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Q. What is boiler?
Ans. According to Indian Boiler Act 1923, a boiler
is a closed pressure vessel / steam generating
unit with minimum capacity of 22.70 liters,
including all mountings and accessories or we can
say that the boiler is a steam generator which
convert chemical energy of fuel into heat energy
which is utilized for steam generation .The steam
can be generated as per desired pressure and
temperature.
Image of a Boiler
Types of boiler :-There are generally three
types of boiler used as.
i) Shell type of boiler - It is the most oldest
technology has a simple shell with a feed pipe and
steam outlet mounted on a brick setting called
furnace.It has very low steam generating capacity
and low efficiency as compared to other boiler.
ii) Fire/smoke tube boiler - This boiler was used
as a steam engine in 18th century.Here the
fire/smoke passes through the tube which is
immersed in water and heat transfer takes place
water converted to steam , collected through steam
pipe.This boiler has the disadvantage that gasses
choke the tube path and restrict the gas flow.
iii) Water tube boiler - This boiler is considered
as the most efficient boiler and mostly used now
days. Here the water passes through the tube and
flame on the surrounding of the tube.Very large
capacity of steam can be generated in this type of
boiler.
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N.C.V = (G.C.V-
0.09x587)cal/gm.
TURBINE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Q. What is steam turbine?
Ans.The turbine is a rotary machine which
converts heat energy of steam into
mechanical energy. The steam contain both
pressure and temperature known as
enthalpy .
Working- When steam allowed in the
turbine the kinetic energy of steam at
the expense of (enthalpy) is convert to
mechanical energy. As the steam moves
over the blades due to change of
direction and centrifugal force of
isometric expansion causes to rotate the
blade.
Q. What is vacuum?
Ans. The vacuum can be defined as a state
of very low pressure or we can say that a
space of no matter. It is below the
atmospheric pressure and measured in
(mmHg).
Q. What is the effect of high vacuum in
Turbine?
Ans. We can't maintain very high vacuum
in steam turbine because,
a) Turbine last stage is designed with
12% wet steam ,very high vacuum will lead
to increase wetness in last stage so it
will reduce the mechanical strength of
turbine last blade as the volume of steam
increase.
b) Due to high wetness corrosion of last
blade will increase.
c) The condensate water will goes to
under cooling due to low saturation
pressure so more coal and sensible heat
required to rise the temperature of
condensate.
d) Due to high vacuum condenser tube may
be compressed.
Q. What is the effect of low vacuum in a
steam turbine?
Ans. By maintaining vacuum in a turbine
the work done of turbine will be increase
because vacuum will reduce the back
pressure of the turbine hence there is
more pressure difference in between the
turbine and more work done.Vacuum helps
to convert of steam to water by providing
low saturation temperature.
The absolute
pressure = gauge pressure + atmospheric
pressure.
Gauge pressure :- It is the pressure
which is zero reference to atmospheric
pressure.
Gauge pressure = absolute pressure
atmospheric pressure.
Q. What is Electro - Hydraulic governing
control of turbine?
Ans. Now a days most of the turbine speed
is controlled through this type of
governing. It is the governing system in
which the turbine speed is controlled by
electrical sensing and hydraulic control.
This type of governing provides very
faster speed response than the other
governing. The turbine speed is measured
through a electrical speed transducer
mounted on the HP end of the turbine
rotor.
Q. What is eccentricity of steam turbine?
Ans. It is defined as the deviation
between the center axis of the shaft to
outer diameter of the turbine rotor .This
happen due to uneven cooling of turbine
after shutdown condition. Due to this
effect the shaft may be got permanent
damage and the fixed blade may touch to
moving blades. The eccentricity is
measured when the turbine speed is <240
rpm .
Q. What is the NAS value of oil ?
Ans. The NAS stands for National
Aerospace Standard, is used to find the
contamination of oil. The NAS value is
maintained 6 for turbine oil servo-46.The
water concentration of oil should not
exceed more than 300 ppm.
