reflect on the personality of

Mirwais and see as to why he has been called the
 % 4Sy_IX
72 National Leader...

National Leader, Freedom Hero Mirwais Nika (the

Grand father).
Mirwais was a most humble and selfless man who
did not exhibit any criteria of greed and covetedness
as trader and merchant when he was trading
between India and Afghanistan (then Khurasan). He
was always fair in his dealings. Nor was he a self
assertive dictator to impose his will and wishes on
others. He was never abscessed with authority and
ambition titles like the King, the Emperor or things
liked that. All he wished was to leaded his people
towards freedom and independence and self - rule.
He was a most talented guide an orator who spoke
softly and wisely and logically. He always tried to
convince his audience and never used threats or
coercion in leading his people of whom he was most
proud. That is why he preferred the title of national
leader not the title of king, as he really deserved it
but, in the title maybe Mirwais felt a sense of too
much pride and self - agglomeration and
pompousness, the qualities that he did not want for
himself, therefore voluntarily chose and accepted
the titled of National leader; he was the national
leader because he represented the will and the
wishes of the whole Afghan nation to obtain the
rightful placed for his people among other nations of
that day, and there was none other than him in the
country who has done anything in those days for our
73 National I,cadcr...

people. Moreover, Mirwais truly deserves the title of

being our historic National Leader in the history of
Afghanistan until this day. He never competed for
the title with any other tribal or ethnic leader of the
day, but was willingly chosen by his people as their
king, but he preferred and chose the title for
himself, and that's why nobody has ever questioned
Mirwais being the National Leader throughout the
long years in our history and will continued to bed
considered so by all the people of Afghanistan. Ile
was the first leader who took all his decisions
through consultations by holding Jirgas as a sole
source of taking the right decisions. In fact, although
the Jirga tradition is as old as our country and
nation going five thousand years back to the time of
ancient Arians, but in modern times, Jirga was
revived by this national leader years before Ahmad
Shah IDurani's Jirga of Shair Surkh of Kandahar in
1747 where the latter was selected and appointed as
the King of our country. Mirwais held his first real
Jirga in Kokran in 1709. Altogether he held four
main Jirgas until 1717.

Mirwais was freedom Hero because it was for the

first time that after a period more than two
centuries after the fall of the Ghorid dynasty when
Afghanistan then Khrasan was partitioned by our
northern, western and eastern powerful neighbors
74 National Leader...

the Shabanis, the Persians or the Safvids and the

Moghuls of India, respectively. Mirwais championed
thed country's independence, although in a small
size, before Mirwais or his Elotaki dynasty, such
brave men like Khusal Kahn Khatak and Bayazid
Roshan and his followers had, indeed struggled very
hared to win the freedom for our people, but
unfortunately none of them was blessed with the
type of unity among the people as Mirwais was, and
they had failed in their scared caused just because
their enemies were strong and their own people
disunited. In fact, Mirwais was and acted more like
a shrewd politician rather than a warrior. Ile won
his goal by using tact and policy, and when
necessary, trick against his enemies like Gurging
and the Safavid Court of Asfahan of Persia, thus in
order to justify his people's caused, Mirwais sought
and secured the verdict of the highest religious
authorities in Mecca. Otherwise Mirwais feared he
would be tapped and condemned as a rebel against
an Islamic ruler of Asfahan since there was no
question of national stat yet. l-le was so wised that he
analyzed the authorities including the king of
Asfahan, Shah Hussain Safavi himself and secured
his freedom in that country despite the fact that he
haed beden sent there as an exile by Durgin, the
oppressor of Kandahar and the rest of our people.
Mirwais not only obtained permission from the king
 *:0,;,,* National Leader...
75

to perform the Haj pilgrimage and through it the

verdict of freedom of action against Curgin, but also
secured the trust and confidence of many in Shah
Hussain's Curt one of the important personalities
being Abbas Quli, the Court confidant, who was
apposed to Gurgin and his oppressive policies.
Moreover, Mirwais was born free, grown freed and
lived freely by first securing his own freedom of
action against the enemy and then tactfully and
courageously secured the freedom of his people and
country and successfully established the
independent dynasty of the Hotakis (1710 - 1727).
Moreover, Mirwais rightly deserves to bed called
Freedom Hero. We can go on defending his rightful
title, but the foregoing should suffice for the sake of
our discussion here.
And Mirwais's third and last title, Mirwais
Nika(Mirwais the grand father or Papa Mirwais) is
a customary honorary title given to any elderly man
of a kind and good character who is respected by all
in the society for his kind manners and behavior.
And Mirwais was not only this type of elder, but also
even more than that. We do have such titles for our
important personalities whether being king and
monarch or otherwise.
Ahmad Shah Baba, Khushal Baba, Rahman Baba,
Hamza Baba, to name a few, have all been honored
with this title.
 *314.71:*
76 National leader...

