Module 1 - Cumpus Network - Design

HANOICTT NETWORKING ACADEMY
CCCCNNPA Semester3
Semes t eBrC 3M S N
Module 1
Campus Networks
and Design
Models
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meesstteerr13 - B C M S N
Overview
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Traditional campus networks

A campus network might has many, several or one buildings
The whole LAN was considered a single collision domain (using HUB)
Increased user demand quickly slowed the performance of the network
Issues:
Broadcasts: IP ARP, IPX GNS, NetBIOS name requests
Emerging Issues
Multicast traffic (traffic propagated to a specific group of users on a subnet),
video conferencing, multimedia traffic
Security and traffic flow
VLAN come
to help
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Traditional 80/20 rule of network traffic

End users with common interests or work patterns are placed in the same logical
network as the servers they access most
80% traffic local to subnet, 20% remote
This will need:
Increase Backbone bandwidth if the 80/20 rule is not met
Moving resources (applications, software programs, and files) to local
within a workgroup.
Users logically is grouped is VLAN to closely reflect the actual traffic
patterns.
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The new 20/80 rule of network traffic

Two factors have contributed to these changing traffic patterns:
The Internet access very common for all users
Server farms server consolidation for security, ease of management, and
reduced cost of ownership.
All traffic from the client subnets to these servers must travel across the campus
backbone. It requires the Layer 3 performance to approximate the Layer 2
performance. ( CPU-intensive process, or more network bottlenecks )
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Key requirements of the campus structure

Fast convergence if link failure is happened
Deterministic paths desirability of a given path to a destination for certain
applications or user groups
Redundancy such as redundant links, devices, or modules etc. network is
operational at all times.
Scalable the infrastructure must be able to handle the increased traffic
demands. (as the network grows and new applications are added)
Centralized applications server farm.
Multi-protocols
Multicasting IP multicast
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Evolving campus structure

The designer will focus on traffic pattern in the network
Services can be separated into three separate categories:
Local services
Remote services
Enterprise services
local
remote enterprise
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Design model
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Switch primary factors

Availability
Performance
Reliability
Scalability
Cost
Others features:
Support of voice, video. (This means the network devices must support
Quality of Service (QoS) and multicast technologies)
High-speed backbone. ( capacities on the switch backplane and offer
significant Gigabit Ethernet port densities)
Can be upgraded without needing to replace them with completely new
equipment. E.g. switches should support technologies such as multilayer
switching (MLS) or Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF).
Network should have redundancy. (need to support such features as
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HSRP, IRDP, VTP, trunking, channeling, IGMP, CGMP - explain in

coming modules)

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Switching
Layer 2 Switching
Switches based on MAC address
hardware based bridging
edge of the network (new campus mode)
Layer 3 Switching
Switching at L2, hardware-based routing at L3
Layer 4 Switching
Switching at L2, hardware-based routing at L3, with decisions optionally made on L4
information (port numbers)
Forwarding decisions based on MAC address, IP address, and port numbers
Help control traffic based on QOS
ASIC (Application-specific Integrated Circuit)
Specialized hardware that handles frame forwarding in the switch
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Layer 2 Switching
Forwarding decisions/ filtering frames based on information contained in the
frames (Layer 2 fields)
Significantly faster because they switch in hardware. Offer higher port densities
than bridges. Might include features cut-through switching (oppose with store-
and-forward )
Switch helps to decrease the number of hosts per physical segment creating a
flatter design with more segments in the campus network
The broadcast and multicast increases with the number of hosts, and broadcasts
are still propagated across the network. (still need L3 devices)
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Layer 3 Switching
Layer 3 switching is hardware-based routing
Act as router does
The primary difference between the packet-switching operation of a router and a
Layer 3 switch lies in the physical implementation. In general-purpose routers,
microprocessor-based engines typically perform software-based packet
switching. A Layer 3 switch performs packet switching with hardware
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Layer 4 Switching
Is layer 3 switching hardware-based routing have ability of layer 4 information processing
One advantage of Layer 4 switching is it allows QoS to be applied to traffic. QoS is typically
applied to classes of traffic defined by port numbers so it can be said to provide application-
based prioritization.
Layer 4 switching need the ability to identify and store large numbers of forwarding-table
entries,
# of network devices X # of different application protocols X conversations

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Mulilayer switching
Cisco specialized form of switching and routing, not generic L3 routing/L2 switching (not focus in
our CCNP)
MLS combines Layer 2 switching, Layer 3 routing functionality, and the caching of Layer 4 port
information.
The switch caches information about a given flow of data through the switch, inspecting the PDU
header information of the first frame in the flow and switching the remaining data at wire speed
based on the information from the first frame.
route once, switch many
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Quality of Service (QoS)

