4.2. Formulas, Equations, and Stoichiometry HW

CyberEd Study Guide
Formulas, Equations and Stoichiometry

CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Formulas, Equations and Stoichiometry
The following National Science Education Standards relate to this study guide:
FORMULAS, EQUATIONS AND STOICHIOMETRY
o Chemical reactions occur all around us, for example in health care,
cooking, cosmetics, and automobiles. Complex chemical reactions
involving carbon-based molecules take place constantly in every cell in
our bodies.
o Elements are arranged in the periodic table, and this arrangement
shows repeating patterns among elements with similar properties (e.g.,
numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons; relation between atomic
number and atomic mass).
o The structure of an atom (e.g., negative electrons occupy most of the
space in the atom; neutrons and positive protons make up the nucleus
of the atom.
Page 1 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Table of Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3
Chemical Formulas ......................................................................................................... 5
Atomic Mass .................................................................................................................... 6
Determining Chemical Formulas ..................................................................................... 8
The Mole: Counting Particles ........................................................................................ 10
The Mole: Measuring Mass ........................................................................................... 12
Conversion Equations ................................................................................................... 15
Chemical Equations ...................................................................................................... 17
Types of Stoichiometry .................................................................................................. 19
Limiting Reactants and Product Yield............................................................................ 22
Summary and Review ................................................................................................... 24
Resources Referenced in this Study Guide
Software Programs
CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Formulas, Equations and Stoichiometry
Quizzes & Tests

All quizzes and tests referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching
Resources section of the CyberEd Oasis website.
Lab Activities
All lab activities referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching
Resources section of the CyberEd Oasis website.
Web Links
All web links referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching Resources
section of the CyberEd Oasis website.

Introduction

View Scenes 1 2 and complete the exercise below.
Introduction to the mathematics of chemistry.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 1
1. Real World Numbers: These pictures show industrial examples where chemical
calculations are very important. Explain the purpose for using mathematics in
chemistry and why accuracy is essential.
2. What four basic concepts provide a foundation for studying the mathematics of
chemistry? Match the concept with the corresponding image from Scene 1.

Scene 2
3. Perfect Balance: This picture shows a balanced chemical equation. Why is a
balanced equation important? What is the term for the application of mathematics
to balanced equations?
How is the equation shown
here expressed in words?

Chemical Formulas

Review how chemical substances are written as formulas.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 3
1. Review the properties of matter by completing the following table.
What is a compound and how is a
compound described?
How are chemical formulas written?
When only one atom of an element

is present in a compound, how is
that indicated?
Scene 4
2. Comparing Compounds: In the table, describe the pictured compounds.
Compound Type: Described By: Formula for water:
Compound Type: Described By: Formula for salt:

Atomic Mass

Learn about atomic mass units, isotopes and molar mass.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scenes 5 6
1. Elemental Measure: This picture
shows the Periodic Table notation
for carbon 12 and the weight of a
carbon 12 atom in grams.
Describe in detail the purpose and
method for deriving the atomic
mass unit, paying particular
attention in the notation for carbon
to what the 6 stands for, what the
12 stands for, and what the 12.01
means.

Scene 7
2. Weight Watching: This picture portrays atomic nuclei, and not the full atoms.
Compare the atoms in the table below.
Atomic Number
Isotope name
Atomic mass value
for element
3. What is the distinction between the atomic number of an element and the atomic
mass (or weight) for the element?
Scene 8
4. Compound Mass: This picture
shows the calculation of mass for
a molecular compound and for
an ionic compound. Describe
how this is done. What is the
molar mass?

Determining Chemical Formulas

Learn about percent composition and empirical formulas.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 9
1. What is percent composition and how is it calculated?
2. Fill in the blank cells for the computation in Scene 9 of percent composition for
sodium chloride, NaCl.
Atomic mass of sodium --
Atomic mass of chlorine --
Molar mass of NaCl --
Percent composition for Na 22.99g / 58.44g =
Percent composition for Cl 35.45g / 58.44g =
Scene 10
3. Empirical Rule: These pictures show three different chemical formulas. How is an
empirical formula derived from a chemical formula? Give the empirical formulas for
the illustrated molecules.

Scene 11
4. How is a chemical formula derived from an empirical formula? Describe the
process using acetylene and benzene as examples.

