Optics Communications 283 (2010) 46854695

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Optics Communications
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s ev i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / o p t c o m

The solutions of the generalized classical and quantum harmonic oscillators with
time dependent mass, frequency, two-photon parameter and external force:
The squeezing effects
Shailendra Kumar Singh, Swapan Mandal
Department of Physics, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan-731235, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The exact analytical solutions of a generalized classical harmonic oscillator with time dependent mass,
Received 8 January 2010 frequency, two-photon parameter and external forces are obtained. By using the invariance property of the
Received in revised form 25 June 2010 scaled Wronskian, these solutions are used to obtain the solutions of the quantum mechanical counterpart of
Accepted 2 July 2010
the oscillator under Heisenberg picture. In order to discuss the applications of these solutions of the quantum
mechanical oscillator, we calculate the exact analytical expressions for the second order variances of both the
Keywords:
canonically conjugate quadratures in terms of the time dependent mass, frequency and two-photon
Quadrature squeezing
Generalized oscillator
parameter. However, these variances calculated in terms of the initial coherent state do not depend on the
Time dependent mass and frequency time dependent driven terms. We argued that the time dependent frequency is on the way of the exact
analytical solutions and hence it is kept constant throughout the investigation. We, however, discuss few
situations of physical interest where the mass is varying in time. The special circumstance where all the
parameters are time independent is used to discuss the squeezing effect in both the quadratures. It is seen
that the parameter g involving the two-photon interaction term produces squeezing effects. With the
increase of interaction time, the squeezing in both the quadrature components exhibit collapse and revival
phenomena for g b (frequency of the oscillator). The squeezing of X-quadrature is completely ruled out for
g N . However, the squeezing for P-quadrature is possible for small interaction time. The squeezing patterns
of the X and P-quadratures are also discussed for pulsating mass, and for mass increasing with time. The
squeezing is also discussed when the mass is increasing exponentially in time. It is envisage that the
solutions could be used in the investigation of quantum statistical properties of the radiation eld coupled to
the said oscillator.
2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
In order to study the basic physics, we rely on some physical
models. Undoubtedly, the model of a simple harmonic oscillator
(SHO) is perhaps the most important one among them. The model of
an SHO arises when a particle is subject to the restoring force
proportional to the distance and hence an ideal one. In order to take
care of the more realistic situations, one has to consider the
anharmonicity and/or damping in the model of the SHO. The inclusion
of anharmonicity is certainly a subject by itself and requires separate
attentions. Of late, we have extensively studied the problems of
quantum and classical anharmonic oscillators [13]. The presence of
damping is not a serious problem as long as we are in the realm of the
classical physics regime. However, the inclusion of damping in a
quantum system is certainly a nontrivial problem. It is because, the
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: swapanvb@rediffmail.com (S. Mandal).
presence of the damping term causes the problem on the quantization
of the canonically conjugate variables [49]. For example, the
quantization of the electromagnetic eld in a dispersive medium
requires the inclusion of the damping term in the system [8,9]. In
order to take care of the damping in a quantum system, the
investigators have devised several prescriptions. For example, the
harmonic oscillator with exponentially increasing/decreasing mass
with time could be modeled as a damped harmonic oscillator.
Therefore, the quantization of the oscillator with time dependent
mass and/or frequency is certainly a problem of physical interest and
it takes care of the damping in the system automatically. From the
quantum optical point of view, the oscillator with time dependent
mass and frequency is extremely important. For example, the Paul
trap is represented by the oscillator with time dependent frequency
[10]. The harmonic oscillator subject to an external forcing is also an
interesting problem and carries a lot of physical signicance. There-
fore, it is quite natural to address the problem of a forced harmonic
oscillator with time dependent mass, frequency and external forcing.
More generally, the harmonic oscillator with time dependent
parameters (mass, frequency and external forcing) are of immense

0030-4018/$ see front matter 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2010.07.009
4686 S.K. Singh, S. Mandal / Optics Communications 283 (2010) 46854695
interests. It is because, the model nds useful applications in many
branches of physics. The problem of quantization and their con-
sequences for a damped harmonic oscillator is still a challenging eld
of research [1136]. For example, the Feynman path integral approach
is being used to study the harmonic oscillator with time dependent
mass and frequency [1315]. The invariance of the scaled Wronskian
is found useful for the quantization of the oscillator with time de-
pendent mass and frequency [1624]. The invariant operator tech-
nique due to Lewis and Reisenfeld [11,12] is extensively used in the
quantization of the oscillator with time dependent parameters [25
30,35]. Prolo and Soliana [36] use the group theoretical method for
getting the solution of the classical and quantum oscillator with time
dependent mass and frequency. Of course, the quantum oscillator
with time dependent parameters is treated in two different
formalisms. The Schrodinger formalism is used to obtain the temporal
evolution of the wave function [37]. On the other hand the temporal
evolution of the operator is available under the Heisenberg formalism
[37]. Depending upon the nature of the problem of physical interests,
we use either Schrodinger or the Heisenberg formalism. It is argued
[1620] that the Hamiltonian of a driven harmonic oscillator with
time dependent mass and frequency corresponds to the Hamiltonian
of a generalized two-photon phenomena due to Yuen [38]. The two-
photon Hamiltonian nds potential applications in quantum optics
research. Keeping in view of the possible applications and the
fundamental importance, we would like to investigate the generalized
harmonic oscillator with time dependent parameters. In addition to
the solutions of the classical oscillator with time dependent pa-
rameters, we investigate the solutions of the corresponding quantum
oscillator counterpart under the Heisenberg operator formalism
through the present investigation. It is because, we are interested to
study the quantum statistical properties of the radiation eld coupled
to a medium responsible for the model of the oscillator with time
dependent parameters.
2. The oscillator with time dependent mass, frequency and
external forcing
The Hamiltonian of a generalized one-dimensional classical har-
monic oscillator with time dependent parameters is given by
p2 1 2 2 g t
H t = + mt t x + xp + px + f1 t x + f2 t p
2mt 2 2
where x and p are classically conjugate position and momentum of the
oscillator. By dropping the terms involving g(t) and f2 t ; we obtain
the model of a driven harmonic oscillator of time dependent mass and
frequency (DHTDMF) [1623]. The model of DHTDMF is found to have
many applications in quantum optics. These include squeezing
[17,24], photon antibunching [18], higher order squeezing [19] and
the quantum phase uctuations [20] of input coherent light coupled
to the DHTDMF. The generalized oscillator corresponding to the
Hamiltonian (1) is studied by a large number of investigators [3134].
The mass m(t), frequency t and the linear forcing parameters f1 t
and f2 t depend on time t. The time dependent parameter g(t) has the
dimension of momentum per unit mass per unit length and is added
to make the Hamiltonian (1) a most general one. The function fi t
corresponds to the amplitude of the driven term. The corresponding
Hamilton's equations of motion are given by
p dependence of the time dependent parameters is remote. Still, we will
x = + g t x + f2 t
mt
p = mt 2 t xg t pf1 t :
where the over dot corresponds to the derivative with respect to time.
Hence, we end up with the following second order linear differential
equation with variable coefcients
:: mt 2
x+ x + t x + f t = 0: 3
mt
where Eq. (2) is used. Eq. (3) corresponds to the equation of motion of
a driven linear harmonic oscillator with time dependent mass and
frequency. It is clear that Eq. (3) contains three time dependent
parameters instead of ve parameters in the original Hamiltonian (1).
By using some suitable transformation (canonical transformation), it
is possible to reduce the number of parameters further. However, in
the nal solutions of the problem these parameters will reappear
again. Therefore, the exercise of the reduction of the number of
parameters is redundant for the present investigation. Now, the
analytical expressions for the modied frequency t and the
amplitude of the driven term f(t) are given by