1. Millison, Afghanistan (Pashto

History of
translation, Jamaluddin Afghan,
p.209, Sayed
Tatmatulbayan, p.78, Sir John Malkum, p. 198. (In
Benawa, Mirwais Nika, P. 68 and Pata Khazana
(hidden treasure), p.177).
2. Millison, Pashto translation of Millison's History
Afghanistan, p. 210, quoted by Benawa in "Mirwais
Nicka ", p.69.
3. Millison, p. 211, I bid.
4. The life of Nader Shah, son of the sword (in
Persian), p. 10, I bid
5. Translation of "Tatmatulbayan, p.p. 81 - 82, Sir.
John Makum, p. 191. In Benawa, Mirwais Nika, p.
77.
6. Millison's Pashtu Translation of History of
Afghanistan, p. 217, Brown, History of the
Literature of Iran (Persian translation, vol. 4, p.
101), 1 bid.
7. "The History of Afghano - Persian war"
"Mirwais Nika ", p. 91.
8. 1 bid.
9. Afghano - Persian war. P. 0
10. I bid
11. "The History of Afghano Persian war" in
Benawa, Mirwais Nika," P. 91.
12. 1 bid.
13. Afghane - Persian war, p. ( )
14. I bid.
77 Resolvable...

Prof: Dr. Ghulam Najmuddine (Tarin)

Resolvable Development of Surface

Water in Afghanistan

Water is a necessary vital substance for life of all

origin bodies it surrounded almost 1/4 region of
terrestrial - -- ground water is available to varies kind in
nature like lakes, rivers, small rivers sea, oceans and
fountains.
Afghanistan is a country which has not direct
touch with the oceans and counted in countries which
surrounded to dry' ground also it has not any ocean in
its geographic region which effected on geographic
states of this country.
In the hydrographie studies of Afghan, we find
that the surface water as (river forms, lake forms) and
ground water (well forms, caries form) effect life of
human especially density of population and settlement
of population which lives in this country i. e more
number of peoples of Afghan. Live or centralized in
 *,..914,1* IZCSolvahle...
78

places which have full water and other facilities in the

desert of south Faster and western of I lendo Koshe and
Baba mountains live a large number of people its main
causes flow of Rivers which have permanent waters in
rural area of our country more of people use water of
river, fillet and wells for drinking and cultures it must
be mentioned the geographic structure of Afghan. Is
effected in the hydrographie and petrologic subjects of
this county like makes of Rivers and division of flow
waters.For example series of mountains and higher
areas of Afghan which contain central area as a

predominate
central line started from north east of elevated area of
Pamir and continues to south west side which divided
Afghan in to various natural valleys more of this
mountains have permanent snow and good store of
water the flow and permanent water of Afghan have
sources from this stores this water flowed to different
sides and made different watery areas.
General division of surface water in Afghan
Area: (General map of Afghanistan Rivers No)
 * g,,,,,,*
79 Resolvable...

1 - in dose part or south eastern system: - Kabul

River, belong to this system and it is left partners are
Konar River, Alingar River, Panjsher River and
Gorband River and it is right partners are logar River
and sorkh rood river. Also Korm River and Gomal
River started from south eastern of mountains of
Afghan. Kabul river and its partners flowed in southern
series of Ilendokosh and 13aba mountains and
surrounding 52000 km 2 area length of this system is
350 km which more than 250 km of this system located
in Afghan area according to the assess and counting
amount of this river in one year is 8 milliard m3 rivers
of this system have destroy action in deep side and
made (v) like valleys this destroy action of these rivers
are severe rivers of system include to parts of logar
province, Kabul province, parwan Province, Laghman
Province, Nangarhar province, Kapisa province and
pakteia province, paktika province water of this system
spent in mentioned provinces.
2 - North eastern system belong to oxus River
(oxus system) this system is beginning from north
northeastern of IIendo Kosh and terband of turkustan
 JF djLLX
80 Resolvable.:.

mountains some part of this system is connected with

oxus river like Kokcha river and Kondoze river but
some other part are not reached to Oxus river and don't
out from Afghan and finished in north desert of I -lendo
.

Kosh the morghab River and IIarirood River which

located in north western of Afghan. Also include to this
system which leave Afghan Land.
General information about rivers of these
systems are.
a -- Oxus river with Kokcha and Kondoze River
it supplying part is 90000 km 2 and area of supplying in
Afghan. Is 3,8% length of Kokcha river is 300 km and
amount of flow water in one year is 5 milliard m3
length of Kondoze river is 420 km it water reserve area
is 37000 km2 and amount of flow water in one year is
2,3 milliard M3 affording to the registration dabet of
Oxus River in Karkey area which all copartners of this
river connect to it is 2050 m3 / sec but in part of ural
lake it dabet is 1490 m3 / sec.
b - Rivers which did not reach to the oxus river
like Balkhab (it's length is 330 km and water reserve
81 Resolvable...

area is 17000 km2 and amount of flow water in one

year is 1,6 milliard m3 .

samangan or Tashqoughan river (it's length is

180 km and water reserve area is 11,5 km2 and amount
of flow water in one year is 8 million m3.
Shereen l agab river (it's length is 200 km)
amount of flow water in one year is 286 million m3
total supplying area of mentioned rivers are 68000 km
and made 10,4% basin area of our country upper region
of these rivers have expand supplying area but in
middle parts are slight.
C - morghab and I larirood rivers beginning from
series if parapamiza mountains (length of morghab
river is 330 km in Afghan, area it supplying area in
Afghanistan is 5,6 %) .