Please load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Formulas,
Equations and Stoichiometry
Complete Interactive Lesson # 1.
Interactive A review of chemical formulas.
Lesson

The Mole: Counting Particles

View Scenes 12 - 15 and complete the exercise below.
Learn about Avogadros Number.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 12
1. Why is the concept of the mole necessary?
Scene 13
2. Measuring Moles: These pictures show the molar masses of different elements.
(The size of the molar gold bullion is exaggerated.) Define a
mole both as a measure by weight and as a collection of
particles.
Scene 14
3. Amazing Amadeo: Explain Avogadros finding about the
volumes of gases at Standard Temperature and Pressure
(STP).

Scene 15
4. Fantastic Factoids: Describe a
few facts from Scene 15 about
the size of
Avogadros number
that will amaze your
friends and make you
popular at parties.
5. For Further Thought: In general, Avogadros Law states that, under STP, different
gases at equal volumes contain an equal number of particles. Develop a chain of
reasoning from Avogadros Law that could have led to the determination of
Avogadros number, years after his death.

The Mole: Measuring Mass

Learn about molecular weights, formula weights, atomic mass and
molar mass.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 16
1. For the Birds? Scene 16
compares the atomic sizes
and weights of two elements
to the sizes and weights of
two different types of eggs,
then generalizes this
comparison to imply that
moles of heavier elements
are also proportionately
larger by volume. Why is this
reasoning invalid? Can you
think of any examples from
this CD that contradict Scene
16?

Scene 17
2. Cooking with Gas: This picture shows various
representations of the chemical compound,
propane. How does the formula for a
chemical compound allow the computation of
molecular mass? How is molar mass derived
from molecular mass? Use the example of
propane gas in your answer.
Scene 18
3. The Magic Number: For each substance shown, fill in the appropriate value.
Molar mass # of particles in a mole

Scene 19
4. Complex Calculations: Fill in the table below, calculating the molecular weight of
the complex compound, Mg (NO 3 ) 2 . What is the molar mass of this compound?
Number of Atomic or
Element Sum of atomic
atoms of molecular
name masses
element mass
Scene 20
5. What elements should be specified as gas form before calculating their molar
mass? Why?

Interactive A review of moles.
Lesson

Conversion Equations

Learn about converting between moles, grams and the number of
particles in a sample.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 21
1. Moles to Grams: This picture shows a
calculation that determines the weight of
a given quantity of moles. Describe this
process, using the specific example
shown in Scene 21. What special care
must be taken when making such a
calculation? Why is such a conversion
often necessary?
Scene 22
2. Grams to Moles: This picture shows
how to calculate the proportion in moles
from a given measure in grams.
Describe the process and provide the
answer to the specific example.

Scene 23
3. Getting Particular: This
picture shows the
progression of calculations
for determining the number
of particles in a given weight
of substance. Describe this
process, using the example
in Scene 23. What type of particles are these?
What other types of particles are there?

Interactive A review of formula weight.
Lesson

Interactive A review of converting moles to grams.
Lesson

Interactive A review of particles in a sample.
Lesson

Chemical Equations

Learn about balancing chemical equations.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 24
1. Written Reactions: This picture shows a reaction written in words and in symbols.
Explain how the symbols communicate more information than the words alone.
Scene 25
2. Hanging in the Balance: This picture illustrates the balancing of reactants and
products in a chemical equation. Why must chemical equations be balanced?
Describe the characteristics of a balanced equation.

Scene 26
3. In the table below, write out the four step process for balancing an equation.
1
Scene 27
4. Learn by Example:
This chart shows the
four steps put into
practice. In step 3,
what coefficient is
needed to balance the
oxygen atoms on the
product side of the
equation, and what
effect does this have on
the number of
magnesium atoms in
the product? In step 4,
what is the coefficient of
magnesium on the reactant side
of the equation and why is it necessary?
5. Not Good Enough: This equation is not balanced. Why?

Types of Stoichiometry

Learn about categories of problems in Stoichiometry.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 28
1. Greek Geeks: This picture hints at the origin of
Stoichiometry. The methods of Stoichiometry, as well as
the term itself, are not found outside of chemistry so
Stoichiometry can seem intimidating at first. Make friends
with Stoichiometry by explaining the origins of the term.
What are the three major types of Stoichiometry problems?
Scenes 29 30
2. Method: This diagram outlines
the algorithm for solving
Stoichiometry problems.
Describe the process both in
general and with an example
from Scene 30. Which of
the three categories of
problems does the
example represent?

Scenes 31 32
3. Its a Gas: This picture
illustrates Avogadros
discoveries about gases. What
are those principles?
Scenes 33 34
4. Mass to Volume: These

calculations show that the
complete decomposition of
50.0 g of water yields 31.1
liters of oxygen gas and
62.2 liters of hydrogen gas.
Assuming standard
temperature and pressure,
respond to the two
questions below with
specific answers.
Why convert 50.0 grams of
water to a quantity in moles?
What is the significance of the volume, 22.4 liters?