Methods of oil sampling:- The oil sample
is always taken from a upward pipe with
continuous flow. The sample taken between
the pump and filter.
Q. What is diaphragm of a steam turbine?
Ans. The diaphragm is used in steam
turbine to prevent leakage steam passing
through fixed and moving blades. It is
the partition in between the fixed blade
and moving blade of steam turbine.
Generally labyrinth seals are used for
diaphragm. One half of diaphragm is
fitted into the top casing and another
half is fitted into the bottom casing. It
works as a seal in between fixed and
moving blade. It increase the turbine
efficiency.
BOILER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Q. What are the heat transfer mediums
Ans. There are generally three medium
as,
a) Conduction:- Here the heat is
transferred through molecules. The
molecules move from one part to another
part of the substance. Liquid are the
good conductor where as vapor and gaseous
are poor conductor of conduction medium.
b) Convection: - Here the heat is
transferred through movement of heated
medium. The heated medium moves from one
place to another place due to density
difference. This medium is used in boiler
furnace.
b) Radiation: - Here the heat is
transferred through gasses or vacuum. The
heat transfer depends on the fourth power
of bodys absolute temperature.
Q. What is boiling?
Ans. There are two boiling process used
in medium heating.
a) Nucleate boiling: - Here the heat
added in such a manner that the heat
received from the inner wall of the
container and the droplets are
individually converted into steam
bubbles. As the bubbles grow the size
they move to upward due to lighter
density. Other bubbles take their space
and the process continues till the
container heated.
b) Film boiling: - This is called film
boiling, because a bubble film is created
at the inner surface of the container. If
the heat flux added is greatly increase
to a certain value the bubbles are
adjacent to each other instead of
detached and a film is formed at the
inner wall of the container. This bubble
film act as a poor conductor of heat. The
bubbles get super heated and finally
increase the temperature of container and
may lead to failure of container / tube.
The deviation of boiling process from
nucleate boiling to film boiling is known
as departure from nucleate boiling (DNB).
Q. What are the circulations are used in
boiler?
Ans. There are three types of circulation
is generally used in boiler as,
a)Natural circulation:- This circulation
happen due to density difference of the
two medium. In boiler the two medium are
water and steam, as steam is lighter than
the water it pushes to upwards flow of
water steam mixture, the steam is
separated in drum and water comeback
through down comer to again water wall.
This circulation use thermo- siphon
principle. This circulation limited to
operating pressure below 175 kg/cm.
b) Assist circulation:- In this
circulation the medium moves through a
mechanical pump. The pump overcome the
frictional loses in the tube. This type
of circulation used pressure beyond 175
kg/cm .The pump is placed in between the
down comer and bottom ring header of
water wall.
c) Forced circulation / once through
system:- This system used in boiler
above critical pressure. Here the feed
water is directly fed from the beginning
of the circuit to end of the circuit
without circulation. No drum used in this
system. Super critical boilers are
designed for once through system.
Q. What is stoichiometric combustion?
Ans. It is defined as the theoretical
combustion in which fuel is burnt
completely. It is used to determine the
actual theoretical air required for a
proper combustion.
Q. What are the types of boiler?
Ans. There are two types of boiler is
generally used,
a) Water tube boiler:- Here water is
flowing through the tube. The hot gasses
pass through tube and heat transfer takes
place. Now a days most of boiler are
water tube boiler.
b) Fire tube boiler:- Here hot gas passes
through the tube and tube is immersed
with water. Heat transfer takes place
from the hot flue gasses and steam is
collected from top of cell. This boiler
used in for small steam demand. The solid
combustible hot gas settle inside the
tube which reduce heat transfer.
Q. What are the types of economizer is
used in boiler?
A. There are two type of economizer used
in boiler as,
a) Steaming economizer:- Here some of the
water is converted to steam and the
steam-water mixture flows through the
economizer. This type of economizer used
in high percentage of feed water to avoid
scaling inside the tube.
b) Non-steaming economizer:- In this type
of economizer only water flows through
the circuit.
