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ST2362
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Learning Material
Ver.1.1
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Dear User,
Please remember that each paper manual requires 50-100 sheets of paper
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on an average.
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colourful diagrams,
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plenty of theory,
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Arrhythmia Monitor
ST2362
Table of Contents
1 Safety Instructions 6
2 Introduction 7
3 Features 8
4 Technical Specifications 9
5 Controls and indicators 11
6 Arrhythmia Monitor 12
7 Types of Arrhythmia 14
8 Operating Instructions 24
9 Experiments
Experiment 1 25
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Study of Bradycardia
Experiment 2 26
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Study of Tachycardia
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Experiment 3 27
Study of Atrial Fibrillation
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Experiment 4 28
Study of Atrial Flutter
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Experiment 5 29
Study of Premature Atrial Contraction
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Experiment 6 30
Study of Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia
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Experiment 7 31
Study of Paroxysmal Supra Ventricular Tachycardia
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Experiment 8 32
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Experiment 10 34
Study of Premature Ventricular Contraction
Experiment 11 35
Study of Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm
Experiment 12 36
Study of Ventricular Tachycardia
Experiment 13 37
Study of Ventricular Fibrillation
Experiment 14 38
Study of Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
Experiment 15 39
Study of Atrio-Ventricular Nodal Re-entrant Tachycardia
Experiment 16 40
Study of Wolf Parkinson Syndrome
Experiment 17 41
Study of Long QT Syndrome
Experiment 18 42
Study of Junctional Rhythm
Experiment 19 43
Study of Junctional Tachycardia
Experiment 20 44
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Study of I Degree AV Block
Experiment 21 45
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Study of II Degree AV Block
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Experiment 22 46
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Study of III Degree AV Block
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Safety Instructions
Read the following safety instructions carefully before operating the instrument. To
avoid any personal injury or damage to the instrument or any product connected to it.
Do not operate the instrument if suspect any damage to it.
The instrument should be serviced by qualified personnel only.
Observe Terminal Ratings : To avoid fire or shock hazards, observe all ratings and
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instrument.
Use in proper Atmosphere : Please refer to operating conditions given in the
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manual.
1. Do not operate in wet / damp conditions.
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Introduction
Arrhythmia is any of a group of conditions in which the electrical activity of the
heart is irregular or is faster or slower than normal. Some arrhythmias are life-
threatening medical emergencies that can cause cardiac arrest and sudden death.
Others cause aggravating symptoms, such as an awareness of a different heart beat, or
palpitation, which can be annoying. Some are quite minor and can be regarded as
normal. Sinus arrhythmia is the mild acceleration followed by slowing of the normal
rhythm that occurs with breathing. In adults the normal resting heart rate ranges from
60 beats per minute to 100 beats per minute. The normal heart beat is controlled by a
small area in the upper chamber of the heart called the sinoatrial node or sinus node.
The sinus node contains specialized cells that have spontaneous electrical activity that
starts each normal heart beat.
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Features
The Arrhythmia is divided into the 5 groups viz. Atrial Arrhythmia,
Ventricular Arrhythmia, Atrio-Ventricular Arrhythmia, Junctional
Arrhythmia, Heart Blocks
Provides information about 22 abnormal (Diseased) waves which indicates
particular abnormality in heart
Every Systolic action of heart is indicated by LED (visible) and audible
(Buzzer) sound controls
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RoHS Compliance
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RoHS Directive concerns with the restrictive use of Hazardous substances (Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg,
Br compounds) in electric and electronic equipments.
It is mandatory that service engineers use lead free solder wire and use the soldering irons
upto (25 W) that reach a temperature of 450C at the tip as the melting temperature of the
unleaded solder is higher than the leaded solder.
Technical Specifications
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Figure 1
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Arrhythmia Monitor
An Arrhythmia Monitor is basically a sophisticated alarm system. It is not an ECG
interpretation system. It constantly scans the ECG rhythm patterns and issue alarms to
events that may be premonitory or life threatening. The complex computerised system
is useful for multi patient set-ups and can help detect arrhythmia of a wide variety at
graded alarm level. The Arrhythmia, which the instruments are designed to detect, is
premature QRS complexes, widened QRS complexes and runs of widened complexes.