I larirood river it's length is 550 km in our

country and if supplying area in afghan. Is 6 %.
These rivers are include in north western system
(I- Iarirood) it upper region is developed and it middle
region is longitudinal water of this river absorbed in out
of our country it must be mentioned that the total
supplying area of Oxus river is 234000 km2 and
82 Resolvable...

surrounding 35,8% basin area of Afghanistan which

include area of I3adakhshan province, and peoples of
mentioned provinces spent from this water drinking and
culture.
3 -- South western system which belongs to
Helmand and system part this system includes in right
.

side from Kajrood, Mossadala , Khashrood and Farah

rood in left side from I lelmand and Arghandab rivers
these rivers beginning from south of Baba and black
mountains conversance area of this system is very
expanded and surrounding almost half area of Afghan.
Helmand River is from longest and largest rivers
of Afghanistan that beginning and finishing between
Ground of Afghan.
Maximum water of this river spent for culture
and also this water is biggest source for production of
electricity it's length is 1 100 km and it supplying area
is almost 155000 km2 and it basin area is 23,6% of our
country.
Amount of more water of this river in one year is
10 milliard m3 length of Dellta of Ilelmand river is 75
km and it width at lower part is 100 km.
83 Resolvable...

Structure of its delta is very interesting.

Some other rivers also located in south western
of country e - g.
A - Farah Rood river it supplying area is 3300
km 2 and made 4,4% basin area of Afghan.
B - Adraskan river it supplying area is 22000
km2 and made 3, 5% basin area of our Homeland.
C - Gazni river it supplying area is 16080 km2
and made 2, 5% basin area of our country.
According to the counting rivers of Helmand and
system area have 340000 km2 basin area and
conversance more than half area of Afghan, and made
51,8% supplying area of our country also this system is
larger than the other system in Afghan supplying areas
of helmand and system including Arozghan Province ,
Helmend Province Nemroze Province , Ghoor Province
Fara Province ,Ghazni Province and Zabul province.
According to the counting the use of river water
in Afghan are:
Trayelling area is 1816000 Hektar land. Vacancy
of water in cultural land is equal to 623000 Hekter land.
 *
84 Resolvable...

This is necessary for mentioned that all of afghan

ground face by face to vacancy of water so the control
of destroy action of water is necessary in Afghanistan.
It must be mentioned Hence of mentioned water
Afghanistan have closed area to water (lakes) which are
called Hamoon Helmand, Hamoon posiak, Hamoon
Sabry or Zarcool, cool Chagmateen cool Shave, Gazni
lake Navor els.
At the end we can give result of mentioned
description our water supplying system is made to an
irregular form and damaged in last wars which cause of
loss water now Afghan, is face by face to death because
the last years there were no snowing and raining so the
resolvable development of surface water in Afghan is a
necessary step.
Project document for resolvable development of
surface water in Afghanistan are.
1- Construction and reconstruction for water
dams (band) for resolvable of water and production of
electricity and culturing.
2 - Cleaning of water dams and water canals
with machinery every year.
85 Resolvable...

3 - the water that comes down from high hills

there are no dams for storage of them, if there are small
dams for them we can use them for many purpose for
instance electricity power and water supply regarding
agriculture etc.
4 - As there are many basins in our country at
high (4500 - - 5500) meter mountains so that, if we caf
these basin or constructed them, we could use these
water in many agriculture systematic programs.
5 - In order to prevent the loses of the water, we
must construct the general water canals and other
watery branches, so, that we would be able to make
extra water for our spring and autumn seasons irrigation
for agriculture. The technical and professional people
would organize this system for fest order.
6 - For best reserving of the water we request to
prepare the drop watery system so that it may give
positive results in such droughty countries.
7 - for new water development and storage
system, it would be requested to learn and research of
Hydrologic and Hydrogeology information with expert
 86 ici:1464*
Resolvable...

specialist people related to hydrologic and water source

ministries,
8 - For hard controlling of hydrotechnic station
and the water running quantity, it would be requested
that hydrology stations would be constructed at high
and law regions.
9 - In order to prevent the infection of water
source the toxic and chemical materials like CD - Hg -
Pb - so that these are extremely toxic for health and
agriculture, it would be requested that toxic water must
be entered in the ground not mixed with the surface
water.
10 - It would be requested that this now water
controlling regulation must be prepared according to
the regions and population.
At the end would be mentioned that our country
is damaged after tow decades and is at the moment of
reconstruction and renovation we want to be benefited
of the conference, so we are thanking from the
participation in our conference.
87 Resolvable...