Q. What is the draft and types of draft
used in boiler?
Ans. The draft is defined as pressure
difference in between a system. There are
generally three types of draft used in
boiler,
a) Forced draft: - Here force draft (FD)
fan is used to maintain the draft in
boiler. Here the draft inside the boiler
would be always positive draft.
b) Induced drought: - Here induced
drought (ID) fan is used to maintain the
draft in boiler. The pressure inside the
boiler would be always negative.
c) Balance drought:- Here both FD and ID
fan is used to maintain the drought
inside the boiler. The drought at the tip
of the burner will be zero. This type of
drought is used in maximum boiler.
Q. What is super critical boiler?
A. The boiler which works the pressure
above the critical pressure is known as
super-critical boiler. This boiler works
in the principle of once through system.
There is no drum only separator is used
for separating steam from water during
partial load
BOILER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Q. What is (HGI) Hard Grove Index of coal?
Ans. It is the measuring unit through which
the hardness of coal can be determined. Higher
value of HGI means coal can be easily grinded.
The HGI of lignite coal is up to 120 where as
the HGI of bituminous coal is 45 to 60 so
lignite coal can be easily grinded than
bituminous coal. The HGI is inversely
proportional to grinding power.
Q. What are the factors affecting for a coal
mill performance?
Ans. This depend on the no of factors such as,
a) Grindability index of coal.
b) Fineness of coal
c) Moisture content of the coal
d) Size of raw coal.
e) Mill component wear.
Q. What are the advantages of (PF) pulverized
coal fired boiler than the other boiler?
Ans. Here is the advantage of using pulverized
coal fired boiler as,
a) Pulverized coal burners act like gas so the
fire can be easily controlled.
b) Cheaper low grade coal can be burnt easily.
c) High combustion efficiency.
d) Load can be varied quickly.
e) Quick and smooth light up of boiler.
f) Flexibility in firing to meet fluctuating
load.
Q.What is soot blowers and their types?
Ans. The soot blower is a equipment through
which the deposition of soot in boiler is
removed. There are two types of soot blower is
generally used,
a) Steam inject soot blower:- Here the steam
is used as the cleaning medium. The steam flow
through a pipe and nozzle, strikes at the
surface of tube and removes the soot. Here
three soot blowers are generally used as i)
long retractable soot blower ii) Wall soot
blower iii) Rotary soot blower.
b) Sonic soot blower: - This type of soot
blower is used to remove soot by using low
energy and high frequency sounds. They produce
non-destructive sound waves which hit at the
surface of tube wall and remove the deposited
soot. By using this type of soot blower
erosion and corrosion of tube can be avoided.
Steam loss can also be avoided. The frequency
of sound in this type of soot blower is
ranging from 60 HZ to 350 HZ.
Q. What is foaming of boiler?
Ans. It is the generation of foam In boiler
due to high concentration of solids, organic
matter, bubbles are build up on the surface of
boiler water and passed out with the steam.
This is generally caused due to high
concentration of solids in boiler.
Q. What is priming of boiler ?
Ans. It Is the carrying amount of droplet
water in the steam, witch leads to carryover
of Salt crystals on the super heater and
turbines. priming may be caused due to sudden
change of load and maintaining of high level
of water.
Prevention of priming and foaming :-
The best remedy for foaming and priming
carryover is the proper blow down of
TDS. The continuous blow down should
be regulated to maintain the TDS at
3,000 to 4,000 ppm. More blow down means
less TDS but more blow down is the more loss
of the boiler so the blow down should be
within control level.
Q. what is the effect of soot deposits in a
boiler?
Ans.
a) The deposited soot act as a poor conductor
of heat which reduce the heat transfer rate
and increase flue gas temperature.
b) The deposits block the flue gas path which
increase the drought loss.
c) The deposit may lead to corrosion.
d) Due to falling of large size of soot it
damage the tube in dry ash conveying system.