Since the ECG of each patient is different, the instruments generally base their
determination of abnormal or ectopic beats upon a reference obtained from patient
himself. Therefore, any Arrhythmia Monitoring instrument will operate in the
following sequence:
Stores a normal QRS for reference particularly QRS width and R-R interval.
Initiates an alarm automatically, when ectopic beats are detected- either the
ventricular premature or widened varieties.
Gives alarm light signals whenever the premature or widened ectopic beats exist
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more due to patient movement, base line shift and improperly connected
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electrodes.
QRS Detection
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There are several methods and computer programs in existence for the automatic
detection of QRS complexes. These include the use of digital filters, non-linear
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patient under normal circumstances. This template is stored and compared with the
subsequent incoming real-time ECG to look for a possible match, using mathematical
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criterion. If a waveform does not match the available template but it is suspected
abnormal QRS complex it is treated as a separated template, and further suspected
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QRS complexes are compared with it. Alternatively, algorithm has been developed
based on digital filters to separate out normal and abnormal QRS complexes.
Types of Arrhythmias
1. Bradycardia- A slow rhythm (less than 60 beats/min), is labelled Bradycardia.
This may be caused by a slowed signal from the sinus node, a pause in the
normal activity of the sinus node, or by blocking of the electrical impulse on its
way from the atria to the ventricles. Heart block comes in varying degrees and
severity. It may be caused by reversible poisoning of the AV node (with drugs
that impair conduction) or by irreversible damage to the node.
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Bradycardia
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from the addition of abnormal impulses to the normal cardiac cycle. Abnormal
impulses can begin by one of three mechanisms: automaticity, re-entry or
triggered activity.
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Tachycardia
Atrial Fibrillation
4. Atrial Flutter- Atrial flutter is an abnormal heart rhythm that occurs in the atria
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of the heart. When it first occurs, it is usually associated with a fast heart rate or
tachycardia, and falls into the category of supra-ventricular tachycardia. While
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this rhythm occurs most often in individuals with cardiovascular disease (e.g.:
hypertension, coronary artery disease, and cardiomyopathy), it may occur
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Atrial Flutter
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tachycardia, which is a heart rate exceeding 100 beats per minute. The P-waves
and P-R intervals are variable due to a phenomenon called wandering atrial
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at least three different P-wave formations from the same ECG lead. Then, if the
heart rate exceeds 100 beats per minute, the phenomenon is called multifocal
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atrial tachycardia.
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Sinus Tachycardia
10. Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC) - Premature ventricular
contraction (PVC), also known as ventricular premature beat (VPB) or extra
systole, is a form of irregular heartbeat in which the ventricle contracts
prematurely. This may be perceived as a "skipped beat" or as palpitations. The
depolarization of cardiac myocytes begins in the ventricle instead of the usual
place, the sinoatrial node. PVCs can be a useful natural probe, since they induce
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and the atrioventricular node). This most commonly occurs in the setting of a
sinus Bradycardia. In accelerated idioventricular rhythm, the rate of cardiac
contraction is determined by the intrinsic rate of depolarisation of the cardiac
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Ventricular Tachycardia
13. Ventricular Fibrillation- Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib or VF) is a condition in
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in the heart, making them tremble rather than contract properly. Ventricular
fibrillation is a medical emergency. If the arrhythmia continues for more than a
few seconds, blood circulation will cease, and death may occur in a matter of
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minutes.
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Ventricular Fibrillation
14. Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia- Polymorphic (or polymorphous)
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may require radio frequency ablation, in which the abnormally conducting tissue
in the heart is destroyed.
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end of the T wave. While many individuals with LQTS have persistent
prolongation of the QT interval, some individuals do not always show the QT
prolongation; in these individuals, the QT interval may prolong with the
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Long QT Syndrome
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the case of a junctional rhythm, the atria will actually still contract before the
ventricles; however, this does not happen by the normal pathway and instead is
due to retrograde conduction. Junctional rhythm can be diagnosed by looking at
an EKG: an EKG exhibiting it usually presents without a P wave.
Junctional Rhythm
Junctional Tachycardia
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almost always at the level of the atrioventricular node (AV node). It has
prevalence in the normal (young adult) population of 0.65-1.1% and the
incidence is 0.13 per 1000 persons.