Reference:
1 - O.A. slaveen.
General, Geology or principle of afghan Geology issue
of (meer) Moscow (1984)
2 - Areze, prof. Ghulam Gelani, Nautral Geography of
Afghanistan.
Issue of Kabul University (1360)
3 - Areze, prof. Ghulam Gelani physical Geography.
Issue of Kabul University (1359).
4 - wast fall, A.O and Latkovich, V.G surface water
Resources investigation plan for afghan U.S Geological
survey,
Administrative report, Kabul (1966).
 *:9:14,71:*
88 Pashto Slang...

By: Pro. Neamatullah "Andar"

Pashto Slang
100 - Jis" s,,o; ,t;.: zan zamaray kawal

s a->
-d om L y)
The one who considers him as lion
alp a)19jyi tiles J a S .>

On who takes part in a fight like lion

4ic> Jt;- )R+ 4.4

Everyone should act like lion when fight

with his enemy
t,
_9i
bravery, courage
101- J ,43 t>- : zan zharrawal

Western
Jt-9I 36- J" y `sS9r
I

The one who weeps for his /her plight

r 415
When one is faced with a great danger
and threat
SrSw4yl) 59rrs4xm.3ti%4I3. vLi of
 *:9:14,* Pashto Slang...
89

I weep myself in you pay attention to the

boy
and I can not do any thing
041 a, 3

have concern about oneself

102- J,.; 3L.4- : zan zhghoral
Eastern

The one who saves himself / herself

014, L.33 JJSa;L9'.l>a

To avoid danger , to save oneself

cS9 ;1m91 a o)L >9y vl>> l L Jl 1 f
Every human being shall effort to save
himself
JJ.'9 JvL...31.4--

save, protect oneself

103- J,t w 3 -: zan sparai

To present oneself to someone

J o r1 1y1 a;9yol 4;03 J IS 4;L?,-

To surrender oneself to someone and

accept his orders
90 Pashto Slang...

.5 a,9 L.A. jLs-1,L.,.y sl..lr jl> 4wcm

He has surrendered himself to God so he

would be
saved from every kind of danger
l c,1.
obey, surrender
104- J't..,3e-: zan Satal

The one who keeps himself safe

JsS 4JL ji.s591
To pay peculiar attention to his/ her
clothes, food and family

Ahmad keeps himself tidy and healthy

he eats delicious food and wear beautiful
clothes
JjrS may c Jg? a;1oL lT
to pay peculiar attention to oneself
to be tidy
105 J, JL- : zan hag to sparai
5>L 9 4; y Jla J S-
The one who accepts the truth
 *9:14,* Pashto Slang...
91

o (
L3Jl,6-.ul)Li.- 36- L,I 2.S
4S
When somebody dies, it is said that he
has surrendered
himself/ herself to he truth (God) (death)
o, 9 ti rya v1 A
Ahamd's father surrendered himself to
the truth ( death )
Sl9y'j.LS4A
to die
106 3t4- : zan spinawal
`Ss
36-
The one who makes himself white ( clean

L.5.: 36- 4459 5`" 89I.)9' Ler 415

S4.< 9I CI.J
To make clean oneself against accusation
X59`" v9' SL9 acv 1l A ascm

He cleaned himself against the

accusation of murder

Innocent
107- J,s oy, 36- : zan sra zar kawal
92 Pashto Slang...

The one who change himself / herself to

gold
.3)1 59 `49>9' o a.l a, a
To behave with people in a good way ,his
behavior
increases his / her respect and value
li .5 a 19 a 9 ^ SS Jy 4.jert

Hi is an important man and his good

behavior make him gold to the people
S9 >>
respect
108 36- : zan czizal
Eastern

The one who bums himself / herself

J.,<,,.;, 36.
To try a lot for in life ,to feel sympathy
for
3L4- ,J s s a r t aJ wpm

He feels sympathetic whenever he sees

the troubles of people
93 Pashto Slang...

sad
109 - J,.. 3 - : zan shmiral

Eastern
J o <6;6- L S w9 J6-
The one who counts himself / herself in
J91 19 4 JL;.-

L)JI) wtlS
The one who considers himself /herself
a personality and important dignitary

Ahamd's father conceders himself in a

group of great politicians

an important personality
110- J t : zan ghatawal

Western

The one who conceders himself /herself

great
 *.31,,.4*
94 Pashto Slang...

L.512,)

The one who considers himself / great

and wish
the people to respect him
4.7J9 &4 4;.

He considers himself great but the other

people do
not care about him
a >99'.) al> a
to hope the people to conceder him great
112 -- :zan gharrawal
Lastern
59 919T4L. 09'_J `S9y
One who rolls himself /herself From side
to side

+ t99I .A.; a9)l>>

J95 S)lS J91
To be conservative in decision
s9ISroy ,t>s.sSAOtA a.;tie
95 Pashto Slang...

