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Abstract: This paper concerns the incorporation of steel fibres in singly reinforced high strength
concrete beams without stirrups failing under the combined effect of flexure and shear. A new equation
for predicting the shear strength of reinforced high strength concrete beams is developed. This equation
shows a good correlation with own test data of 16 reinforced high strength concrete beams with and
without steel fibres and numerous published experimental data for beams with concrete compressive
strength up to 140 MPa. The flexural capacity of reinforced high strength concrete beams is also
investigated. The existing ACI method for predicting the flexural strength of steel fibre concrete
composites is slightly modified to be applicable for high strength concrete. Based on the proposed
equations, an analytical model is developed for predicting the relative flexural capacity, i.e., the ratio of
the moment with shear interaction to the pure flexural moment.
Key words: high strength concrete, steel fibre, shear strength, flexural strength, stirrups, web
reinforcement.
Resume : Cet article traite de l'inttgration de fibres d'acier a des poutres de bCton i haute resistance i
For personal use only.
armature unique, sans que les Ctriers ne ckdent sous l'effet combine de la flexion et du cisaillement.
Une nouvelle Cquation permettant de prCvoir la rCsistance au cisaillement des poutres de bCton arm6 i
haute resistance a CtC dCveloppCe. Cette Cquation permet d ' o b s e ~ e rune bonne concordance avec les
donntes d'essai de seize poutres de bCton arm6 a haute resistance, avec et sans fibres d'acier, ainsi
qu'avec les nombreuses donnCes expCrimenta1e.s tirCes des diverses publications pour les poutres ayant
une resistance 2i la compression atteignant 140 MPa. La capacitt en flexion des poutres en bCton arm6 i
haute rCsistance a Cgalement CtC analysCe. La mCthode de I'ACI permettant de prCvoir la resistance a la
flexion de composites de bCton avec fibres d'acier a CtC ICgkrement modifiCe afin de pouvoir l'appliquer
au bCton 2 haute rCsistance. Compte tenu des Cquations proposCes, un modkle analytique a CtC ClaborC
afin de prCvoir la capacitC en flexion relative, c'est-a-dire le rapport du moment avec interaction du
cisaillement au moment flCchissant pur.
Mots cl4s : bCton i haute rCsistance, fibre d'acier, rCsistance au cisaillement, resistance i la flexion,
Ctriers, armatures d'efforts tranchants.
[Traduit par la rkdaction]
Can. J. Civ. Eng. 22: 462-470 (1995). Printed in Canada / Imprimt au Canada
equations for the ultimate shear strength and the full flexural Table 1. Properties and results of tested beams.
capacity, a shear-moment interaction analytical model is
developed to predict the relative flexural capacity of steel f' P f,' v,* Failure
fibre high strength concrete beams without stirrups. Discus- Group Beam ald (%) (%) MPa MPa typet
sion and analysis of test results are not the main objective of I B14 1.75 0.0 1.87 109.5 5.696 S
this paper, since they are mentioned elsewhere (Imam et al. B9 2.5 0.0 1.87 108.5 1.863 S
1994). Also, the enhancement of flexural ductility of high B8 3.5 0.0 1.87 111.0 1.593 S
strength concrete beams by using steel fibres is beyond the B10 4.5 0.0 1.87 111.5 1.457 S
scope of this research. This investigation was undertaken and
limited to meet the following objectives:
(1) to derive a new equation for predicting the ultimate shear
strength of fibrous high strength concrete beams;
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2. Experimental program
Sixteen very high strength concrete beams (3600 X 350 X -
200 mm) with and without steel fibres were tested under
* The ultimate shear strength, v,, is given by v, = V,lbd, where V ,
is the maximum shear force.
different combinations of shear force and bending moment. Failure types: S, shear failure; F, flexural failure; and SF,
The beams were singly reinforced and without shear (web) combination of shear and flexural failure.
For personal use only.
Fig. 2. Shape of used steel fibre. of normal strength concrete, encouraged the authors to
develop an extension and modification to quantify the effect
of fibre contribution in high strength concrete beams.