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I Degree AV Block
21. IInd Degree AV Block- Second degree AV block is a disease of the electrical
conduction system of the heart. It refers to a conduction block between the atria
and ventricles. The presence of second degree AV block is diagnosed when one
or more (but not all) of the atrial impulses fail to conduct to the ventricles due to
impaired conduction.
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22. IIIrd Degree AV Block- Third degrees AV block, also known as complete heart
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block, is a defect of the electrical system of the heart, in which the impulse
generated in the atria (typically the SA node on top of the right atrium) does not
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Operating Instructions
1. While studying different waves configuration, lead selection switch should be
on correct position to get the desired wave shape.
2. While analyzing upper selection switch the toggle switch should in ON position
and for bottom selection switch the toggle switch should be in OFF position.
3. Initial nine waves are related to the Atrial Arrhythmia
4. Next five waves are related to the Ventricular Arrhythmia
5. Next three waves are related to the Atrio-Ventricular Arrhythmia
6. Next two waves are related to the Junctional Arrhythmia
7. Last three waves are related to the Heart Blocks
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Experiment 1
Objective: Study of Bradycardia
Equipments Needed:
1. Arrhythmia Monitor ST2362
2. Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent.
3. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system
Procedure:
1. Connect one end of the power supply to Arrhythmia Monitor ST2362, while
other end to mains power supply
2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2362 trainer
3. Connect one end of USB Cable to Trainer while other end to PC USB Port
4. Put the toggle switch on the ON position
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3. Compare the Bradycardia with the standard shape given in the manual
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Bradycardia
Figure 1.1
Conclusion:
1. Bradycardia wave is observed with appropriate shape
2. Presence of very long delay between two successive R waves giving the
indication of Bradycardia
Questions:
1. What is sinus Bradycardia?
2. What is Bradycardia?
Experiment 2
Objective: Study of Tachycardia (Faster Heart Rate > 100)
Equipments Needed:
1. Arrhythmia ST2362
2. Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent.
3. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system
Procedure:
1 Connect one end of the power supply to Arrhythmia Monitor ST2362, while
other end to mains power supply
2 Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2362 trainer
3 Connect one end of USB Cable to Trainer while other end to PC USB Port
4 Put the toggle switch on the ON position
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Tachycardia
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Figure 2.1
Conclusion:
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Experiment 3
Objective: Study of Atrial Fibrillation (Impulses have chaotic, random pathways in
atria).
Equipments Needed:
1. Arrhythmia Monitor ST2362.
2. Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent.
3. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system
Procedure:
1. Connect one end of the power supply to Arrhythmia Monitor ST2362, while
other end to mains power supply
2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2362 trainer
3. Connect one end of USB Cable to Trainer while other end to PC USB Port
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Observation:
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3. Compare the Atrial Fibrillation with the Standard shape given in the manual
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Atrial Fibrillation
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Figure 3.1
Conclusion:
1 Atrial Fibrillation wave is observed with appropriate shape
2 Presence of abnormal up-word and down-word in P waves and T wave and no
synchronization between two successive P or T wave, indication of Atrial
Fibrillation
3 Atrial depolarization and ventricular repolarization are not having the correct
sequence and strength
Questions:
1. Due to what reason atrial fibrillation occurs?
Experiment 4
Objective: Study of Atrial Flutter (Impulse Travels in Circular course in atria)
Equipments Needed:
1. Arrhythmia Monitor ST2362.
2. Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent.
3. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system
Procedure:
1. Connect one end of the power supply to Arrhythmia Monitor ST2362, while
other end to mains power supply
2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2362 trainer
3. Connect one end of USB Cable to Trainer while other end to PC USB Port
4. Put the toggle switch on the ON position
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Atrial Flutter
Figure 4.1
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Conclusion:
1. Atrial Flutter wave is observed with appropriate shape.
2. Presence of abnormal up-word and down-word in P waves giving the indication
of Atrial Flutter.
3. Presence of negative polarity of T wave confirms the atrial flutter.
Questions:
1. What do you understand by atrial flutter?
2. What is frequency range of atrial flutter?
Experiment 5
Objective: Study of Premature Atrial Contraction
Equipments Needed:
1. Arrhythmia Monitor ST2362.
2. Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent.
3. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system
Procedure:
1. Connect one end of the power supply to Arrhythmia monitor ST2362, while
other end to mains power supply
2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2362 trainer
3. Connect one end of USB Cable to Trainer while other end to PC USB Port
4. Put the toggle switch on the ON position
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manual
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Conclusion:
1. Premature Atrial contraction wave is observedwith appropriate shape.
2. Presence of abnormal up-word and down-word in P waves and T wave and no
synchronization between two successive P or T wave, indication of Atrial
Fibrillation.
3. Atrial depolarization and ventricular repolarization are not having the correct
sequence and strength.
Questions:
1. What is PAC?
2. What is the function of PAC?
Experiment 6
Objective: Study of Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia
Equipments Needed:
1 Arrhythmia Monitor ST2362.
2 Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent.
3 Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system
Procedure:
1. Connect one end of the power supply to Arrhythmia monitor ST2362, while
other end to mains power supply
2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2362 trainer
3. Connect one end of USB Cable to Trainer while other end to PC USB Port
4. Put the toggle switch on the ON position
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the manual.
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Figure 6.1
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Conclusion:
1. Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia wave is observedwith appropriate shape.
2. Presence of abnormal up-word and down-word in P waves and T wave and no
synchronization between two successive P or T wave, indication of Atrial
Fibrillation.
3. Atrial depolarization and ventricular repolarization are not having the correct
sequence and strength.
Questions:
1. What is Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia?
Experiment 7
Objective: Study of Paroxysmal Ventricular Tachycardia
Equipments Needed:
1. Arrhythmia Monitor ST2362.
2. Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent.
3. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system
Procedure:
1. Connect one end of the power supply to Arrhythmia monitor ST2362, while
other end to mains power supply
2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2362 trainer
3. Connect one end of USB Cable to Trainer while other end to PC USB Port
4. Put the toggle switch on the ON position
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terminal.
2. Observe the each Systolic action of the Heart by LED/Buzzer indication.
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Figure 7.1
Conclusion:
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Experiment 8
Objective: Study of Sick Sinus Syndrome
Equipments Needed:
1 Arrhythmia Monitor ST2362.
2 Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent.
3 Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system
Procedure:
1. Connect one end of the power supply to Arrhythmia monitor ST2362, while
other end to mains power supply
2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2362 trainer
3. Connect one end of USB Cable to Trainer while other end to PC USB Port
4. Put the toggle switch on the ON position
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Figure 8.1
Conclusion:
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Experiment 9
Objective: Study of Sinus Tachycardia
Equipments Needed:
1. Arrhythmia Monitor ST2362.
2. Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent.
3. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system
Procedure:
1. Connect the Arrhythmia Monitor ST2362 to AC mains.
2. Switch On the Power switch.
3. Connect the USB Port Cable from Trainer to PC USB Port
4. Select Sinus Tachycardia Using Selection Switch.
Observation:
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Sinus Tachycardia
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Figure 9.1
Conclusion:
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Experiment 10
Objective: Study of Premature Ventricular Contraction (A Single Impulse Originate
at Right Ventricle).
Equipments Needed:
1 Arrhythmia Monitor ST2362.
2 Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent.
3 Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system
Procedure:
1. Connect one end of the power supply to Arrhythmia monitor ST2362, while
other end to mains power supply
2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2362 trainer
3. Connect one end of USB Cable to Trainer while other end to PC USB Port
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Observation:
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3. Compare the Premature Ventricular Contraction with the shape given in the
manual.
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Figure 10.1
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Conclusion:
1. Premature Ventricular Contraction wave is observedwith appropriate shape.
2. Presence of additional large waves after the ventricular repolarization giving the
indication of Premature Ventricular Contraction.
3. Because of Presence of this additional wave there is an increase of time duration
between two successive R waves.
Questions:
1. What is PVC stands for?
2. What is the function of PVC?
Experiment 11
Observation:
1. Observe the Accelerated idioventricular Rhythm wave at OUTPUT terminal.
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3. Compare the Accelerated idioventricular Rhythm with the Standard shape given
in the manual.
