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Law of Conservation
of Mass
It states that a
given compound always
contains exactly the same
proportion of elements by
weights.
5. Avogadro law
In 1811 Avogadro stated a law which can explain gay lussacs law of combining volumes. Avogadro
law states that equal volume of different gases measured under the same number of molecules.
23
If 22.4 litre of CO 2 at STP (at 273K and 101.3 k pa pressure) contain 6 . 02210 molecules, then
23
22.4 litres of oxygen at STP also contain 6 . 02210 molecules.
One amu is defined as the mass equal to one-twelfth the mass of one C-12 atom
1 amu = 1. 660561024 g
Atomic mass of an element is defined as the ratio of mass of an atom of the element to one-twelfth
the mass of an atom of C-12 .
Molecular mass
A molecule is the smallest particle of a substance (an element or compound). Which is capable of
independent existence.A molecule is also very small particle. It is not possible to determine actual mass
of a molecule. So the mass of a molecule is determined relative to the mass of C 12 isotope.
The molecular mass is the ratio of the mass of one molecule of the given substance to one-tweifth
the mass of an atom of c-12.
Molecular mass is a number which indicates how many times mass of the given molecule is heavier
1
than 12th the mass of an atom of C-12.Molecular mass is calculated by adding the atomic masses of
all the atoms of various elements present in a molecule.
Formula mass
In an ionic compound, the cations (+) and the anions(-) are arranged alternatively in a regular pattern.
Formula mass is the sum of atomic masses of all the atoms in the formula unit in an ionic crystal
Formula mass of
N aO H = atom icm assofN a+ atom icm assofO + atom icm assofH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 amu
In generals one mole is the quantity of a substance containing Avogadro number of particles-atoms or
molecules or ions.
Thus 1 mole of Al ( 27g ofAl ) contains 6 . 0221023 atoms of Al
Example: 2S O 2 +O2 2S O 3
2 molecules of SO 2 combine with one molecule of O 2 to give 2 molecules of sulphur trioxide..
Just like we use the term dozen to represent 12, we use a mole to represent 6 . 0221023 particles or
entities.
2S O +O 2S O
Let us consider the reaction, 2 2 3
Percentage composition
Percentage composition of a compound can be obtained by qualitative and quantitative analysis. The
percentage composition refers to the amount of various constituent present per hundred parts by mass
of the given substance.
m ass of elem ent x 100
Mass of an elem ent in a compound=
m ass of the com pound
Empirical and molecular formulae: Empirical formula: is the simplest formula of a substance.
Empirical formula gives the relative number of atoms of each element present in the
compound.
By analysis, it has been found that in benzene, C and H atoms are in the ratio 1: 1 So the empirical
formula for benzene, is CH.
Similarly in water, the ratio of the number of atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and oxygen is 21.
So empirical formula of water is H 2 O .
Molecular formulae
Molecular formula gives the actual number of atoms of each element present in the molecule of the
given compound.
M olecularm ass
MF= ( EF ) n Wheren=
EFm ass
EF and MF are related as
Mass percent, normality, molality, mole fraction and parts per million (ppm).
Mass percent(%): It is the number of gram of solute present in 100 g solution.
Eg: A solution containing 10g of solute present in 100 g solution.
Eg: A solution containing 10g of sodium chloride dissolved in 100g solution, is said to be a 10%
solution of sodium chloride.
M ass of solute
Mass= 100
m ass of solution
Molarity (M): Molarity of a solution is defined as the number of moles of the solute present in one
cubic decimetre ( dm 3 ) of the solution.
3
mass of solute grams present in1 dm
Molarity=
Molecular mass of solute
Since it involves volume term,it depends on temperature.
Molality (m): Molality of a solution is defined as the number of moles of the solute present in one
kilogram of solvent.
Num ber of m oles of solute Mass of solute in kg of solvent
m ass of solvent in kg m olecular m ass of solute
Molality= or Molality=
Mole fraction(x):Mole fraction of a constituent in a mixture is. The ratio of the number of moles of
that constituent to the total number of moles of all constituents in the mixture.
A n
In a binary mixture of A and B, the mole fraction of A=X A = n +n
A b
Normality (N):
m ass of solute
equivalent m ass of solute
Number of equivalents of solute=
Mass of solute in gram
3
Normality of solution= volume of solution in dm x equivalent mass of solute
Where m= mass of solute in gram dissolved in V dm 3 ;N=normality equivalent dm^3 and
E=equivalent mass in gram.
m
N=
E
m= mass of solute in gram present in 1 dm3 solution.
Parts per million (ppm): Parts per million abbreviated as ppm is used to express very small
concentration.
For example: to express hardness of water and concentration of pollutant in a sample of water. The unit
of ppm is usually milligrams.
Parts per million is the mass in milligrams solute in 1 dm 3 of solution.
m ass of solute
ppm = 10 6
m ass of solution
Limitation reagent:
In a reaction, if all of the reactants are available in proportions as required by balanced chemical
equation then the reactions goes to completion and no reactant remains unreacted. If any one of the
reactants present in a smaller amount then the required quantity, then it only gets reacted completely
and excess quantity of the other reactant remains unreached.