QoS for voice or video over IP consists of providing minimal packet loss and minimal delay so that
voice/video quality is not affected by conditions in the network
QoS plays a significant role in designing a modern switched network. With VoIP and streaming video
now commonplace and videoconferencing on the rise
There are many techniques/protocols to apply
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CCNA
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Quality of Service (QoS)

QoS for voice or video over IP consists of providing minimal packet loss and minimal delay so that
voice/video quality is not affected by conditions in the network
QoS plays a significant role in designing a modern switched network. With VoIP and streaming
video now commonplace and videoconferencing on the rise
There are many techniques/protocols to apply
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Multicast
Multicast is configured so that one-to-many and many-to-many communication with voice and video
take place so that multicast traffic is only routed to the right users
We may need protocols like Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) protocol, Internet Group
Management Protocol (IGMP), and IGMP Snooping or Cisco Group Multicast Protocol (CGMP).
If multicast applications is needed, it is critical that network design take into account multicast
functionality. The switches should support IGMP Snooping or CGMP as well as the various PIM
modes and Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP)
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Hierarchical design model for campus networks

Conceptual only !
There will be contradictions and some devices may be argued as one type of device or
another.
The core layer, which provides optimal connectivity between distribution blocks
The distribution layer, which provides policy-based connectivity
The access layer, which provides access-layer aggregation and L3/L4 services
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Core Layer Internet

Remote Site
Various options and

implementations possible.
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Sample 3-layer
hierarchy
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Core Layer
Switches packets as fast as possible
Considered the backbone of the network
Should not perform packet manipulation
No ACLs
No routing (usually)
No trunking
VLANs terminated at distribution device
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Distribution Layer
The distribution layer of the network divides the access and core layers and helps to define and
differentiate the core.
Departmental or workgroup access
Broadcast/multicast domain definition
VLAN routing
Any media transitions that need to occur
Security
Packet manipulation occurs here
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Access Layer
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Access Layer
The access layer is the point at which local end users are allowed into the network.
Shared bandwidth
Switched bandwidth
MAC-layer filtering
Microsegmentation
Remote users gain network access
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The switch block

The switch block contains a set of logically grouped switches and associated
network devices, normally consists of both switch and router functionality.
Campus elements:
Switch block
Core block
Contributing variables:
Server block
WAN block
Mainframe block
Internet connectivity
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Distributed routing/switch design

The distribution device can be one of the following:
A switch and external router combination
A multilayer switch
Distribution device separate VLANs
Access Layer (AL)
L2 devices (workgroup switches: Catalyst 1900, 2900XL, 3500XL)
Distribution Layer (DL)
L2/L3 devices (multilayer switches: Catalyst 4000
, 5000, 6000)
L2 and separate L3 device (Catalyst 3500XL
with 2600 series router-on-a-stick, etc.)
Redundant L2
devices/links
This may not be
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the case in many

networks !!!
L2/L3
L3 prevents
broadcast storm

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Scaling the switch block
A switch block is too large if:
A traffic bottleneck occurs in the routers at the distribution layer because of intensive CPU
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processing resulting from policy-based filters

Broadcast or multicast traffic slows down the switches and routers
Were not rich enough !!! .so AL devices may merge into one or more DL devices
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Core Block
A core is required when there are two or more switch blocks, otherwise the core or
backbone is between the distribution switch and the perimeter router
The core block is responsible for transferring cross-campus traffic without any processor-
intensive operations.
All the traffic going to and from the switch blocks, server blocks, the Internet, and the wide-
area network must pass through the core.
The core handles much more traffic than any other block (20/80 rule)
pass the traffic

to and from
Core Switches:
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the blocks as
quickly as possible Catalyst 5000/5500
Catalyst 6000/6500
Catalyst 8500

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Core Block example

Cisco 6500 supports:
up to 384 10/100 Ethernet
192 100FX Fast Ethernet
8 OC12 ATM
up to 130 Gigabit Ethernet ports
switching bandwidth up to 256 Gbps
scalable multilayer switching up to 170 Mpps.
Because VLANs terminate at the distribution device, core links are not trunk
links and traffic is routed across the core.
core links do not carry multiple VLANs per link.
One or more switches can make up a core subnet
a minimum of two devices must be present in the core to provide
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redundancy
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Some guidelines for Core block

Different technologies such as frame, packet, or cell-based technologies can be used in
the core (depending on specific needs)
The core can consist of one subnet. However, for resiliency and load balancing, at least
two subnets are configured. Core links do not carry multiple VLANs per link.
One or more switches make up a core subnet. It is strongly recommended that a

minimum of two devices be present in the core to provide redundancy.
The links between core switches in the same core subnet should be sufficient to switch
the aggregate amount of traffic with respect to the input aggregation switch traffic.
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The core block can consist of high-speed Layer 2 devices or Layer 3 devices.