1 = 2
2 2 m
t = g g g 4
m
and
f1 m
f t = gf2 f2 f 2 5
m m
respectively. In Eq. (4), the presence of the time dependent parameter
g(t) modies the frequency t of the oscillator in a great way. For
suitable values of m and g, the possibility of imaginary frequency is not
ruled out. The condition of imaginary frequency is ascertained for
 
m
2 b g 2 + g + g : It is clear that the modied amplitude of the
m
driven term f(t) in Eq. (5) may easily be calculated from the
knowledge of the functional forms of fi t , g(t) and m(t). Now, we
have two remarks about the renormalized frequency (Eq. (4)) and the
modied forcing term (Eq. (5)). The modied frequency (Eq. (4)) is
independent of the original forcing parameters f1 t and f2 t . In other
words the renormalization of the frequency takes place through the
interaction governed by the parameter g(t) and the time dependent
mass parameter m(t). The second remark is that the modied forcing
term (Eq. (5)) depends on the all the time dependent parameters
except the frequency of the oscillator t itself. It reveals that the
time dependent parameters not only contribute towards the
1 interaction but also to the effective forcing term. Interestingly,
the oscillator with modied frequency t and the force constant
f(t) are already taken care of by one of the present authors [16]. Of
course, the canonical momentum and the canonical position of the
modied oscillator are quite different and are more complicated
compared to those of the oscillators studied earlier [16].
Moreover, the present model is the most generalized one and
could be used to obtain the earlier results as special cases.
Therefore, the present problem deserves critical studies with
respect to the quantization and other nonclassical effects of the
radiation elds coupled to the oscillator.
3. The solution
We turn our attention for getting the analytical solutions of the
classical oscillator with time dependent coefcients governed by the
differential Eq. (3). The differential Eq. (3) is a second order, linear and
an inhomogeneous one with variable coefcients. The chance of
getting exact analytical solutions of Eq. (3) for arbitrary functional
adopt the prescription of Janussis and Bratzis [24] for investigating the
2 possibility of analytical solutions (at least for restricted values of
the time dependent parameters) to the differential Eq. (3). Therefore,
 S.K. Singh, S. Mandal / Optics Communications 283 (2010) 46854695 4687

we assume two linearly independent solutions x1 and x2 of the where W(t) is the Wronskian (scaled by a factor m(t)) formed by the
homogeneous counterpart of Eq. (3). Hence, we have two linearly independent solutions x1 and x2. Therefore, the
corresponding scaled Wronskian is given by
:: mt 2
x1 + x + t x1 = 0 6
mt 1
W t = mt x1 t x2 t x2 t x1 t  16

:: mt 2
x2 + x + t x2 = 0 7 The time invariance of the scaled Wronskian W t = W 0 follows
mt 2
from Eq. (15). Now, we are all set to express the solution of Eq. (3) in
the following desired form
In order to get the particular solution xp t , we have to know the
functional form of the driven term f(t). Therefore, the particular
xt = A1 t x0 + A2 t x0 + A3 t 17
solution xp t satises the following differential equation

mt 2 where A1 t , A2 t and A3 t depend on time. Of course, these

x p + x + t xp + f t = 0 8
mt p parameters Ai t are independent of x(0) and x0. Hence, the
parameters Ai t are treated as c-numbers during the passage from
classical solution (9) to its quantum mechanical counterpart. It is clear
Hence, the complete solution of the differential Eq. (3) is now
that the solutions (9) and (17) are identical and are represented
available and is given by
differently. Now, by the comparison of Eqs. (9) and (17) we have
xt = c1 x1 t + c2 x2 t + xp t 9
x1 t x2 0x2 t x1 0
A1 t = 18
where c1 and c2 are constants (i.e independent of time) and are x1 0 x2 0x2 0 x1 0
determined from the suitable boundary conditions. Now, the velocity
(i.e momentum per unit mass) of the oscillator x is given by x1 0x2 t x1 t x2 0
A2 t = 19
x1 0 x2 0x2 0 x1 0
xt = c1 x1 t + c2 x2 t + xp t 10
x1 0x2 t x2 0x1 t
A3 t = x 0 20
Therefore, the corresponding conjugate momentum follows as x1 0 x2 0x2 0 x1 0 p
  x t x2 0x1 0x2 t
+ 1 x 0 + xp t
pt = m c1 x1 t + c2 x2 t + xp t 11 x1 0 x2 0x2 0 x1 0 p
 
mg c1 x1 t + c2 x2 t + xp t mf2 Interestingly, the inuence of the source function (driven term) f(t)
is manifested only through the parameter A3 t in Eq. (20). However,
where, Eqs. (2), (9) and (10) are used. We observe that the classical the parameters A1 and A2 are independent of f(t). The solution (17)
solution (9) and its conjugate momentum (Eq. (11)) are not useful for could be used to get the solution of the quantum counterpart of
getting their quantum mechanical counterparts. Therefore, we need the classical oscillator governed by the Hamiltonian (1) provided the
to put the solution (9) in a more convenient form. In order to serve c-numbers involving the position and momentum are replaced by
our purpose, we intend to calculate the coefcients c1 and c2 as their corresponding operators along with the fundamental commu-
functions of the initial position and initial momentum. Therefore, we tation relation. Note that the time dependent variables Ai are
put t = 0 in Eqs. (9) and in (10). The expansion coefcient c1 and c2 are independent of the position and momentum and hence remains
easily solved and are found time independents. The parameters c1 and unaffected during the passage from classical description to the
c2 are involving the initial values x(0), x0, xi 0 and xi 0. Now, we quantum one. Therefore, the solution of the quantum oscillator with
express c1 and c2 in the following forms time dependent parameters is given by
h i h i
x0xp 0 x2 0x2 0 x0 xp 0
c1 = 12 xt = A1 t x0 + A2 t
x0 + A3 t 21
x1 0 x2 0x2 0 x1 0
h i h i
x0xp 0 x1 0x1 0 x0 xp 0 Now, the corresponding momentum operator follows immediately
c2 = 13
x1 0 x2 0x2 0 x1 0
h i h i
Therefore, the evaluation of the expansion coefcients (12) and pt = mt A1 t g t A1 t x0 + mt A2 t g t A2 t x0
(13) completes the specication of classical position (9) and h i
+ mt A3 t g t A3 t f2 t 22
momentum (11) respectively. Interestingly, from Eqs. (6) and (7),
we have