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Figure 11.1
Conclusion:
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Experiment 12
Objective: Study of Ventricular Tachycardia (Impulse Originated at Ventricular
Pacemaker)
Equipments Needed:
1. Arrhythmia ST2362.
2. Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent.
3. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system
Procedure:
1. Connect one end of the power supply to Arrhythmia monitor ST2362, while
other end to mains power supply
2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2362 trainer
3. Connect one end of USB Cable to Trainer while other end to PC USB Port
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Observation:
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3. Compare the Ventricular Tachycardia with the standards shape given in the
manual.
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Ventricular Tachycardia
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Figure 12.1
Conclusion:
1. Ventricular Tachycardia wave is observedwith appropriate shape.
2. Presence of incomplete QRS Complex and negative T wave projections giving
the indication of Ventricular Tachycardia.
Questions:
1. What is ventricular tachycardia?
2. What is the amplitude of QRS Complex?
Experiment 13
Objective: Study of Ventricular Fibrillation (Chaotic Ventricular depolarization)
Equipments Needed:
1. Arrhythmia Monitor ST2362.
2. Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent.
3. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system
Procedure:
1. Connect one end of the power supply to Arrhythmia monitor ST2362, while
other end to mains power supply
2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2362 trainer
3. Connect one end of USB Cable to Trainer while other end to PC USB Port
4. Put the toggle switch on the OFF position
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manual.
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Ventricular Fibrillation
Figure 13.1
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Conclusion:
1. Ventricular Fibrillation wave is observedwith appropriate shape.
2. Total absence of auricular and ventricular synchronization giving the indication
of Ventricular Fibrillation.
3. Because of chaotic ventricular depolarization atrial depolarization and
repolarization are also disturbed.
Questions:
1. What is the cause of ventricular fibrillation?
2. What is ventricular fibrillation?
Experiment 14
Objective: Study of Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
Equipments Needed:
1. Arrhythmia Monitor ST2362
2. Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent
3. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system
Procedure:
1. Connect one end of the power supply to Arrhythmia monitor ST2362, while
other end to mains power supply
2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2362 trainer
3. Connect one end of USB Cable to Trainer while other end to PC USB Port
4. Put the toggle switch on the OFF position
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Figure 14.1
Conclusion:
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Experiment 15
Objective: Study of Atrio-Ventricular Nodal Re-entrant Tachycardia
Equipments Needed:
1. Arrhythmia Monitor ST2362.
2. Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent.
3. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system
Procedure:
1. Connect one end of the power supply to Arrhythmia monitor ST2362, while
other end to mains power supply
2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2362 trainer
3. Connect one end of USB Cable to Trainer while other end to PC USB Port
4. Put the toggle switch on the OFF position
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Observation:
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Figure 15.1
Conclusion:
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Experiment 16
Objective: Study of Wolf Parkinson Syndrome
Equipments Needed:
1 Arrhythmia Monitor ST2362.
2 Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent.
3 Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system
Procedure:
1. Connect one end of the power supply to Arrhythmia monitor ST2362, while
other end to mains power supply
2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2362 trainer
3. Connect one end of USB Cable to Trainer while other end to PC USB Port
4. Put the toggle switch on the OFF position
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manual.
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Figure 16.1
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Conclusion:
1. Atrial Fibrillation wave is observedwith appropriate shape.
2. Presence of abnormal up-word and down-word in P waves and T wave and no
synchronization between two successive P or T wave, indication of Atrial
Fibrillation.
3. Atrial depolarization and ventricular repolarization are not having the correct
sequence and strength.
Questions:
1. What P wave represents?
2. What T wave represents?
Experiment 17
Objective: Study of Long QT Syndrome
Equipments Needed:
1. Arrhythmia Monitor ST2362.
2. Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent.
3. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system
Procedure:
1. Connect one end of the power supply to Arrhythmia monitor ST2362, while
other end to mains power supply
2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2362 trainer
3. Connect one end of USB Cable to Trainer while other end to PC USB Port
4. Put the toggle switch on the OFF position
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manual.