He does not help me but he is just sliding

from
side to side
36- c s,lS llh o
conservatism
113- J.. 1 . 36- , : par zan ghashi lagidal
s,
central

To be hurt be arrows

To become sad because of a had

happening

His son's death was an arrow to him and

it made him sad

unhappy
114- Jui , 31. :par zan gham anbarawal

Western

The one who piles the sorrows and

worries on him
J'Sl l. a9q9 Si 9~~ a.;l> al> a
96 Pashto Slang...

To create worries and difficulties by

oneself
S9 >L.;I 3L;-- a"
He is too patient because he always finds
himself a lot of problems and sorrows

115 -J difficulties
3l>.) : da zan ghoshi khwarral

western

The one who eats his /her own flesh

4.1.93) ' 479191 LS.) (95>
To be in trouble of a great problem
JL>> 45 >9 > 49S A o/ o> S9 >>
My son does not study so I eat my
own flesh because of him
>s
annoye
116- J9, ;.: zan herawal

The one who forgets himself / herself

9>t? 9>9' 4-4 .1,9>>91 9>49
97 A brief background...

In the Name of Allah the most merciful

and Compassionate

Preface: the Knowledge Development has brought

considerable changes in the life of human societies these
changes. These are deeper and faster in societies, wherein
the academic and technical revolutions have taken place and
the living Standard is improved quickly.
Technical and academic revolutions are the
procreation of a society needs. Individuals of each society
search for the means of the betterment of their living inside
the earth, under the oceans or through the atmosphere of the
earth and developed the methods of better living via
discoveries and inventions.
The Educational institutions are the base of practical
progress. The individuals of a society learn the principles of
the sciences at the universities. Amongst the graduates, who
are talented and genius, join the research institutions, where
they use some means of research and offer new academic
findings to the world.
In the past, the research issues were confined to
cultural, historical and language studies in Afghanistan until
1978 during the last mentioned year. Natural sciences issues
research also added to the above fields of knowledge, so
that it paved the way to the modern sciences and technics
and access to new means of living.
98 A brief background...

Islamic studies and research began in 1995 in the

Academy of sciences of Afghanistan and the religious
scholars of different training centers of the country have
been hires and they are conducting research in various fields
of Islamic studies section. Social, cultural and economic
problems are analyzed from Islamic point of views by the
scholars of this branch of the Academy of Sciences and they
take part in the Progress of the development process.
Fortunately the Afghanistan Science Academy has
preserved its academic entity as a research institution and
continues research activities in Natural Sciences, Human
Sciences and Islamic Studies Section.
The Afghanistan Science Academy is registered in
UNESCO and ISESCO organizations and sometimes
receives their financial support, but according to the work
procedures of the Academy of Sciences however it is still
not introduced fully in our society.
Most of the foreign countries and organization are not
aware of the existence of the Academy of Sciences of
Afghanistan, therefore it is not received the international
assistance, which is donated to the rehabilitation of our
country.
The Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan, is grateful
to the government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan,
for its help to save this academic organization and the
support which enabled the governing Body of the Academy
of Sciences to pay attention to the well being of the scholars
life and their research activities.
There for it was required to introduce the Academy of
Sciences of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan by
99 A brief background...

publishing this pamphlet in English, Pashto and Dari

Languages.

Assistant Professor, Mohammad Mir Rad

Director of the cultural and foreign relations
department
 100 *g1;.,1* A brief background...

A brief background of the Academy of

Sciences of Afghanistan
Prior to the development of the Academy of Sciences
of Afghanistan to its present level, there were different
cultural institutions, which were busy in cultural activities,
such as (allows:
1- The Pashto Maraka: this cultural institution was
registered in the regulation of the Ministry of Education in
1922 AD (1301 AH).
2 -- Herat Literary Society, Which was established in
the Heart city in 1932 A.D (1311) A.H.
3 The Kabul literary Society. established in 1931
((1310 A.H) Kabul city.
4 the Kandahar Literary Society, established in 1932
(1311 A.H) in the Kandahar city.
5 - Amongst the above mentioned cultural institutions,
Heart literary Society continued its work until the present
time.
6 - The cultural institutions of the Pashto Maraka. the
Literary Society of Kandahar and the Literary Society of
Kabul were contracted in 1937 (1316) and formed Pashto
Tolana (the Pashto Academy), which is started its work in
the ministry of Education and the Kabul Magazine was its
publication organ.
7 - The History Society was established in the
framework of the ministry of Information and culture in
1942 (1321) and started its publications by publishing the
((Afghanistan)) and ((Aryana)) Magazines.
101 A brief background...