:: m :: m Therefore, we have
x2 x 1 + x x x1 x 2 x1 x2 = 0 14
m 2 1 m

It is of an academic interest to express Eq. (14) in the following 1 p0 A1 0g 0A1 0

x0 = x0 23
form A2 0g 0A2 0 m0 A2 0g 0A2 0

dW t A3 0g 0A3 0f2 0
=0 15
dt A2 0g 0A2 0
4688 S.K. Singh, S. Mandal / Optics Communications 283 (2010) 46854695

The position and momentum operators (21) and (22) are re- dependent mass and frequencies has its quantum optical analogue in
casted in the following forms terms of the two-photon model. It follows that the annihilation and
" # creation operators obey the usual commutation relation
A1 0g 0A1 0 1 h i
xt = A1 t A2 t x0 +
A2 0g 0A2 0 A2 0g 0A2 0 at ; a t = 1: 31
" # 24
A2 t A3 0g 0A3 0f2 0
p0 + A3 t A2 t where Eqs. (26), (29), and (30) are used. Now, the explicit analytical
m0 A2 0g 0A2 0 expression for annihilation operator follows as
2   3 s" #
A1 0g0A1 0 A2 t gt A2 t 1 mt t A 0g0A1 0 A2 t 0
pt = mt 4 A1 t gt A1 t 5 x0 at =
2 m00
A1 t A2 t 1 i a0
A2 0g0A2 0 A2 0g0A2 0 A2 0g0A2 0

  

  s
mt A2 t gt A2 t i mt A1 0g0A1 0 A2 t gt A2 t
+ A1 t gt A1 t
+   p0 + mt A3 t gt A3 t f2 t 2 m00t A2 0g0A2 0
m0 A2 0g0A2 0


  s
A2 t gt A2 t 0


   1 mt t
i a0 + A t A2 t
A2 t gt A2 t A3 0g 0A3 0f2 0 A2 0g0A2 0 2 m00 1
25


A2 0g 0A2 0
A1 0g0A1 0 A2 t 0
 +i a 0
A2 0g0A2 0 A2 0g0A2 0
where Eq. (23) is used. Eq. (24) is extremely interesting since the time

s   
evolution of the position operator xt is known in terms of the initial i mt A1 0g0A1 0 A2 t gt A2 t
+ A1 t gt A1 t
position x0 and momentum operator p0. Similarly, from the 2 m00t A2 0g0A2 0
knowledge of the initial values of position and momentum operators,


  s
the time evolution of the momentum operator pt is known through A2 t gt A2 t 0 mt
+i a 0 + i A t gt A3 t f2 t
the analytical expression (25). Of course, these results are consistent A2 0g0A2 0 2t 3


with those of the classical dynamics counterpart where the position   
A2 t gt A2 t A3 0g0A3 0f2 0
(or momentum) at a later time is obtained from the knowledge of the
initial position and momentum. Therefore, we are now in a position to A2 0g0A2 0

check the fundamental commutation relation for the position (24) r" #
and momentum operator (25). Therefore, we have mt t A 0g0A3 0f2 0
+ A3 t A2 t 3 32
2 A2 0g0A2 0
  W t  
xt ; pt = x0; p0 = i: 26 where Eqs. (24)(30) are used. Therefore, the time development of
W 0
the annihilation operator is expressed in a more convenient form
where Eq. (15) and = 1 are assumed. The validity of the above

fundamental commutation (26) ensures that the solution of the classical at = g1 t a0 + g2 t a 0 + g3 t 33
harmonic oscillator with time dependent parameters governed by the
Hamiltonian (1) is valid for the solution of its quantum mechanical where the time dependent parameters gi t are given by
counterpart when the classical position and the classically conjugate s !
momentum are replaced by their corresponding operators. It is of
   
academic interest to verify xt ; xt = pt ; pt = 0: Now we ex-
g1 t =
1
2 mt t
m00
A 0g 0A1 0
A1 t A2 t 1
A2 0g 0A2 0
s ! s

press the position (21) and the momentum operator (22) in terms of the
mt t A2 t gt A2 t i mt
dimensionless annihilation a(t) and creation a(t) operators [4,39] + +
m00 A2 0g0A2 0 2 m00t

1   0   1
A1 0g 0A1 0 A2 t g t A2 t
xt = p at + a t 27
2mt t @ A1 t gt A1 t A
A2 0g 0A2 0
r s !

pt = i
mt t 
2

at a t

28
mt 0t
m0
A2 t
A2 0g0A2 0
s !
Therefore, the operator a(t) and its hermitian conjugate a t are
expressed as
g2 t =
1
2
mt t
m00
A 0g0A1 0
A1 t A2 t 1
A2 0g0A2 0
s ! s
1
at = p mt t xt + ipt
2mt t

29
mt t A2 t gt A2 t
m00 A2 0g0A2 0

+
i
2

mt
m00t
1
0
A1 0g 0A1 0 A2 t g t A2 t
1
@ A1 t gt A1 t A
a t = p mt t xt ipt 30 A2 0g 0A2 0
2mt t
s !

