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B.

DThe stringency of a hybridization reaction can be controlled using the


temperature, ionic strength, pH, and presence of organic solvents.
At high stringency, only perfect matches will be retained, while at lower stringency partial
matches will be tolerated.

Renaturation or hybridization under high stringency conditions only allow perfect matches to be
retained, so I think is D. correct me, please

Pick disease

CGamma globulin gamma


IgG
Vit D

ATIBC Ferritin Serum Iron

A-Vertebrae..from the Sclerotome part of the SOMITES


B-Spinal cord(not any more Neural Tube)...5 weeks gone..
C-Nucleus Pulposus (Nucleus pulposus is anterior to Spinal Cord)..
D-Aorta (anterior to vertebral body and nucleus pulposus)..
E-Dorsal Mesentery(part of mesoderm and has communication with the AORTA )...
F-Endoderm of the primitive GUT ( not the dorsal mesentery and the primitive GUT closeness)..
G-Bone of the upper limb ...From the Sclerotome part of the SOMITES...
H-Hypoaxial Muscles(Extensors)...from the MYOTOME part of the sclerotome ...Note than the
unlabeled structures below G are Hypoaxial muscles (flexors)...also from Myotome part of the
SOMITES
I-Dermatome--the future dermis...From the dermatome part of the SOMITES...

Cmultidrug resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs such as (vincristine, doxorubicin,


dactinomycin) occurs due to stepwise selection and amplification of gene that codes for a
transmembrane protein (P-glycoprotein)...
this transmembrane P-protein is ATP-dependent pump, which has six membrane-spanning loops
forming a central channel for pumping of drugs from the cell....
Note: P-glycoprotein is normally expressed at low levels in most cell types...

C exactly good job guys.


this Q is similar to Nbme Q NBME 1 Block 2 Q 28
CC is the correct answer
The prevalence of neural tube defects in the population in question has
the greatest influence in determining the predictive value of this test for this patient since
prevalence is directly related to predictive value. The higher the prevalence, the higher the
positive predictive value (PPV) and the lower the negative predictive value (NPV). Sensitivity and
specificity relate to whether the test indicates that there is a neural tube defect in an affected
fetus (sensitivity) or the absence of a neural tube defect in a healthy fetus (specificity).
While AFP in the maternal serum or family history of dizygotic twin pregnancy
may or may not be related to whether or not the fetus has a neural tube defect, they are
not related to the predictive value of a screening test.

Frandom physician,

B: plasmin--
A serine proteinase hydrolyzing peptides and esters of L-arginine and L-lysine and converting
fibrin to soluble products; occurs in plasma as the precursor plasminogen (profibrinolysin) and is
activated to plasmin by organic solvents, which remove an inhibitor, and by streptokinase, trypsin,
and plasminogen activator, all cleaving a single arginyl-valyl bond; plasmin is responsible for the
dissolution of blood clots. Syn: fibrinase (2), fibrinolysin

: any time we have neurologic and skin symptoms, think of 1 of the neurocutaneous
syndromes (eg NF, Tuberous sclerois, sturge weber.......) i think this goes more with tuberous
sclerosis (facial angiofibromatosis, forehead plaques, seizures)... most of these pts have
learning problems from an early age (autism, pervasive development disorder etc) so choice
d is most likely

Prevent egress of Mg2+


NMDA Ca

Dfor 45....the EVENTS in the question can be summerized....

1-The bacteria has a PLASMID with 15000 base pairs ..and this plasmid encodes for amp and tet
resistance...

2-Some segmants of this PLASMID gets MUTATED and became susceptible to amp and
tet.......became MUTANTS...
3-Then PLASMID SEGREAGATION occurs and the MUTANTS became Independent

4-the INDEPENDENT MUTANTS increase in number from their original SIZE by 5200 bp...AFTER
THE SEGREGATION.....

--among the choices given ONLY INSERTION OF A TRANSPOSON by SITE SPECIFIC


RECOMBINATION (transposition is the name of site -specific integration of
transposons) ...brings an increase in the SIZE ...becuase SITE SPECIFIC RECOMBINATION
integrates rather than EXCHANGES pieces of DNA ,the end result is a molecule THE SUM OF THE
TWO ORIGINAL MOLECULES...in this case the INDEPENDENT MUTANT + TTHE TRANSPOSON....

KM

barbiturates are notorious for causing diverse/severe withdrawl


effects...therefore i will select secobarbital....sudden withdrawl can cause
seizures.
According to the New England Journal of Med (which is the medical periodic bible used by all exam
makers and unis to teach):

The treatment of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy is limited because the safety of the baby must also
be considered. Usually, drugs such as propylthiouracil (PTU) and methimazole (MMI) are used.
While both of these drugs do cross the placenta and can enter the baby's system, treatment is still
preferred because of the poor outcomes associated with not treating these women. PTU is
preferred because MMI has been associated with a rare scalp condition in the fetus known as
"aplasia cutis."

Medications to slow the mother's heart rate down may also be necessary. The class of drugs
recommended is called beta-blockers (metoprolol, propranolol). While these drugs are not thought
to be dangerous to the fetus (teratogenic), there have been associations with growth retardation.
Low blood sugars at birth and some respiratory problems have also been reported.

So the 2nd paragraph I guess knocks off propranolol as a choice.


I really want to get to the bottom on this question bc I HAD THE EXACT ONE ON MY EXAM
also had another from NBME 1 in regard to retinoic acid!!!!
cranial fossa

E
Ganglion blocker: ganglionic blocker is the key in this question
at the level of ganglions u have Nicotinic receptors
A ganglionic blocker (or ganglioplegic) is a type of medication that inhibits
transmission between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in the Autonomic
Nervous System, often by acting as a nicotinic receptor antagonist.[1] Nicotinic
acetylcholine receptors are found on skeletal muscle, but also within the route of
transmission for the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system (which together
comprise the autonomic nervous system). More specifically, nicotinic receptors are found
within the ganglia of the autonomic nervous system, allowing outgoing signals to be
transmitted from the presynaptic to the postsynaptic cells. Thus, for example, blocking
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors blocks both sympathetic (excitatory) and
parasympathetic (calming) stimulation of the heart. The nicotinic antagonist
hexamethonium, for example, does this by blocking the transmission of outgoing signals
across the autonomic ganglia at the postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

Aauditory tube = Eustachian tube, external canal and tympanic


membrane appear normal.
A

With obstruction of the auditory tube there would be absorption of air in the middle ear...and
the tympanic memebrane will be pulled inwards and so will not move with changes in pressure in
the nasopharynx.

The external canal appears normal and so does the appearence of the tympanic
memebrane,ruling out the other options.

Dparaben , searched the net and found out that people with paraben
allergy are also sensitive to p-aminobenzoic acid

B
E

BAntistreptolysin O titer is less than 1:100


1:50 < 1:100

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