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Q.2 What is trigonometry?
A. Trigonometry
The branch of mathematics with the help of which we can calculate the sides
and angles of a right angle triangle
B
Hypotenuse
Perpendicular
O A
Base
In triangle OAB, m OAB = 90 0 and m AOB = , Then
Per AB
Sin
Hyp OB
base OA
Cos
Hyp OB
Per AB
Tan
base OA
Fx Fy F 2 ( Sin 2 Cos 2 )
2 2
Sin 2 Cos 2 1
Fx Fy F 2 (1)
2 2
F Fx Fy
2 2
F
Fy
Fx
The rectangular components of the force F are
Fx FCos
F y FSin
Q.5 Define moment of a force (Torque). On what factors does it depends?
A. Moment of force
The turning effect produced by the force is called moment of force (Torque). It is
the product of force and moment arm of the force. It is denoted by .
Mathematically
Torque = Force moment arm of force
F r
FrSin
The SI unit of torque is Newton-meter (N-m).
Clockwise torque is considered negative and anti-clockwise torque is positive.
Torque depends on the following factors;
(1) Force
Greater the applied force, greater will be the torque and vice-versa.
(2) Moment arm of force
The perpendicular distance between the force and the axis of rotation is known
as moment arm of force. Greater the moment arm of force, greater will be the
torque and vice-versa.
Q
P
4. Center of mass
That specific point of a body about which mass is equally distributed in all
directions.
B
c.m
C
5. Couple
Those two forces which are equal in magnitude, opposite in direction but does
not cancel each other are called couple.
6. Center of gravity
It may be define as that fixed point of a body at which the whole weight of the
body appears to act is known as center of gravity.
Table of center of gravity of regular shape objects;
S.NO Object Centre of gravity
1 Sphere Centre of the sphere
2. in which case (A, B or C) the x and y components of the force equal to one
another?
A. It is clear that the value of Sin45 and Cos45 are equal to 0.707. Therefore in B
the x and y components of the force are equal.
6. Why it is better to use a long spanner rather than short one to tighten a nut
on the bolt?
A. In the long spanner the moment arm for the rotation of the nut on bolt increases
which decreases the required force to tighten the nut on the bolt. Therefore it is
better to use the long spanner than short one.
8. A girl is seated safely and steadily in a canoe but when she tries to stand
up, the canoe capsizes. Explain this in terms of center of mass and
stability.
A. When girl is seated in canoe, the center of mass is uniformly distributed due to
which center of gravity in this position can not be changed easily and hence she
is in stable position. But when she tries to stand up, the center of gravity of her
body changes and then she loss her stability and fall.
9. How you would determine the center of gravity of irregular shape body?
A. The center of gravity of irregular object can be determined experimentally. Take
a card board of irregular shape. Drill a few holes A, B and C near
the edges of the card board.
A
Now suspended the card board from point A with the help of a nail on the wall
and draw a plumb line from the suspended nail.
Similarly draw two plumb lines from point B and C. The three lines meet at the
same point. This point is called center of gravity of the object.
10. The gravitational force acting on the satellite is always directed towards
the center of the earth. Does this force exert torque on satellite?
A. The gravitational force acting on the satellite is always directed towards the
center of the earth, so this is a central force. For the central force the moment
arm is zero and hence torque is zero.
Numerical questions
3. Two kids of weighing 300N and 350N are sitting at the ends of 6m long
sea-saw. The see-saw is pivoted at its center. Where would a third kid sit
so that the see-saw is in equilibrium in the horizontal position? The weight
of the third kid is 250N (ignore the weight of see-saw).
Given data
Weight of 1st kid = W 1= 300N
Weight of 2nd kid = W 2= 350N
Weight of 3rd kid = W 3= 250N
Length of see-saw = AB = 6m
AC = CB = 3m
CD =?
A D ? C B
W1 W3 W2
We know that
Clockwise torques = anti clockwise torques
W1 AC W3 CD W2 CB
300 3 250 CD 350 3
900 250CD 1050
250CD 1050 900
250CD 150
150
CD
250
CD 0 6m
100cm 1m 1 2m 80cm
W1 W2
Given data
m1 3 2 Kg
W1 m1 g 3 2 10 32N
r1 1m
r2 1 2m
W2 ?
We know that
Clockwise toques = Anti-clockwise torques
W1 r1 W2 r2
W1 r1
W2
r2
32 1
W2
1 2
W2 26 6 N