Now, it is possible to obtain the quantum mechanical counterpart of

the classical Hamiltonian (1). In order to obtain the quantum
+
mt 0t
m0
A2 t
A2 0g0A2 0
r ! s
mechanical Hamiltonian, we replace the classical position (17) and mt t A 0g0A3 0f2 0 mt
g3 t = A3 t A2 t 3 +i
classically conjugate momentum (11) by their corresponding operators 2 A2 0g0A2 0 2t
0   1
available in Eqs. (27) and (28) respectively. We nd (not shown here) A2 t gt A2 t A3 0g0A3 0f2 0
that the Hamiltonian (1) is indeed identical with that of the Hamiltonian @ A3 t g t A3 t f2 t A
A2 0g0A2 0
of a generalized two-photon Hamiltonian due to Yuen [38]. Therefore,
the classical model of a driven damped harmonic oscillator of time 34
 S.K. Singh, S. Mandal / Optics Communications 283 (2010) 46854695 4689

The creation operator a(t) is obtained by taking the hermitian and

conjugate of Eq. (33). Clearly, the number operator n = a a is dened
in a usual way. From the knowledge of the eld operators a(t) and 1 2 2  

P 2 = jg1 j + jg2 j g1 g2 g1 g2
a(t), it is possible to calculate the squeezing [39] and other 2
!2
nonclassical properties of the radiation eld interacting with the
quantum harmonic oscillator with time dependent parameters. In
particular, we assume that the said oscillator is coupled to an initially
=
1
2 mt t
m00
A2 t gt A2 t
A2 0g 0A2 0

+
mt
t 0m0
 12
0
prepared coherent state. Therefore, the initial (i.e t = 0) coherent state
| N obeys the following eigenvalue equation
@
 A1 t gt A1 t
A1 0g 0A1 0 A2 t gt A2 t
A2 0g 0A2 0
A

a0j N = j N 35 40

where Eqs. (35)(37) are used. Now it follows that the uncertainty
where = || exp(i) is a complex number. The phase angle is
product due to Heisenberg is given by
controllable externally. The number of photons present in the
coherent radiation eld is ||2. It is to be mentioned that the coherent q
1
state is available in a laser above threshold. The position and XP = jg1 j 4 + jg2 j 4 g12 g22 g12 g22 41
2
momentum operators available in Eqs. (27) and (28) respectively
will not be used in the subsequent development. Instead of using where Eqs. (39) and (40) are used. We observe that the second order
these operators (27) and (28), we would like to use the dimensionless variances (39) and (40) and the uncertainty product (41) are
position and momentum operators. These dimensionless position and independent of the driven term f(t). Therefore, the presence of the
momentum operators are X and P respectively and are given by driving term does not affect the squeezing properties of the harmonic
oscillator of time dependent mass and frequencies coupled to the
1 
 initial coherent state. The analytical expressions of the second order
X = p at + a t 36 variances (39) and (40) are extremely useful for investigating the
2
squeezing effects of the input coherent light coupled to the oscillator
and with time dependent parameters. The exact functional form of
different time dependent parameters corresponding to different
i 
 physical situations give rise to the squeezing of different amounts
P = p at a t 37 and characters. In spite of the exact (in the sense that the linearly
2
independent solutions are known) analytical expressions (39) and
(40), it is extremely difcult to make any comment about the
Clearly, the commutation relation for these dimensionless position squeezing of the input coherent light unless we consider a particular
and momentum operators X and P follows as physical system. Therefore, in order to have some avour about the
squeezing of the coherent light coupled to an oscillator with time
X; P  = i: 38 dependent mass and frequency, we give few special cases of physical
interests.
The solution of the harmonic oscillator with time dependent
coefcients are of immense use in classical and in quantum 4.1. m(t) = m(0) = m, (t) = (0) = , f1(t) = f1(0) = f1, f2(t) = f2(0) =
mechanical descriptions of the atom eld interaction. However, we f2 and g(t)= g(0) = g
would like to address at least one example where we use the present
solution of the quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator with time The present special case is quite simple and corresponds to the
dependent coefcients extensively. As a matter of fact, we investigate generalized quantum harmonic oscillator with constant coefcients.
the squeezing of the input coherent light coupled to the said oscillator. The corresponding equation of motion is given by
It is because the squeezed state could be used for noiseless :: 2
transmission and gravitational wave detection [39,40]. x+ x+f =0 42
p f mg f2
4. Squeezing of the input coherent light coupled to the oscillator where, we have time independent = 2 g 2 and f = 1 .
m
of time dependent mass and frequency Now, for N g, we have two linearly independent solutions for the
homogeneous parts of Eq. (42). These are
In this section, we examine the squeezing effects of the input
x1 = cos t 43
coherent light coupled to a driven damped harmonic oscillator. The
squeezing in X-quadrature is obtained if the second order variance and
1
bX 2 N bXN2 = X 2 b . The angular bracket corresponds to the
2
average value of the operator in terms of the initial coherent state. x2 = sin t: 44
1
Similarly, the P-quadrature is said to be squeezed if P 2 b . In terms
2
of the coherent state, we calculate the second order variances for The particular integral follows immediately and is given by
X and P-quadratures. These are given by

f xp 0 f
xp t = xp 0 + 2 cos t + sin t 2 45
1 2 2  

X 2 = jg1 j + jg2 j + g1 g2 + g1 g2
2
!2

For the present investigation, the particular integral xp(t) in
1 mt t A 0g 0A1 0
= A1 t A2 t 1 Eq. (45) is of no use. It is because, the solution xp(t) has nothing to do
2 m00 A2 0g 0A2 0
with the squeezing effect of the input light prepared in the coherent
!2

mt t 0 A2 t state coupled to the present oscillator. Now, we have
+
m0 A2 0g 0A2 0 39
A1 = cos t 46
4690 S.K. Singh, S. Mandal / Optics Communications 283 (2010) 46854695

and

sint
A2 = 47

where Eqs. (18), (19), (43) and (44) are used. For the present
f
situation, the value of the parameter A3 = cost1 is redundant.
2
It is because we want to discuss the squeezing effect of the input
coherent light coupled to the generalized one-dimensional quantum
harmonic oscillator with constant coefcients. Now, we calculate the
second order variance for the position and momentum operators.
These are given by

2
!
21 g sin 2t 2g 2 sin t
X = 1+ + 48
2 2

and

2
! Fig. 1. Plot of the second order variances (X)2 (solid line (a)) and (P)2 (dotted line
2 1 g sin 2t 2g 2 sin t (b)) against the dimensionless interaction time t for dimensionless two-photon
P = 1 + : 49
2 2 g
parameter = 0:01. The product XP is also plotted (dotted line (c)).