The reactant taken in smaller amount then the amount required by the balanced equation limits
amount of the product formed. That reactant is called the limiting reagent.
The amount of the product formed depends on the quantity of the limiting reagent.
Important Relations(Formulas)
1. Temperature in Celsius scale and that in Kelvin are related as K = C elsius scale+ 273
9
2. Temperature in Celsius scale and that in Fahrenheit are related as F= 5 ( C ) + 32
G ram atom ic m ass
Avogadro num ber
3. Mass of 1 atom of an element =
Gram molecular mass
Avogadro number
4. Mass of 1 molecule of a compound=
m ass in gram
n=
gram m oleculer m ass
5. Mass and number of moles of a substance are related as.
Molecular m ass
MF= ( EF ) n n=
EFm ass
6. EF and MF are related as
m ass of the elem ent x 100
m ass of the com pound
7. % Mass of an element in a compound=
Mass of solute
100
Mass of solution
8. Mass%=
Nmber of mole of solute mass of solute in grams present in 1dm 3
3
9. Molarity= volume of solution dm , Molarity= Molecular mass of solute
num ber of m oles of solute
m ass of solvent in kg
10. Molality= Or
Mass of solute in kg of solvent
Molality=
m olecular m ass of solute
A n
11. In binary mixture of A and B the mole fraction of A=X A = n +n
A b
Where n A and n B are the number of moles of A and B respectively. Similarly, mole
n
A
fraction of B X B = n +n
A b
March-2013
1. Express 0.0048 in scientific notation. (1M)
2. Calculation molar mass of the following a) CH 3 COOH b) C 2 H 5 O h ( 2M )
3. a) An organic compound on analysis gave the following percentage composition.
C = 39 . 9 ,H = 6 . 7 and the rest is oxygen. Find its empirical formula (3M) b) define the terms
mass and weight. (2M)
2014(Feb/March)
1. Express the following number in scientific notation 0.000268.(1M)
2. What is the mass of calcium carbonate decomposed to produce 4 . 4g ofCO 2 in the following
equation CaCO 3 CaO+CO 2
(at.mass of Ca,= 40, C= 12,O= 16 ( 2M )
3. a) a compound contains 4.07% of hydrogen 24 . 27 of carbon and 71.65% of chlorine. The
molar mass is 98.96g. Determine its molecular formula (at. Mass h=1, C=12, cl=35.5) (3M)
b) define the terms limiting reagent and molarity (2M)
2014 (may)
1. State Avogadro law. (1M)
2. What is the mass of calcium carbonate decomposed to produce 4.4g of CO 2 in the following
equation CaCO 3 CaO+CO 2 (at.mass of Ca,= 40, C= 12,O= 16 ( 2M )
3. a) A compound contains 4.07% of hydrogen 24.27% of carbon and 71.65% of chlorine. The
molar mass is 98.96g. Determine its molecular formula (at. Mass H=1, C=12, Cl=35.5) (3M)
b) Define the terms limiting reagent and molarity. (2M)
2015 (Feb/March)
1. Define Mole fraction. (1M)
2. a) State law of definite proportions
b) express 0.006234 in scientific notaion. (2M)
3. a) A compound contains 4.05% of hydrogen 24.3% of carbon and 71.65% of chlorine. The
molar mass is 98.96g. determine its molecular formula (at. Mass H=1, C=12, Cl=35.5) (4M)
b) define the term molarity. (1M)
Model QP-I
1. State law of definite proportions. (1M)
2. How many significant figures are in 0.2500g? If the mass of one molecule of water is 18u, what
is the mass of one mole of water molecule?
3. a) Calcium carbonate decomposes to give CO 2 gas according to the equation
CaCo 3 caO+CO 2 Calculate the mass of CaO and CO 2 produced on complete
decomposition of 5g of CaCO 3 (3M)
b) define the terms limiting reagent and molarity. (2M)
Model QP-II
1. a) Explain the free radical mechanism of chlorination of methane (3M)
b) Explain Wurtzs reaction with example. (2M)
2. how is benzene is converted into cyclohexane? Give reaction. (2M)
3. what is Huckelsrule? Give example. (2M)
Model QP-III
1. Write the IUPAC name of the compound CH 3 CH=C ( CH 3 ) 2 (1M)
2. State markownikoffs rule. (2M)
3. Explain Friedel Crafts reaction with an example. (2M)
4. a) Explain the mechanism of chlorination of benzene. (3M)
b) how is ethyne prepared from calcium carbide? (2M)
Model QP-IV
1. Draw staggered conformation of ethane. (1M)
2. How do you convert ethane to ethane? Give equation. (2M)
3. a) Explain the free radical mechanism of chlorination of methane (3M)
b) explain Friedel Crafts reaction of benzene with an example. (2M)
May-2016
1. Write the relationship between and Kelvin. (1M)
2. What is homogeneous mixture? Give an example. (2M)
3. a) A compound with molecular mass of 34g/mol is knows to contain 5.88% hydrogen and
94.12% oxygen. Find the molecular formula of this compound.
b) define mole fraction. Write an equation for molefraction of a solute.