In addition, the new term w is incorporated to represent
the combined effect of both fibre (F) and reinforcement bars
(p). To verify the new equation and to extend its application,
test results of high strength concrete and steel fibre high
strength concrete are compiled from eight different refer-
ences (Ashour et al. 1992; Elzanaty et al. 1985; Gabrielsson
1993; Kim et al. 1993; Mphonde and Frantz 1984; Remmel
and Konig 1993; Shuaib et al. 1986; Shin et al. 1994). The
compressive strength is ranging from 53 to 140 MPa, the
fibre content is varying from 0.0 to 1.5 %, and the shear span
to depth ratio, a/d, from 1.5 to 6.0. A statistical analysis was
strength (MPa); f,'is the compressive strength of concrete performed on the own test results as well as the available
(MPa); ald is shear span to depth ratio; and p = A,lbd is the experimental data, and a proposed formula for predicting the
longitudinal steel ratio. ultimate shear strength, v,, of steel fibre high strength con-
The principles of the nonlinear fracture mechanics for crete beams is given as
diagonal shear failure were used to predict the size effect fac-
tor, $. This factor shows that, in addition to the effect of
relative beam size, d/d,, there is also an effect of the maxi-
mum aggregate size, d,. Equation [I] is based on the
assumption of the simultaneous occurrence of both arch where v, and f,'are in MPa; w = p ( l + 4F) is the rein-
action and beam action mechanisms of shear resistance. forcement factor; F = (LflDf)Vfdfis the fibre factor; Lf, Df,
Other basis is the equilibrium of forces in the shear span of and Vf are the length, diameter, and volume fraction of
the beam at the ultimate state. The success of Bazant's equa- fibres respectively; df is the fibre efficiency factor, which
tion for predicting the shear stress, v,, especially in the field has a value of 1.0 for hooked fibre, 0.9 for deformed fibre,
Imam et al.
Fig. 3. Transformation of failure mode from sudden danger Fig. 4. Measured and calculated ultimate shear strength.
shear failure to more ductile flexure one by the effect of fibres.
s Beams without fibre
+ Beams with fibre
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No.ofdata= 115
log-log scale
Measured v, ( M P ~ )
Total
* Values are for a total of 86 high strengthconcrete beams without fibres.
Values are for a total of 29 high strength concrete beams containing steel fibres.
For personal use only.
Neutral
strength. Numerous investigations dealing with the incorpor- 0.772(Lf/Df)vfFb,is the tensile stress in MPa of fibrous
ation of steel fibres in normal strength concrete can be found concrete; Lf, Df, and Vf are the length, diameter, and
in literature. Very few of those, however, dealt with adding volume fraction of fibres respectively; Fbeis the bond
steel fibres to high strength concrete beams. Several investi- efficiency of fibre, which varies from 1.0 to 1.2 depending
gators have developed methods to predict the flexural on fibre characteristics; E, is the modulus of elasticity of
strength of fibre concrete composites by assuming different fibrous concrete; E, is the tensile strain; E, is the compres-
stress distributions with appropriate values of stress intensity. sive strain; f,' is the compressive strength of concrete in
A method for predicting the flexural capacity of singly MPa; f, is the yield strength of reinforcing bars in MPa; and
reinforced concrete beams containing steel fibres is reported As is the area of tension reinf~rcement.~
by ACI Committee 544 (1988). This method is based on the The enhancement of flexural strength in fibre concrete -
data and assumptions for normal strength concrete. The basic at low volume fraction - is mainly due to the fibre pull-out
design assumptions are shown in Fig. 5 , and the equation is resistance across cracks. Equation [3] is based on a value of
2.3 MPa for fibre pull-out bond strength; this value should
be higher for high strength concrete, especially for concrete In the derivation of [4], a value of 1.16 is assumed for the
containing superplasticizers. An average value of 4.15 MPa ratio between the total depth, h, and the effective depth d.
for fibre bond strength was recommended by Al-Ta'an and This average value is chosen to meet most of the practical
Al-Feel (1990). This value was derived from a wide range construction conditions. In fact, the ratio hld has a negligible
of mix proportions, aggregate sizes, and fibre geometries influence on the value of M,. For example, the increase of
that are likely to be met in practice. Naaman and Najm h/d from 1.05 to 1.25 (which seem to be the extreme values
(1991) reported some values for fibre bond strength in their of such a ratio) results in an increase of Mn with only 2.07%
considerable study for bond-slip mechanism of steel fibre in (f,' = 100 MPa, f, = 500 MPa, p = 0.02, and F = 0.5).