8 - The Aryana Dairatelmaaref (Aryana

Encyclopedia) Society established in the framework of the
ministry of Education in 1327 (1967) and then joined to the
ministry of Information and Culture in 1965 (1344) and
afterward to the Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan in
1978 (1357).
9 The International Center for Kushan Studies,
established in 1354 (1975) and registered in UNESCO.
10 - The Archeological Society is established in the
framework of the Ministry of Information and culture in
1967 (1346) and then joined to the Academy of Sciences of
Afghanistan in 1982, but according to the decree No 4792
dated 23/9/1381 it is shifted to the Ministry of Information
and Culture. On the base of this decree the International
Center for Kushan Studies preserved in the framework of
the Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan.
11 The International Center for Pashto Studies is
established in the framework of the ministry of Education
with the recommendation of international seminar in 1975
(1354). The Pashto magazine is published by this Center.
12 According to the approval of the council of
ministers dated 25 /12/1348 (1969) and the decree No. 10
dated 2/1/1349 (1970) of the king, the Afghanistan
Academy was established.
13 - By the contraction of the above mentioned
institutions, the Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan came
into being in 1357 (1978), as an independent academic and
research institution and started its work in different human
and natural sciences fields, with the following purposes:
102 A brief background...

l -- Rendering long term academic plans in different

human and natural sciences fields, which are essential and
effective to the development of national economy and
culture?
2 Studying and evaluation of water resources, soil,
temperature, energy, minerals, raw materials and other
natural sources as well as specifying the resources and its
effective use.
3 - Applying the newest outcomings in national
economy and presenting the specific schemes in this way.
4 - Taking part in designing the current and long term
plans for the culture, social and economical development of
the country.
5 Ascension and promotion of the prestige and
credibility of the knowledge in the country.
6 - Development and preservation of the cultural
entity of the ethnics resided in the country.
7 - Guidance and coordinating of the academic
research activities which is to be rendered in the higher
education institutions and other academic organizations in
human and natural sciences sections.

Academy of Sciences works in the following

Sections:
A - Natural Sciences Section:
1 - The physics and Technical center.
2 - The chemistry, Biology and Agriculture center.
3 - The garth Science and Seismology center.
4 -- The Medical Sciences Center.
B -- The Human Sciences Section.
a - the Social Science Center.
 *:9:14,4* A brief background...
103

- The Economics Institute.

- The laws Institute.
- The Journalism Institute.
- The Philosophy and Psychology Institute.
- The History and Ethnogphy institute.
b -- The Encyclopedia Center.
c - The Languages and Literatures Center.
- The Pashto Language and Literatures institute.
- The Dari Language and Literature Institute.
- The Brethren Nationalities Languages Institute.
e The International center for Pashto Studies.
f The International Center for Kushans Studies.
C - The Islamic Studies Section is started its work at
the end of 1374 (1995) and conduct researches in the fields
of Beliefs and Culture, Jurisprudence (Islamic Sharia) and
Law, and Tafsir Hadith (Interpretation of the Holy Quran
and the sayings of the prophet, Hazrat Mohammad (peace
be upon him).

D - The Ariana Encyclopedia Center, the revising

process of which is started according to the decree No, 116,
dated 14/5/1381 (2001) of the Interim Government of
Afghanistan.

E The Pamir Languages Department established

according to the decree No, 4529 dated13 /8/1382 (2002) of
the Provisional State of Afghanistan in the framework of the
Brethren nationalities.

F - The world Philosophical Mathematic Center is

shifted to the Academy of Science of Afghanistan by the
 *,9:14:ty:*
104 A brief background...

Order No, 533 dated 26/1/1382 of the Provisional state of

Afghanistan. and according to the Command No, 4448,
dated 6/8/1382, 2002 A.D of the Provisional state of
Afghanistan, it is placed beside the Academy of Sciences of
Afghanistan.

The Academicians and the candidate

Academicians:

Nine scholars for the posts of the Academicians and 32

scholars for the posts of the Candidate Academician were
approved in 1365 (1986) as follows.

A - Academicians:
1-- Suleiman Layeq, the chairman of the Academy of
Sciences. His field is literature.

2 - Professor Abdul Shokor Reshad. member of the

Academy, field: literature.

3 - Professor Abdul Ahmmad Jawid, member of the

Academy of Sciences in the literature field.

4 - Abdul Wahed Surabi, field: economics.

5 Abdullah Shareq, field: geology.

6 -- Ghulam Dastagir Panjshiri, field: literature.

7 - -- Professor Dr. Ghulam Faroq Etemady, field:

History.
105 A brief background...

8 - Faqir Mohammad Yaqobi, field: physic.

9 - Mohammad Mosa Wardag, field: medicine.

10 -- Professor Burhanadin Rabani, by the approval

No, 520, dated 2/10/1380 (2001) of the Governing Board of
the Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan.

11 - Abdul Ahad Ashrafi.

B - The Candidate Academicians:

1 - Ahmad shah Jalal, professor of the Kabul
University.

2 - Associate professor Dr. Asadullah Habib, Kabul

University.