where Eqs. (39) and (40) are used. Interestingly, the variances (48)
and (49) do not contain the information involving the initial coherent p
state | N. These results are in sharp contrast with those of the where = g 2 2 is real. Now, we have
variances in terms of the usual Fock (number) state basis. It indicates
that the coherent state is very nearly to a classical state where the A1 = cosh t 53
variances do not depend on the state itself. That is why the coherent
state is sometimes called as the neoclassical state. However, the
calculations of higher order moments (in terms of the initial coherent and
state) will contain the terms involving the parameter . Of course, we
do not have any intention to calculate the higher order moments in sinh t
A2 = : 54
the present investigation. Now, for the suitable choice of the
dimensionless interaction time t, the squeezing of X-quadrature or
in P-quadrature is possible. It is to be noted that the simultaneous Therefore, the second order variances are given by
squeezing in both the X and P-quadratures are ruled out. Of course, ! !
this situation is compatible with those of the Heisenberg uncertainty 2 1 g sinh 2t g2 2
X = 1+ + 2+ sinh t 55
relation. Now, for g = 0, there will be no squeezing in X or in P- 2 2
quadratures. These results corroborate the fact that the nonlinear
interaction (two-photon terms) ensured by the presence of the and
coupling constant g is an essential requirement for getting the


 
squeezing effects of the input coherent light. Now, from Eq. (48), the 2 1 g sinh 2t g2 g4 2
P = 1 + 2 2 + 4 sinh t : 56
uncertainty product follows as 2

4 4
!1 In the absence of interaction, the second order variances (55) and
2 4
1 4g sin t 4g sin t 2
X P = 1+ + : 50 (56) reduce to the values corresponding to the initial coherent state. It
2 2 4 is clear that the second order variances in X-quadrature (55) never go
below its coherent state counterpart. In other words, the squeezing
Therefore, the uncertainty product gets a minimum value for g = 0 in X-quadrature is completely ruled out. However, the suitable
and hence the initial coherent state remains in the coherent state. It is choice of the interaction coupling could give rise to the squeezing of
also comfortable to see that Eq. (50) is compatible with the the P-quadrature. In order to have the squeezing in P-quadrature, we
uncertainty relation of Heisenberg. The second order variances in X g g3
have to maintain the condition coth t N + : Therefore,
and in P-quadratures are plotted in Fig. 1. It is clear that the g 2 23
the squeezing in P-quadrature sustains for the small interaction time
simultaneous squeezing in both the quadratures is completely
t. Of course, the amount of squeezing is also small.
prohibited. The squeezing in X-quadrature (Fig. 1a) collapses and
revives as the interaction time t is increased. The identical behaviour
4.2. m(t) = m(0)exp 2t, (t) = (0) = , f1(t) = f1(0) = f1, f2(t) =
is also exhibited in P-quadrature as well (Fig. 1b). The uncertainty
f2(0) = f2 and g(t) = g(0) = g
product is also plotted as a function of the interaction time (Fig. 1c).
In case of b g, the corresponding two linearly independent
The corresponding differential equation of the oscillator follows as
solutions of the homogeneous counterpart of the differential Eq. (42)
are obtained. These are given by
:: 2
x + 2 x + x + f t = 0 57
x1 = cosh t 51

p
and where = 2 g 2 2g is time independent and the time
f1
x2 = sinh t: 52 dependent forcing term f t = exp2t gf2 2f2 : Two
m0
 S.K. Singh, S. Mandal / Optics Communications 283 (2010) 46854695 4691

linearly independent solutions for the homogeneous part of the where Eqs. (62) and (63) are used. Interestingly, the above variances
differential Eq. (57) are given by (64) and (65) coincide exactly with those variances obtained in an

q earlier investigation (Eq. (35) of [17]). Depending upon the relative
x1 = exp + 2 2 t 58 values of and , we have two distinct physical situations. Firstly,
b (small damping case), we have
 q q q 
and 2 1 2 2
X = 2
cos 2 2 2 t + 2 2 sin 2 2 2 t

q 2 2

x2 = exp 2 2 t: 59 66
 q q q 
2 1 2 2
We are not going to evaluate the particular integral for the P = 2
cos 2 2 2 t 2 2 sin 2 2 2 t
2 2
differential Eq. (57). It is because the evaluation of the particular
67
integral is of no use as long we are interested about the squeezing
effects of the input coherent light coupled to the said oscillator. Now,
The above variances (66) and (67) have exact coincidence with
we calculate the parameters A1 and A2. These are given by
those of Eq. (37) of earlier investigation [17].
h p p p i In this section, we use the two-photon parameter as a time
exp t sinh 2 2 t + 2 2 cosh 2 2 t
A1 t = p independent quantity g. The choice is obviously simple and leads to
2 2 the exact analytical solutions to the problems. Of course, we may
60 restrict our choice g in such a way so as to obtain an exact solution. It is
possible, if we chose
p
expt sinh 2 2 t
A2 t = p 61 2 m 2
2 2 g + g + g = k 68
m
where Eqs. (18) and (19) are used. Now, for = 0, Eqs. (60) and (61) where k is a constant (independent of time) and the renormalized
p

reduce to Eqs. (46) and (47) respectively. Now, we calculate the frequency = 2 k2 . Now, the solution of Eq. (68) follows
second order variances of X and P-quadratures in terms of the input immediately as
coherent state | N. The corresponding variances are
p p
  q sinh 2 + k2 t + cosh 2 + k2 t
2
X = 2
1
4 2
2
2

2 + g + 2g cosh 2 2 2 t
g= p p :
cosh 2 + k2 t + sinh 2 + k2 t
69

q q  i
+ 2 + g 2 2 sinh 2 2 2 t g + 2 + 2g
2 2 The choice of g in Eq. (69) gives rise to the exact analytical solution
to the problem.
62

