PPK ALAM SEKITAR

SKRIP JAWAPAN PEMERIKSA

TUGASAN : SEMESTER 2 SIDANG 2016/2017

Subjek : Water Resources Engineering

Penyedia : Ain Nihla Bt Kamarudzaman
Kod Subjek : EAT 359/3

JAWAPAN MARKAH

Task #1

i. What is different between P, Q and R?

(You dont need to explain why, just describe)

Figure 2: Storm hydrographs for gauging stations P, Q and R

1. Use key word.

e.g. Station P has the highest peak discharge of 70 cumecs.

2. Make comparatively statements.

Whereas/ however/ conversely
3M
3. Use and manipulate data.
e.g. Station Q peaks at only 21 cumecs, more than 3 times lower than Station P.

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Task #1

ii. Suggest reasons for any differences that you have observed between hydrographs P, Q
and R.

1. Geology (refer Figure 1(a)):

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P and R are on impermeable shales - Rain falling at P and R will travel to the river by
throughflow and overland flow.
P and R have higher peak discharge and lower lag time.
Q is on permeable limestone - more water will percolate down into the rock and
travel to the river via groundwater flow, which is much slower.
Q has a much lower peak discharge and a longer lag time.

2. Land use (refer Figure 1(b)):

(b) Drainage and land use

R was planted with trees more interception than grass/ pasture and more
evapotranspiration will occurred.
Less water reaches in the river and resulted lower peak discharge compared than P.
More stemflow/throughfall which slows down the water, so longer lag time
compared than P.

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3. Tributaries:

(b) Drainage and land use

Q has only one tributary, whereas R has 2 tributaries and P has 3 tributaries.
Water reaches P fastest than R and Q and thus resulted shortest lag time.
Water reaches Q slowest and thus, longest lag time.

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Task #2:

i.

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First has to be correct overall:

1 Mark
Higher peak Q

2nd Mark
Longer lag time

3rd Mark
Accuracy
Peak Q at least 3x higher

Wrong answer:

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Task #2:

ii. Suggest reasons for the differences in the shapes of the hydrographs that you have drawn.
Note:
- need 3 clear reasons
- must link to hydrograph
- First describe shape, then give reason.

Answer:

1(a) has a longer lag time because peak rainfall did not even reach 10 mm, meaning
most of the water would have infiltrated into the soil and travelled to the river 3M
slowly via throughflow and groundwater flow.
However, 1(b) has a shorter lag time because it gets a lot more rain (over 3 times as
much); this would saturate the soil leading to overland flow, which would reach the
river a lot faster.
Finally, 1(b) has a much higher peak because it receives so much more rainfall over
the same period of time (3 days).