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Long QT Syndrome
Figure 17.1
Conclusion:
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Experiment 18
Objective: Study of Junction rhythm (Impulses originated at AV node with
retrograde and ante grade direction)
Equipments Needed:
1. Arrhythmia Monitor ST2362.
2. Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent.
3. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system
Procedure:
1 Connect one end of the power supply to Arrhythmia monitor ST2362, while
other end to mains power supply
2 Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2362 trainer
3 Connect one end of USB Cable to Trainer while other end to PC USB Port
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Observation:
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3 Compare the Junction Rhythm with the standard shape given in the manual.
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Junctional Rhythm
Figure 18.1
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Conclusion:
1. Junction Rhythm wave is observedwith appropriate shape.
2. Absence of P wave along with large delay between two successive R waves
giving the indication of Junction Rhythms.
3. Junction Rhythms are the indication of the diverse direction of electrical
voltages at the AV node.
Questions:
1. What is the phenomenon of junctional rhythm?
2. What are the characteristics of P wave?
Experiment 19
Objective: Study of Junctional Tachycardia
Equipments Needed:
1. Arrhythmia Monitor ST2362.
2. Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent.
3. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system
Procedure:
1. Connect one end of the power supply to Arrhythmia monitor ST2362, while
other end to mains power supply
2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2362 trainer
3. Connect one end of USB Cable to Trainer while other end to PC USB Port
4. Put the toggle switch on the OFF position
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manual.
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Junctional Tachycardia
Figure 19.1
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Conclusion:
1. Junctional Tachycardia wave is observedwith appropriate shape.
2. Presence of abnormal up-word and down-word in P waves and T wave and no
synchronization between two successive P or T wave, indication of Atrial
Fibrillation.
3. Atrial depolarization and ventricular repolarization are not having the correct
sequence and strength.
Questions:
1. What is sinus tachycardia?
2. What is Tachycardia?
Experiment 20
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Objective: Study of I Degree AV Block
Equipments Needed:
1. Arrhythmia Monitor ST2362.
2. Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent.
3. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system
Procedure:
1. Connect one end of the power supply to Arrhythmia monitor ST2362, while
other end to mains power supply
2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2362 trainer
3. Connect one end of USB Cable to Trainer while other end to PC USB Port
4. Put the toggle switch on the OFF position
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3. Compare the Ist Degree AV Block with the Standard shape given in the manual.
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I Degree AV Block
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Figure 20.1
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Conclusion:
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Experiment 21
Objective: Study of II nd Degree AV Block (Sudden drop of QRS Complex)
Equipments Needed:
1. Arrhythmia Monitor ST2362.
2. Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent.
3. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system
Procedure:
1. Connect one end of the power supply to Arrhythmia monitor ST2362, while
other end to mains power supply
2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2362 trainer
3. Connect one end of USB Cable to Trainer while other end to PC USB Port
4. Put the toggle switch on the OFF position
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3. Compare the II Degree AV Block with the shape given in the manual.
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II Degree AV Block
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Figure 21.1
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Conclusion:
1. II Degree AV Block wave is observedwith appropriate shape.
2. Total absence of QRS complex giving the indication of II Degree AV Block.
Questions:
1. Why QRS-complex is of relatively short duration?
2. What is the duration of QRS wave?
Experiment 22
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Objective: Study of III degree AV Block (Impulses originate at AV node and
proceed to ventricles Atrial and ventricular activities are not synchronous)
Equipments Needed:
1. Arrhythmia Monitor ST2362.
2. Oscilloscope (DS1102C 100 MHz, 400MSa/s) or Equivalent.
3. Computer with Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp operating system
Procedure:
1. Connect one end of the power supply to Arrhythmia monitor ST2362, while
other end to mains power supply
2. Switch ON the Mains power supply, then ST2362 trainer
3. Connect one end of USB Cable to Trainer while other end to PC USB Port
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Observation:
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3. Compare the III degree AV Block with the shape given in the manual.
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Conclusion:
1. III degree AV Block wave is observedwith appropriate shape.
2. No synchronization between atrial and ventricle depolarization is the indication
of III degree AV Block.
Questions:
1. What is the AV stands for?
2. What is the function of AV block?
Endocardium
4. How chamber is sub divided?
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The heart is divided by a partition or septum into two halves. The halves are in
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turn divided into chambers. The upper two chambers of the heart are called atria
and the lower two chambers are called ventricles.