  4.3. m(t) = m(0)cos 2t

1  2 
2
P = 2
1
4 2

V 2 2
2 + g + 2g + 2 + 2g + g

2 2

Now, we consider a special case of physical interest where the

q q q

2
t cosh 2 2 2 t2 + g 2 2 sinh 2 2 2 t
mass of the oscillator is pulsating with frequency [14,34]. The
pulsating frequency is of course assumed to be a constant (time
  1  2
g + + 2g 2 g + + 2g  independent) one. The remaining parameters are assumed to be time
2 2 2 2
63
independent (i.e (t) = (0) = , f1(t) = f1(0) = f1, f2(t) = f2(0) = f2).
Because of the time dependent parameter g(t), the choice keeps the
where Eqs. (39) and (40) are used. Obviously, the squeezing in X and
renormalized frequency (t) in Eq. (4) as time dependent parameter.
in P-quadratures could be controlled by the parameters ,
In principle, there is no harm in this choice. However, it makes the
and g. For example, for small damping b , the squeezing in X and
situation more complicated since Eq. (3) becomes unsolvable
in P-quadrature collapse and revive
p
with the increase of dimension-
analytically. Moreover, the arbitrary choice of the time dependent
less interaction time 2 2 t. These oscillatory behaviours are
p
renormalized frequency makes the equation unsolvable numerically
apparentpfrom the
appearance of the periodic functions sin 2
2
t
as well (at least to the authors). In order to have the exact analytical
and cos 2 2 t. On the other hand, for over damping situation
solution, we will make our choice g(t) rather in a restrictive manner.
b , the squeezing in of X-quadrature is ruled out. However, the
The restrictive in the sense that the choice of m(t) inuences the
squeezing
p in of P-quadrature is possible for small interaction time choice of g(t). For example, the particular choice m(t) = m(0)cos 2t
2 2 t: It is to be noted that the various damping situations arise dictates the value of g(t) = tan t so as to make the equation easily
due to the relative value of and g and hence . To get more analytical solvable analytically in an exact form. In the present investigation, we
avour, we chose g = 0 and hence, we have = . The corresponding use . Now, we give the exact analytical solution for these
situation conrms the absence of the two-photon interaction term. particular choices. Once again, we will not be interested about the
Therefore, in the absence of the two-photon term g, the corresponding particular integral. Rather, we would like to calculate the comple-
second order variances reduce to the following forms mentary function alone. It is because, the complementary function is
 q q q  enough for investigating the squeezing effects of the input coherent
2 1 2 2
X = 2
cosh 2 2 2 t + 2 2 sinh 2 2 2 t light coupled to the oscillator of the present physical situation. Now,
2 2
the homogeneous counterpart of Eq. (3) assumes the following form
64
:: 2
 q q q  cos t x 2 sin t x + cos tx = 0: 70
2 1 2 2
P = 2
cosh 2 2 2 t 2 2 sinh 2 2 2 t
2 2
where m(t) = m(0)cos2 t, (t) = (0) = , f1(t) = f1(0) = f1, f2(t) =
65 f2(0) = f2, and g(t) = tan t Eq. (3) is used. Now, from Eq. (4), the
4692 S.K. Singh, S. Mandal / Optics Communications 283 (2010) 46854695

p
effective frequency = 2 2 is independent of time. The choice where k is an arbitrary constant. Now, the equation of motion (3)
of the time dependent parameter g(t) is not a bad one since it is coincides exactly with those of Eq. (70). However, the new
p
proportional to the frequency of the pulsating mass. Nevertheless, renormalized frequency = 2 k2 is a constant (independent of
the choice provides the above Eq. (70) which is exactly solvable. The time). Upon the substitution of m(t), Eq. (79) reduces to the following
cost we pay is that the distinction between the two-photon form
interaction terms governed by g(t) and the time dependent mass
2 2
term m(t) are lost. It is because, both of these interactions are now g = g + 2g tan t + k : 80
governed by the crucial pulsating frequency parameter . In order to
get the solution of Eq. (70), we follow the same process as it is done in The nonlinear Eq. (80) is the simplest form of the Ricatti equation
earlier occasions [34,41]. We chose a new variable and is solvable in an exact manner. The solution follows immediately
as
yt = x cos t 71


sin t + K1 cos t
g t = tan t + 81
instead the variable x in Eq. (70). Therefore, Eq. (70) assumes the cos t + K1 sin t
following form
where K1 is an arbitrary constant and 2 = 2 k2. The boundary
:: 2
y + y = 0: 72 condition g(0) = 0 (i.e there is no two-photon interaction at initial
time t = 0) tells us that K1 = 0. Therefore, the parameter g(t) reduces
Therefore, the two linearly independent solutions of Eq. (70) to
follow immediately
g t = tan t tan t 82
x1 = sec t cos t 73
Eq. (82) is the most general form of the term responsible for the
and two-photon processes. Of course, the two-photon term is inu-
enced by the time dependent mass term through the parameter .
x2 = sec t sin t 74 Interestingly, even in the case of constant mass we have the two-
photon term. Now, we would like to investigate the squeezing
where Eqs. (71) and (72) are used. Now, we calculate the useful effect for the present situation. Therefore, the two linearly
parameters A1 and A2. These are given by independent solutions of the differential equation involving the
generalized g-parameter (82) are obtained. These are given by
A1 = sec t cos t 75

x1 = sec t cos t 83
and
and
sec t sin t
A2 = ; 76
x2 = sec t sin t

84
where, Eqs (18), (19), (73) and, (74) are used. Now, we are all set to
where 2 = 2 + 2. For = k, we have = and = 0. Therefore,
calculate the variances (39) and (40) for the present special case.
Eqs. (83) and (84) coincide exactly with those of Eqs. (73) and (74)
These variances are given by
respectively. The solutions (83) and (84) are used to obtain the time
! dependent parameters A1 and A2. These are given by
2
2 1 2
X = 1 2 sin t 77
2 A1 t = sec t cos t

85

and sec t sin t

A2 t = 86
!
2
2 1 2
P = 1+ 2 sin t 78
2 2 where x1(0) = 1, x2(0) = 0, x1(0) = 0 and x2(0) = and Eqs. (18),
(19) are used. Eqs. (85) and (86) are similar to those of Eqs. (75) and
For sin t 0 and 0, it is extremely interesting to see from (76) respectively. Therefore, we have A1(0) = 1,A2(0) = 0, A1(0) = 0
Eq. (77) that the X-quadrature is always squeezed at the cost of the P- and A 2(0) = 1. Now, we have
quadrature. The percentage of squeezing increases with the increase !
of the pulsating frequency . As a matter of fact, for , the 2 1 2 2
X = 1 2 sin t 87
squeezing in the absolute sense is achieved for the X-quadrature. For 2
= 0, the initial coherent state remains coherent and the quadrature
uctuations in X- and in P-quadratures are equal. These results are and
quite consistent with our physical realization. Now, we admit that the
inuence of the two-photon term governed by the parameter g(t) is 2 1 2 2 2
P = 1 + 2 sin t 2 sin 2 t tan t
unclear under the mask of the parameter . Therefore, we would give 2
a more general analytical form of g(t) for which the model is still an !!
2 2
exactly solvable one. 2 2
+ 2 tan t 1 2 sin t 88
In order to achieve our goal (i.e g(t) is time dependent in most
general form however the renormalized frequency (t) time
independent), we put where g(0) = 0 is used. From Eq. (87), it is evidently clear that the
squeezing of the X-quadrature is guaranteed for sin t 0. Of
2 m 2 course, the squeezing of X-quadrature demands the absence of
g + g + g = k 79
m squeezing effects in P-quadrature. However, the squeezing pattern
 S.K. Singh, S. Mandal / Optics Communications 283 (2010) 46854695 4693

of P-quadrature governed by Eq. (88) is unclear. Therefore, a further where Eq. (96) is used. Now, the solution of Eq. (93) follows as
simplication of Eq. (88) gives rise

