MATH414 FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

HOMEWORK 5
Hw 5: 5/140 8,9/141 1,2/150

Problem (5/140)

Show that for a sequence (xn ) in an inner product space the conditions ||xn ||
||x|| and hxn , xi hx, xi imply convergence xn x.

Solution

||xn x||2 = hxn x, xn xi

= hxn , xn i hxn , xi hx, xn i + hx, xi
= ||xn ||2 + ||x||2 hxn , xi hx, xn i ||x||2 + ||x||2 hx, xi hx, xi
= 0 as n .

Problem (8/141)

Show that in an inner product space, x y if and only if ||x + y|| ||x||
for all scalars .

Solution
() Let x y. Pick arbitrary scalar . Then

||x y||2 = hx y, x yi = hx, xi hx, yi hy, xi + ||2 hy, yi

= ||x||2 + ||2 ||y||2 ||x||2 .

() Now let hx, yi 6= 0. We will find such that ||x + y|| < ||x||. Indeed
choosing
hx, yi
= (notice that y 6= 0)
||y||2
implies that
|hx, yi|2
||x y||2 = = ||x||2 < ||x||2 .
||y||2

Problem (9/141)

Let V be a vector space of all continuous complex-valued functions on J = [a, b].

Let X1 = (V, || || ), where
||x|| = max |x(t)|;
tJ

and let X2 = (V, || ||2 ) where

Z b
1/2
||x||2 = hx, xi , hx, yi = x(t)y(t) dt.
a

1
Show that the identity mapping x 7 x of X1 onto X2 is continuous. (It is not
a homeomorphism. X2 is not complete.)

Solution

Since the operator is linear, boundedness and continuity are equivalent. We

will show it is bounded.
Z b Z b
2 2 2 2
||Ix||2 = ||x||2 = |x(t)| dt max |x(t)| dt = ||x||2 (b a).
a tJ a

(Here it can be shown that ||I||op = b a and this may not be 1, of course this
is because underlying norms are different. Indeed the inverse of this operator,
which is identity again, is not continuous. )

Problem (1/150)

Let H be a Hilbert space, M H a convex subset, and (xn ) a sequence in

M such that
||xn || d, where d = inf ||x||.
xM

Show that (xn ) converges in H. Give an illustrative example in R2 or R3 .

Solution

Firstly observe that if x and y in M then x + (1 )y is in M for [0, 1].

Putting = 1/2 we have
x+y
||x + y|| = 2|| || 2d
2
We also have parallelogram equality

||x + y||2 + ||x y||2 = 2(||x||2 + ||y||2 )

since the norm is induced by an inner product. So we have

||xm xn ||2 = 2(||xm ||2 + ||xn ||2 ) ||xm + xn ||2

2(||xm ||2 + ||xn ||2 ) 4d2 2(d2 + d2 ) 4d2 = 0
as n, m .

So (xn ) is Cauchy. Since H is complete (xn ) converges in H.

2
Problem (2/150)

j = 1} of complex space Cn is
P
Show that the subset M = {y = (j ) |
complete and convex. Find the vector of minimum norm in M .

Solution

Completeness of M : We know that ||x||1 = |1 |+ +|n | where x = (1 , , n )

is a norm on Cn . Since every norm on a finite dimensional vector space produces
the same topology, it is enough two show that M is complete with respect to
this norm. So let (xm ) be Cauchy sequence in M where xm = (1m , 2m , , nm ).
Since Cn is complete, there exists
P a vector x = (1 , 2 , , n ) such that xn
converges to x. We know that j jm = 1 for all m. So
     
 X   X  X X  X
jm  +  jm |jm j | = ||xm x||1 0.

1 j  1 j 

 j   j   j j  j

So x in M . This shows that M is closed so it is complete since Cn is complete.

Convexity of M : Let x = (j ) and y = (j ) be in M and [0, 1]. Since

X X X
[j + (1 )j ] = j + (1 ) j = + (1 ) = 1

we obtain x + (1 )y is in M . So M is a convex set.

Vector in M of minimum norm (wrt ||.||2 ): Let x = (j ) M . Then by

Holder inequality

1 1 X 1 X X |j |
= j |j | =
n n n n
1/2
n 1/2
X 1 X
2 |j |2
j=1 n
X 1/2
= |j |2 = ||x||2

This means that the vectors of M cannot have a normless then 1/ n. On the
other hand y = ( n1 , , n1 ) M has norm ||y||2 = 1/ n. So the vector of M
with minimum norm with respect to || ||2 is y = ( n1 , , n1 ).