3 - Professor, Dr. Bolbol Shah Jalal, Director of the

chemistry, biology and agriculture center.

4 - Dr. Haidar Masood.

5 - Dr. Samiya Ebadi, member of the Academy.

6 Abdul Rahman Pahwal, // // ,

7 - Abul Rahim Khoshdel, Kabul University.

8 - Abdul Rashid Raoof, Director of the plan and

agriculture of the Ministry of planning.
106 A brief background...

9 - Abdul Sarni Ghafari, Director of the water

problems Institute.

10 - Abdul Samad Salim, Director of the faculty of

Geo Sciences, Kabul University.

11 - Abdul Ghafor Baher, Advisor minister. (advisor

of the presidential office)
12 _ Professor Abdul Kabir Ranjbar, member of the
Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan.

13 - Abdul Hamid Nababti Vice Minister of the

Higher Education.

14 - Ali Ahmmad, Professor of the state medical

Institute of Kabul.

15 - Professor Shah Ali Akbar Sharestani, Director of

the faculty of Literature, Kabul University.

16 - Ghulam Abubakar, Vice -Minister of the

Agricultural and Land Referm.

17 - Mohammad Bahram, Director of the Agricultural

Researches Institute.

18 - Professor Faqir Mohammad Zmarai, Kabul

University.

19 - Gul Ahmad Khaledi, Deputy Director for the

Agricultural Researches Institute.
 107 A brief background...

20 Mohammad Ibrahim Atayee, member of the

Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan.
21 - Mohammad Azam Sestani, the Director of the
Social Science Center.

22 -- M. Akram Osman, head of the history Institute

and Ethnography.

23 -- M.Anwar Nomialai, member of the Academy

of
Sciences.

24 - Professor M.Amin Iman, Kabul University.

25 -M.Husain Helali, Chancellor of the Kabul Poly

Technics Institute.

26 - Professor M.Rahim Elhamm Director of the

Language and Literature Center.

27 - Professor M.sediq Rohi, member of the Academy

of Sciences.

28 - M.Zahir Ofoq, Vice Chairman of the Academy of

Sciences of Afghanistan.

29 - M. Yaqob Wahedi, member of the Academy.

30 - Dr. Mahmmod, Habibi, Deputy of the journalists

Organization and member of the Social Sciences Center.
108 A brief background...

31 - Meher Mohammad Nazi, Chancellor of the Kabul

Medical Institute.

32 - Professor Mir Husani Shah, Kabul University.

Honorary Academicians:
1- Ayatullah - Al Ozma Shaikh M. Asif Mohseni, by
the Order No, 2168, dated 30/4/1386 (2207) of the Islamic
Republic of Afghanistan.

The Chairmen of the Academy of Sciences of

Afghanistan:
1 - Associate Professor Dr. Gul Mohammad Norzai.

2 Academician Sulaiman L,ayeq.

3 - Assistant Professor Guldad.

4 - Professor Dr. Abdul Kabir Ranjber.

5 - Abdul Ahad Ashrati.

6 - Professor Mohammad Mohsen Formoli,

7 - Mullah Mohammad Husain Mostasid.

8 - Mawlawi Khalilullah Ferozi.

9 - Professor Abdul Bari Rashed.

 109 A brief background...

In accordance to the article 47 of the Constitution of

Afghanistan (1382) 2003 A.D) the Academy of Sciences of
Afghanistan is as an independent state organization works
for the development and coordination of the research
activities and conduct research projects in the Natural
Technical Sciences. Human Sciences and the Islamic
Studies Sections.

The Governing Body of Academy 'of Sciences is the

upper academic council, ., which takes the decisions,
composed of the Academicians, the candidate academicians,
the members of the higher academic council.

The Governing Body determines the relevant issues of

the development of knowlade and the basic academic
researches in the country. It is noteworthy that the Higher
Academic Council is composed of the chairman of the
Academy for the academic affairs. The Governing Board,
chaired by the chairman of the Academy, approve the
academic plans and coordinate academic researches.

According to the law of the Academy of Sciences,

enforced in 1360 (1981), the following Academic ranks and
titles arc registered:

1 _ Assistant Researcher.

2 Researcher.

3 - Vice Chief Rescarcher.

4 Chief Researcher.
 110 A brief background...

According to the present law of the Academy of

Sciences (1387) (2008), the following adjustments are
borough in the.above mentioned academic titles:

1 - Assistant Researcher = Junior Assistant Professor.

2 - Researcher = Assistant Professor.

3 - Vice Chief Researcher - Associate Professor.

4 - -- Chief Researcher Professor.