cos ktk sin kt
 2 !! g=k 98
2 1
2

2
2
2 sin kt + k cos kt 1 + t
P = 1 + 2 sin t cos t tan t + tan t 1 2
2 2
where the solution of the differential Eq. (97) and Eqs. (94) and (96)
89
are used. The purpose of the investigation is to nd out the squeezing
effects of the harmonic oscillator governed by the inhomogeneous
It is clear from Eq. (89) and 2 = 2 + 2, that the second order
1 linear differential equation with variable coefcients (90). As a matter
variance (P)2 never goes below . Therefore, the squeezing in P-
2 of fact, the squeezing is independent of the particular integral.
quadrature is completely ruled out. Of course, the squeezing in X-
Therefore, we skip the inhomogeneous part of the differential
quadrature is guaranteed for all time t. For the check of our results,
equation (90). Hence, the homogeneous counterpart of the differen-
we put = 0 in Eqs. (87) and in (89) to get back the exact
tial Eq. (90) along with the choice of the time dependent parameter g
coincidence of our previous results in the Eqs. (77) and (78)
(t) governed by Eq. (98) is given by
respectively.
:: 2
y+ y=0 99
4.4. m(t) = m(0)(1 + t)2
where 2 = 2 + k2 is independent of time. The two linearly
In this section, we would like to investigate the situation where the independent solutions of the homogeneous part of the differential
mass of the oscillator is increasing [14]. The parameter is time Eq. (90) follow immediately. These are
independent and is small compared to unity. The equation of motion
of the oscillator (3) now assumes the following form cost
x1 = 100
1 + t
:: 2 2
x+ x + t x + f t = 0 90
1 + t and

where m(t) = m(0)(1+ t)2, (t) = (0), f1(t) = f1(0) = f1 and f2(t) = sint
x2 = 101
f2(0) = f2 are assumed. The time dependence of the frequency is 1 + t
sensitive to the mass parameter m(t) and the parameter involving two-
photon effects g(t). In order to obtain the analytical solution of Eq. (90), where Eqs. (91) and (99) are used. Therefore, we are all set to
we use a new variable y instead of x. The new variable y is given by calculate the time dependent parameters A1(t) and A2(t) governed by
Eqs. (18) and (19) respectively. These are given by
y = 1 + t x 91
cost + sint
A1 t = 102
Now, the equation of motion (90) reduces to the following form 1 + t
:: 2
y + t y + f t 1 + t = 0 92 sint
A2 t = 103
1 + t
Obviously, the time dependent parameter (t) is on the way of our
solution. We are able to go ahead analytically provided the parameter where x1(0) = 1, x2(0) = 0, x1 0 = and x2 0 = are used.
(t) is independent of time. By an intelligent choice of the parameter Now, we calculate the second order variances in terms of the initial
g(t), it is possible to make the parameter (t) time independent. In coherent state. These are
order to do that, we chose g so as to obey the following condition
2
!
2
2 2 2 2 1 sin 2t sin t
g + g+g +k =0 93 X = 1+ + 104
1 + t 2 2

where k2 = 2 2 is a positive constant. Therefore, the solution of

Eq. (93) will be of immense importance for getting the analytical and
solution of the differential Eq. (90). Now, we put
"

G 1 k cos ktk sin kt
g= : 94 2
P = sin t 1 + 2
G 2 sin kt + k cos kt

!2
Therefore, Eq. (93) reduces to the following second order k cos ktk sin kt
cos t 1
differential equation with variable coefcients sin kt + k cos kt
::

 2 #
2
1 + t G + 2 G + k 1 + t G = 0 95 k cos ktk sin kt
+ sin t + cos t 105
sin kt + k cos kt
The further simplication of Eq. (95) is possible by substituting G
with a new variable u
where Eqs. (39) and (40) are used. The second order variance in P-
u = 1 + t G: 96 quadrature (105) is too complicated to discuss the squeezing effects.
However, the squeezing in X-quadrature is sensitive to the choice of
Now, Eq. (95) reduces to the following differential equation the dimension less time t. It is because, for all practical purposes, we
corresponding to a harmonic oscillator of frequency k can chose small compared to unity. In order to go ahead with our
:: analytical investigation on the squeezing in both the X and P-
2
u + k u = 0: 97 quadratures, we give two interesting special cases. For = 0 and
4694 S.K. Singh, S. Mandal / Optics Communications 283 (2010) 46854695

2
hence the value of g(t) = k tan kt, the corresponding second order A further simplication is possible, if we neglect and more
2
variances (104) and (105) reduce to higher order terms. Therefore, we have
"

1 2

X =
2
106 1 k cos ktk sin kt 2
2 P 2 = 1 sin 2t +
2 2 sin kt + k cos kt
and

 #
2k cos ktk sin kt
! 1 + sin 2t 2 cos 2t
2 sin kt + k cos kt
2 1 1 + k2 tan kt
P = 107 112
2 2

In spite of the presence of the two-photon interaction term g(t) = Now, we observe that the squeezing in both the quadrature
k tan kt, we observe from Eqs. (106) and (107) that there will be no components X and P could be achieved through the appropriate choice
squeezing effects in X- and in P- quadratures respectively. It is quite of the parameters , , k, and the interaction time t.
interesting since it exhibits at least one situation where the squeezing
effect is unobserved in spite of the nonlinear interaction initiated by 5. Discussions and conclusions
the two-photon term. Now, for k = 0 and hence for , Eq. (105)
gets simplied considerably in the following form The generalized harmonic oscillator with time dependent para-
meters is of immense importance from the physical and from the
" ! mathematical point of views. In this paper, we started with the model
2 2
21 2
P = 1+ 2 3 + t + 2 sin t Hamiltonian of a classical harmonic oscillator with time dependent
2 1 + t 2
parameters. The equation of motion for the said oscillator is being
! # constructed. By using a small mathematical transformation, we
4 t 2 2 3 t showed that the present generalized oscillator coincides exactly
+ cos t 1+ 2 sin 2t
1 + t
2 2 1 + t 2 with those of the oscillator we already studied [17]. Of course, the
108 renormalized frequency is completely different from those of the
earlier one and depends on the mass, frequency and the parameter
Now, a further simplication is possible for small values of which is identied as the two-photon parameter. The closed form
2 analytical solutions of the present generalized oscillator are obtained.
(i.e 1). In this situation, we neglect the terms involving 2 and
We also found the canonically conjugate momentum of the oscillator.
higher. Therefore, the second order variances (104) and (108) are
The position and the conjugate momentum are expressed as the linear
simplied considerably. These are given by
superpositions of the initial position and momentum. The solutions


2 1 sin 2t (position and conjugate momentum) of the classical oscillator are
X = 1+ 109 used to obtain the solutions corresponding to quantum mechanical
2
counterpart. During the passage from the classical oscillator to the
and counterpart of the quantum oscillator, the time dependent expansion
coefcients do not have any role to play (i.e they are treated as c-