Scenes 34 35
5. Rational Ratios: This illustration shows how the molar ratios of reactants and
products in a balanced equation are preserved in volume to volume calculations.
(A liquid ammonia solution is produced by dissolving ammonia gas in water.)
Assuming standard temperature and pressure, respond to the two questions
below.
What volumes correspond with the molar values for nitrogen gas, hydrogen gas
and ammonia gas? Explain how these volumes are derived.
If there are n liters of nitrogen gas available for reaction, how many liters of
hydrogen gas are required for complete reaction with the nitrogen, and how many
liters of ammonia gas will be produced? Explain the derivation.

Interactive A review of balancing chemical equations.
Lesson

Complete Interactive Lessons # 7 - 9.
Interactive A review of particles in a sample.
Lesson

Limiting Reactants and Product Yield

Learn how the proportion of reactants affects the yield of a reaction.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scenes 36 37
1. Limited Analogy: This picture shows a variation on the analogy used for Scenes 36
and 37. Treating the assembly of frames and wheels as a limited reaction, what
are the products and excesses? What is the limiting reactant? What happens
when it is used up? State the general concept of this analogy that can be applied
to chemical equations.
2. For Further Thought: This picture shows the balanced equation for the complete
combustion of carbon, and a limited reaction using the same proportions as the
previous bike assembly analogy, as if carbon atoms were like frames and oxygen
molecules were like a pair of wheels. However, there are many feasible product
and excess combinations. Discuss how the bike
assembly analogy can break down when applied to
chemistry.

Scene 38
3. In the following table define the term, limiting reactant, and list the four steps taken
to determine the limiting reactants for a chemical equation.
What is a
limiting
reactant?
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
4. Using the sodium chloride reaction given in Scene 38, perform a similar calculation
for 13.0 g of Na reacting with 20 g of Cl 2 . What is the limiting reactant in this case,
and what is the yield?
Scenes 39 41
5. In the table below, define actual yield, theoretical yield and percent yield. Why do
theoretical calculations and laboratory experiments provide different results?
Calculate the percent yield when the theoretical yield is 45.5 g and the actual yield
is 38.3 g.
Actual yield
Theoretical yield
Percent yield
Why actual and

theoretical differ
Actual yield 38.3 g

Theoretical yield 45.5 g
Percent yield

Summary and Review

Review the essential concepts of this lesson.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scenes 42 43
1. For each review topic listed in the table below, briefly summarize the lesson.
Chemical equations
Counting and weighing atoms
Usefulness of the mole
What Stoichiometry does
Converting between grams,

moles and particle numbers
Balanced equations
Gas volumes
Limiting Reactants


Interactive A review of calculating percent yields.
Lesson
Quiz: Formulas, Equations and Stoichiometry

Please take the quiz provided by your teacher.
Quiz
Comprehensive Exam: Formulas, Equations and

Stoichiometry
Please take the exam provided by your teacher.
Test

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CyberEd Study Guide

Formulas, Equations and Stoichiometry

FORMULAS, EQUATIONS AND STOICHIOMETRY

Page 1 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Resources Referenced in this Study Guide

Quizzes & Tests

Page 2 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Formulas, Equations and Stoichiometry

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Formulas, Equations and Stoichiometry

How are chemical formulas written?

When only one atom of an element

Compound Type: Described By: Formula for salt:

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Formulas, Equations and Stoichiometry

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Determining Chemical Formulas

Formulas, Equations and Stoichiometry

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Formulas, Equations and Stoichiometry

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The Mole: Counting Particles

Formulas, Equations and Stoichiometry

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The Mole: Measuring Mass

Formulas, Equations and Stoichiometry

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Formulas, Equations and Stoichiometry

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Formulas, Equations and Stoichiometry

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Formulas, Equations and Stoichiometry

Formulas, Equations and Stoichiometry

Formulas, Equations and Stoichiometry

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Formulas, Equations and Stoichiometry

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5. Not Good Enough: This equation is not balanced. Why?

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Formulas, Equations and Stoichiometry

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4. Mass to Volume: These

What is the significance of the volume, 22.4 liters?

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Formulas, Equations and Stoichiometry

Formulas, Equations and Stoichiometry

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Limiting Reactants and Product Yield

Formulas, Equations and Stoichiometry

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Why actual and

Actual yield 38.3 g

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Summary and Review

Formulas, Equations and Stoichiometry

Counting and weighing atoms

Usefulness of the mole

What Stoichiometry does

Converting between grams,