concrete. These values are ranging from 1.0 to 9.8 MPa It can also be seen that in the case of nonfibrous concrete
according to the concrete strength, fibre characteristics, and (F = 0.0), equation [4] can be written as
the containment or not of additives in the concrete. Gener-
ally, the average bond between fibre and concrete increases,
Can. J. Civ. Eng. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by UNIV CHICAGO on 07/20/13
318 (1989), the factor 0(= a'lc) should be taken as 0.85 for
concrete strength f,' up to and including 30 MPa. For moment about half its nominal flexural capacity, Mn. In such
strengths between 30 and 55 MPa, /3 should be reduced at a case shear failure is dominant. The reduction of flexural
a rate of 0.008 for each 1 MPa of strength in excess of capacity due to the influence of shear has to be taken into
account for design purposes. Several analytical models in
30 MPa, but should not be taken less than 0.65 for con-
crete strengths greater than 55 MPa. Hence, the factor 0can this aspect of study have been reported for nonfibrous con-
be assumed with a constant value of 0.65 for high strength crete (Fenwiek and Paulay 1968; Kani 1964; Shuaib et al.
concrete (f,' > 55 MPa). It is worth noting that the strain in 1986). However, less attention was given to fibrous
concrete.
the steel fibres ( E , (fibre);
Fig. 5) is limited to the value that
produces 2.OF MPA stress, and it does not increase because On the base of [2] and [4], a shear-moment interaction
the fibres slip and pull out ( E , (fibre) = 2.0FIEs (fib,e),where model is developed to predict the relative flexural capacity of
E, (fibre) = 200(10)3 MPa). Consequently, a modified equa- steel fibre high strength concrete beams without stirrups. The
internal ultimate resisting moment, M u , is equated to the
tion for predicting the flexural moment of high strength con-
crete beams containing steel fibres is proposed on the base external moment, Vua. By means of [2], the ultimate
of the following assumptions: moment, Mu, is given as
a, = 2.OF (MPa)
F = (Lf lDf)Vfdf (as defined in [2])
[I] Mu = 0 . 6 b d 2 # G [f,'"'. (f) + 275 is ]
The equilibrium of forces in Fig. 5 yields the following Figure 6 shows the effect of fibre factor, F (=
equation: (LflDf)Vfdf),on both Mn and Mu as formulated in [4] and
[S]. It can be observed that for a given p, Mu is strongly
affected by increasing F, whereas Mn is slightly affected.
This means that the improvement of shear capacity by the
where effect of fibres is more significant than the improvement of
nominal flexural capacity. For example, adding 1.0% (by
volume) of hooked steel fibres with an aspect ratio of 75
to high strength concrete beams (f,' = 100 MPa, f, =
500 MPa, p = 0.02, a/d = 2.5) results in an increase of Mu
(b and d in mm, fy and f,' in MPa, and M f l in N . mm); p = by 113.0%, whereas the increase of M , is limited to 8.4 %.
A,lbd is the longitudinal steel ratio; and F is as defined In other words, steel fibres can successfully replace the shear
before. reinforcement, but it is senseless to use steel fibres as a com-
Can. J. Civ. Eng. Vol. 22, 1995
Fig. 6. Fibre effect on both ultimate and nominal flexural Fig. 7. Effect of F and a/d on the relative flexural capacity.
moments (hooked fibre; aspect ratio = 75). 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Fibre Volume, Vf (%) 1.o
,
,
____----
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\/F 0.5
I
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Shear Span to Depth Ratio ( A / ( / )
Fibre Factor, F
Fig. 8. Effect of p and a/d on the relative flexural capacity.
For personal use only.
0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Shear Span to Depth Ratio ( a / d )
The relative flexural capacity, MuIMfl,is in fact a good 300 mm, and d , = 14 mm. It can be seen that, the reduction
indicator of the shear problem in reinforced concrete beams of the relative moment occurs mainly between two boundary
without stirrups. As shown in [9], the value of MuIMfl is values of a / d . For P = 0.02 and F = 0.52, the region of
affected by a combination of a large number of parameters diagonal failure disappeared completely, i.e., the relative
( p , F, a / d , f,', f,, and d,). However, the investigation of the moment equal 1.0 (Mu=Mfl). As p increased and F
interaction effect between the different involved parameters decreased, the reduction moment region deepens rapidly
gives the opportunity to determine the suitable type and the with a wider range of the two limited values of a / d , e.g., for
optimum quantity of different materials which makes MuIMfl P = 0.02 and F = 0.0, the relative moment decreases to
equal 1.O, and hence the problem of shear can be overcome. about 0.58 at a / d = 2.26.
Figures 7 and 8 present the combined effect of P, F, and The flexural moment, M f l , is directly proportional to the
a / d in the case off,' = 100 MPa, f, = 500 MPa, d = yield strength, f,, whereas Mu is not influenced by fy at all.