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Collapsed core
consolidation of DL and core-layer functions into one device.
prevalent in small campus networks
each AL switch has a redundant link to the DL switch.
Each AL switch may support more than one subnet; however, all subnets
terminate on L3 ports on the DL/core switch
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Collapsed core
Redundant uplinks provide L2 resiliency between the AL and DL switches.
Spanning tree blocks the redundant links to prevent loops.
Redundancy is provided at Layer 3 by the dual distribution switches with
Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP), providing transparent default
gateway operations for IP. (later)
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Dual Core
necessary when two or more switch blocks exist and redundant connections are
required
provides two equal-cost paths and twice the bandwidth.
Each core switch carries a symmetrical number of subnets to the L3 function of
the DL device.
Each switch block is redundantly linked to both core switches, allowing for two
distinct, equal path links.
no redundant links
between the core
switches,
the core contains only
Layer 2 switches for
the backbone
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3 layer mapping Cisco Products

Access Layer Switches
1900, 2820, 2900, 4000, 5000
Distribution Layer Switches
2926G, 5000, 6000
Core Layer Switches
6500, 8500
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Layer 2 and 3 backbone scaling

Ideally, Layer 2 switched backbones consist of two switches with no spanning tree
loops in the topology.
The Layer 2 switched backbone provides redundancy without any spanning tree
loops
If number of switch block increases ==> need more links from each switch block to
each core switch
the number of equal-cost paths (routing protocol) is limited so the number of
independent core switches is limited
Classic design
Model
L2/L3/L2
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Layer 2/Layer 3/Layer 3 model

Fast convergence: more switch block more core devices/connections to core, if
connecting core devices together Spanning-Tree Protocol must be enabled,
convergence time of STP is over 50 seconds. If Layer 3 devices are implemented in
the core (no STP) and Convergence time for routing protocols takes from 5 to 10
seconds (depending on the routing protocol)
Automatic load balancing: with Layer 3 devices in the core, routing protocols can
be used to load balance over multiple equal-cost paths
Expensive !!!
Very large network
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Layer 2/Layer 3/Layer 3 model

Layer 3 devices in the core is expensive: careful considerations
Elimination of peering problems: if in very large campus networks (where the
network supports more than 100 switch blocks) some routing protocols need maintain
router peering relationship with other router in other distribution device, number of
the peering may be issue, Layer 3 in core will help to reduce it
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Advantages of the building-block approach
1 2
3
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Small campus networks

The most common and typically : cost effectiveness is the top priority, not
network redundancy.
High performance for applications such as voice, video, and IP multicast
Multi protocol support Novell IPX, DECnet, AppleTalk, and SNA
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Layer 3+
switch
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Medium campus networks

PLUS:
Collapsed backbone: (1 or several buildings) need high availability, performance, and manageability,
high number of users, redundancy
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Large campus networks

redundancy, high bandwidth, and well-defined core, distribution, and access layers
Offer high availability, performance, and manageability for the companys intranet
There are several

backbone types
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Layer 2 Backbone
Cost-effectiveness and high availability are high priorities
Campus building blocks and server farms connect to the backbone with redundant
Gigabit Ethernet or Gigabit EtherChannel trunks.
Layer 3 switching across the backbone uses routing based on EIGRP, OSPF, or IS-
IS for load balancing and fast recovery from failures.
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Layer 3 Backbone
Layer 3 backbone need for very high performance is desired for supporting multimedia
applications based on IP unicast and multicast.
Additional requirements of these designs typically include:
Nonblocking campus backbone that scales to many Gbps of throughput, Broadcast
containment, Very fast deterministic failure recovery, campus-wide, Support applications
based on Novell IPX, DECnet, AppleTalk, and SNA
This design allows a manageable switched infrastructure that scales to a huge campus with
many buildings and tens of thousands of networked devices.
One or several high-capacity server farms provide application resources to the campus.
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ATM Backbone
ATM backbone designs are typically used for a very large switched campus intranet that demands high
performance and availability. Requirements of these designs typically include:
High performance and very high availability for IP applications, Trunking for native real-time voice and video
applications, Fast deterministic failure recovery for high application availability, Support applications based on
Novell IPX, DECnet, AppleTalk, and SNA
This design solution provides a manageable switched infrastructure for a large campus with thousands of networked
devices.
Buildings are connected across a high-performance ATM switched backbone. IP routing protocols as well as ATM
routing with Private Network-to-Network Interface (PNNI) provide network redundancy and high availability. One or more
high-capacity server farms provide resources to the campus.
ATM is in campus backbone is not popular now !