Publications of the Academy of Sciences

NO Name Year of the Publisher Period Language
Establishme
nt

1 Kabul 1310 (1931) The Quarterl Pashto

Magazine Language y
and
literature
Center

2 Zerai (Journal) 1316 (1937 // Weekly //

3 Ariana 1321 (1942 Social Quarterl Dari and

Magazine Sciences y Pashto
Center

4 Afghanistan 1346 (1967) // // English

Magazine

5 Kushan 1356 (1976) The // Pashto

Studies Internation and Dari
Magazine al Center
111 A brief background...

for Kushan
Studies

6 Pashto 1356 (1976) The // In

Magazine Internation UNESCO
al Center Language
for Pashto s
Studies

7 Khurasan 1359 (1980) Language // Dari

Magazine an
Literature
center

8 Tibiat 1368 (1989) Natural // Pashto,

Magazine Sciences Dari
Section

9 Tibian 1379 (2000) Islamic // Pashto,

Magazine Studies Dari
Section

10 Tafakur 1386 (2007 Publication Monthly Pashto,

(Journal) s Directory Dari

11 Regional 1385 (2006) Regional Quarterl Pashto,

Studies Studies y Dari
Magazine Center

12 Sciences 1386 (2007) Natural Six Pashto,

&Technology Sciences Months Dari
Magazine and
Technolog
y
112 A brief background...

Foreign relations:
Whenever Afghanistan relations with the world
renewed, the Academy of Sciences gained the fallowing
organizations membership:

1 - Federation of Asian Science Academies and

Societies (FASAS).

2 - Intern Academy Panale (IAP).

3 - Third World Academy of Sciences (TWAS).

4 - Association of Academy of Sciences (AASA).

Furthermore, academic cooperation protocols are

signed with the Academies of Pakistan, India, Tajekistan
and Turkey. Afghanistan tries to set up its relation with
other academies and research organizations of the world and
develop its academic activities.

Premises of the Academy of Sciences

1 - The ethnographical museum of the Academy of
Sciences:
According to the decree No, 45 dated, 15/3/1381 (200)
of the Interim Administration of Afghanistan the old castle
of the Shah BoBo Jan, which is a building of the Academy
of Sciences allocated to the ethnographical museum. The
113 A brief background...

rehabilitation process of the historical building is started and

will be put to use next year (2009).

Based on the decree, missions are dispatched to the

provinces to collect ethnographical relics. With the
assistance of the governors, valuable necessaries, which
represent the ethnics life specification, are provided and
stored in the suitable places. Whenever the rehabilitation
works completed, the museum will be formally opened by
the president of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in
2009.

2 - The Sha BoBo Jan Building

The Building area is 18681 m2 and has a legal deed
No, 2082/310 DATED 18/8/1362 (1983). To the north of
the building area, which is next to the compound of the
Ministry of the Interior Affairs, there is another seven
stories building, which is under the construction. This new
building will be completed in 1389 (2009) and will be used
by administrative personnel and academic members.

3 - The present Presidium Building:

This building is located next to the Literacy Learning
Deputy - Minister Office. It is called the Central office
(Presichium or headquarter) of the Academy of Sciences.
The building contains Chairman Office and the offices of
the administrative directors of the Academy of Sciences.
Preciously, the building was a personal premise, which was
belonged to Abdul Hakim son of Mohammad Yusuf. Since
114 A brief background...

1340 (1961) it is a nationalized property, due to the

indebtedness of its owner to the Bus Ltd, Mortgagee and
Construction Bank, and the Offices of the Revenue and
Income Collector of the Chief Accountancy of Kabul.

The said building is submitted to the Academy of

Sciences of Afghanistan by the approval No, 3368 dated
13/2/1361 (1981) of the Executive Committee of the
Council of ministers. According to the decree No, 83, dated,
18/8/1382 of the president of the provisional Islamic state of
Afghanistan, the Building is included in the state premises.

4 -A building on the crossroads of the Academy of

Sciences of Afghanistan is also belongs to the Academy of
Sciences. The Institutes of the Languages and Literature
Center are accommodated in this building.

The building is rehabilitated by the state development

budget.

5 -A building, located in Qalai -Fatullah also belongs

to the Academy of Sciences. The Offices of the
International Center For Pashto Studies, the International
Center For Kushan Studies and the Institute of Archeology
are accommodated in the building.

Library:
The of the Academy of Sciences of
library
Afghanistan contains totally 21951 title - books, which
comprising 28522 volumes. It is divided into three sections:
115 A brief background...

1 -- The Reference Section: this section is composed of

(13) parts, among others, the encyclopedias such as
Americana, Britannica, the Islamic larger encydopedia. the
Deh Khuda, the Persion literature Dictionary, Year- books,
the Serajul Akhbar newspapers collections, Serajul Atfal
and Aman -i- Afghan are mentionable. The reference section
contains (6612) title -books, which comprising 8110
volumes.

2 - The circulation section: the circulation department

contains 13441 title -books (17999 volumes) in different
fields of the natural sciences, human sciences and Islamic
Sciences.

3 The Magazine section: this section has 1898

-

published title -books (2413 volume) which are originally

the academic projects of the scholars of the Academy of
Sciences of Afghanistan, newspapers collections,
newsletters, magazines and laws.
 .'.
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