Imam et al.
Therefore, the relative strength MuIMfl decreases as fy Ashour, S., Hasanain, G., and Wafa, F. 1992. Shear
increases. For instance, increasing fy from 400 to 500 MPa behavior of high-strength fiber reinforced concrete
( P = 0.03, F = 0.3,ald = 2.5, f , ' = lOOMPa, andd, = beams. ACI Structural Journal, Proceedings, 89(2):
14 rnm) results in a decrease of MuIMflwith 17.9% . On the 176- 184.
contrary, the increase off,' from 80 to 120 MPa leads to an Bazant, Z., and Sun, H. 1987. Size effect in diagonal
increase of MuIMflwith 5.9% (p = 0.03, F = 0.3, ald = shear failure: influence of aggregate size and stirrups.
2.5, fy = 400 MPa, and d, = 14 mm). Finally, the relative ACI Material Journal, Proceedings, 84(4): 259-272.
strength, MuIMfl, is slightly affected by the change of the Chung, W. 1992. Analytical model for diagonal tension
maximum aggregate size, d,. failure of reinforced concrete members under static
loads. Ph.D. thesis, North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, N.C.
6. Conclusions
Elzanaty, A., Nilson, A., and Slate, F. 1985. Shear-
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1. A new equation is proposed to predict, with a good critical high-strength concrete beams. Department of
accuracy, the ultimate shear strength of high strength con- Structural Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca,
crete beams containing steel fibres. The effect of relative N.Y., Report 85-1.
beam size in addition to the effect of maximum aggregate Fenwiek, R., and Paulay, T. 1968. Mechanisms of shear
size was taken into account. The proposed equation is veri- resistance of concrete beams. ACI Journal,
fied by experimental data of 115 tested beams with a wide Proceedings, 94(ST10): 2325 -2350.
range of compressive strength (53 - 140 MPa). Gabrielsson, H. 1993. High performance concrete beams
2. The existing ACI approach for predicting the full flex- tested in shear. Comparison between the traditional
ural capacity of fibrous concrete composites is reviewed and approach and the modified compression field theory.
adapted to apply to both high strength concrete and steel fibre Proceedings of the International Symposium on
high strength concrete beams without web reinforcement. Utilization of High Strength Concrete, Lillehammer,
3. Inclusion of steel fibres in high strength concrete beams Norway, 20-23 June, pp. 169-176.
without stirrups provides significant improvement of shear Imam, M., Vandewalle, L., and Mortelmans, F. 1993a.
resistance and tends to increase the ultimate strength, Mu, in Proportioning and properties of very high strength
For personal use only.
order to reach the nominal flexural capacity, Mfl. Steel concrete with and without steel fibres. Proceedings,
fibres can successfully replace the shear reinforcement, International Conference "Concrete 2000, " Dundee,
whereas the use of steel fibres as a complementary reinforce- Scotland, September, pp. 1693- 1705.
ment of longitudinal bars does not have a considerable effect. Imam, M., Vandewalle, L., and Mortelmans, F. 1993b.
4. An analytical model is developed to predict the relative Indirect tensile strength of very high strength concrete.
flexural capacity, M,IMfl, i.e., the ratio of moment with Proceedings of the International Symposium on
shear interaction to the pure flexural moment. The new Utilization of High Strength Concrete, Lillehammer,
model indicates very well the region in which a reduction of Norway, 20-23 June, pp. 1114- 1121.
beam strength, due to shear effect, occurs, and how this Imam, M., Vandewalle, L., and Mortelmans, F. 1994.
region can be vanished by the significant effect of steel Shear capacity of steel fiber high strength concrete
fibres. beams. Proceedings, ACI International Conference on
High Performance Concrete. Singapore, 15- 18
Acknowledgments November, pp. 227 -241.
Kani, G. 1964. The riddle of shear failure and its
The authors are grateful for the help of the assistant staff in solution. ACI Journal, Proceedings, 61(4): 441 -467.
Reyntjens Laboratory, Catholic University of Leuven. Kim, W., and White, R. 1991. Initiation of shear
Bekaert international trade and Addiment have contributed cracking in reinforced concrete beams with no web
materials to this research, and their contributions are greatly reinforcement. ACI Structural Journal, 88(3):
appreciated. 301 -308.
Kim, J., Park, Y., and Lee, S. 1993. Shear strength of
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For personal use only.