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1. Right atrium is the thin-walled area that receives the venous or "used"
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dumps the blood into the ventricle where it is then pumped out the
pulmonary arteries and to the lungs.
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3. Left atrium receives the oxygenated blood returning from the lungs.
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4. Left ventricle has the thickest walls of all. It is from this chamber the blood
is pumped out of the heart, into the aorta and out to the rest of the body.
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As the right ventricle contracts and sends blood to the lungs, the left ventricle
contracts and squeezes blood out to the body.
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Systole occurs when the ventricles contract, and diastole when they relax. One
complete contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle makes up one heartbeat.
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atrioventricular node.
11. What is the full form of ECG?
Electrocardiogram
12. How the electrical activity of heart can be sensed?
This electrical activity generated by the heart can be measured by an array of
electrodes placed on the body surface.
electrical pulses.
19. What is the heart rate for various human beings?
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The bigger a person is, the slower the heart rate. A newborn baby's heart beats
about 120 times per minute. The typical rate for adults is 72 beats per minute.
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But doctors consider resting rates from 60 to 100 beats per minute within the
normal range.
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20. To measure the ECG signals where the electrodes are placed on human
body?
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ECG metal electrodes to the patient's limbs in special formats called leads, on
each arm and leg, and six electrodes are placed at defined locations on the chest.
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depolarization
30. What is the duration of T wave?
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Typically the total time required for one complete cycle of the heart electrical
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This U wave represents the state of heart when all four chambers of heart
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receive the blood generally this wave is not present in the normal ECG graph.
33. Which type of activity is held during P,QRS and T wave?
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During a normal sinus rhythm, the atria are contracting first (around the time of
the P wave), and the ventricles contract second (around the time of the QRS
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The heart's electrical axis refers to the general direction of the heart's
depolarization wave front (or mean electrical vector) in the frontal plane.
35. What is the orientation of heart's electrical axis?
It is usually oriented in a right shoulder to left Leg direction, which corresponds
to the left inferior quadrant of the hex axial reference system, although -30o to
+90o is considered to be normal.
36. What the electric axis of the heart usually denotes?
The concept of the electric axis of the heart usually denotes the average
direction of the electric activity throughout ventricular (or sometimes atrial)
activation.
occurs?
This is usually a consequence of hypertension, aortic Stenosis, ischemic heart
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Amplitude : 0.25mV
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determined.
If only Q wave is present without elevated ST segment then it indicates old
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undetermined age.
52. What is the amplitude of R Wave?
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Amplitude : 1mV
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R wave is the largest wave of the ECG graph and it is always above is electric
line, No such thing as a "negative R-wave" exists.
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Amplitude : 1.5 mV
56. What is the duration of ST-Segment?
Short segment from end of S wave to beginning of T wave and has duration of
about 0.07 sec.
57. What is the amplitude of T Wave?
Amplitude : 0.1 - 0.5 m sec
58. What normal T waves represents?
Normal T waves are in the same direction as their complex, wave is
asymmetrical and it peaks toward the end, instead of the middle. Normal T
wave in frontal plan is about 5 mm and in precordial plane 10 mm tall.
2. Ventricular rhythms.
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This is easily diagnosed by noting that the three deflections, P-QRS-T, follow in
this order and are differentiable.
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Sinus rhythm having frequency less than 60/Min is called sinus Bradycardia.
This may be a consequence of increased vagal or parasympathetic tone.
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If the heart rate is slow (40-55/Min.), the QRS-complex is normal, the P-waves
are possibly not seen, and then the origin of the cardiac rhythm is in the AV
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node. Because the origin is in the junction between atria and ventricles, this is
called junctional rhythm.
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node and/or does not proceed in the ventricles in a normal way. If the activation
proceeds to the ventricles along the conduction system, the inner walls of the
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ventricles are activated almost simultaneously and the activation front proceeds
mainly radically toward the outer walls. As a result, the QRS-complex is of
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activation.
78. What is idioventricular rhythm?
If the ventricles are continuously activated by a ventricular focus whose rhythm
is under 40/Min, the rhythm is called idioventricular rhythm.