2 1 sin 2t number). The canonical quantization is facilitated by the equal time
P = 1 : 110
2 commutation relation. The Hamiltonian of the equivalent quantum
oscillator (obtained from the classical counterpart) does have exact
Therefore, from Eqs. (109) and (110), we observe the collapse and coincidence of those of the generalized two-photon processes due to
revival of squeezing in X- and in P-quadratures respectively. Of course, Yuen [38].
the simultaneous squeezing in both the quadratures is prohibited. The After achieving the canonical quantization of the classical
amount of squeezing is governed by the mass and two-photon oscillator with time dependent coefcients, we give emphasis on
parameters involving . The Heisenberg uncertainty relation is also the application of the present solutions to the problems of physical
respected by the variances (109) and (110). Upon simplication of interests. We calculate the second order variances in both the
Eq. (105), we have quadrature components (X- and P-quadratures) in terms of the initial
coherent state. The analytical expressions for the squeezing in those

2 quadrature components are expressed as functions of time dependent
1 2 k cos ktk sin kt
P 2 = sin t 1 + 2 parameters involving the oscillator. These analytical expressions are
2 sin kt + k cos kt far from the physical realizations. In order to keep our motivation for

2 analytical investigation and to provide some feelings about the
2 2 k cos ktk sin kt
+ cos t 1 results, we discuss a few physical situations. We argued that the time
2 sin kt + k cos kt
dependent frequency term is on the way of our analytical results.

 Therefore, our endeavour is to keep the frequency of the oscillator as
k2 2 cos ktk sin kt 2
+ sin t the time independent quantity. However, the renormalized frequency
2 sin kt + k cos kt
of the oscillator depends on time through the time dependent mass m

 (t) and two-photon parameters g(t). We give four special choices of
2 k cos ktk sin kt
+ cos t sin 2t 1 the mass of the oscillator. These choices are not arbitrary and are
sin kt + k cos kt
made from the profound basis of physical interest. It is to be


k cos ktk sin kt mentioned that the squeezing is unaffected by the driving (renorma-
1+ 2 lized driving) term. Therefore, we do not discuss the contribution of
sin kt + k cos kt
the driven term at all. First of all, in Section 4.1, we chose that the mass

! and the term responsible for the two-photon effects are independent
k cos ktk sin kt
sin 2t of time. The squeezing pattern is extremely sensitive to the choice of
sin kt + k cos kt 111 the parameters g and . For N g, the squeezing in X-quadrature
 S.K. Singh, S. Mandal / Optics Communications 283 (2010) 46854695 4695

collapses and revives as the interaction time t passes on. The
identical behaviour in the squeezing pattern in P-quadrature is also
exhibited. Of course, the simultaneous squeezing in both the
quadratures is completely ruled out. For b g, we observe a radical
change in the squeezing pattern. The squeezing in X-quadrature is
never possible whereas the squeezing in P-quadrature is possible for a
suitable choice of the interaction time. Again, for large values of the
interaction time, the squeezing in both the quadratures is absent. The
oscillator with exponentially increasing mass and the remaining
parameters that are independent of time are discussed in Section 4.3.
In this particular situation, we establish that the oscillator correspond
to the case of the damped harmonic one with constant coefcients.
The damping parameter is solely controlled by the time dependent
mass. On the other hand, the renormalized frequency depends on ,
g (two-photon parameter) and the frequency of the oscillator . We
discuss various situations involving small and over damping of the
oscillator. For small damping, we observe the collapse and revival of
the squeezing effects of both the quadratures. However, for over
damped situation of the oscillator, we report the squeezing in P-
quadrature only at the cost of the squeezing in X-quadrature. As a
special case g = 0, we obtain the exact coincidence with those of the
previous investigations made by the present group [17]. Therefore,
the present investigation provides some idea about the possibility of
controlling the squeezing effects in various quadratures with the help
of the two-photon parameter g. The squeezing of the input coherent
light coupled to the oscillator with pulsating mass is taken care of in
Section 4.3. The particular choice of the pulsating mass m(t) = m(0)
cos2 t leads to the renormalized frequency as a time dependent
parameter. The time dependent frequency is undesirable since it
poses difculties (rather impossible up to the present knowledge) in
getting the analytical solutions to the problem. In order to keep our
analytical endeavour, we chose the parameter g(t) to make the
renormalized frequency a constant quantity. For a particular choice of
g = tan t, we establish that the X-quadrature is squeezed always at [14]
the cost of the squeezing in P-quadrature. Moreover, the squeezing in
absolute sense is achievable if the pulsating frequency coincides
with the frequency of the oscillator . The oscillator with increasing
mass m(t) = m(0)(1 + t)2 is treated in Section 4.4. Once again, we
went for a suitable choice of the parameter g so as to get the exact
analytical solutions to the problem. For the extremely small
parameter , we obtain the collapse and revival effects in both the
quadrature components. For = 0 and hence for g = k tan kt, we [25]
establish that neither the X- nor the P-quadrature is squeezed. Of
course, the interaction governed by the parameter g causes the
increased uctuations in the P-quadrature. It is normally believed that
the presence of the nonlinear interaction in general and the two-
photon interaction in particular are responsible for the squeezing of
the input electromagnetic eld. Therefore the present results are in
sharp contrasts and are quite interesting where the presence of the
two-photon term is not good enough to give rise to the squeezing
phenomena. These could be attributed to the particular choice of the
two-photon interaction governed by the parameter g(t).
In the present investigation, we studied the squeezing of the input
coherent light coupled to the oscillator. We give a detailed account of
the squeezing effects for four different cases of physical interests. The
solutions could also be used in the studies of other nonclassical
properties of the radiation eld. These include photon antibunching,
higher order squeezing and sub-Poissonian photon statistics. Before
we conclude the paper, we would like to point out that the present
investigation on the oscillator with time dependent parameters is
based on the Heisenberg formalism. The Schrodinger equation
corresponding to the quantum mechanical counterpart of the
Hamiltonian could also be solved to obtain the wave function of the
said oscillator. As a matter of fact, it requires a separate dedicated
investigation on the Schrodinger approach to the solution of the
oscillator with time dependent parameters.
Acknowledgements
One of the authors (SM) thanks the Abdus Salam International
Centre for Theoretical Physics (AS-ICTP) for providing kind hospitality
through a Regular Associateship programme. SKS thanks the Council
of Scientic and Industrial Research for awarding him a Senior
Research Fellowship (No. 03(1023)/05/EMR-II). We are thankful to
Professor I A Pedrosa for his kind interest in the present work.
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