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Basic switch configuration

erase startup-config
delete flash:vlan.dat
Reload
copy running-configuration startup-configuration
enable password
enable secret
Hostname
Switch(config)#interface vlan 1
Switch(config-if)#ip address address mask
Switch(config)#ip default-gateway address
Switch(config-if)#description description string
Switch(config-if)#duplex auto | full | half
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Password recovery
Each networking device has its own procedure for recovering passwords. For
Cisco devices, the procedures are conveniently organized by platform at
http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/474/
Catalyst 2950 and 3550 only:
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Password recovery
Step 1 Unplug the power cable.
Step 2 Hold down the MODE button located on the left side of the front panel while
reconnecting the power cord to the switch. Release the mode button a second or two after the LED above
port 1x is no longer lit. The following instructions appear:
The system has been interrupted prior to initializing the flash file system.
Step 3 Type flash_init. This initializes the Flash file system.
Step 4 Type load_helper. This loads and initializes the helper image, which is a minimal IOS
image stored in ROM that is typical for disaster recovery.
Step 5
Type dir flash: (do not forget the colon). This displays a list of files and directories in the Flash file system.
Step 6 Type rename flash:config.text flash:config.old to rename the configuration file. This is
the file that contains the password definition.
Step 7 Type boot to reboot the system.
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Password recovery
Step 8 Enter n (for no) at the prompt to by-pass the System Configuration Dialog.
Step 9 At the normal switch prompt, type enable to enter the privileged mode.
Step 10 Type rename flash:config.old flash:config.text to rename the configuration file to its
original name.
Step 11 Copy the configuration file, config.text into running-configuration as shown below:
Switch#copy startup-config running-config
Destination filename [running-config]? <press ENTER>
1613 bytes copied in 1.316 secs (1613 bytes/sec)
Switch#
The configuration is now reloaded.
Step 12 Change the password or passwords:
Switch#configure terminal
Switch(config)#no enable password
Switch(config)#enable secret cisco
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Switch(config)#^Z
Step 13 Save the running-configuration to the configuration file:
Switch#copy running-configuration startup-configuration

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HANOICTT NETWORKING ACADEMY

HANOICTT NETWORKING ACADEMY

Traditional campus networks

HANOICTT NETWORKING ACADEMY

Traditional 80/20 rule of network traffic

The new 20/80 rule of network traffic

HANOICTT NETWORKING ACADEMY

Key requirements of the campus structure

Evolving campus structure

HANOICTT NETWORKING ACADEMY

Switch primary factors

HSRP, IRDP, VTP, trunking, channeling, IGMP, CGMP - explain in

HANOICTT NETWORKING ACADEMY

HANOICTT NETWORKING ACADEMY

# of network devices X # of different application protocols X conversations

HANOICTT NETWORKING ACADEMY

Quality of Service (QoS)

HANOICTT NETWORKING ACADEMY

Quality of Service (QoS)

HANOICTT NETWORKING ACADEMY

Hierarchical design model for campus networks

Core Layer Internet

Various options and

HANOICTT NETWORKING ACADEMY

HANOICTT NETWORKING ACADEMY

HANOICTT NETWORKING ACADEMY

The switch block

Distributed routing/switch design

the case in many

HANOICTT NETWORKING ACADEMY

Scaling the switch block

A switch block is too large if:

processing resulting from policy-based filters

pass the traffic

HANOICTT NETWORKING ACADEMY

Core Block example

Some guidelines for Core block

One or more switches make up a core subnet. It is strongly recommended that a

HANOICTT NETWORKING ACADEMY

HANOICTT NETWORKING ACADEMY

3 layer mapping Cisco Products

HANOICTT NETWORKING ACADEMY

Layer 2 and 3 backbone scaling

Layer 2/Layer 3/Layer 3 model

HANOICTT NETWORKING ACADEMY

Layer 2/Layer 3/Layer 3 model

Advantages of the building-block approach

HANOICTT NETWORKING ACADEMY

Small campus networks

Medium campus networks

HANOICTT NETWORKING ACADEMY

Large campus networks

There are several

HANOICTT NETWORKING ACADEMY

ATM is in campus backbone is not popular now !

HANOICTT NETWORKING ACADEMY

Basic switch configuration

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HANOICTT NETWORKING ACADEMY

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