79. Which situation is called accelerated idioventricular rhythm?
The ventricular activity may also be formed from short (less than 20 s) bursts of
ventricular activity at higher rates (between 40 and 120/Min). This situation is
called accelerated idioventricular rhythm.
interval is fixed but shorter than normal, either the origin of the impulse is closer
to the ventricles or the atrioventricular conduction is utilizing an (abnormal)
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bypass tract leading to pre-excitation of the ventricles. The latter is called the
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and is discussed below. The PR-interval may
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The pacemaker essentially does two things, it senses the patients own rhythm
using a sensing circuit and it sends out electrical signals using an output circuit.
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If the patients intrinsic rhythm becomes too slow or goes away completely, the
electronic pacemaker senses that and starts sending out signals along the wires
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leading from the control box to the heart muscle. The electrical signal produced
by pacemaker properly provide a regular electrical stimulus, making the heart
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The wave form used for pacing is round-topped rectangular pulses of 1-7 ms
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1. External Pacemaker
2. Internal Pacemaker
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External pacemakers are employed to restart the normal rhythm of the heart in
case of cardiac standstill, in situation where short term pacing is considered.
Frequently external pacemakers are used for patients recovering from cardiac
surgery to correct temporary conduction disturbances resulting from the surgery.
92. In what situation internal pacemaker is used?
Internal Pacemakers are used in cases requiring long term pacing because of
permanent damage that prevents normal self triggering of the heart.
93. What is the full form of NASPE?
North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology
4. The should be covered in such a way that the body fluids do not find a way
inside the circuit and thus short-circuit the batteries or result in other
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Trans-Venous means that the pacing wire is threaded down the jugular vein
through an introducer. The introducer is put in first, like any central neck IV
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line, and the wire is passed through it until it makes contact with the inner wall
of the RV. Then the wire is attached to a generator box and the heart is paced
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like the Zoll machine or one of the defibrillators that has external pacing ability.
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wires that fit on the outer wall of the heart pericardium. Wires that lead out of
the chest to a control box or doing manoeuvres that involves pushing a pacing
wire into the RV up through the chest wall subxiphoid during a code.
100. What is the function of rate hysteresis?
Rate hysteresis allows the pacemaker to be inhibited at rate lower than
programmed basic rate, thus encouraging negative rhythm and possible
prolonging device life.
101. What is AV delay?
The AV Delay is the time interval between an atrial output pulses and the
corresponding ventricular output pulses in the absence of intrinsic activity.
electrode.
106. What are the characteristics of Porous Tip Electrode?
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These electrodes have evolved fro large surface area (30-40mm2) than other
electrodes. In order to stimulate the heart an important consideration is density
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of the current at the electrode tissue interface and this is influenced by several
factors such as surface area of electrode, amount of fibrotic encapsulation,
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the pacing electrode in the heart and indifferent electrode via the body tissue.
The batteries are so arranged that the pacing electrode is negative (cathode) and
indifferent electrode is positive.
110. Give functional details of bipolar electrode system?
In the bipolar electrode system, both electrodes are approximately of the same
size and both are placed inside or on the heart, so that the current flows between
the electrodes.
Heart: The muscular organ composed of cardiac muscle that is responsible for
pumping blood throughout the body.
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Systolic Pressure: The increased pressure due to the contraction of the ventricles is
called systolic pressure.
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Tachycardia: When the heart-rate exceeds than the normal heart-rate rhythm.
Ventricle: One of the muscular chambers of the heart that is responsible for pumping
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Warranty
1. We guarantee this product against all manufacturing defects for 24 months from
the date of sale by us or through our dealers. Consumables like dry cell etc. are
not covered under warranty.
2. The guarantee will become void, if
a) The product is not operated as per the instruction given in the Learning
Material.
b) The agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not followed.
c) The customer resells the instrument to another party.
d) Any attempt is made to service and modify the instrument.
3. The non-working of the product is to be communicated to us immediately giving
full details of the complaints and defects noticed specifically mentioning the
type, serial number of the product and date of purchase etc.
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4. The repair work will be carried out, provided the product is dispatched securely
packed and insured. The transportation charges shall be borne by the customer.
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